Federal Scientific Integrity Policies: A Primer

Changes from November 20, 2020 to April 16, 2021

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Federal Scientific Integrity Policies: A Primer
~~November 20, 2020~~April 16, 2021
The results of research and development (R&D) help inform the decisions that policymakers and The results of research and development (R&D) help inform the decisions that policymakers and
the public reach on a wide range of issues, including human health and safety, the environment, the public reach on a wide range of issues, including human health and safety, the environment,
Marcy E. Gallo
agriculture, energy, and transportation. For example, scientific information is essential to the agriculture, energy, and transportation. For example, scientific information is essential to the
Analyst in Science and Analyst in Science and
review and approval of drugs and medical devices and the setting of air quality standards. There review and approval of drugs and medical devices and the setting of air quality standards. There
Technology Policy Technology Policy
is broad agreement among policymakers and the scientific and engineering community about is broad agreement among policymakers and the scientific and engineering community about

ensuring the integrity of the conduct, communication, and management of R&D, and its use in ensuring the integrity of the conduct, communication, and management of R&D, and its use in
policy development and decisionmaking. However, recently, some policymakers and others have policy development and decisionmaking. However, recently, some policymakers and others have

alleged that presidential administrations of both parties have violated the principles of scientific alleged that presidential administrations of both parties have violated the principles of scientific
integrity. Assertions of such violations include weighting the membership of federal advisory committees toward a particular integrity. Assertions of such violations include weighting the membership of federal advisory committees toward a particular
viewpoint or constituency, targeting individual scientists for harassment or adverse actions, appointing agency officials with viewpoint or constituency, targeting individual scientists for harassment or adverse actions, appointing agency officials with
significant conflicts of interest or antagonistic views toward an agency’s mission or neutrality to science, improperly editing significant conflicts of interest or antagonistic views toward an agency’s mission or neutrality to science, improperly editing
scientific documents, and using the budget process to impede the implementation or formulation of science-based policies. scientific documents, and using the budget process to impede the implementation or formulation of science-based policies.
Following the guidance of a 2010 memorandum issued by the Office of Science and Technology Policy, more than 20 federal Following the guidance of a 2010 memorandum issued by the Office of Science and Technology Policy, more than 20 federal
departments and agencies have developed and implemented scientific integrity policies. The memorandum detailed principles departments and agencies have developed and implemented scientific integrity policies. The memorandum detailed principles
in four broad areas: foundations of scientific integrity, public communications, use of federal advisory committees, and in four broad areas: foundations of scientific integrity, public communications, use of federal advisory committees, and
professional development of government scientists and engineers. The memorandum provided federal agencies with professional development of government scientists and engineers. The memorandum provided federal agencies with
flexibility developing their scientific integrity policies stating, “the scope of an agency’s scientific work and its relationship flexibility developing their scientific integrity policies stating, “the scope of an agency’s scientific work and its relationship
to the mission of each department or agency may necessitate distinct mechanisms be used by each to implement this to the mission of each department or agency may necessitate distinct mechanisms be used by each to implement this
guidance.” guidance.”
There is, however, no uniform definition of scientific integrity across the federal government. Some experts have expressed There is, however, no uniform definition of scientific integrity across the federal government. Some experts have expressed
concern over the variation in scope and specificity of federal agency scientific integrity policies and recommended that concern over the variation in scope and specificity of federal agency scientific integrity policies and recommended that
Congress enact scientific integrity legislation that would create a clear set of standards and mechanisms for enforcement. Congress enact scientific integrity legislation that would create a clear set of standards and mechanisms for enforcement.
Some have alleged violations of scientific integrity against Some have alleged violations of scientific integrity against ~~the current and~~ previous administrations. For example, several previous administrations. For example, several
media articles reported that Trump Administration officials delayed timely information to the public from the Centers for media articles reported that Trump Administration officials delayed timely information to the public from the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention related to the COVID-19 pandemic that was inconsistent with political objectives, or altered Disease Control and Prevention related to the COVID-19 pandemic that was inconsistent with political objectives, or altered
scientific findings or recommendations in ways that were misleading or incomplete. scientific findings or recommendations in ways that were misleading or incomplete.
Congress may remain interested in the objectivity, timeliness, and availability of scientific information to the public and Congress may remain interested in the objectivity, timeliness, and availability of scientific information to the public and
policymakers in the policymakers in the ~~116th~~117th Congress Congress ~~and beyond~~. This report provides an overview of scientific integrity and selected issues . This report provides an overview of scientific integrity and selected issues
for congressional consideration. For example, for congressional consideration. For example, in 2019, the Government Accountability Office found that the majority of agencies the Government Accountability Office found that the majority of agencies
reviewed had not taken steps to evaluate and monitor implementation of their scientific integrity policies. Additionally, reviewed had not taken steps to evaluate and monitor implementation of their scientific integrity policies. Additionally,
Congress may consider how agencies report and address alleged violations, interagency coordination of scientific integrity Congress may consider how agencies report and address alleged violations, interagency coordination of scientific integrity
policies, and the designation of scientific integrity officers. The report also summarizes scientific integrity-related legislation policies, and the designation of scientific integrity officers. The report also summarizes scientific integrity-related legislation
introduced in the introduced in the ~~116th Congress~~current and previous Congresses. .

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Federal Scientific Integrity Policies: A Primer

Introduction
The U.S. government supports a range of research and development (R&D) to help maintain The U.S. government supports a range of research and development (R&D) to help maintain
economic competitiveness, strengthen national security, improve health care, and protect the economic competitiveness, strengthen national security, improve health care, and protect the
environment. There is broad agreement among policymakers and the scientific and engineering environment. There is broad agreement among policymakers and the scientific and engineering
community about the importance of ensuring federal, academic, and private sector R&D activities community about the importance of ensuring federal, academic, and private sector R&D activities
proceed with integrity and their results are openly communicated. Accurate and credible scientific proceed with integrity and their results are openly communicated. Accurate and credible scientific
information is important to many policy development and decisionmaking processes. Over the information is important to many policy development and decisionmaking processes. Over the
years, some Members of Congress and scientific and environmental advocacy organizations have years, some Members of Congress and scientific and environmental advocacy organizations have
alleged that presidential administrations of both parties have violated the principles of scientific alleged that presidential administrations of both parties have violated the principles of scientific
integrity. This report provides an overview of scientific integrity and discusses selected issues for integrity. This report provides an overview of scientific integrity and discusses selected issues for
congressional consideration. congressional consideration.
What Is Scientific Integrity?
While there is no uniform definition of scientific integrity across the federal government, the While there is no uniform definition of scientific integrity across the federal government, the
Office of Science and Technology Policy’s (OSTP’s) October 2020 report, Office of Science and Technology Policy’s (OSTP’s) October 2020 report, Enhancing the
Security and Integrity of America’s Research Enterprise, offers a framework for research , offers a framework for research
integrity, which is a component of scientific integrity: integrity, which is a component of scientific integrity:
 Openness and transparency enable productive collaboration and help ensure  Openness and transparency enable productive collaboration and help ensure
appropriate disclosure of potential conflicts of interest and commitment. appropriate disclosure of potential conflicts of interest and commitment.
 Accountability and honesty help acknowledge errors and correct behaviors that  Accountability and honesty help acknowledge errors and correct behaviors that
can hamper progress. can hamper progress.
 Impartiality and objectivity protect against improper influence and distortion of  Impartiality and objectivity protect against improper influence and distortion of
scientific knowledge. scientific knowledge.
 Respect helps create an environment where all can be heard and contribute.  Respect helps create an environment where all can be heard and contribute.
 Freedom of inquiry allows individual curiosity to guide scientific discovery.  Freedom of inquiry allows individual curiosity to guide scientific discovery.
 Reciprocity ensures scientists and institutions exchange materials, knowledge,  Reciprocity ensures scientists and institutions exchange materials, knowledge,
data, access to facilities and natural sites, and training in a way that benefits data, access to facilities and natural sites, and training in a way that benefits
collaborating partners proportionally. collaborating partners proportionally.
 Merit-based competition helps ensure a level playing field where the best ideas  Merit-based competition helps ensure a level playing field where the best ideas
and innovations can advance.1 and innovations can advance.1
In addition, some federal agencies have adopted a specific definition of scientific integrity, others In addition, some federal agencies have adopted a specific definition of scientific integrity, others
have defined scientific integrity by defining what constitutes a loss or compromise of scientific have defined scientific integrity by defining what constitutes a loss or compromise of scientific
integrity, and some have no definition of scientific integrity or the loss scientific integrity, instead integrity, and some have no definition of scientific integrity or the loss scientific integrity, instead
choosing to outline existing policies, activities, or principles that govern or constitute scientific choosing to outline existing policies, activities, or principles that govern or constitute scientific
integrity.2 integrity.2

1 Executive Office of the President, Office of Science and Technology Policy, 1 Executive Office of the President, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Enhancing the Security and Integrity of
America’s Research Enterprise, October 15, 2020, p. 4, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/, October 15, 2020, p. 4, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/
Enhancing-the-Security-and-Integrity-of-Americas-Research-Enterprise.pdf. Enhancing-the-Security-and-Integrity-of-Americas-Research-Enterprise.pdf.
2 Rashida Nek and Anita R. Eisenstadt, 2 Rashida Nek and Anita R. Eisenstadt, Review of Federal Agency Policies on Scientific Integrity, Institute for Defense , Institute for Defense
Analyses, Science and Technology Policy Institute, Washington, DC, December 2016, pp. 11-14, https://www.ida.org/-Analyses, Science and Technology Policy Institute, Washington, DC, December 2016, pp. 11-14, https://www.ida.org/-
/media/feature/publications/r/re/review-of-federal-agency-policies-on-scientific-integrity/d-8305.ashx. /media/feature/publications/r/re/review-of-federal-agency-policies-on-scientific-integrity/d-8305.ashx.
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The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has adopted a definition of scientific The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has adopted a definition of scientific
integrity that includes a definition of a compromise of scientific integrity as part the agency’s integrity that includes a definition of a compromise of scientific integrity as part the agency’s
scientific integrity policy.3 USDA’s definitions, presented below, are illustrative of how federal scientific integrity policy.3 USDA’s definitions, presented below, are illustrative of how federal
agencies generally view scientific integrity. agencies generally view scientific integrity.
USDA defines scientific integrity as USDA defines scientific integrity as
The condition resulting from adherence to professional values and practices when The condition resulting from adherence to professional values and practices when
conducting, reporting, and applying the results of scientific activities that ensures conducting, reporting, and applying the results of scientific activities that ensures
objectivity, clarity, and reproducibility, and that provides insulation from bias, fabrication, objectivity, clarity, and reproducibility, and that provides insulation from bias, fabrication,
falsification, plagiarism, inappropriate influence, political interference, censorship, and falsification, plagiarism, inappropriate influence, political interference, censorship, and
inadequate procedural and information security. inadequate procedural and information security.
USDA defines a compromise of scientific integrity as USDA defines a compromise of scientific integrity as
The loss or breach of scientific integrity in the conducting or reporting of scientific The loss or breach of scientific integrity in the conducting or reporting of scientific
activities, and/or the use or application of the results of scientific activities. Compromised activities, and/or the use or application of the results of scientific activities. Compromised
scientific integrity includes, but is not limited to: scientific integrity includes, but is not limited to:
(a) Using scientific products that are not representative of the current state of scientific (a) Using scientific products that are not representative of the current state of scientific
knowledge and research (for example because of a lack of appropriate peer review, poor knowledge and research (for example because of a lack of appropriate peer review, poor
methodology, or flawed analyses) to inform decision making and policy formulation; methodology, or flawed analyses) to inform decision making and policy formulation;
(b) Misrepresenting the underlying assumptions, uncertainties, or probabilities of scientific (b) Misrepresenting the underlying assumptions, uncertainties, or probabilities of scientific
products; products;
(c) Inappropriately influencing, or politically interfering with, scientific activities and/or (c) Inappropriately influencing, or politically interfering with, scientific activities and/or
resulting scientific products; resulting scientific products;
(d) Inappropriately influencing, or politically interfering with, the release of scientific (d) Inappropriately influencing, or politically interfering with, the release of scientific
products; products;
(e) Inappropriately suppressing or censoring the objective communication of findings (i.e., (e) Inappropriately suppressing or censoring the objective communication of findings (i.e.,
data and results) resulting from scientific activities; and/or data and results) resulting from scientific activities; and/or
(f) Inappropriately altering or misrepresenting scientific products in public (f) Inappropriately altering or misrepresenting scientific products in public
communications.4 communications.4
Generally, federal scientific integrity policies include three principles: (1) research integrity in the Generally, federal scientific integrity policies include three principles: (1) research integrity in the
conduct of science by federal scientists, (2) open and trustworthy supervision and communication conduct of science by federal scientists, (2) open and trustworthy supervision and communication
of federal science, and (3) the appropriate use of science in policy development and of federal science, and (3) the appropriate use of science in policy development and
decisionmaking. decisionmaking.
According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, an advocacy organization, According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, an advocacy organization,
It is important to note that a difference of opinion on the appropriate policy action to take It is important to note that a difference of opinion on the appropriate policy action to take
based on scientific findings does not signal a loss of scientific integrity, nor do differing based on scientific findings does not signal a loss of scientific integrity, nor do differing
informed opinions on the science itself. Policies are appropriately informed by many informed opinions on the science itself. Policies are appropriately informed by many
factors, including value judgments and the legal framework put in place by Congress for factors, including value judgments and the legal framework put in place by Congress for
particular policy decisions. Therefore, ignoring science does not necessarily represent a particular policy decisions. Therefore, ignoring science does not necessarily represent a
loss of scientific integrity (though it may result in a loss of public trust and/or a less than loss of scientific integrity (though it may result in a loss of public trust and/or a less than
effective policy), unless the law requires a decision be based solely on scientific effective policy), unless the law requires a decision be based solely on scientific

3 U.S. Department of Agriculture, 3 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Departmental Regulation DR 1074-001, Scientific Integrity, November 18, 2016, , November 18, 2016,
https://www.ocio.usda.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2012/Final%20-%20DR%201074-https://www.ocio.usda.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2012/Final%20-%20DR%201074-
001%20Scientific%20Integrity.pdf. 001%20Scientific%20Integrity.pdf.
4 Ibid., pp. 20-21. 4 Ibid., pp. 20-21.
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information (as, for example, the Endangered Species Act [ESA] and Clean Air Act information (as, for example, the Endangered Species Act [ESA] and Clean Air Act
require).5 require).5
Background
In 2007, partly in response to perceptions, including from some Members of Congress, that the In 2007, partly in response to perceptions, including from some Members of Congress, that the
George W. Bush Administration politicized federal research,6 Congress directed OSTP to George W. Bush Administration politicized federal research,6 Congress directed OSTP to
develop and issue an overarching set of principles to ensure the communication and open develop and issue an overarching set of principles to ensure the communication and open
exchange of data and results to other agencies, policymakers, and the public of research exchange of data and results to other agencies, policymakers, and the public of research
conducted by a scientist employed by a Federal civilian agency and to prevent the conducted by a scientist employed by a Federal civilian agency and to prevent the
intentional or unintentional suppression or distortion of such research findings.7 intentional or unintentional suppression or distortion of such research findings.7
On May 28, 2008, then-OSTP Director John Marburger sent a memorandum to federal science On May 28, 2008, then-OSTP Director John Marburger sent a memorandum to federal science
agencies that provided guidance related to scientific integrity. The memorandum stated: agencies that provided guidance related to scientific integrity. The memorandum stated:
Robust and open communication of scientific information is critical not only for advancing Robust and open communication of scientific information is critical not only for advancing
science, but also for ensuring that society is informed and provided with objective and science, but also for ensuring that society is informed and provided with objective and
factual information to make sound decisions. Accordingly, the Federal government is factual information to make sound decisions. Accordingly, the Federal government is
committed to a culture of scientific openness that fosters and protects the open exchange committed to a culture of scientific openness that fosters and protects the open exchange
of ideas, data and information to the scientific community, policymakers, and the public.8 of ideas, data and information to the scientific community, policymakers, and the public.8
On March 9, 2009, President Obama issued a memorandum on scientific integrity that tasked the On March 9, 2009, President Obama issued a memorandum on scientific integrity that tasked the
OSTP Director with developing recommendations and guidance “designed to guarantee scientific OSTP Director with developing recommendations and guidance “designed to guarantee scientific
integrity throughout the executive branch.” The following principles were to serve as the basis for integrity throughout the executive branch.” The following principles were to serve as the basis for
the recommendations and guidance. the recommendations and guidance.
The selection and retention of candidates for science and technology positions in the The selection and retention of candidates for science and technology positions in the
executive branch should be based on the candidate’s knowledge, credentials, experience, executive branch should be based on the candidate’s knowledge, credentials, experience,
and integrity. and integrity.
Each agency should have appropriate rules and procedures to ensure the integrity of the Each agency should have appropriate rules and procedures to ensure the integrity of the
scientific process within the agency. scientific process within the agency.
When scientific or technological information is considered in policy decisions, the When scientific or technological information is considered in policy decisions, the
information should be subject to well established scientific processes, including peer information should be subject to well established scientific processes, including peer
review where appropriate, and each agency should appropriately and accurately reflect that review where appropriate, and each agency should appropriately and accurately reflect that
information in complying with and applying relevant statutory standards. information in complying with and applying relevant statutory standards.
Except for information that is properly restricted from disclosure under procedures Except for information that is properly restricted from disclosure under procedures
established in accordance with statute, regulation, Executive Order, or Presidential established in accordance with statute, regulation, Executive Order, or Presidential

5 Gretchen Goldman, Genna Reed, and Michael Halpern, et al., 5 Gretchen Goldman, Genna Reed, and Michael Halpern, et al., Preserving Scientific Integrity in Federal
Policymaking: Lessons from the Past Two Administrations and What’s at Stake under the Trump Administration, Union , Union
of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, MA, January 2017, p. 4, https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/attach/2017/01/of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, MA, January 2017, p. 4, https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/attach/2017/01/
preserving-scientific-integrity-in-federal-policymaking-ucs-2017.pdf. preserving-scientific-integrity-in-federal-policymaking-ucs-2017.pdf.
6 See, for example, Union of Concerned Scientists, 6 See, for example, Union of Concerned Scientists, Scientific Integrity in Policymaking: An Investigation into the Bush
Administration’s Misuse of Science, March 2004, https://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/scientific_integrity/, March 2004, https://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/scientific_integrity/
rsi_final_fullreport_1.pdf, and House of Representatives, Committee on Government Reform, rsi_final_fullreport_1.pdf, and House of Representatives, Committee on Government Reform, Politics and Science in
the Bush Administration, Minority Staff Special Investigations Division, prepared for Rep. Harry A. Waxman, August , Minority Staff Special Investigations Division, prepared for Rep. Harry A. Waxman, August
2003. 2003.
7 America COMPETES Act (P.L. 110-69), §1009. 7 America COMPETES Act (P.L. 110-69), §1009.
8 John H. Marburger III, 8 John H. Marburger III, Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies, Subject: : Principles for
the Release of Scientific Research Results, Executive Office of the President, Office of Science and Technology Policy, , Executive Office of the President, Office of Science and Technology Policy,
Washington, DC, May 28, 2008, https://www.arl.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/ostp-scientific-research-Washington, DC, May 28, 2008, https://www.arl.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/ostp-scientific-research-
28may08.pdf. 28may08.pdf.
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link to page link to page 89 Federal Scientific Integrity Policies: A Primer

Memorandum, each agency should make available to the public the scientific or Memorandum, each agency should make available to the public the scientific or
technological findings or conclusions it considered or relied on in policy decisions. technological findings or conclusions it considered or relied on in policy decisions.
Each agency should have in place procedures to identify and address instances in which Each agency should have in place procedures to identify and address instances in which
the scientific process or the integrity of scientific and technological information may have the scientific process or the integrity of scientific and technological information may have
been compromised. been compromised.
Each agency should adopt such additional procedures, including any appropriate Each agency should adopt such additional procedures, including any appropriate
whistleblower protections, as are necessary to ensure the integrity of scientific and whistleblower protections, as are necessary to ensure the integrity of scientific and
technological information and processes on which the agency relies in its technological information and processes on which the agency relies in its ~~decision-making~~decisionmaking
or that it otherwise uses or prepares.9 or that it otherwise uses or prepares.9
On December 17, 2010, then-OSTP Director John Holdren issued a memorandum to the heads of On December 17, 2010, then-OSTP Director John Holdren issued a memorandum to the heads of
executive departments and agencies providing further guidance in the development of scientific executive departments and agencies providing further guidance in the development of scientific
integrity policies. The memorandum detailed principles in four broad areas: integrity policies. The memorandum detailed principles in four broad areas:
 Foundations of scientific integrity;  Foundations of scientific integrity;
 Public communications;  Public communications;
 Use of federal advisory committees; and  Use of federal advisory committees; and
 Professional development of government scientists and engineers.  Professional development of government scientists and engineers.
The memorandum provided federal agencies with flexibility in the development of their scientific The memorandum provided federal agencies with flexibility in the development of their scientific
integrity policies stating, “the scope of an agency’s scientific work and its relationship to the integrity policies stating, “the scope of an agency’s scientific work and its relationship to the
mission of each department or agency may necessitate distinct mechanisms be used by each to mission of each department or agency may necessitate distinct mechanisms be used by each to
implement this guidance.”10 More than 20 federal departments and agencies have developed and implement this guidance.”10 More than 20 federal departments and agencies have developed and
implemented scientific integrity policies based on the 2010 OSTP memorandum and principles implemented scientific integrity policies based on the 2010 OSTP memorandum and principles
(se(see Table 1). .
In May 2019, the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) established the Joint In May 2019, the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) established the Joint
Committee on the Research Environment (JCORE), which includes the Subcommittee on Rigor Committee on the Research Environment (JCORE), which includes the Subcommittee on Rigor
and Integrity in Research. According to OSTP, and Integrity in Research. According to OSTP,
The JCORE Subcommittee on Rigor and Integrity in Research was established to identify The JCORE Subcommittee on Rigor and Integrity in Research was established to identify
cross-agency principles, priorities, and actions to enhance research integrity, rigor, cross-agency principles, priorities, and actions to enhance research integrity, rigor,
reproducibility, and replicability. The Subcommittee works collaboratively to support reproducibility, and replicability. The Subcommittee works collaboratively to support
activities that facilitate research rigor and integrity through efforts to address transparency, activities that facilitate research rigor and integrity through efforts to address transparency,
incentives, communication, training and other areas.11 incentives, communication, training and other areas.11
In November 2019, the White House hosted a summit on JCORE. In his opening remarks, OSTP In November 2019, the White House hosted a summit on JCORE. In his opening remarks, OSTP
Director Dr. Kelvin K. Droegemeier stated, Director Dr. Kelvin K. Droegemeier stated,
JCORE has a focus on four key areas. The first one is research integrity, which is JCORE has a focus on four key areas. The first one is research integrity, which is
fundamentally focused on people playing by the rules. It does not matter where you are fundamentally focused on people playing by the rules. It does not matter where you are
from. If you sign up to do research, you do not plagiarize, you do not falsify, you do not from. If you sign up to do research, you do not plagiarize, you do not falsify, you do not
fabricate, you do not fail to disclose, you do not fail to do what is required of you in the fabricate, you do not fail to disclose, you do not fail to do what is required of you in the

9 President Barack Obama, 9 President Barack Obama, Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies, Subject: Scientific
Integrity, Washington, DC, March 9, 2009, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/memorandum-, Washington, DC, March 9, 2009, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/memorandum-
heads-executive-departments-and-agencies-3-9-09. heads-executive-departments-and-agencies-3-9-09.
10 John Holdren, 10 John Holdren, Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies, Subject: Scientific Integrity, ,
Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, Washington, DC, December 17, 2010, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, Washington, DC, December 17, 2010,
https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/scientific-integrity-memo-12172010.pdf. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/scientific-integrity-memo-12172010.pdf.
11 Executive Office of the President, Office of Science and Technology Policy, 11 Executive Office of the President, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Advancing America’s Global
Leadership in Science and Technology:Trump Administration Highlights 2017-2020, October 2020, p. 40, , October 2020, p. 40,
https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Trump-Administration-ST-Highlights-2017-2020.pdf. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Trump-Administration-ST-Highlights-2017-2020.pdf.
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research community. And if you do, then you are fundamentally violating the central values research community. And if you do, then you are fundamentally violating the central values
of research.12 of research.12
Additionally, in November 2019, OSTP issued a request for information (RFI) to solicit “input on Additionally, in November 2019, OSTP issued a request for information (RFI) to solicit “input on
actions that Federal agencies can take, working in partnership with private industry, academic actions that Federal agencies can take, working in partnership with private industry, academic
institutions, and non-profit/philanthropic organizations, to maximize the quality and effectiveness institutions, and non-profit/philanthropic organizations, to maximize the quality and effectiveness
of the American research environment,” including questions on research integrity.13 of the American research environment,” including questions on research integrity.13
The Trump Administration has also emphasized research integrity as part of the annual The Trump Administration has also emphasized research integrity as part of the annual
memorandum on R&D budgetary priorities jointly issued by the Office of Management and memorandum on R&D budgetary priorities jointly issued by the Office of Management and
Budget and OSTP.14 Budget and OSTP.14
~~Table 1. List of Federal Departments and Agencies with Scientific Integrity Policies~~
~~Federal Department or Agency~~
~~URL for Scientific Integrity Policy~~
~~Department of Agriculture~~
~~https://www.ocio.usda.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2012/Final - DR 1074-~~
~~001 Scientific Integrity.pdf~~
~~Department of Commerce~~
~~http://2010-2014.commerce.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2012/april/~~
~~scientific_integrity_memorandum_dtd_2011-12-16.pdf~~
~~National Institute of Standards~~
~~https://www.nist.gov/summary-report-scientific-integrity~~
~~and Technology~~
~~National Oceanic and~~
~~https://www.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/202-735-D.pdf~~
~~Atmospheric Administration~~
~~Department of Defense~~
~~https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodi/~~
~~320020p.pdf?ver=2019-04-16-084237-223~~
~~Department of Education~~
~~https://ies.ed.gov/pdf/EDScientificIntegrityPolicy.pdf~~
~~Department of Energy~~
~~https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/DOE Scientific~~
~~Integrity Policy 01112017.PDF~~
~~Department of Health and Human~~
~~https://aspe.hhs.gov/basic-report/policies-and-principles-assuring-~~
~~Services~~
~~scientific-integrity~~
~~Centers for Disease Control and https://www.cdc.gov/os/integrity/docs/CDCSIGuide_042516.pdf~~
~~Prevention~~
~~Food and Drug Administration~~
~~https://www.fda.gov/media/82932/download~~
~~National Institutes of Health~~
~~https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/about-nih/nih-director/testimonies/~~
~~nih-policies-procedures-promoting-scientific-integrity-2012.pdf~~On January 14, 2021, JCORE released a document that “offer[s] recommendations research organizations (e.g., universities, private companies, independent research institutes) can take to better protect the security and integrity of America’s research enterprise.”15 According to the document, it is intended to complement National Security Presidential Memorandum 33 (NSPM-33), titled, “U.S. Government Supported Research and Development National Security Policy,” which “directs action to strengthen protections of United States Government-supported Research and Development (R&D) against foreign government interference and exploitation.”16 These efforts generally focus on research security. However, the JCORE document recommends that research organizations provide their personnel with annual training on the responsible and ethical conduct of research. On January 27, 2021, President Biden issued a memorandum that “reaffirms and builds on” President Obama’s 2009 scientific integrity memorandum and the 2010 OSTP memorandum, stating it is “the policy of my Administration to make evidence-based decisions guided by the best available science and data.”17 Specifically, the memorandum charges the Director of OSTP with the responsibility for ensuring scientific integrity across federal agencies and establishing an

12 Joint Committee on the Research Environment, 12 Joint Committee on the Research Environment, Summary of the 2019 White House Summit of the Joint Committee on
the Research Environment, National Science and Technology Council, November 2019, p. 9, , National Science and Technology Council, November 2019, p. 9,
https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Summary-of-JCORE-Summit-November-2019.pdf. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Summary-of-JCORE-Summit-November-2019.pdf.
13 Office of Science and Technology Policy, “Request for Information on the American Research Environment,” vol. 13 Office of Science and Technology Policy, “Request for Information on the American Research Environment,” vol.
84, no. 22884, no. 228 Federal Register 65194-65197, November 26, 2019. 65194-65197, November 26, 2019.
14 See for example, Russell T. Vought, Director, Office of Management and Budget and Dr. Kelvin K. Droegemeier, 14 See for example, Russell T. Vought, Director, Office of Management and Budget and Dr. Kelvin K. Droegemeier,
Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and
Agencies, Subject: Fiscal Year (FY) 2022 Administration Research and Development Budget Priorities, Executive , Executive
Office of the President, M-20-29, August 14, 2020, p. 8, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/M-Office of the President, M-20-29, August 14, 2020, p. 8, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/M-
20-29.pdf; and Russell T. Vought, Director, Office of Management and Budget and Dr. Kelvin K. Droegemeier, 20-29.pdf; and Russell T. Vought, Director, Office of Management and Budget and Dr. Kelvin K. Droegemeier,
Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and
Agencies, Subject: Fiscal Year 2021 Administration Research and Development Budget Priorities, Executive Office of , Executive Office of
the President, M-19-25, August 30, 2019, p. 7, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/FY-21-RD-the President, M-19-25, August 30, 2019, p. 7, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/FY-21-RD-
Budget-Priorities.pdf. Budget-Priorities.pdf.
~~Congressional Research Service~~

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~~Federal Scientific Integrity Policies: A Primer~~

~~Federal Department or Agency~~
~~URL for Scientific Integrity Policy~~15 Subcommittee on Research Security, Joint Committee on the Research Environment, National Science and Technology Council, Recommended Practices for Strengthening the Security and Integrity of America’s Science and Technology Research Enterprise, Washington, DC, January 15, 2021, p. 1, https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/NSTC-Research-Security-Best-Practices-Jan2021.pdf. 16 White House, Office of the Press Secretary, “Presidential Memorandum on United States Government-Supported Research and Development National Security Policy,” National Security Presidential Memorandum-33, January 14, 2021, https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-memorandum-united-states-government-supported-research-development-national-security-policy/. 17 President Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies, Subject: Restoring Trust in Government Through Scientific Integrity and Evidence-Based Policymaking, Washington, DC, January 27, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/27/memorandum-on-restoring-trust-in-government-through-scientific-integrity-and-evidence-based-policymaking/. Congressional Research Service 5 Federal Scientific Integrity Policies: A Primer interagency task force to review the effectiveness of federal agency scientific integrity policies. The task force is required to seek input from stakeholders and the public on scientific integrity practices and to publish a report synthesizing the task force’s findings. Upon completion of the review, the task force is further required to “develop a framework to inform and support the regular assessment and iterative improvement of agency scientific-integrity policies and practices” going forward. The memorandum directs the heads of federal agencies to ensure that their existing scientific integrity policies are consistent with the 2009 presidential memorandum and the 2010 OSTP memorandum, in addition to the findings of the task force. The memorandum also directs federal agencies to educate their employees on the agency’s scientific integrity policies, to develop and publish procedures for implementing the agency’s scientific integrity policies, and to publish an annual report on scientific integrity investigations and appeals, among other requirements. Additionally, the memorandum directs federal agencies without scientific integrity policies to develop such policies and requires federal agencies “that fund, conduct, or oversee scientific research” to designate a senior agency employee as Chief Science Officer. The Chief Science Officer must “ensure that the agency’s research programs are scientifically and technologically well-founded and conducted with integrity” and is responsible for overseeing the implementation and improvement of the agency’s scientific integrity policies. Table 1. List of Federal Departments and Agencies with Scientific Integrity Policies Federal Department or Agency URL for Scientific Integrity Policy Department of Agriculture https://www.ocio.usda.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2012/Final%20-%20DR%201074-001%20Scientific%20Integrity.pdf Department of Commerce http://2010-2014.commerce.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2012/april/scientific_integrity_memorandum_dtd_2011-12-16.pdf National Institute of Standards https://www.nist.gov/summary-report-scientific-integrity and Technology National Oceanic and https://www.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/202-735-D.pdf Atmospheric Administration Department of Defense https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodi/320020p.pdf?ver=2019-04-16-084237-223 Department of Education https://ies.ed.gov/pdf/EDScientificIntegrityPolicy.pdf Department of Energy https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/DOE%20Scientific%20Integrity%20Policy%2001112017.pdf Department of Health and Human https://aspe.hhs.gov/basic-report/policies-and-principles-assuring- Services scientific-integrity Centers for Disease Control and https://www.cdc.gov/os/integrity/docs/CDCSIGuide_042516.pdf Prevention Food and Drug Administration https://www.fda.gov/media/82932/download National Institutes of Health https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/about-nih/nih-director/testimonies/nih-policies-procedures-promoting-scientific-integrity-2012.pdf
Department of Homeland Security Department of Homeland Security
https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/mgmt/general-science- https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/mgmt/general-science-
and-innovation/mgmt-dir_026-07-scientific-integrity_revision-00.pdf and-innovation/mgmt-dir_026-07-scientific-integrity_revision-00.pdf
Department of the Interior Department of the Interior
https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/uploads/ https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/uploads/
305_dm_3_final_revised_si_policy_12-16-14.pdf305_dm_3_final_revised_si_policy_12-16-14.pdf Congressional Research Service 6 Federal Scientific Integrity Policies: A Primer Federal Department or Agency URL for Scientific Integrity Policy
U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey
https://www.usgs.gov/about/organization/science-support/survey-manual/ https://www.usgs.gov/about/organization/science-support/survey-manual/

50025-scientific-integrity 50025-scientific-integrity
Department of Justice Department of Justice
http://www.justice.gov/open/doj-scientific-integrity-policy.pdf http://www.justice.gov/open/doj-scientific-integrity-policy.pdf
Department of State Department of State
https://fam.state.gov/fam/11fam/11fam0820.html https://fam.state.gov/fam/11fam/11fam0820.html
Department of Transportation Department of Transportation
https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/mission/ https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/mission/
administrations/assistant-secretary-research-and-technology/282391/administrations/assistant-secretary-research-and-technology/282391/
scientificintegritypolicy.pdf scientificintegritypolicy.pdf
Department of Veteran Affairs Department of Veteran Affairs
https://www.va.gov/HEALTH/docs/DRAFT_VADirective0005.pdf https://www.va.gov/HEALTH/docs/DRAFT_VADirective0005.pdf
Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Agency
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-02/documents/ https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-02/documents/
scientific_integrity_policy_2012.pdf scientific_integrity_policy_2012.pdf
Marine Mammal Commission Marine Mammal Commission
https://www.mmc.gov/wp-content/uploads/sci_integrity_policy.pdf https://www.mmc.gov/wp-content/uploads/sci_integrity_policy.pdf
National Aeronautics and Space National Aeronautics and Space
https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/ https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/
Administration Administration
nasa_guidelines_for_promoting_scientific_and_research_integrity- nasa_guidelines_for_promoting_scientific_and_research_integrity-
july_2018.pdf july_2018.pdf
National Science Foundation National Science Foundation
http://www.nsf.gov/bfa/dias/policy/si/sipolicy.pdf http://www.nsf.gov/bfa/dias/policy/si/sipolicy.pdf
United States Agency for United States Agency for
https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/15396/integrity.pdf https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/15396/integrity.pdf
International Development International Development
Source: CRS identification of agency policies. CRS identification of agency policies.
Notes: Each federal department or agency name is hyperlinked to its respective scientific integrity policy. Some Each federal department or agency name is hyperlinked to its respective scientific integrity policy. Some
agencies located within federal departments have developed and implemented their own scientific integrity agencies located within federal departments have developed and implemented their own scientific integrity
policies that comply with their respective department-wide policy, but are specified to the needs and mission of policies that comply with their respective department-wide policy, but are specified to the needs and mission of
the agency (e.g., the National Institutes of Health within the Department of Health and Human Services). Others the agency (e.g., the National Institutes of Health within the Department of Health and Human Services). Others
do not have agency-specific scientific integrity policies, but adhere to department-wide policy, and as such are do not have agency-specific scientific integrity policies, but adhere to department-wide policy, and as such are
not listed in Table 1 (e.g., the Agricultural Research Service within the Department of Agriculture, the Federal not listed in Table 1 (e.g., the Agricultural Research Service within the Department of Agriculture, the Federal
Aviation Administration within the Department of Transportation). Aviation Administration within the Department of Transportation).
Past Events and Recent Concerns
There are a number of past cases alleging the executive branch violated principles of scientific There are a number of past cases alleging the executive branch violated principles of scientific
integrity. Assertions of such violations include weighting the membership of federal advisory integrity. Assertions of such violations include weighting the membership of federal advisory
committees toward a particular viewpoint or constituency, targeting individual scientists for committees toward a particular viewpoint or constituency, targeting individual scientists for
harassment or adverse actions, appointing agency officials with significant conflicts of interest or harassment or adverse actions, appointing agency officials with significant conflicts of interest or
antagonistic views toward an agency’s mission or neutrality to science, improperly editing antagonistic views toward an agency’s mission or neutrality to science, improperly editing
scientific documents, and using the budget process to impede the implementation or formulation scientific documents, and using the budget process to impede the implementation or formulation
of science-based policies.of science-based policies.1518
In 2006, the Department of the Interior’s Office of Inspector General (DOI OIG) investigated an In 2006, the Department of the Interior’s Office of Inspector General (DOI OIG) investigated an
allegation against Julie MacDonald, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks, that allegation against Julie MacDonald, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks, that
alleged she “bullied, insulted, and harassed the professional staff of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) to change documents and alter biological reporting regarding the Endangered Species Act [ESA] program.”19 In a 2008 report, the DOI OIG stated,
1518 Emily Berman and Jacob Carter, “Policy Analysis: Scientific Integrity in Federal Policymaking under Past and Emily Berman and Jacob Carter, “Policy Analysis: Scientific Integrity in Federal Policymaking under Past and
Present Administrations,” Present Administrations,” Journal of Science Policy & Governance, vol. 13, no. 1 (September 2018), , vol. 13, no. 1 (September 2018),
https://www.sciencepolicyjournal.org/uploads/5/4/3/4/5434385/berman_emily__carter_jacob.pdf. https://www.sciencepolicyjournal.org/uploads/5/4/3/4/5434385/berman_emily__carter_jacob.pdf.
19 Office of Inspector General, Department of the Interior, Investigative Report on Allegations Against Julie Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

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Federal Scientific Integrity Policies: A Primer

~~alleged she “bullied, insulted, and harassed the professional staff of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife~~
~~Service (FWS) to change documents and alter biological reporting regarding the Endangered~~
~~Species Act [ESA] program.”16 In a 2008 report, the DOI OIG stated,~~
MacDonald’s zeal to advance her agenda has caused considerable harm to the integrity of MacDonald’s zeal to advance her agenda has caused considerable harm to the integrity of
the ESA program, and to the morale and reputation of the FW[S], as well as potential harm the ESA program, and to the morale and reputation of the FW[S], as well as potential harm
to individual species. Her heavy-handedness has cast doubt on nearly every ESA decision to individual species. Her heavy-handedness has cast doubt on nearly every ESA decision
issued during her tenure; of the 20 decisions we reviewed, her influence potentially issued during her tenure; of the 20 decisions we reviewed, her influence potentially
jeopardized 13 ESA decisions.jeopardized 13 ESA decisions.1720
In 2011, former Secretary of Health and Human Service Kathleen Sebelius revoked a decision by In 2011, former Secretary of Health and Human Service Kathleen Sebelius revoked a decision by
the Food and Drug Administration that would have allowed for the sale of emergency the Food and Drug Administration that would have allowed for the sale of emergency
contraception over the counter without age restrictions. Many viewed this decision as counter to contraception over the counter without age restrictions. Many viewed this decision as counter to
the Obama Administration’s scientific integrity principles.the Obama Administration’s scientific integrity principles.1821 In a 2013 ruling overturning the In a 2013 ruling overturning the
decision, the judge stated, “the secretary’s action was politically motivated, scientifically decision, the judge stated, “the secretary’s action was politically motivated, scientifically
unjustified, and contrary to agency precedent.”unjustified, and contrary to agency precedent.”1922
Another event that attracted scrutiny from many Members of Congress and the public was a Another event that attracted scrutiny from many Members of Congress and the public was a
statement issued by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in 2019 that statement issued by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in 2019 that
rebuked an earlier tweet from the National Weather Service (NWS) Birmingham, Alabama rebuked an earlier tweet from the National Weather Service (NWS) Birmingham, Alabama
Weather Forecast Office on the predicted path and likely impact of Hurricane Dorian on the state Weather Forecast Office on the predicted path and likely impact of Hurricane Dorian on the state
of Alabama.of Alabama.2023 According to the Department of Commerce’s Office of Inspector General (DOC According to the Department of Commerce’s Office of Inspector General (DOC
OIG), NOAA issued the statement “in response to a request by the White House then-acting Chief OIG), NOAA issued the statement “in response to a request by the White House then-acting Chief
of Staff, Mick Mulvaney, to Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross. The request and resulting of Staff, Mick Mulvaney, to Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross. The request and resulting
sequence of events gave rise to the question of political interference.”sequence of events gave rise to the question of political interference.”2124
At the request of NOAA, the National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA) conducted an At the request of NOAA, the National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA) conducted an
independent investigation of allegations of misconduct by NOAA officials related to the event independent investigation of allegations of misconduct by NOAA officials related to the event
and found that they violated NOAA’s Scientific Integrity Policy.and found that they violated NOAA’s Scientific Integrity Policy. 22

~~16 Office of Inspector General, Department of the Interior,~~ ~~Investigative Report on Allegations Against Julie~~
25 More recently, media reports have raised concerns among some Members of Congress and others that political appointees in the Trump Administration have violated the scientific integrity policies of federal agencies, including concerns associated with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the COVID-19 pandemic.26 For example, on September 24, 2020, MacDonald, Deputy Assistant Secretary Fish, Wildlife, and Parks, December 1, 2006, p. 2, https://www.doioig.gov/, December 1, 2006, p. 2, https://www.doioig.gov/
sites/doioig.gov/files/Macdonald.pdf. sites/doioig.gov/files/Macdonald.pdf.
1720 Office of Inspector General, Department of the Interior, Office of Inspector General, Department of the Interior, Report of Investigation: The Endangered Species Act and the
Conflict Between Science and Policy, December 15, 2008, p. 1, https://www.doioig.gov/sites/doioig.gov/files/, December 15, 2008, p. 1, https://www.doioig.gov/sites/doioig.gov/files/
EndangeredSpeciesFINAL.pdf. EndangeredSpeciesFINAL.pdf.
1821 Emily Berman and Jacob Carter, “Policy Analysis: Scientific Integrity in Federal Policymaking Under Past and Emily Berman and Jacob Carter, “Policy Analysis: Scientific Integrity in Federal Policymaking Under Past and
Present Administrations,” Present Administrations,” Journal of Science Policy & Governance, vol. 13, no. 1 (September 2018). , vol. 13, no. 1 (September 2018).
1922 Pam Belluck, “Judge Strikes Down Age Limits on Morning-After Pill,” Pam Belluck, “Judge Strikes Down Age Limits on Morning-After Pill,” New York Times, April 5, 2013, , April 5, 2013,
https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/06/health/judge-orders-fda-to-make-morning-after-pill-available-over-the-counter-https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/06/health/judge-orders-fda-to-make-morning-after-pill-available-over-the-counter-
for-all-ages.html. for-all-ages.html.
2023 See for example, House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, “Committee Launches Investigation into See for example, House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, “Committee Launches Investigation into
Commerce Department’s Involvement in NOAA Actions Regarding Hurricane Dorian,” press release, September 11, Commerce Department’s Involvement in NOAA Actions Regarding Hurricane Dorian,” press release, September 11,
2019, https://science.house.gov/news/press-releases/committee-launches-investigation-into-commerce-departments-2019, https://science.house.gov/news/press-releases/committee-launches-investigation-into-commerce-departments-
involvement-in-noaa-actions-regarding-hurricane-dorian; and Nick Sobczyk, “IG Details White House Pressure in involvement-in-noaa-actions-regarding-hurricane-dorian; and Nick Sobczyk, “IG Details White House Pressure in
‘Sharpiegate,’” ‘Sharpiegate,’” E&E News, July 20, 2020, https://www.eenews.net/greenwire/stories/1063539975., July 20, 2020, https://www.eenews.net/greenwire/stories/1063539975.
2124 U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Inspector General, Evaluation of NOAA’s September 6, 2019, Statement
About Hurricane Dorian Forecasts, OIG-20-032-I, June 26, 2020, p. 1, https://www.oig.doc.gov/OIGPublications/, OIG-20-032-I, June 26, 2020, p. 1, https://www.oig.doc.gov/OIGPublications/
OIG-20-032-I.pdf. OIG-20-032-I.pdf.
2225 National Academy of Public Administration, National Academy of Public Administration, An Independent Assessment of Allegations of Scientific Misconduct
Filed Under the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Scientific Integrity Policy, Washington, DC, March , Washington, DC, March
2020, pp. 2-3, https://www.napawash.org/uploads/NOAA_Scientific_Integrity_Final_Report_Redacted.pdf. 2020, pp. 2-3, https://www.napawash.org/uploads/NOAA_Scientific_Integrity_Final_Report_Redacted.pdf.
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~~Federal Scientific Integrity Policies: A Primer~~

~~More recently, media reports have raised concerns among some Members of Congress and others~~
~~that political appointees in the Trump Administration have violated the scientific integrity policies~~
~~of federal agencies, including concerns associated with the Centers for Disease Control and~~
~~Prevention (CDC) and the COVID-19 pandemic.23 For example, on September 24, 2020,~~
26 See for example, U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, “Democrats Call On Republicans to Stand for Science, Support Bill to Stop Trump Administration’s Political Interference in COVID-19 Congressional Research Service 8 Federal Scientific Integrity Policies: A Primer Democratic leadership of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce requested that the Democratic leadership of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce requested that the
Department of Health and Human Services’ Office of Inspector General open an investigation “to Department of Health and Human Services’ Office of Inspector General open an investigation “to
determine whether and to what extent the White House, or its political appointees, have interfered determine whether and to what extent the White House, or its political appointees, have interfered
with or politicized the scientific work of CDC during the COVID-19 response.”with or politicized the scientific work of CDC during the COVID-19 response.”2427
Assessment and Review of Federal Scientific
Integrity Policies
In 2016, the Institute for Defense Analysis’s Science and Technology Policy Institute (STPI)—a In 2016, the Institute for Defense Analysis’s Science and Technology Policy Institute (STPI)—a
federally funded research and development center—conducted a review of federal agency federally funded research and development center—conducted a review of federal agency
scientific integrity policies “to identify potential good practices for meeting or exceeding the scientific integrity policies “to identify potential good practices for meeting or exceeding the
principles identified in the 2010 OSTP memorandum, and to suggest ways of strengthening the principles identified in the 2010 OSTP memorandum, and to suggest ways of strengthening the
policies to reflect current interests and developments.”policies to reflect current interests and developments.”2528 According to STPI, “most agency According to STPI, “most agency
policies address all of the principles” detailed in the 2010 OSTP memorandum, but “a small policies address all of the principles” detailed in the 2010 OSTP memorandum, but “a small
number of agency policies do not explicitly respond to each component of the memo.”number of agency policies do not explicitly respond to each component of the memo.”2629 For For
example, four agencies did not include information describing whether or how the agency would example, four agencies did not include information describing whether or how the agency would
provide “articulate and knowledgeable spokespersons” who could speak in an objective, provide “articulate and knowledgeable spokespersons” who could speak in an objective,
nonpartisan manner about science and technology in response to media requests.nonpartisan manner about science and technology in response to media requests.2730 Furthermore, during the course of the review, STPI identified four areas where the scientific integrity policies of federal agencies varied significantly, including:  whether or how an agency’s policy defines the term scientific integrity (e.g., most agencies did not define scientific integrity, while others defined the loss or breach of scientific integrity instead of defining the term itself); ~~Furthermore,~~

~~23 See for example, U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, “Democrats Call On~~
~~Republicans to Stand for Science, Support Bill to Stop Trump Administration’s Political Interference in COVID-19~~
Response,” press release, September 22, 2020, https://www.help.senate.gov/ranking/newsroom/press/democrats-call-Response,” press release, September 22, 2020, https://www.help.senate.gov/ranking/newsroom/press/democrats-call-
on-republicans-to-stand-for-science-support-bill-to-stop-trump-administrations-political-interference-in-covid-19-on-republicans-to-stand-for-science-support-bill-to-stop-trump-administrations-political-interference-in-covid-19-
response; Rebecca Ballhaus, Stephanie Armour and Betsy McKay, “A Demoralized CDC Grapples with White House response; Rebecca Ballhaus, Stephanie Armour and Betsy McKay, “A Demoralized CDC Grapples with White House
Meddling and Its Own Mistakes,” Meddling and Its Own Mistakes,” Wall Street Journal, October 15, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-demoralized-, October 15, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-demoralized-
cdc-grapples-with-white-house-meddling-and-its-own-mistakes-11602776561; German Lopez, “Trump’s Attempts to cdc-grapples-with-white-house-meddling-and-its-own-mistakes-11602776561; German Lopez, “Trump’s Attempts to
Corrupt the CDC, Explained,” Corrupt the CDC, Explained,” Vox, September 14, 2020, https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/21436459/cdc-trump-, September 14, 2020, https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/21436459/cdc-trump-
mmrw-covid-19-coronavirus-pandemic; Helen Branswell, “As Controversies Swirl, CDC Director Is Seen as Allowing mmrw-covid-19-coronavirus-pandemic; Helen Branswell, “As Controversies Swirl, CDC Director Is Seen as Allowing
Agency to Buckle to Political Influence,” Agency to Buckle to Political Influence,” STAT, September 16, 2020, https://www.statnews.com/2020/09/16/as-, September 16, 2020, https://www.statnews.com/2020/09/16/as-
controversies-swirl-cdc-director-is-seen-as-allowing-agency-to-buckle-to-political-influence/; Dan Diamond, “Trump controversies-swirl-cdc-director-is-seen-as-allowing-agency-to-buckle-to-political-influence/; Dan Diamond, “Trump
Officials Interfered with CDC Reports on COVID-19,” Officials Interfered with CDC Reports on COVID-19,” Politico, September 11, 2020, https://www.politico.com/news/, September 11, 2020, https://www.politico.com/news/
2020/09/11/exclusive-trump-officials-interfered-with-cdc-reports-on-covid-19-412809; and Eli Rosenberg, “The CDC 2020/09/11/exclusive-trump-officials-interfered-with-cdc-reports-on-covid-19-412809; and Eli Rosenberg, “The CDC
Softened a Report on Meatpacking Safety During the Pandemic. Democrats Say They Want to Know Why,” Softened a Report on Meatpacking Safety During the Pandemic. Democrats Say They Want to Know Why,”
Washington Post, September 30, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/09/30/cdc-meatpacking-, September 30, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/09/30/cdc-meatpacking-
smithfield/. smithfield/.
2427 Letter from Frank Pallone, Jr., Chair, House Committee on Energy and Commerce, Anna G. Eshoo, Chair, Letter from Frank Pallone, Jr., Chair, House Committee on Energy and Commerce, Anna G. Eshoo, Chair,
Subcommittee on Health, and Diana DeGette, Chair, Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight, to Ms. Christi A. Subcommittee on Health, and Diana DeGette, Chair, Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight, to Ms. Christi A.
Grimm, Principal Deputy Inspector General, Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Grimm, Principal Deputy Inspector General, Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, September 24, 2020, https://energycommerce.house.gov/sites/democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/files/Services, September 24, 2020, https://energycommerce.house.gov/sites/democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/files/
documents/HHS%20OIG.2020.9.24..pdf. documents/HHS%20OIG.2020.9.24..pdf.
2528 Rashida Nek and Anita R. Eisenstadt, Rashida Nek and Anita R. Eisenstadt, Review of Federal Agency Policies on Scientific Integrity, IDA Science and , IDA Science and
Technology Policy Institute, Washington, DC, December 2016, pp. iii-iv, https://www.ida.org/-/media/feature/Technology Policy Institute, Washington, DC, December 2016, pp. iii-iv, https://www.ida.org/-/media/feature/
publications/r/re/review-of-federal-agency-policies-on-scientific-integrity/d-8305.ashx. publications/r/re/review-of-federal-agency-policies-on-scientific-integrity/d-8305.ashx.
2629 Ibid., p. 7. Ibid., p. 7.
2730 Ibid., pp. 8-9. Tables 1 through 4 of the report tally the number of agencies reviewed that implemented each of the Ibid., pp. 8-9. Tables 1 through 4 of the report tally the number of agencies reviewed that implemented each of the
principles or subcomponents of the principles contained in the 2010 OSTP memorandum. principles or subcomponents of the principles contained in the 2010 OSTP memorandum.
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~~during the course of the review, STPI identified four areas where the scientific integrity policies~~
~~of federal agencies varied significantly, including:~~
~~ whether or how an agency’s policy defines the term scientific integrity (e.g.,~~
~~most agencies did not define scientific integrity, while others defined the loss or~~
~~breach of scientific integrity instead of defining the term itself);~~
 the scope of persons and activities covered by an agency’s scientific integrity  the scope of persons and activities covered by an agency’s scientific integrity
policy (e.g., some agencies included contractors and grantees, in addition to policy (e.g., some agencies included contractors and grantees, in addition to
federal employees); federal employees);
 who has responsibility for implementing the agency’s scientific integrity policy  who has responsibility for implementing the agency’s scientific integrity policy
and where within the agency’s organizational structure the individual and entity and where within the agency’s organizational structure the individual and entity
responsible for oversight of the policy resides (e.g., some agencies have assigned responsible for oversight of the policy resides (e.g., some agencies have assigned
the responsibility of ensuring scientific integrity to the highest ranking the responsibility of ensuring scientific integrity to the highest ranking
nonpolitical official, while others have assigned the responsibility to their chief nonpolitical official, while others have assigned the responsibility to their chief
scientist); and scientist); and
 the relationship between the agency’s research misconduct policy and its  the relationship between the agency’s research misconduct policy and its
scientific integrity policy (e.g., some agencies merged their research misconduct scientific integrity policy (e.g., some agencies merged their research misconduct
policies into their scientific integrity policies, while others developed a distinct policies into their scientific integrity policies, while others developed a distinct
scientific integrity policy).scientific integrity policy).2831
STPI also found that a number of federal agency scientific integrity policies extended beyond the STPI also found that a number of federal agency scientific integrity policies extended beyond the
principles and elements contained in the 2010 OSTP memorandum. In this regard, STPI identified principles and elements contained in the 2010 OSTP memorandum. In this regard, STPI identified
eight elements that they viewed as having the potential to make an agency’s scientific integrity eight elements that they viewed as having the potential to make an agency’s scientific integrity
policy more comprehensive: policy more comprehensive:
 providing a context for how and why scientific integrity is important to the  providing a context for how and why scientific integrity is important to the
agency’s mission; agency’s mission;
 describing which persons and activities are covered under the policy;  describing which persons and activities are covered under the policy;
 defining key terms used in the policy;  defining key terms used in the policy;
 designating entities responsible for agency oversight of scientific integrity;  designating entities responsible for agency oversight of scientific integrity;
 designating entities responsible for handling allegations of breaches of scientific  designating entities responsible for handling allegations of breaches of scientific
integrity and procedures; integrity and procedures;
 referencing other related policies such as scientific codes of conduct, research  referencing other related policies such as scientific codes of conduct, research
misconduct, conflict of interest, or data quality; misconduct, conflict of interest, or data quality;
 citing legal authorities for the policy; and  citing legal authorities for the policy; and
 outlining an approach for resolving differences in scientific opinions. outlining an approach for resolving differences in scientific opinions.2932
In April 2019, the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) released a report that examined In April 2019, the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) released a report that examined
the scientific integrity policies of nine federal entities—the Agricultural Research Service (ARS), the scientific integrity policies of nine federal entities—the Agricultural Research Service (ARS),
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Oceanic Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Institute of Standards and Technology and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST), Office of Fossil Energy (FE), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), National Aeronautics and (NIST), Office of Fossil Energy (FE), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA), and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). According to GAO, Space Administration (NASA), and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). According to GAO,
ARS, FAA, and FE follow scientific integrity policies developed by their departments—the ARS, FAA, and FE follow scientific integrity policies developed by their departments—the
Departments of Agriculture, Transportation, and Energy, respectively—and GAO examined the Departments of Agriculture, Transportation, and Energy, respectively—and GAO examined the

~~28 Ibid., pp. 11-23.~~
~~29 Ibid., p. 9.~~
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~~Federal Scientific Integrity Policies: A Primer~~

department-level scientific integrity policy in lieu of an entity-specific scientific integrity policy. department-level scientific integrity policy in lieu of an entity-specific scientific integrity policy.
GAO concluded the following: GAO concluded the following:
All nine of the selected agencies have established scientific integrity policies that are All nine of the selected agencies have established scientific integrity policies that are
generally consistent with principles specified in OSTP’s guidance and have taken some generally consistent with principles specified in OSTP’s guidance and have taken some
action to help ensure that the objectives of their scientific integrity policies are achieved. action to help ensure that the objectives of their scientific integrity policies are achieved.
31 Ibid., pp. 11-23. 32 Ibid., p. 9. Congressional Research Service 10 Federal Scientific Integrity Policies: A Primer In addition, seven of the nine selected agencies have taken actions to educate and In addition, seven of the nine selected agencies have taken actions to educate and
communicate to staff about their scientific integrity policies, but DOE and NIST did not communicate to staff about their scientific integrity policies, but DOE and NIST did not
take such actions aside from making policies available on agency websites. By taking take such actions aside from making policies available on agency websites. By taking
action to educate and communicate their scientific integrity polices to staff through, for action to educate and communicate their scientific integrity polices to staff through, for
example, regular training, the two agencies would have better assurance that their example, regular training, the two agencies would have better assurance that their
employees have the information, skills, and competencies they need to help achieve their employees have the information, skills, and competencies they need to help achieve their
scientific integrity objectives. scientific integrity objectives.
Further, eight of the selected agencies designated a scientific integrity official, or the Further, eight of the selected agencies designated a scientific integrity official, or the
equivalent, who oversees implementation of their scientific integrity policies. However, equivalent, who oversees implementation of their scientific integrity policies. However,
FE does not have such an official because its department, DOE, has not yet designated one FE does not have such an official because its department, DOE, has not yet designated one
and DOE has not established steps or a time frame to designate the official. By establishing and DOE has not established steps or a time frame to designate the official. By establishing
steps and a time frame to fill the scientific integrity official position, DOE would be better steps and a time frame to fill the scientific integrity official position, DOE would be better
positioned to achieve the objectives of its scientific integrity policy. positioned to achieve the objectives of its scientific integrity policy.
Furthermore, while four of the nine selected agencies have taken steps to evaluate and Furthermore, while four of the nine selected agencies have taken steps to evaluate and
monitor implementation of their scientific integrity policies, the other five—FE, FAA, monitor implementation of their scientific integrity policies, the other five—FE, FAA,
NIST, NOAA, and USGS—have not taken action to do so. By establishing mechanisms to NIST, NOAA, and USGS—have not taken action to do so. By establishing mechanisms to
monitor the implementation of their scientific integrity policies, these five agencies would monitor the implementation of their scientific integrity policies, these five agencies would
be better positioned to know whether their policies are achieving their objectives and what be better positioned to know whether their policies are achieving their objectives and what
improvements are necessary. improvements are necessary.
Finally, while seven of the nine selected agencies have specific, documented procedures Finally, while seven of the nine selected agencies have specific, documented procedures
for identifying and addressing alleged violations of their scientific integrity policies, two for identifying and addressing alleged violations of their scientific integrity policies, two
agencies—FE and NASA—do not have such procedures. Without developing documented agencies—FE and NASA—do not have such procedures. Without developing documented
procedures for identifying and addressing violations of their scientific integrity policies, procedures for identifying and addressing violations of their scientific integrity policies,
DOE and NASA do not have assurance that all staff have a clear understanding of how to DOE and NASA do not have assurance that all staff have a clear understanding of how to
report allegations and that investigations will be conducted consistently.report allegations and that investigations will be conducted consistently.3033
Issues for Consideration
Outside observers have suggested that the scientific integrity policies developed by federal Outside observers have suggested that the scientific integrity policies developed by federal
agencies under the 2010 OSTP memorandum vary in scope and specificity and that legislation agencies under the 2010 OSTP memorandum vary in scope and specificity and that legislation
could contribute to greater uniformity and foster the development of clear standards and could contribute to greater uniformity and foster the development of clear standards and
mechanisms for enforcement.mechanisms for enforcement.3134 The following section provides an overview of the areas where The following section provides an overview of the areas where
there may be opportunities for alignment of scientific integrity policies across federal agencies. there may be opportunities for alignment of scientific integrity policies across federal agencies.
Monitoring and Evaluating Policy Effectiveness GAO found that the majority of agencies reviewed had not taken steps to evaluate and monitor implementation of their scientific integrity policies.35 Agencies that have taken steps to monitor and evaluate the implementation of their scientific integrity policies have found areas for improvement. For example, an examination of EPA’s scientific integrity policy by the agency’s 33
30 U.S. Government Accountability Office, U.S. Government Accountability Office, Scientific Integrity Policies: Additional Actions Could Strengthen Integrity
of Federal Research, GAO-19-265, April 4, 2019, https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-19-265. , GAO-19-265, April 4, 2019, https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-19-265.
3134 For example, see, Preet Bharara, Christine Todd Whitman, and Mike Castle, et al., For example, see, Preet Bharara, Christine Todd Whitman, and Mike Castle, et al., National Task Force on Rule of
Law and Democracy: Proposal for Reform Volume II, Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of , Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of
Law, October 3, 2019, pp. 7-8, https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/2019-09/Law, October 3, 2019, pp. 7-8, https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/2019-09/
2019_10_TaskForce%20II_0.pdf; and Roger Pielke Jr and Neal Lane, “Memo for President Biden: Five Steps to 2019_10_TaskForce%20II_0.pdf; and Roger Pielke Jr and Neal Lane, “Memo for President Biden: Five Steps to
Getting More from Science,” Getting More from Science,” Nature, November 8, 2020, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03148-w. , November 8, 2020, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03148-w.
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~~Monitoring and Evaluating Policy Effectiveness~~
~~GAO found that the majority of agencies reviewed had not taken steps to evaluate and monitor~~
~~implementation of their scientific integrity policies.32 Agencies that have taken steps to monitor~~
~~and evaluate the implementation of their scientific integrity policies have found areas for~~
~~improvement. For example, an examination of EPA’s scientific integrity policy by the agency’s~~
35 U.S. Government Accountability Office, Scientific Integrity Policies: Additional Actions Could Strengthen Integrity of Federal Research, GAO-19-265, April 4, 2019, https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-19-265. Congressional Research Service 11 Federal Scientific Integrity Policies: A Primer Office of Inspector General (EPA OIG) found that while the majority of employees were satisfied Office of Inspector General (EPA OIG) found that while the majority of employees were satisfied
with the overall implementation of the agency’s scientific integrity policy most were dissatisfied with the overall implementation of the agency’s scientific integrity policy most were dissatisfied
with the state of EPA’s culture of scientific integrity and the release of scientific information to with the state of EPA’s culture of scientific integrity and the release of scientific information to
the public. EPA’s OIG also found that EPA had not finalized its procedures for addressing the public. EPA’s OIG also found that EPA had not finalized its procedures for addressing
potential violations of the scientific integrity policy, mandatory training was not tracked, and potential violations of the scientific integrity policy, mandatory training was not tracked, and
annual reporting was not timely.annual reporting was not timely.3336 Additionally, a survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Additionally, a survey conducted by the U.S. Department of
Agriculture’s Office of Inspector General (USDA OIG) found Agriculture’s Office of Inspector General (USDA OIG) found
approximately 18 percent of the respondents [USDA scientists] were unaware of the SIP approximately 18 percent of the respondents [USDA scientists] were unaware of the SIP
[scientific integrity policy], almost 33 percent did not explicitly recall whether or how they [scientific integrity policy], almost 33 percent did not explicitly recall whether or how they
took SIP training, and about 85 percent did not comprehend or expressed no opinion on the took SIP training, and about 85 percent did not comprehend or expressed no opinion on the
benefits of the SIP.benefits of the SIP.3437
The USDA OIG recommended that the Office of Chief Scientist (the entity responsible for the The USDA OIG recommended that the Office of Chief Scientist (the entity responsible for the
development and implementation of USDA’s scientific integrity policy) “evaluate methods of development and implementation of USDA’s scientific integrity policy) “evaluate methods of
outreach to the Department’s scientists to determine the most effective type of training.”outreach to the Department’s scientists to determine the most effective type of training.”3538
Reporting and Enforcement of Alleged Violations
GAO found that the scientific integrity policies of NASA and DOE lack specific, documented GAO found that the scientific integrity policies of NASA and DOE lack specific, documented
procedures for reporting and addressing alleged violations.procedures for reporting and addressing alleged violations.3639 In addition, others have indicated a In addition, others have indicated a
need to ensure that any documented policies and procedures are consistent with whistleblower need to ensure that any documented policies and procedures are consistent with whistleblower
protections or other worker protection laws.protections or other worker protection laws.3740 According to STPI, many federal agencies According to STPI, many federal agencies
incorporate or reference existing policies, including scientific codes of conduct, conflict of incorporate or reference existing policies, including scientific codes of conduct, conflict of
interest, data quality, Federal Advisory Committee procedures, and fraud, waste or abuse, into interest, data quality, Federal Advisory Committee procedures, and fraud, waste or abuse, into
their scientific integrity policies. Because of this overlap, agency officials often need to determine their scientific integrity policies. Because of this overlap, agency officials often need to determine
whether allegations fall under the scope of the scientific integrity policy or a related policy. This whether allegations fall under the scope of the scientific integrity policy or a related policy. This

~~32 U.S. Government Accountability Office,~~ ~~Scientific Integrity Policies: Additional Actions Could Strengthen Integrity~~
~~of Federal Research, GAO-19-265, April 4, 2019, https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-19-265.~~
33determination may have an impact on who is responsible for investigating the allegation. It also could result in different procedures or rights of appeal.41 Alleged violations of scientific integrity may involve high-ranking political officials. In such cases, agencies may wish to have clear policies and procedures for determining if and when another agency or outside entity should assume responsibility for investigating such allegations. A number of stakeholders have called for increased transparency in federal decisionmaking.42 For 36 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Inspector General, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Inspector General, Further Efforts Needed to Uphold Scientific
Integrity Policy at EPA, 20-P-0173, May 20, 2020, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2020-05/documents/, 20-P-0173, May 20, 2020, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2020-05/documents/
_epaoig_20200520-20-p-0173.pdf. _epaoig_20200520-20-p-0173.pdf.
3437 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Inspector General, Reviewing the Integrity of USDA’s Scientific Research
Program, Audit Report 50601-0006-31, February 2018, p. 13, https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/50601-0006-, Audit Report 50601-0006-31, February 2018, p. 13, https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/50601-0006-
31.pdf. 31.pdf.
3538 Ibid., p. 19. Ibid., p. 19.
3639 U.S. Government Accountability Office, U.S. Government Accountability Office, Scientific Integrity Policies: Additional Actions Could Strengthen Integrity
of Federal Research, GAO-19-265, April 4, 2019, https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-19-265. , GAO-19-265, April 4, 2019, https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-19-265.
3740 Testimony of Michael Halpern, Deputy Director, Center for Science and Democracy, Union of Concerned Scientists Testimony of Michael Halpern, Deputy Director, Center for Science and Democracy, Union of Concerned Scientists
in U.S. Congress, House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, Subcommittee on Investigations and in U.S. Congress, House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, Subcommittee on Investigations and
Oversight and Subcommittee on Research and Technology, Oversight and Subcommittee on Research and Technology, Scientific Integrity in Federal Agencies, hearing, 116th , hearing, 116th
Cong., 1st sess., July 17, 2019; and Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility, Cong., 1st sess., July 17, 2019; and Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility, Patterns in Scientific Integrity
Policies, July 2013, p. 2, https://www.peer.org/wp-content/uploads/attachments/Patterns_in-SIPs.pdf. , July 2013, p. 2, https://www.peer.org/wp-content/uploads/attachments/Patterns_in-SIPs.pdf.
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~~Federal Scientific Integrity Policies: A Primer~~

~~determination may have an impact on who is responsible for investigating the allegation. It also~~
~~could result in different procedures or rights of appeal.38~~
~~Alleged violations of scientific integrity may involve high-ranking political officials. In such~~
~~cases, agencies may wish to have clear policies and procedures for determining if and when~~
~~another agency or outside entity should assume responsibility for investigating such allegations. A~~
~~number of stakeholders have called for increased transparency in federal decisionmaking.39 For~~
41 Rashida Nek and Anita R. Eisenstadt, Review of Federal Agency Policies on Scientific Integrity, IDA Science and Technology Policy Institute, Washington, DC, December 2016, p. 33. 42 See, for example, Science for Policy Project, Improving the Use of Science in Regulatory Policy, Bipartisan Policy Center, 2009, https://bipartisanpolicy.org/wpcontent/uploads/sites/default/files/BPC%20Science%20Report%20fnl.pdf; Congressional Research Service 12 Federal Scientific Integrity Policies: A Primer example, the Brennan Center for Justice’s Task Force on Rule of Law and Democracy have example, the Brennan Center for Justice’s Task Force on Rule of Law and Democracy have
recommended that Congress enact legislation that would require federal agencies to maintain a recommended that Congress enact legislation that would require federal agencies to maintain a
log of contacts between senior political officials with supervisory authority and federal agency log of contacts between senior political officials with supervisory authority and federal agency
scientists and to publish reports based on the log. The log would document “any communications scientists and to publish reports based on the log. The log would document “any communications
about the substance of scientific research, data, and expert analysis related to proposed about the substance of scientific research, data, and expert analysis related to proposed
regulations and scientific reports prepared for Congress and the public.”regulations and scientific reports prepared for Congress and the public.”4043 Additionally, Public Additionally, Public
Employees for Environmental Responsibility, an advocacy organization, recommended that Employees for Environmental Responsibility, an advocacy organization, recommended that
Congress clarify what documents and information must be included in the administrative record Congress clarify what documents and information must be included in the administrative record
supporting federal agency decisionmaking.supporting federal agency decisionmaking.4144
Intra and Interagency Coordination of Scientific Integrity Policies
The 2010 OSTP memorandum focused on the development and implementation of scientific The 2010 OSTP memorandum focused on the development and implementation of scientific
integrity policies within a federal agency and did not provide guidance or outline a structure for integrity policies within a federal agency and did not provide guidance or outline a structure for
addressing scientific integrity concerns involving multiple federal agencies. For example, as addressing scientific integrity concerns involving multiple federal agencies. For example, as
noted by STPI, there is no process or mechanism “for addressing scientific integrity issues arising noted by STPI, there is no process or mechanism “for addressing scientific integrity issues arising
when there is a conflict between scientific findings made by one agency and the policy decisions when there is a conflict between scientific findings made by one agency and the policy decisions
at another agency that are based upon the same scientific findings.”at another agency that are based upon the same scientific findings.”4245 It is also unclear how an It is also unclear how an
alleged violation of scientific integrity involving individuals from multiple agencies would be alleged violation of scientific integrity involving individuals from multiple agencies would be
coordinated and investigated. coordinated and investigated.
Additionally, the scientific integrity concerns surrounding NOAA’s forecast for Hurricane Dorian Additionally, the scientific integrity concerns surrounding NOAA’s forecast for Hurricane Dorian
(described above) illustrate the potential for disconnect between a department-wide scientific (described above) illustrate the potential for disconnect between a department-wide scientific
integrity policy and the scientific integrity policy of an individual agency or bureau within a integrity policy and the scientific integrity policy of an individual agency or bureau within a
department. As part of the decision memorandum associated with the allegations of scientific department. As part of the decision memorandum associated with the allegations of scientific
misconduct related to Hurricane Dorian, Dr. Stephen M. Volz, Assistant Administrator for misconduct related to Hurricane Dorian, Dr. Stephen M. Volz, Assistant Administrator for
Satellite and Information Services at NOAA, recommended: Satellite and Information Services at NOAA, recommended:

~~38 Rashida Nek and Anita R. Eisenstadt, Review of Federal Agency Policies on Scientific Integrity, IDA Science and~~
~~Technology Policy Institute, Washington, DC, December 2016, p. 33.~~
~~39 See, for example, Science for Policy Project, Improving the Use of Science in Regulatory Policy, Bipartisan Policy~~
~~Center, 2009, https://bipartisanpolicy.org/wpcontent/uploads/sites/default/files/BPC%20Science%20Report%20fnl.pdf;~~
The Department of Commerce should establish a scientific integrity policy, covering the career and political leadership at Commerce. Commerce’s policy should be complementary to the NOAA Scientific Integrity Policy. The NOAA policy has been successfully implemented and applied to NOAA issues and should be validated. Commerce should consider an umbrella directive that documents how Commerce works in coordination with the policies of the individual bureaus and agencies, and as a default allows the bureau or agency policies to be applied first to investigations.46 Gretchen Goldman, Genna Reed, and Michael Halpern, et al., Gretchen Goldman, Genna Reed, and Michael Halpern, et al., Preserving Scientific Integrity in Federal Policymaking:
Lessons from the Past Two Administrations and What’s at Stake Under the Trump Administration, Union of Concerned , Union of Concerned
Scientists, Cambridge, MA, January 2017, pp. 31-32; and Holly Doremus, “Scientific and Political Integrity in Scientists, Cambridge, MA, January 2017, pp. 31-32; and Holly Doremus, “Scientific and Political Integrity in
Environmental Policy,” Environmental Policy,” Texas Law Review, vol. 86, March 23, 2008, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm? vol. 86, March 23, 2008, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?
abstract_id=1112802. abstract_id=1112802.
4043 Preet Bharara, Christine Todd Whitman, and Mike Castle, et al., Preet Bharara, Christine Todd Whitman, and Mike Castle, et al., National Task Force on Rule of Law and
Democracy: Proposal for Reform Volume II, Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law, , Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law,
October 3, 2019, pp. 8-9. October 3, 2019, pp. 8-9.
4144 Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility, “Alternative Facts on the Rise in Federal Decision Records,” Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility, “Alternative Facts on the Rise in Federal Decision Records,”
press release, January 31, 2019, https://www.peer.org/alternative-facts-on-the-rise-in-federal-decision-records/. press release, January 31, 2019, https://www.peer.org/alternative-facts-on-the-rise-in-federal-decision-records/.
4245 Rashida Nek and Anita R. Eisenstadt, Rashida Nek and Anita R. Eisenstadt, Review of Federal Agency Policies on Scientific Integrity, IDA Science and , IDA Science and
Technology Policy Institute, Washington, DC, December 2016, p. 33. Technology Policy Institute, Washington, DC, December 2016, p. 33.
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~~Federal Scientific Integrity Policies: A Primer~~

~~The Department of Commerce should establish a scientific integrity policy, covering the~~
~~career and political leadership at Commerce. Commerce’s policy should be complementary~~
~~to the NOAA Scientific Integrity Policy. The NOAA policy has been successfully~~
~~implemented and applied to NOAA issues and should be validated. Commerce should~~
~~consider an umbrella directive that documents how Commerce works in coordination with~~
~~the policies of the individual bureaus and agencies, and as a default allows the bureau or~~
~~agency policies to be applied first to investigations.43~~46 Stephen M. Volz, Ph.D., Assistant Administrator for Satellite and Information Services, Scientific Integrity Determining Official (Delegated), Final Decision on Allegations of Scientific Misconduct Nos. 2019-007, 2019-008, 2019-009, 2019-010, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, June 15, 2020, p. 8, https://nrc.noaa.gov/Portals/0/SIC/Memo%20for%20the%20Record%20Scientific%20Misconduct%202019-007%20to%202019- Congressional Research Service 13 Federal Scientific Integrity Policies: A Primer
In its assessment of the allegations of scientific misconduct associated with Hurricane Dorian, In its assessment of the allegations of scientific misconduct associated with Hurricane Dorian,
NAPA recommended the establishment of “an intra-agency policy to articulate the role of NAPA recommended the establishment of “an intra-agency policy to articulate the role of
Commerce political appointees in the communication of scientific findings,” in addition to the Commerce political appointees in the communication of scientific findings,” in addition to the
development of supporting procedures and examples of political interference.development of supporting procedures and examples of political interference.4447
Designation of a Scientific Integrity Officer
The Union of Concerned Scientists, an advocacy organization, recommends the establishment or The Union of Concerned Scientists, an advocacy organization, recommends the establishment or
designation of a scientific integrity officer who would have explicit responsibility for the designation of a scientific integrity officer who would have explicit responsibility for the
implementation of a federal agency’s scientific integrity policy.implementation of a federal agency’s scientific integrity policy.4548 According to GAO, while the According to GAO, while the
Department of Energy lacked a scientific integrity official most of the agencies it reviewed had Department of Energy lacked a scientific integrity official most of the agencies it reviewed had
designated such an official to oversee the agency’s scientific integrity policy.designated such an official to oversee the agency’s scientific integrity policy.4649 STPI indicated STPI indicated
that the assignment of responsibility to a particular individual that the assignment of responsibility to a particular individual
can set the tone for the overall scientific integrity culture at the agency. The individual and can set the tone for the overall scientific integrity culture at the agency. The individual and
entity responsible for oversight of the policy needs to be perceived as having sufficient entity responsible for oversight of the policy needs to be perceived as having sufficient
authority to handle allegations of breach of scientific integrity involving high-level political authority to handle allegations of breach of scientific integrity involving high-level political
officials.officials.4750
As a result, many federal agencies assign the responsibility of scientific integrity to the highest As a result, many federal agencies assign the responsibility of scientific integrity to the highest
non-political official at the agency. non-political official at the agency.
Options for Congress
The issues described above represent a potential framework for Congress to address gaps and The issues described above represent a potential framework for Congress to address gaps and
align scientific integrity policies across federal agencies. Actions that Congress might consider align scientific integrity policies across federal agencies. Actions that Congress might consider
include: include:
 Requiring federal agencies to regularly assess the effectiveness of their scientific  Requiring federal agencies to regularly assess the effectiveness of their scientific
integrity policies. integrity policies.

~~43 Stephen M. Volz, Ph.D., Assistant Administrator for Satellite and Information Services, Scientific Integrity~~
Determining Official (Delegated), Final Decision on Allegations of Scientific Misconduct Nos. ~~2019-007, 2019-008,~~
~~2019-009, 2019-010, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, June 15, 2020, p. 8, https://nrc.noaa.gov/~~
~~Portals/0/SIC/Memo%20for%20the%20Record%20Scientific%20Misconduct%202019-007%20to%202019-~~
~~101%20Final.pdf?ver=2020-06-15-104657-903.~~
44  Directing federal agencies to conduct periodic outreach and training associated with their scientific integrity policies.  Ensuring each federal agency has a documented procedure for reporting and addressing alleged violations, in addition to directing federal agencies to clarify how their scientific integrity policy and other related policies align.  Increasing transparency into the implementation of federal agency scientific integrity policies, including by directing federal agencies to publicly report on allegations of violations of such policies and how such issues were resolved.  Directing GAO or another entity to assess the effectiveness of federal agency scientific integrity policies and/or interagency coordination and the sharing of 101%20Final.pdf?ver=2020-06-15-104657-903. 47 National Academy of Public Administration, National Academy of Public Administration, An Independent Assessment of Allegations of Scientific Misconduct
Filed Under the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Scientific Integrity Policy, Washington, DC, March , Washington, DC, March
2020, p. 57. 2020, p. 57.
4548 Gretchen Goldman, Genna Reed, and Michael Halpern, et al., Gretchen Goldman, Genna Reed, and Michael Halpern, et al., Preserving Scientific Integrity in Federal
Policymaking: Lessons from the Past Two Administrations and What’s at Stake Under the Trump Administration, ,
Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, MA, January 2017, p. 14. Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, MA, January 2017, p. 14.
4649 U.S. Government Accountability Office, U.S. Government Accountability Office, Scientific Integrity Policies: Additional Actions Could Strengthen Integrity
of Federal Research, GAO-19-265, April 4, 2019, https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-19-265. , GAO-19-265, April 4, 2019, https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-19-265.
4750 Rashida Nek and Anita R. Eisenstadt, Rashida Nek and Anita R. Eisenstadt, Review of Federal Agency Policies on Scientific Integrity, IDA Science and , IDA Science and
Technology Policy Institute, Washington, DC, December 2016, p. 17. Technology Policy Institute, Washington, DC, December 2016, p. 17.
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service

1314 Federal Scientific Integrity Policies: A Primer

~~Federal Scientific Integrity Policies: A Primer~~

~~ Directing federal agencies to conduct periodic outreach and training associated~~
~~with their scientific integrity policies.~~
~~ Ensuring each federal agency has a documented procedure for reporting and~~
~~addressing alleged violations, in addition to directing federal agencies to clarify~~
~~how their scientific integrity policy and other related policies align.~~
~~ Increasing transparency into the implementation of federal agency scientific~~
~~integrity policies, including by directing federal agencies to publicly report on~~
~~allegations of violations of such policies and how such issues were resolved.~~
~~ Directing GAO or another entity to assess the effectiveness of federal agency~~
~~scientific integrity policies and/or interagency coordination and the sharing of~~
best practices. Such work could consider the uniformity of scientific integrity best practices. Such work could consider the uniformity of scientific integrity
policies across the federal government. policies across the federal government.
 Requiring the Office of Science and Technology Policy, in conjunction with  Requiring the Office of Science and Technology Policy, in conjunction with
federal agencies, to develop specific policies and procedures for addressing federal agencies, to develop specific policies and procedures for addressing
scientific integrity concerns that span multiple federal agencies, including the scientific integrity concerns that span multiple federal agencies, including the
establishment of protocols for when another federal agency, Office of Inspector establishment of protocols for when another federal agency, Office of Inspector
General, or outside entity should be responsible for investigating alleged General, or outside entity should be responsible for investigating alleged
violations of scientific integrity. violations of scientific integrity.
 Requiring federal agencies to ensure that their scientific integrity policies align  Requiring federal agencies to ensure that their scientific integrity policies align
with and complement department-wide scientific integrity policies. with and complement department-wide scientific integrity policies.
 Requiring federal agencies to designate a scientific integrity officer within the  Requiring federal agencies to designate a scientific integrity officer within the
agency, in addition to specifying whom such individual reports to and their agency, in addition to specifying whom such individual reports to and their
position within the agency’s organizational structure. position within the agency’s organizational structure.
In the 116th In the 116th ~~Congress~~and 117th Congresses, several bills (described below) have been introduced that address some of , several bills (described below) have been introduced that address some of
the issues and options discussed. the issues and options discussed.
Scientific Integrity-Related Legislation
The following The following ~~section summaries~~sections summarize scientific integrity-related legislation from the 116th scientific integrity-related legislation from the 116th ~~Congress.~~
and 117th Congresses (as of the date of this report). 116th Congress H.R. 1709 (Representative Paul Tonko) and S. 775 (Senator Brian Schatz), introduced on March H.R. 1709 (Representative Paul Tonko) and S. 775 (Senator Brian Schatz), introduced on March
12, 2019, as the Scientific Integrity Act, would largely codify and expand upon the scientific 12, 2019, as the Scientific Integrity Act, would largely codify and expand upon the scientific
integrity principles and policies required by the Obama Administration and the 2010 OSTP integrity principles and policies required by the Obama Administration and the 2010 OSTP
memorandum. Specifically, the legislation would amend Section 1009 of the America memorandum. Specifically, the legislation would amend Section 1009 of the America
COMPETES Act (P.L. 110-69) to require federal agencies that fund or conduct scientific research COMPETES Act (P.L. 110-69) to require federal agencies that fund or conduct scientific research
to develop and enforce a scientific integrity policy that must address certain requirements, to develop and enforce a scientific integrity policy that must address certain requirements,
including that covered individuals cannot intimidate or coerce others to alter or censor scientific including that covered individuals cannot intimidate or coerce others to alter or censor scientific
or technical findings. The legislation would also require federal agencies to appoint a scientific or technical findings. The legislation would also require federal agencies to appoint a scientific
integrity official. Additionally, a federal agency would have to submit to Congress and OSTP the integrity official. Additionally, a federal agency would have to submit to Congress and OSTP the
scientific integrity policies it develops and implements, and make them available to the public on scientific integrity policies it develops and implements, and make them available to the public on
the agency’s website. Referred to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology and the the agency’s website. Referred to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology and the
Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, respectively. H.R. 1709 was ordered to be Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, respectively. H.R. 1709 was ordered to be
reported by the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology on October 17, 2019. reported by the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology on October 17, 2019.
H.R. 4447 (Representative Tom O’Halleran), introduced on September 20, 2019, as the Clean H.R. 4447 (Representative Tom O’Halleran), introduced on September 20, 2019, as the Clean
Economy Jobs and Innovation Act, would incorporate the Scientific Integrity Act, described Economy Jobs and Innovation Act, would incorporate the Scientific Integrity Act, described
above, as Subtitle E of the legislation. Referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce, and above, as Subtitle E of the legislation. Referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce, and
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in addition to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. Passed by the House on in addition to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. Passed by the House on
September 24, 2020. September 24, 2020.
Section 314 of S. 2800 (Senator Ted Cruz), introduced on November 6, 2019, as the National Section 314 of S. 2800 (Senator Ted Cruz), introduced on November 6, 2019, as the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2019, would require the Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2019, would require the
Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to develop and Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to develop and
document procedures for identifying and addressing alleged violations of the scientific integrity document procedures for identifying and addressing alleged violations of the scientific integrity
policy of the agency. Referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. policy of the agency. Referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation.
Placed on Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders. Calendar No. 525. Placed on Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders. Calendar No. 525.
Congressional Research Service 15 Federal Scientific Integrity Policies: A Primer H.R. 5355 (Representative Joe Neguse), introduced on December 6, 2019, as the Stop Climate H.R. 5355 (Representative Joe Neguse), introduced on December 6, 2019, as the Stop Climate
Censorship Act of 2019, would direct the Office of Science and Technology (OSTP) to issue Censorship Act of 2019, would direct the Office of Science and Technology (OSTP) to issue
policies requiring political appointees of federal science agencies to publicly report on any action policies requiring political appointees of federal science agencies to publicly report on any action
taken by such appointee to modify scientific research or findings that are used to inform agency taken by such appointee to modify scientific research or findings that are used to inform agency
communications to the public that are related to climate change or to modify any agency communications to the public that are related to climate change or to modify any agency
communication to the public that is inconsistent with scientific research or findings related to communication to the public that is inconsistent with scientific research or findings related to
climate change. Referred to the climate change. Referred to the ~~House~~ Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. Committee on Science, Space, and Technology.
H.R. 6800 (Representative Nita M. Lowey), introduced on May 12, 2020, would incorporate the H.R. 6800 (Representative Nita M. Lowey), introduced on May 12, 2020, would incorporate the
Scientific Integrity Act, described above, as Title XVI of the legislation. Referred to the Scientific Integrity Act, described above, as Title XVI of the legislation. Referred to the
Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship. Hearings held. H.R. 6800 passed in the Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship. Hearings held. H.R. 6800 passed in the
House on May 5, 2020. Another version of the legislation (H.R. 925) passed the House on House on May 5, 2020. Another version of the legislation (H.R. 925) passed the House on
October 1, 2020. H.R. 925 did not include the Scientific Integrity Act. October 1, 2020. H.R. 925 did not include the Scientific Integrity Act.
S. 3996 (Senator Rob Portman), a bill to amend the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal S. 3996 (Senator Rob Portman), a bill to amend the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal
Year 1979, relating to the conduct of knowledge diplomacy, introduced on June 18, 2020, would Year 1979, relating to the conduct of knowledge diplomacy, introduced on June 18, 2020, would
require the Department of State, in coordination with OSTP, the Department of Defense, the require the Department of State, in coordination with OSTP, the Department of Defense, the
Department of Homeland Security, the Director of National Intelligence, federal science agencies, Department of Homeland Security, the Director of National Intelligence, federal science agencies,
federal law enforcement agencies, and other appropriate federal agencies, to strengthen the federal law enforcement agencies, and other appropriate federal agencies, to strengthen the
security and integrity of United States scientific and research collaborations with key foreign security and integrity of United States scientific and research collaborations with key foreign
partners and encourage the international scientific community to adopt and adhere to U.S. partners and encourage the international scientific community to adopt and adhere to U.S.
scientific values, including openness, transparency, reciprocity, integrity, and merit-based scientific values, including openness, transparency, reciprocity, integrity, and merit-based
competition. Referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations. competition. Referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations.
S. 3997 (Senator Rob Portman), introduced on June 18, 2020, as the Safeguarding American S. 3997 (Senator Rob Portman), introduced on June 18, 2020, as the Safeguarding American
Innovation Act, would require the Federal Research Security Council created by the bill to Innovation Act, would require the Federal Research Security Council created by the bill to
establish a process for informing members of the U.S. research community and the public of establish a process for informing members of the U.S. research community and the public of
potential risks and vulnerabilities in international scientific cooperation that may undermine the potential risks and vulnerabilities in international scientific cooperation that may undermine the
integrity and security of the United States research community or place at risk any federally integrity and security of the United States research community or place at risk any federally
funded research and development. Referred to the Committee on Homeland Security and funded research and development. Referred to the Committee on Homeland Security and
Governmental Affairs. Ordered to be reported with an amendment in the nature of a substitute Governmental Affairs. Ordered to be reported with an amendment in the nature of a substitute
favorably on July 22, 2020. favorably on July 22, 2020.
S. 4324 (Senator Lindsey Graham), introduced on July 27, 2020, as the Restoring Critical Supply S. 4324 (Senator Lindsey Graham), introduced on July 27, 2020, as the Restoring Critical Supply
Chains and Intellectual Property Act, would incorporate the Safeguarding American Innovation Chains and Intellectual Property Act, would incorporate the Safeguarding American Innovation
Act, as described above, as Title II of the legislation. Referred to the Committee on Finance. Act, as described above, as Title II of the legislation. Referred to the Committee on Finance.
S. 4638 (Senator Charles E. Schumer), introduced on September 22, 2020, as the Science and S. 4638 (Senator Charles E. Schumer), introduced on September 22, 2020, as the Science and
Transparency Over Politics Act, would create a Task Force of the Pandemic Response Transparency Over Politics Act, would create a Task Force of the Pandemic Response
Accountability Committee (established by section 15010 of P.L. 116-136) and require such task Accountability Committee (established by section 15010 of P.L. 116-136) and require such task
force to investigate political interference with decisions made by scientific agencies of the force to investigate political interference with decisions made by scientific agencies of the
Department of Health and Human Services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Referred to the Department of Health and Human Services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Referred to the
Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.
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H.R. 8333 (Representative Garret Graves), introduced on September 22, 2020, as the Building H.R. 8333 (Representative Garret Graves), introduced on September 22, 2020, as the Building
United States Infrastructure through Limited Delays and Efficient Reviews Act of 2020, would United States Infrastructure through Limited Delays and Efficient Reviews Act of 2020, would
require an agency required to make a detailed statement under the National Environmental Policy require an agency required to make a detailed statement under the National Environmental Policy
Act to ensure the professional integrity, including scientific integrity, of the discussion and Act to ensure the professional integrity, including scientific integrity, of the discussion and
analysis in an environmental document. Referred to the analysis in an environmental document. Referred to the ~~House Committee on Natural Resources~~Committee on Natural Resources. Congressional Research Service 16 Federal Scientific Integrity Policies: A Primer 117th Congress H.R. 849 (Representative Paul Tonko) introduced on February 4, 2021, as the Scientific Integrity Act, would largely codify and expand upon the scientific integrity principles and policies required by the Obama Administration and the 2010 OSTP memorandum. Specifically, the legislation would amend Section 1009 of the America COMPETES Act (P.L. 110-69) to require federal agencies that fund or conduct scientific research to develop and enforce a scientific integrity policy that must address certain requirements, including that covered individuals cannot intimidate or coerce others to alter or censor scientific or technical findings. The legislation would also require federal agencies to appoint a scientific integrity official. Additionally, a federal agency would have to submit to Congress and OSTP the scientific integrity policies it develops and implements, and make them available to the public on the agency’s website. Referred to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. H.R. 1304 (Representative Malinowski) and S. 412 (Senator Menendez), introduced on February 24, 2021, as the National Coronavirus Commission Act of 2021, would establish the Commission on the Coronavirus Pandemic in the United States to examine and report on the facts and the causes relating to the COVID–19 pandemic in the U.S. and to examine U.S. preparedness for, and response to, the COVID–19 pandemic. This may include investigating the efficacy and scientific integrity of the federal authorization and approval processes for vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics, among other provisions. Referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce and the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, respectively. .

Author Information

Marcy E. Gallo Marcy E. Gallo

Analyst in Science and Technology Policy Analyst in Science and Technology Policy

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