Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices

Continuing Resolutions: Overview of
November 5, 2020May 16, 2023
Components and Practices
Kevin P. McNellisJames V. Saturno,
The program activities of most federal agencies are generally funded on an annual basis The program activities of most federal agencies are generally funded on an annual basis through
Coordinator
through the enactment of the enactment of regular appropriations acts. When those annual appropriations . When those annual appropriations acts are not
Analyst Specialist on Congress and on Congress and
acts are not enacted by the beginning of the fiscal year (enacted by the beginning of the fiscal year (i.e., by October 1), one or more October 1), one or more continuing
the Legislative Process the Legislative Process
continuing appropriations acts (commonly known as appropriations acts (commonly known as continuing resolutions or CRs) mayor CRs) may be enacted to be enacted to

provide temporary funding to continue certain programs and activities provide temporary funding to continue certain programs and activities until action on the regular
James V. Saturno
Megan S. Lynch until action on the regular appropriations acts is completed.appropriations acts is completed.
Specialist on Congress and Specialist on Congress and
the Legislative Process the Legislative Process
There are six main features of CRs There are six main features of CRs addressed in this report. First, CRs have provided funding for . First, CRs have provided funding for
certain
certain activities (activities (coverage), which are typically specified with reference to the prior fiscal ), which are typically specified with reference to the prior fiscal Bill Heniff Jr. year’s year’s
appropriations acts. Second, CRs appropriations acts. Second, CRs have providedprovide budget authority for a specified budget authority for a specified duration of time.
Bill Heniff Jr.
Analyst on Congress and duration of time. This duration may be as short as a single day or as long as the This duration may be as short as a single day or as long as the the Legislative Process remainder of the fiscal year. Third, remainder of the fiscal year. Third,
Analyst on Congress and
CRs have in recent practice, CRs have typically provided funds provided funds based on an overall based on an overall funding rate rather than in specified amounts. Fourth, the use of . Fourth, the use of budget authority
the Legislative Process

Drew C. Aherne budget authority provided in the CR has been prohibited for provided in the CR has been prohibited for new activities not funded in not funded in Analyst on Congress and the previous fiscal year. the previous fiscal year.
Fifth, the duration and amount of funds in the CR, and purposes Fifth, the duration and amount of funds in the CR, and purposes the Legislative Process for which they may be used for for which they may be used for
Justin Murray
specified activities, may be adjusted through specified activities, may be adjusted through anomalies. . Sixth,Sixth, legislative provisions—which —which
Senior Research Librarian
create, amend, or extend other lawscreate, amend, or extend other laws —have been —have been Justin Murray included in some instances. Senior Research Librarian Congress has enacted one or more CRs in all but three of the 47 fiscal years since the start of the fiscal year was changed to October 1 beginning in FY1977. FY1997 was the last fiscal year for which no CRs were enacted. Fourteen times between FY1998 and FY2023, the initial CR (and for some years, subsequent CRs as well) provided continuing appropriations for all of included in some instances.

This report provides detailed information on CRs beginning with FY1977, which was the first

fiscal year that began on October 1. Congress has enacted one or more CRs in all but three of the
last 44 fiscal years (FY1977-FY2020). In addition, in 11 of the last 19 fiscal years, the initial CR—and in some years
subsequent CRs—provided continuing appropriations for all the regular appropriations the regular appropriations acts. During that same period, funding for one or more regular appropriations acts was provided in CRs for an average of 137 daysacts.
After FY1997—the most recent fiscal year that all regular appropriations bills were enacted before the start of the new fiscal
year—an average of at least five CRs were signed into law for each fiscal year before the appropriations process was before the appropriations process was
completed for that year.completed for that year. During this period, CRs provided funding for an average of almost five months each fiscal year.
For some fiscal years, a CR has provided continuing appropriations For some fiscal years, a CR has provided continuing appropriations (i.e., at a rate of operations) through the end of that through the end of that ye ar
year (often referred to (often referred to as a full-year CR). Some of the full-year CRs enacted in the 1980sas a full-year CR). Most recently, a full-year CR was enacted for most of the regular appropriations acts for
FY2007, FY2011, and FY2013. In the 1980s, in contrast, some “full-year CRs” actually included the full text of certain included the full text of certain
regular appropriations acts (regular appropriations acts (i.e., in the form ofthus having a form more akin to an omnibus appropriations act rather than a typical CR). an omnibus appropriations act rather than a typical CR).
More recently, full-year CRs were enacted covering most of the regular appropriations acts for FY2007, FY2011, and FY2013.

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32 Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices
Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 4 1
Main Components of Continuing Resolutions ......................................................................... 2
Coverage....... 5 Coverage ........................................................................................................................ 2........... 5
Duration .................................................................................................................... 4
Funding Rate ................ 6 Funding Rate ......................................................................................................................... 5.... 8
Purpose for Funds and Restrictions on New Activities ............................................................. 9 Anomalies: 6
Exceptions to Duration, Amount, and Purposes: Anomalies Purpose ...................................................... 79
Duration ............................................................................................................................ 10 7
Amount ............................................................................................................................. 10 Purpose .......... 7
Purpose............................................................................................................... 8
Legislative Provisions ...... 11 Legislative Provisions ........................................................................................................ 8
...... 11 The Timing of Enactment of Regular Appropriations Bills and Use of CRs, FY1977-FY2020 ................................ 1012
Duration and Frequency of Continuing Resolutions, FY1998-FY2020 FY2023 ..................................... 12... 14
Features of Full-Year CRs AfterSince FY1977 ..................................................................................... 17 16

Figures
Figure 1. DurationTables Table 1. Timing of Enactment of Regular Appropriations Bills and Use of Continuing of Continuing Resolutions (CRs): FY1998-FY2020 FY1977-FY2023 ......................................... 15

Tables
Table 1. CRS Appropriations Procedure Experts ................................................ 13 Table 2. Number and Duration of Continuing Resolutions (CRs): FY1998-FY2023 ................... 15 Table 3. Appropriations Acts Containing Full-Year................... 2
Table 2. Enactment of Regular Appropriations Bil s and Use of Continuing Resolutions
(CRs): FY1977-FY2020 (CRs): FY1977-FY2023 ....................................................................................................... 10
Table 3. Number................. 18 Table A-1. Number, Page Length, and Duration of Continuing Resolutions (CRs): FY1998-FY2020 ...................... 20 Appendixes Appendix. ................. 12
Table 4. Appropriations Acts Containing Full-Year Continuing Resolutions (CRs):
FY1977-FY2020 ........................................................................................................ 17
Table 5. Number, Page Length, and Duration of Continuing Resolutions (CRs) ........................... 19

.... 20 Contacts
Author Information ........................................................................................................................ 32 30

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Introduction
The program Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices Introduction As expressed in Article I, section 9 of the U. S. Constitution, “No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law” so that the power of the purse must be exercised through the lawmaking process. This allows Congress to craft the terms of appropriations or deny appropriations outright by funding programs and activities of most federal agencies activities of most federal agencies are general y funded on an annual basis through on an annual basis through
the enactment of 12 the enactment of 12 regular appropriations acts.1 When those annual appropriations acts are not .1 When those annual appropriations acts are not
enacted by the beginning of the fiscal year (enacted by the beginning of the fiscal year (i.e., by October 1), one or more continuing October 1), one or more continuing
appropriations acts may be enacted to provide temporary funding to continue certain programs appropriations acts may be enacted to provide temporary funding to continue certain programs
and activities until action on regular appropriations acts is completed. Such funding is provided and activities until action on regular appropriations acts is completed. Such funding is provided
for a specified period of time, which may be extended through the enactment of subsequent for a specified period of time, which may be extended through the enactment of subsequent
continuing appropriations. continuing appropriations.
A continuing appropriations act is commonly referred to as a continuing resolution or CR because A continuing appropriations act is commonly referred to as a continuing resolution or CR because
it has it has typical ytypically been in the form of a joint resolution rather than a been in the form of a joint resolution rather than a bil bill. But there is no procedural . But there is no procedural
requirement as to its form. Continuing appropriations are also requirement as to its form. Continuing appropriations are also occasional yoccasionally provided through a provided through a
bil bill. .
If appropriations are not enacted for a fiscal year through a regular appropriations act or a CR, a If appropriations are not enacted for a fiscal year through a regular appropriations act or a CR, a
“funding gap” occurs until such appropriations are provided. When a funding gap occurs, federal “funding gap” occurs until such appropriations are provided. When a funding gap occurs, federal
agencies may be directed to begin a “shutdown” of the affected programs and activities.2 agencies may be directed to begin a “shutdown” of the affected programs and activities.2
Agencies are Agencies are general ygenerally prohibited from obligating or expending federal funds in the absence of prohibited from obligating or expending federal funds in the absence of
appropriations.3 appropriations.3
Congress has enacted one or more CRs in Congress has enacted one or more CRs in al all but three but three of the 44 fiscal years since FY1977.4 fiscal years since FY1977.4
Further information is available in Table 2 of this report. In total, 188 In total, 200 CRs were enacted into law CRs were enacted into law
during the period during the period covering FY1977-FY2020FY1977-FY2023, ranging from zero to 21 in any , ranging from zero to 21 in any single fiscal year. Continuing appropriations acts provided funding for one or more regular appropriations acts for an average of 137 days before the appropriations process was completed for that year. 1 For further information on the appropriations process, see CRS Report R47106, The Appropriations Process: A Brief Overview, by James V. Saturno and Megan S. Lynch. Appropriations acts provide agencies with budget authority, which is defined as authority provided by federal law to enter into contracts or other financial obligations and for the Treasury to subsequently outlay the funds to meet those obligations. For further explanation, see CRS In Focus IF12105, Introduction to Budget Authority, by James V. Saturno. For the purposes of this report, the terms budget authority and funding are used interchangeably. 2 For further information on funding gaps and shutdowns, see respectively,CRS Report RS20348, Federal Funding Gaps: A Brief Overview, by James V. Saturno; and CRS Report RL34680, Shutdown of the Federal Government: Causes, Processes, and Effects, coordinated by Clinton T. Brass. 3 These prohibitions are codified by the Antideficiency Acts (31 U.S.C. §§1341-1342, 1511-1519). Exceptions are made under the act, including for activities involving “the safety of human life or the protection of property” (31 U.S.C. §1342). The Antideficiency Acts are discussed in CRS Report RL30795, General Management Laws: A Compendium (available to congressional clients upon requestsingle fiscal year. On
average, about four CRs were enacted each fiscal year during this interval. Table 3 and Figure 1
of this report provide more information on this aspect of CRs.
This report provides an overview of the components of CRs and information about congressional
practices related to their use.5 The first section of this report explains six of the typical main
components of CRs: coverage, duration, funding rate, restrictions on new activities, anomalies,
and legislative provisions. The second section discusses the enactment of regular appropriations
acts prior to the start of the fiscal year and the number of CRs enacted, beginning with FY1977,
which was the first fiscal year that began on October 1. The third section provides information on

1 For further information on the appropriations process, see CRS Report R42388, The Congressional Appropriations
Process: An Introduction.
2 For further information on funding gaps and shutdowns, see respectively, CRS Report RS20348, Federal Funding
Gaps: A Brief Overview; and CRS Report RL34680, Shutdown of the Federal Governm ent: Causes, Processes, and
Effects.
3 T hese prohibitions are contained in the Antideficiency Act (31 U.S.C. §§1341-1342, 1511-1519). Exceptions are
made under the act, including for activities involving “the safety of human life or the protection of property ” (31 U.S.C.
§1342). T he Antideficiency Act is discussed in CRS Report RL30795, General Managem ent Laws: A Com pendium
(available to congressional clients upon request ). In addition, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) provides ). In addition, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) provides
information about the act online at http://www.gao.gov/ada/antideficiency.htm. information about the act online at http://www.gao.gov/ada/antideficiency.htm.
4 4 T heThe use of CRs use of CRs had also been common prior to the fiscal year beginning on October 1. For example, in each of the 23 had also been common prior to the fiscal year beginning on October 1. For example, in each of the 23
years prior to FY1977 (i.e., FY1954years prior to FY1977 (i.e., FY1954 -FY1976), during which the federal fiscal year began-FY1976), during which the federal fiscal year began on July 1, at least one CR on July 1, at least one CR
waswas enacted for each fiscal year. Seeenacted for each fiscal year. See Congressional Record, vol. 118 (May 31, 1972), pp. 19358-19359; and CRS , vol. 118 (May 31, 1972), pp. 19358-19359; and CRS
archived report, archived report, An Overview of the Use of Continuing Appropriations, September 26, 1980 (available to congressional , September 26, 1980 (available to congressional
clients upon request). clients upon request).
5 T he information in this report is inclusive of all appropriations acts entitled or otherwise designated as providing CRs.
In some instances, such acts might alternatively be characterized by some observers as “omnibus appropriations acts.”
For a further discussion of this issue, see the section titled “ Funding Rate”; and CRS Report RL32473, Om nibus
Appropriations Acts: Overview of Recent Practices.
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link to page 20 link to page 22 Continuing Congressional Research Service 4 Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices Main Components of Continuing Resolutions There are six main features of CRsResolutions: Overview of Components and Practices

the variation in the number and duration of CRs enacted each fiscal year after FY1997—the most
recent fiscal year in which al regular appropriations were enacted before the start of the new
fiscal year. Final y, the fourth section of this report discusses the features of the 15 “full-year
CRs” that provided funding through the remainder of the fiscal year. For further information, see
Table 4 in this report. A list of al CRs enacted between FY1977 and FY2020 is provided at the
end of this report in Table 5.
This report has been updated from the previous January 2019 version to include information on
FY2020.
Table 1. CRS Appropriations Procedure Experts
Area of Expertise
Name/Title
Appropriations Procedure
Kevin McNel is
and Budget Enforcement
James V. Saturno
Megan Lynch
Bil Heniff Jr.
Appropriations Status
Justin Murray
Table
Main Components of Continuing Resolutions
There are six main features of CRs addressed in this report. First, CRs provide funding for certain . First, CRs provide funding for certain
activities (activities (coverage), which are ), which are typical ytypically specified with reference to the prior or current fiscal specified with reference to the prior or current fiscal
year’s appropriations acts. Second, CRs provide budget authority for a specified year’s appropriations acts. Second, CRs provide budget authority for a specified duration of of
time.time.6 This duration may be as short as a single day or as long as the remainder of the fiscal year. This duration may be as short as a single day or as long as the remainder of the fiscal year.
Third, CRs typical y provideThird, in recent practice, CRs have typically provided funds based on an funds based on an overal overall funding rate rather than in specified amounts. Fourth, the use of budget . Fourth, the use of budget
authority provided in the CR is authority provided in the CR is typical ytypically prohibited for prohibited for new activities not funded in the previous not funded in the previous
fiscal year. Fifth, the duration and amount of funds in the CR, and purposes for which they may fiscal year. Fifth, the duration and amount of funds in the CR, and purposes for which they may
be used for specified activities, may be adjusted through be used for specified activities, may be adjusted through anomalies. Sixth,. Sixth, legislative
provisions—which create, amend, or extend other laws—have been included in some instances. —which create, amend, or extend other laws—have been included in some instances.
Although this section discusses the above components as they have been enacted in CRs under Although this section discusses the above components as they have been enacted in CRs under
recent practice, it does not discuss their potential effects on budget execution or agency recent practice, it does not discuss their potential effects on budget execution or agency
operations. For analysis of these issues, see CRS Report RL34700, operations. For analysis of these issues, see CRS Report RL34700, Interim Continuing
Resolutions (CRs): Potential Impacts on Agency Operations, and GAO-17-807T, Budget Uncertainty and Disruptions Affect Timing of Agency Spending. .
Coverage
A CR provides funds for certain activities, which are A CR provides funds for certain activities, which are typical ytypically specified with reference to other specified with reference to other
pieces of appropriations legislation or the appropriations acts for a previous fiscal year. Most pieces of appropriations legislation or the appropriations acts for a previous fiscal year. Most
often, the coverage of a CR is defined with reference to the activities funded in prior fiscal yearsoften, the coverage of a CR is defined with reference to the activities funded in prior fiscal years ’ ’
appropriations acts for which the current fiscal year’s regular appropriations have yet to be appropriations acts for which the current fiscal year’s regular appropriations have yet to be
enacted. For example, in Section 101 of P.L. 111-68 (the first CR for FY2010), the coverage enacted. For example, in Section 101 of P.L. 111-68 (the first CR for FY2010), the coverage

6 Appropriations bills provide agencies with budget authority, which is defined as authority provided by federal law to
enter into contracts or other financial obligations that will result in immediate or future expenditures (or outlays)
involving federal government funds. For explanations of these terms, see GAO, Glossary, pp. 20-21. For the purposes
of this report, the terms budget authority and funding are used interchangeably.
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Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices

included activities funded in selected regular and supplemental appropriations acts for FY2008 included activities funded in selected regular and supplemental appropriations acts for FY2008
and FY2009: and FY2009:
Sec. 101. Such amounts as may be necessary… under the authority and conditions provided Sec. 101. Such amounts as may be necessary… under the authority and conditions provided
in such Acts, for continuing projects or activities (including the costs of direct loans and in such Acts, for continuing projects or activities (including the costs of direct loans and
loan guarantees) that are not otherwise specifically provided for in this joint resolution, that loan guarantees) that are not otherwise specifically provided for in this joint resolution, that
were conducted in fiscal year 2009, and for which appropriations, funds, or other authority were conducted in fiscal year 2009, and for which appropriations, funds, or other authority
were made available in the following appropriations Acts: were made available in the following appropriations Acts:
(1) Chapter 2 of title IX of the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2008 ( P.L. 110-252P.L. 110-252).
(2) Section (2) Section 155 of division155 of division A A of theof the Consolidated Security,Consolidated Security, Disaster Disaster Assistance,Assistance, and and
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L.Continuing Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L. 110-329),110-329), except that subsections (c), (d), and except that subsections (c), (d), and
(e) of such section shall not apply to funds made available under this joint resolution. (e) of such section shall not apply to funds made available under this joint resolution.
(3) Divisions (3) Divisions C throughC through E of the Consolidated Security, DisasterE of the Consolidated Security, Disaster Assistance, and Assistance, and
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L. 110-329). Continuing Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L. 110-329).
(4) Divisions A through I of the Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 ( through I of the Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L. 111-8P.L. 111-8), as
amended by section 2 of P.L. 111-46P.L. 111-46.
(5) Titles III and VI (under the heading `Coast Guard’) of the Supplemental Appropriations
Act, 2009 (P.L. 111-32P.L. 111-32). [emphasis added] [emphasis added]
Less frequently, CRs specify coverage with reference to regular appropriations Less frequently, CRs specify coverage with reference to regular appropriations bil sbills for the for the
current fiscal year that have yet to be enacted.current fiscal year that have yet to be enacted.75 In these instances, it is possible that an activity In these instances, it is possible that an activity
covered in the corresponding previous fiscal year’s appropriations covered in the corresponding previous fiscal year’s appropriations bil bill might not be covered in the 5 See, for example, Section 101 of P.L. 105-240. Congressional Research Service 5 Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices might not be covered in the
CR. Alternatively,CR. Alternatively, a CR might stipulate that activities funded in the previous fiscal year are a CR might stipulate that activities funded in the previous fiscal year are
covered only if they are included in a regular appropriations covered only if they are included in a regular appropriations bil bill for the current fiscal year. For for the current fiscal year. For
example, Section 101 of P.L. 105-240, the first CR for FY1999, provided that funding would example, Section 101 of P.L. 105-240, the first CR for FY1999, provided that funding would
continue only under such circumstances. continue only under such circumstances.
SEC. 101. (a) Such SEC. 101. (a) Such amounts as may be amounts as may be necessary undernecessary under the the authority andauthority and conditions conditions
provided in the applicable appropriations Act for the fiscal year 1998 Act for the fiscal year 1998 for continuing for continuing
projects or activities including the costs of direct loans and loan guarantees (not otherwise projects or activities including the costs of direct loans and loan guarantees (not otherwise
specifically provided for in this joint resolution) which were conducted in the fiscal year specifically provided for in this joint resolution) which were conducted in the fiscal year
19981998 and for which and for which appropriations, funds, or other authority would be available in funds, or other authority would be available in the
following appropriations Acts: :
(1) the (1) the Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Related
Agencies Appropriations Act, 1999…. Agencies Appropriations Act, 1999….
(8) the (8) the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Related
Agencies Appropriations Act, 1999, the House and Senate reported versions of which Agencies Appropriations Act, 1999, the House and Senate reported versions of which shal
shall be deemed to have passed the House and Senate respectively as of October 1, 1998, for the be deemed to have passed the House and Senate respectively as of October 1, 1998, for the
purposes of this joint resolution, unless a reported version is passed as of October 1, 1998, purposes of this joint resolution, unless a reported version is passed as of October 1, 1998,
in which case the passed version shall be used in place of the reported version for purposes in which case the passed version shall be used in place of the reported version for purposes
of this joint resolution; of this joint resolution;
(9) the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 1999…. [emphasis added] (9) the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 1999…. [emphasis added]
CRs may be enacted as standalone legislative vehicles or as provisions attached to CRs may be enacted as standalone legislative vehicles or as provisions attached to other legislation, such as a regular a regular
appropriations appropriations bil bill or an omnibus or an omnibus bil .8bill.6 In instances in which one or more regular appropriations In instances in which one or more regular appropriations
bil sbills are near completion, Congress may find it expeditious to include are near completion, Congress may find it expeditious to include a CR in that same legislative vehicle to cover activities in the remaining regular billsa CR in that same

7 See, for example, Section 101 of P.L. 105-240.
8 T wo or more regular appropriations bills are sometimes packaged into a single or “omnibus” legislative vehicle prior
to enactment. For a discussion of this practice, see CRS Report RL32473, Om nibus Appropriations Acts: Overview of
Recent Practices.
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legislative vehicle to cover activities in the remaining regular bil s that are not yet enacted. In that are not yet enacted. In
such instances, some activities may be covered by reference, while funding for others is provided such instances, some activities may be covered by reference, while funding for others is provided
through the text of the measure. For example, Division C of P.L. 115-245—the Department of through the text of the measure. For example, Division C of P.L. 115-245—the Department of
Defense and Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations Act, 2019, and Defense and Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations Act, 2019, and
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2019—provided continuing appropriations through December 7, Continuing Appropriations Act, 2019—provided continuing appropriations through December 7,
2018, by referencing the FY2018 regular appropriations acts, while the other divisions of P.L. 2018, by referencing the FY2018 regular appropriations acts, while the other divisions of P.L.
115-245 provided full-year regular appropriations for the FY2019 Defense and Labor-HHS-ED 115-245 provided full-year regular appropriations for the FY2019 Defense and Labor-HHS-ED
bil sbills. .
Duration
The duration of a CR refers to the period for which budget authority is provided for covered The duration of a CR refers to the period for which budget authority is provided for covered
activities. The period ends either upon the enactment of the applicable regular appropriations act activities. The period ends either upon the enactment of the applicable regular appropriations act
or on an expiration date specified in the CR, whichever occurs first. When a CR expires prior to or on an expiration date specified in the CR, whichever occurs first. When a CR expires prior to
the completion of the completion of al all regular appropriations regular appropriations bil sbills for a fiscal year, one or more additional CRs for a fiscal year, one or more additional CRs
may be enacted to prevent funding gaps and secure additional increments of time to complete the may be enacted to prevent funding gaps and secure additional increments of time to complete the
remaining regular appropriations remaining regular appropriations bil sbills. The duration of any further CRs may be brief, sometimes a . The duration of any further CRs may be brief, sometimes a
single day, to encourage the process to conclude swiftly, or it may be for weeks or months to single day, to encourage the process to conclude swiftly, or it may be for weeks or months to
accommodate further negotiations or congressional recesses. In some cases, CRs have carried accommodate further negotiations or congressional recesses. In some cases, CRs have carried
over into the next session of Congress. over into the next session of Congress.
In most of the fiscal years in which CRs have been used, a series of two or more have been In most of the fiscal years in which CRs have been used, a series of two or more have been
enacted into law.enacted into law.9 Such CRs may be designated by their order (e.g., “first” CR, “second” CR) or, Such CRs may be designated by their order (e.g., “first” CR, “second” CR) or,
after the initialafter the initial CR has been enacted, designated as a “further” CR. When action on the regular CR has been enacted, designated as a “further” CR. When action on the regular
appropriations bil s 6 Two or more regular appropriations bills are sometimes packaged into a single or “omnibus” legislative vehicle prior to enactment. For a discussion of this practice, see CRS Report RL32473, Omnibus Appropriations Acts: Overview of Recent Practices. Congressional Research Service 6 Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices appropriations bills is not complete by the time when the first CR expires, subsequent CRs is not complete by the time when the first CR expires, subsequent CRs wil
will often simply replace the expiration date in the preceding CR with a new expiration date. For often simply replace the expiration date in the preceding CR with a new expiration date. For
example, Section 1 of the third CR for FY2016, P.L. 114-100, stated that “Public Law 114-53 is example, Section 1 of the third CR for FY2016, P.L. 114-100, stated that “Public Law 114-53 is
amended by striking the date specified in Section 106(3) and inserting ‘December 22, 2015.’” amended by striking the date specified in Section 106(3) and inserting ‘December 22, 2015.’”
This action extended the duration of the preceding CR by six days. This action extended the duration of the preceding CR by six days.
Funds provided by a CR Funds provided by a CR wil will not necessarily be used by not necessarily be used by al all covered activities through the date the covered activities through the date the
CR expires. In practice, the budget authority provided by a CR may be superseded by the CR expires. In practice, the budget authority provided by a CR may be superseded by the
enactment of subsequent appropriations measures or the occurrence of other specified conditions. enactment of subsequent appropriations measures or the occurrence of other specified conditions.
In an instance in which a regular appropriations In an instance in which a regular appropriations bil bill was enacted prior to the expiration of a CR, was enacted prior to the expiration of a CR,
the budget authority provided by the regular the budget authority provided by the regular bil bill for covered activities would replace the funding for covered activities would replace the funding
provided by the CR. provided by the CR. Al All other activities in the CR, however, would continue to be funded by the other activities in the CR, however, would continue to be funded by the
CR unless they were likewise superseded or the CR expired. The duration of funds for certain CR unless they were likewise superseded or the CR expired. The duration of funds for certain
activities could also be shortened if other conditions that are specified in the CR occur. For activities could also be shortened if other conditions that are specified in the CR occur. For
example, Section example, Section 107106 of P.L. of P.L. 108-84117-80, the first CR for , the first CR for FY2004FY2023, provided funds for , provided funds for 3177 days or days or
fewer: fewer:
Sec. Sec. 107. 106. Unless otherwise provided for in this joint resolution or in the applicable
appropriations Act, appropriations and funds made available and authority granted
pursuant to this joint resolution shall be available until (a) enactment into law of an
for in this Act or in the applicable appropriations Act for fiscal year 2023, appropriations and funds made available and authority granted pursuant to this Act shall be available until whichever of the following first occurs: (1) The enactment into law of an appropriation for any project or activity provided for in this appropriation for any project or activity provided for in this joint resolution, or (b) the
enactment into law of the applicable appropriations Act by both Houses without any
provision for such project or activity, or (c) October 31, 2003, whichever first occurs.
[emphasis added]

9 For further information, see Table 2 and Table 5 in this report.
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In this instance, funding for al other activities not subject to these conditions would continue
under the CR until it expired or was otherwise superseded.
When a CR is attached to a regular appropriations bil , the activities covered by regular
appropriationsAct. (2) The enactment into law of the applicable appropriations Act for fiscal year 2023 without any provision for such project or activity. (3) December 16, 2022. [emphasis added] In this instance, funding for all other activities to which these conditions didn’t apply would continue under the CR until it expired or was otherwise superseded. While recent practice has been to resolve all outstanding appropriations issues simultaneously, historically, one or more regular appropriations acts would be enacted while a CR was in effect. As a consequence, not only was the duration of the CR was shortened for those projects and activities, but the coverage of the CR was reduced as well. For example, P.L. 107-240, the fourth CR for FY2003, was enacted on October 18, 2002. It had an expiration of November 22, 2002, and included funding for projects and activities covered by the Department of Defense Appropriations Act. However, P.L. 107-248, the regular Department of Defense Appropriations Act of for FY2003, was enacted on October 23, 2002, superseding the funding provided under the CR and reducing its coverage. A CR may also be attached to a regular appropriations bill. In such a case, the activities covered by the regular appropriations act are funded through the remainder of the fiscal year, whereas the activities covered are funded through the remainder of the fiscal year, whereas the activities covered
by the CR are funded through a specified date. by the CR are funded through a specified date. One example of this is P.L. 114-223, the first CR for FY2017. Division C of the measure was a continuing resolution with an expiration date of December 9, 2016. Division A, however, was the regular appropriations act for Military Construction and Veterans Affairs, and provided funding for those accounts for the entire fiscal year. Congress may also single out specific activities in Congress may also single out specific activities in
a CR to receive funding for a specified duration that differs from the majority of other accounts a CR to receive funding for a specified duration that differs from the majority of other accounts
and activities. This type of variation in duration is discussed in the “Exceptions to Duration,
Amount, and Purposes: Anomalies” section.
and activities. Congress has Congress has occasional yoccasionally enacted a CR to provide funds for the activities covered in such enacted a CR to provide funds for the activities covered in such bil sbills
through the remainder of the fiscal year as an alternative to separately enacting one or more of the through the remainder of the fiscal year as an alternative to separately enacting one or more of the
regular appropriations regular appropriations bil sbills. This type of CR is referred to as a . This type of CR is referred to as a full-year CR. Full-year CRs may CR. Full-year CRs may
provide funding for provide funding for al bil sall bills that have yet to be enacted or include the full text of one or more that have yet to be enacted or include the full text of one or more
regular appropriations regular appropriations bil sbills. For example, Division A of P.L. 112-10 contained the text of the . For example, Division A of P.L. 112-10 contained the text of the
FY2011 Defense Appropriations Act, whereas the programs and activities covered by the 11 FY2011 Defense Appropriations Act, whereas the programs and activities covered by the 11
remaining regular appropriations remaining regular appropriations bil sbills were funded by the full-year CR in Division B. were funded by the full-year CR in Division B.
Congressional Research Service 7 Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices Funding Rate
CRs often fund activities under a formula-type approach that provides budget authority at a CRs often fund activities under a formula-type approach that provides budget authority at a
restricted level but not a specified amount. This method of providing budget authority is restricted level but not a specified amount. This method of providing budget authority is
commonly referred to as the “funding rate.” Under a funding rate, the amount of budget authority commonly referred to as the “funding rate.” Under a funding rate, the amount of budget authority
for an for an account10account7 is calculated as the total amount of budget authority is calculated as the total amount of budget authority annual yannually available available based on based on
a a reference level (reference level (usual yusually a dollar amount or calculation) multiplied a dollar amount or calculation) multiplied by the fraction of the fiscal by the fraction of the fiscal
year for which the funds are made available in the CR.year for which the funds are made available in the CR.118 This is in contrast to regular and This is in contrast to regular and
supplemental appropriations acts, which supplemental appropriations acts, which general ygenerally provide specific amounts for each account. provide specific amounts for each account.
In previous years, In previous years, manysome CRs have provided funding across accounts by reference to the amount CRs have provided funding across accounts by reference to the amount
of budget authority availableof budget authority available in specified appropriations acts from the previous fiscal year. For in specified appropriations acts from the previous fiscal year. For
example, Section 101 of P.L. 110-329, the first CR for FY2010, provided the following funding example, Section 101 of P.L. 110-329, the first CR for FY2010, provided the following funding
rate: rate:
Such amounts as may be necessary, Such amounts as may be necessary, at a rate for operations as provided in the applicable
appropriations Acts for fiscal year 2008 and under the authority and conditions provided and under the authority and conditions provided
in such Acts, for continuing projects or activities (including the costs of direct loans and in such Acts, for continuing projects or activities (including the costs of direct loans and
loan guarantees) that are not otherwise specifically provided for in this joint resolution, that loan guarantees) that are not otherwise specifically provided for in this joint resolution, that
were conducted in fiscal year 2008, and for which appropriations, funds, or other authority were conducted in fiscal year 2008, and for which appropriations, funds, or other authority
were made available in the following appropriations Acts:were made available in the following appropriations Acts: divisions A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J,
and K of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 ( P.L. 110-161P.L. 110-161). [emphasis added] . [emphasis added]
Other CRs have provided funding by reference to the levels available Other CRs have provided funding by reference to the levels available in the previous fiscal year, in the previous fiscal year,
with either an increase or decrease from the previous fiscal year’s level. For example, Section with either an increase or decrease from the previous fiscal year’s level. For example, Section
101(a) and (b) of P.L. 112-33, the first CR for FY2012, provided the following funding rate: 101(a) and (b) of P.L. 112-33, the first CR for FY2012, provided the following funding rate:
(a) Such amounts as may be necessary, at a rate for operations as provided in the applicable (a) Such amounts as may be necessary, at a rate for operations as provided in the applicable
appropriations Acts for fiscal year 2011 and under the authority and conditions provided appropriations Acts for fiscal year 2011 and under the authority and conditions provided
in such Acts, for continuing projects or activities (including the costs of direct loans and in such Acts, for continuing projects or activities (including the costs of direct loans and
loanloan guarantees) that are not otherwise specifically provided for in this Act, that were

10 Regular appropriations bills contain a series of unnumbered paragraphs with headings, generally reflecting a unique
budget “ account.” Elements within budget accounts are divided by “ program, p roject or activity” based upon the table
“Comparative Statement of New Budget Authority” in the back of the report accompanying the appropriations bill.
11 For a discussion of how funding rates are calculated, see GAO, Office of the General Counsel, Principles of Federal
Appropriations Law, vol. II, 3rd ed. (2004), at 8-10 to 8-14.
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guarantees) that are not otherwise specifically provided for in this Act, that were conducted in fiscal year 2011, and for which appropriations, funds, or other authority were conducted in fiscal year 2011, and for which appropriations, funds, or other authority were
made available in the following appropriations Acts…. made available in the following appropriations Acts….
(b) The rate for operations provided by subsection (a) is hereby reduced by 1.503 percent. .
[emphasis added] [emphasis added]
Although these examples Although these examples il ustrateillustrate the most typical types of funding rates, other types of funding the most typical types of funding rates, other types of funding
rates have sometimes been used when providing continuing appropriations. For example, P.L. rates have sometimes been used when providing continuing appropriations. For example, P.L.
105-240, the first CR for FY1999, provided a 105-240, the first CR for FY1999, provided a variable funding rate for covered activitiesfunding rate for covered activities.
Specifical y, the CR provided funds derived from based on three possible reference three possible reference sourcesamounts: the House- : the House-
and Senate-passed FY1999 regular appropriations and Senate-passed FY1999 regular appropriations bil s, bills, the amount of the President’s budget the amount of the President’s budget
request, or “current operations” (the total amount of budget authority available for obligation for request, or “current operations” (the total amount of budget authority available for obligation for
an activity during the previous fiscal year), whichever was an activity during the previous fiscal year), whichever was lowerthe lowest. In instances where no funding . In instances where no funding
was provided under the House- and Senate-passed FY1999 appropriations was provided under the House- and Senate-passed FY1999 appropriations bil sbills, the funding rate , the funding rate
would be based on the lower of the President’s budget request or current operations. would be based on the lower of the President’s budget request or current operations. Similar formulations were regularly used for CRs in the 1980s. In addition, In addition,
while the first CR for a fiscal year may provide a certain funding rate, subsequent CRs sometimes while the first CR for a fiscal year may provide a certain funding rate, subsequent CRs sometimes
may provide a different rate.
CRs have sometimes provided budget authority for some or al may provide a different rate. 7 Regular appropriations bills are drafted as a series of unnumbered paragraphs with headings, with each one generally reflecting a unique budget “account.” Elements within budget accounts are divided by “program, project or activity” based upon the table “Comparative Statement of New Budget Authority” in the back of the report accompanying the appropriations bill. 8 For a discussion of how funding rates are calculated, see GAO, Office of the General Counsel, Principles of Federal Appropriations Law, vol. II, 3rd ed. (2004), at 8-10 to 8-14. Congressional Research Service 8 Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices CRs have also sometimes provided budget authority for some or all covered activities by covered activities by
incorporating the actual text of one or more regular appropriations incorporating the actual text of one or more regular appropriations bil sbills for that fiscal year rather for that fiscal year rather
than providing funding according to the rate formula.than providing funding according to the rate formula.129 For example, P.L. 112-10 provided For example, P.L. 112-10 provided
funding for the Department of Defense through the incorporation of a regular appropriations funding for the Department of Defense through the incorporation of a regular appropriations bil
bill in Division A, whereas Division B provided formulaic funding for in Division A, whereas Division B provided formulaic funding for al all other activities for the other activities for the
remainder of the fiscal year.remainder of the fiscal year.13 In this type of instance, the formula in the CR applies only to In this type of instance, the formula in the CR applies only to
activities not covered in the text of the incorporated regular appropriations activities not covered in the text of the incorporated regular appropriations bil or bil sbill or bills. .
Purpose for Funds and Restrictions on New Activities
Congress has often limited the funding provided by CRs so that agencies are not able to use those Congress has often limited the funding provided by CRs so that agencies are not able to use those
funds to initiate new programs or activities or to avoid limitationsfunds to initiate new programs or activities or to avoid limitations imposed on previously imposed on previously
appropriated funds. CRs that provide a funding rate for activities often stipulate that funds may be appropriated funds. CRs that provide a funding rate for activities often stipulate that funds may be
used for the same purposes and in the manner provided in specified appropriations acts for the used for the same purposes and in the manner provided in specified appropriations acts for the
previous fiscal year. In practice, this is often characterized as a prohibition on “new starts.” previous fiscal year. In practice, this is often characterized as a prohibition on “new starts.” In
CRs also typically include language that would prohibit agencies from making final determinations about new grants and other payments prior to the enactment of legislation that would provide the total amount available for the fiscal year (either in the form of a regular appropriations act or a full-year CR). In addition, conditions and limitations on program activity from the previous year’s appropriations addition, conditions and limitations on program activity from the previous year’s appropriations
acts may be retained by language contained within the resolution’s text. acts may be retained by language contained within the resolution’s text. An exampleExamples of such of such
language, from P.L. 112-33, language, from P.L. 112-33, isare below: below:
Sec. 103. Sec. 103. Appropriations made by section 101 shall be available Appropriations made by section 101 shall be available to the extent and in the
manner that would be provided by the pertinent appropriations Act. [emphasis added] that would be provided by the pertinent appropriations Act. [emphasis added]
Sec. Sec. 104. Except as otherwise provided in section 102, no appropriation or funds 104. Except as otherwise provided in section 102, no appropriation or funds made made
available or authority granted pursuant to section 101 shall be usedavailable or authority granted pursuant to section 101 shall be used to initiate or resume
any project or activity for which appropriations, funds, or other authority were not available for which appropriations, funds, or other authority were not available
during fiscal year 2011. [emphasis added] during fiscal year 2011. [emphasis added]

12 From a functional perspective, CRs that do not include any formulaic provisions but instead provide appropriations
only by using the full text of acts (including by cross-reference) are sometimes regarded as omnibus appropriations acts
rather than CRs, even if they are entitled an act “ making continuing appropriations” or “ making further continuing
appropriations.”
13 T he formulaic funding for many of the accounts funded in Division B was modified by anomalies. For a discussion
of this practice, see the “Anomalies” section of this report.
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Sec. 109. ... no grants shall be awarded for such programs funded by this Act that would impinge on final funding prerogatives.
This language prevents the initiation of new activities with the funds provided in the CR. This language prevents the initiation of new activities with the funds provided in the CR.
Agencies may use appropriated funds from prior fiscal years that remain available, however, to Agencies may use appropriated funds from prior fiscal years that remain available, however, to
initiate initiate new activities in some circumstances.new activities in some circumstances.14
10 Anomalies: Exceptions to Duration, Amount, and Purposes: AnomaliesPurpose
Even though CRs Even though CRs typical ytypically provide funds at a rate, they may also include provisions that provide funds at a rate, they may also include provisions that
enumerate exceptions to the enumerate exceptions to the duration, , amount, or , or purposes for which those funds may be used for for which those funds may be used for
certain appropriations accounts or activities. Such provisions are commonly referred to as certain appropriations accounts or activities. Such provisions are commonly referred to as
“anomalies.” The purpose of anomalies is to preserve Congress’s constitutional prerogative to
provide appropriations in the manner it sees fit, even in instances when only short-term funding is
provided.15
Duration
A CR may contain anomalies that designate a duration of funding for certain activities that is
different from the overal duration provided. For example, Section 112 of P.L. 108-84 provided an
“anomalies.” The purpose of anomalies is to preserve Congress’s constitutional prerogative to 9 From a functional perspective, CRs that provide appropriations by using the full text of acts (including by cross-reference), rather than by using a formulaic rate (as was the case in several years in the 1980s), may sometimes be categorized as omnibus appropriations acts rather than CRs, even though they are entitled an act “making continuing appropriations” or “making further continuing appropriations.” 10 Although appropriations bills most commonly provide budget authority that is available for obligation for one fiscal year, budget authority for an activity may be provided for more than one year (“multiyear”) or indefinitely (“no-year”). In instances where funds provided in previous years are still available for the purpose of initiating a new project or activity, such funds may generally be used for this purpose, even though funds for the current fiscal year are provided by a CR. GAO, Glossary, p. 22. Congressional Research Service 9 Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices provide appropriations in the manner it sees fit, even in instances when only short-term funding is provided.11 Duration A CR may contain anomalies that designate a duration of funding for certain activities that is different from the overall duration provided. For example, Section 112 of P.L. 108-84 provided an exception to the expiration date of October 31, 2003, specified in Section 107(c) of the CR: exception to the expiration date of October 31, 2003, specified in Section 107(c) of the CR:
For entitlements and other mandatory payments whose budget authority was provided in For entitlements and other mandatory payments whose budget authority was provided in
appropriations Acts for fiscal year 2003, and for activities under the Food Stamp Act of appropriations Acts for fiscal year 2003, and for activities under the Food Stamp Act of
1977, activities shall be continued at the rate to maintain program levels under current law, 1977, activities shall be continued at the rate to maintain program levels under current law,
under the authority and conditions provided in the applicable appropriations Act for fiscal under the authority and conditions provided in the applicable appropriations Act for fiscal
yearyear 2003, to be continued through the date specified in section 107(c): Provided, That
notwithstanding section 107, funds shall be available and obligations for 2003, to be continued through the date specified in section 107(c): Provided, That notwithstanding section 107, funds shall be available and obligations for mandatory
payments due on or about November 1 and December 1, 2003, may continue to be made. .
[emphasis added] [emphasis added]
Amount
Anomalies may also designate a different specific amount or rate of budget authority for certain Anomalies may also designate a different specific amount or rate of budget authority for certain
accounts or activities than the funding rate provided for the remainder of activities in the CR.accounts or activities than the funding rate provided for the remainder of activities in the CR.16
Typical y Typically, such funding is specified as an annualized rate based upon a lump sum. For example, , such funding is specified as an annualized rate based upon a lump sum. For example,
Section 120 of P.L. 112-33 provided the following lump-sum anomaly for a specific account, Section 120 of P.L. 112-33 provided the following lump-sum anomaly for a specific account,
which was an exception to the which was an exception to the general ygenerally applicable funding rate in Section 101: applicable funding rate in Section 101:
Notwithstanding section 101 Notwithstanding section 101, amounts are provided for “Defense Nuclear for “Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety
Board—Salaries and Expenses” at a rate for operations of $29,130,000. [emphasis added] . [emphasis added]
Funding adjustments can also be provided in anomalies Funding adjustments can also be provided in anomalies for groups of accounts in the bill. For for groups of accounts in the bill. For
example, Section 121 of P.L. 112-33 provided a different rate for certain funds in a group of example, Section 121 of P.L. 112-33 provided a different rate for certain funds in a group of
accounts:

14 Although appropriations bills most commonly provide budget authority that is available fo r obligation for only one
fiscal year, budget authority for an activity may be provided for more than one year (“multiyear”) or indefinitely (“no -
year”). In instances where funds provided in previous years are still available for the purpose of initiating a new project
or activity, such funds may generally be used for this purpose, even though funds for the current fiscal year are
provided by a CR. GAO, Glossary, p. 22.
15 Article 1, Section 9, of t he U.S. Constitution grants Congress the “power of the purse” by prohibiting expenditures
“but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law.”
16 Regular appropriations bills contain a series of unnumbered paragraphs with headings, generally reflecting a unique
budget “account.” Elements within budget accounts are divided by “ program, project or activity” (GAO, Glossary, p.
80). When a CR provides funds for activities in the prior year’s regular appropriations acts, anomalies reflect the
account structure in such acts.
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Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, except section 106, the District of
Columbia may expend local funds under the heading “District of Columbia Funds” accounts: Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, except section 106, the District of Columbia may expend local funds under the heading “District of Columbia Funds” for for
such programs and activities under title IV of H.R. 2434 (112thsuch programs and activities under title IV of H.R. 2434 (112th Congress), as reported by Congress), as reported by
thethe Committee on Appropriations of the House of Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives,Representatives, at the rate set forth
under ‘‘District of at the rate set forth under ‘‘District of Columbia Funds—Summary of Expenses’’ as included in the of Expenses’’ as included in the Fiscal
Year 2012 Budget Request Act of 2011 (D.C. Act 19–92), as modified as of the date of the (D.C. Act 19–92), as modified as of the date of the
enactment of this Act. [emphasis added] enactment of this Act. [emphasis added]
Further, anomalies may provide exceptions to amounts specified in other laws. For example, Further, anomalies may provide exceptions to amounts specified in other laws. For example,
Section 121 of P.L. 110-329 provided that funds may be expended in excess of statutory limits up Section 121 of P.L. 110-329 provided that funds may be expended in excess of statutory limits up
to an alternative rate: to an alternative rate:
Notwithstanding Notwithstanding the limitations on administrative expenses the limitations on administrative expenses in subsectionsin subsections (c)(2) and (c)(2) and
(c)(3)(A)(c)(3)(A) of section 3005 of the Digital Television Transition and Public Safety Act of section 3005 of the Digital Television Transition and Public Safety Act of of
2005 (P.L. 109-171; 120 Stat.2005 (P.L. 109-171; 120 Stat. 21), the Assistant Secretary (as such term is defined 21), the Assistant Secretary (as such term is defined in in
section 3001(b) of such Act) may expend funds made available under sections 3006, 3008, section 3001(b) of such Act) may expend funds made available under sections 3006, 3008,
andand 3009 of such Act for additional administrative expenses of 3009 of such Act for additional administrative expenses of the digital-to-analog the digital-to-analog
converterconverter box program establishedbox program established by suchby such section 3005 at a rate not to exceed 11 For a discussion of anomalies provided in the first CR for FY2023, see CRS Report R47283, Overview of Continuing Appropriations for FY2023 (Division A of P.L. 117-180), by Drew C. Aherne and Sarah B. Solomon. Congressional Research Service 10 Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices $180,000,000 through section 3005 at a rate not to exceed
$180,000,000 through the date specifiedthe date specified in sectionin section 106(3) of this joint resolution. 106(3) of this joint resolution.
[emphasis added] [emphasis added]
Purpose
CRs may also use anomalies to alter the purposes for which the funds may be expended. Such CRs may also use anomalies to alter the purposes for which the funds may be expended. Such
anomalies may anomalies may al owallow funds to be spent for activities that would otherwise be prohibited or funds to be spent for activities that would otherwise be prohibited or
prohibit funds for activities that might otherwise be prohibit funds for activities that might otherwise be al owedallowed. For example, Section 114 of P.L. . For example, Section 114 of P.L.
108-309, the first CR for FY2005, prohibited funds from being available to a particular 108-309, the first CR for FY2005, prohibited funds from being available to a particular
department for a certain activity: department for a certain activity:
Notwithstanding any other provision of this joint resolution, except sections 107 and 108, Notwithstanding any other provision of this joint resolution, except sections 107 and 108,
amounts are made available for the Strategic National Stockpile (“SNS”) at a rate amounts are made available for the Strategic National Stockpile (“SNS”) at a rate for for
operations not exceeding the lower of the amount which would be made available under operations not exceeding the lower of the amount which would be made available under
H.R. 5006,H.R. 5006, as passed by the House of Representatives on September 9, 2004, or S. 2810, as passed by the House of Representatives on September 9, 2004, or S. 2810,
asas reported by the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate on September 15, 2004:
Provided, That no funds shall be made available for the SNS to the Department reported by the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate on September 15, 2004: Provided, That no funds shall be made available for the SNS to the Department of
Homeland Security under this joint resolution. [emphasis added] . [emphasis added]
Legislative Provisions
Substantive legislativeSubstantive legislative provisions, which have the effect of creating new law or changing existing provisions, which have the effect of creating new law or changing existing
law, have also been included in some CRs. One reason why CRs have been attractive vehicles for law, have also been included in some CRs. One reason why CRs have been attractive vehicles for
such provisions is that they are often widely considered to be must-pass measures to prevent such provisions is that they are often widely considered to be must-pass measures to prevent
funding gaps. Legislative provisions previously included in CRs have varied considerably in funding gaps. Legislative provisions previously included in CRs have varied considerably in
length, from a short paragraph to more than 200 pages. length, from a short paragraph to more than 200 pages.
House and Senate rules restrict the inclusion of legislative House and Senate rules restrict the inclusion of legislative provisions in appropriations provisions in appropriations bil sbills, but , but
such restrictions are applicable in different contexts. Although House rules prohibit legislative such restrictions are applicable in different contexts. Although House rules prohibit legislative
provisions from being included in general appropriations measures (including amendments or any provisions from being included in general appropriations measures (including amendments or any
conference report to such measures), these restrictions do not apply to CRs.conference report to such measures), these restrictions do not apply to CRs.1712 Senate rules Senate rules

17 House Rule XXI, clause 2, prohibits such language in general appropriations measures and applicable amendments.
House Rule XXII, clause 5, in effect, generally extends the House Rule XXI, clause prohibit non-germane amendments that include legislative provisions either on the Senate floor or as an amendment between the houses.13 While these Senate restrictions do apply in the case of CRs, there is considerable leeway on when such provisions may be included, such as when the Senate amends a legislative provision included by the House.14 The rules of the House and Senate are not self-enforcing, however. A point of order must be raised and sustained during floor consideration to enforce the prohibition.15 12 House Rule XXI, clause 2, prohibits such language in general appropriations measures and applicable amendments. House Rule XXII, clause 5, in effect, generally extends the House Rule XXI, clause 2, prohibition to conference 2, prohibition to conference
reports. CRs, however, are not considered to be general appropriations bills becausereports. CRs, however, are not considered to be general appropriations bills because they do not provide appropriations
on an annual basis. W[illia]m Holmes Brown, they provide only temporary appropriations. Charles W. Johnson, Charles W. Johnson, and John V. Sullivan, House Practice: A Guide to
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prohibit non-germane amendments that include legislative provisions either on the Senate floor or
as an amendment between the houses.18 While these Senate restrictions do apply in the case of
CRs, there is considerable leeway on when such provisions may be included, such as when the
Senate amends a legislative provision included by the House.19 The rules of the House and Senate
are not self-enforcing. A point of order must be raised and sustained to prevent any legislative
language from being considered and enacted.20
Substantive provisions in CRs have included language that established major new policies, such
as an FY1985 CR, which contained the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984.21John V. Sullivan, and Thomas J. Wickham, Jr., House Practice: A Guide to the Rules, Precedents and Procedures of the House, 115th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington: GPO, 2017), ch. 4, §6, pp. 78-79; and Lewis Deschler, Deschler's Precedents of the United States House of Representatives, vol. vii, ch. 25, §7.1, §7.2, H.Doc 94-661, 94th Cong., 2nd sess. (Washington: GPO, 1994), pp. 637-40. 13 Senate Rule XVI, paragraphs 2-6. 14 For further information on House and Senate restrictions on legislation in appropriations, see CRS Report R41634, Limitations in Appropriations Measures: An Overview of Procedural Issues, by James V. Saturno. 15 For further information on points of order, see CRS Report 98-307, Points of Order, Rulings, and Appeals in the House of Representatives, by Valerie Heitshusen; and CRS Report 98-306, Points of Order, Rulings, and Appeals in the Senate, by Valerie Heitshusen. Congressional Research Service 11 Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices Substantive provisions in CRs have included language that established major new policies, such as an FY1985 CR, which contained the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984.16
More frequently, CRs have been used to amend or renew provisions of law. For example, Section More frequently, CRs have been used to amend or renew provisions of law. For example, Section
140 of P.L. 112-33 retroactively renewed import restrictions under the Burmese Freedom and 140 of P.L. 112-33 retroactively renewed import restrictions under the Burmese Freedom and
Democracy Act of 2003 (P.L. 108-61): Democracy Act of 2003 (P.L. 108-61):
(a) Renewal (a) Renewal of Import Restrictionsof Import Restrictions Under Burmese Freedom and Democracy Act Under Burmese Freedom and Democracy Act of of
2003.— 2003.—
(1) In general.—Congress (1) In general.—Congress approves the renewal of the import restrictions contained approves the renewal of the import restrictions contained in in
section 3(a)(1) and section 3A (b)(1) and (c)(1) of the Burmese Freedom and Democracy section 3(a)(1) and section 3A (b)(1) and (c)(1) of the Burmese Freedom and Democracy
Act of 2003. Act of 2003.
(2) Rule of construction.—This section shall be deemed to be a “renewal resolution” for (2) Rule of construction.—This section shall be deemed to be a “renewal resolution” for
purposes of section 9 of the Burmese Freedom and Democracy Act of 2003. purposes of section 9 of the Burmese Freedom and Democracy Act of 2003.
(b) Effective Date.—This section shall take effect on July 26, 2011. (b) Effective Date.—This section shall take effect on July 26, 2011.
CRs have also contained legislative CRs have also contained legislative provisions that temporarily extended expiring laws. For provisions that temporarily extended expiring laws. For
example, Section 146 of P.L. 116-159 extended the National Flood Insurance Program:example, Section 146 of P.L. 116-159 extended the National Flood Insurance Program:
(a) Section 1309(a) of the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 4016(a)) (a) Section 1309(a) of the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 4016(a)) is is
amended by striking “September 30, 2019” and inserting “September 30, 2021”. amended by striking “September 30, 2019” and inserting “September 30, 2021”.
(b) Section 1319 of the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 4026) is amended (b) Section 1319 of the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 4026) is amended
by striking “September 30, 2019” and inserting “September 30, 2021”.by striking “September 30, 2019” and inserting “September 30, 2021”.
(c) (c)
(1) This section shall become effective immediately upon enactment of this Act. (1) This section shall become effective immediately upon enactment of this Act.
(2) If this Act is enacted after September 30, 2020, this section shall be applied as if it were (2) If this Act is enacted after September 30, 2020, this section shall be applied as if it were
in effect on September 30, 2020. in effect on September 30, 2020.
Legislative Legislative provisions that temporarily extend expiring laws are effective through the date the CR provisions that temporarily extend expiring laws are effective through the date the CR
expires, unless otherwise specified.

the Rules, Precedents and Procedures of the House, 115th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington: GPO, 2017), ch. 4, §6, pp. 78-
79; and Lewis Deschler, Deschler's Precedents of the United States House of Representatives, vol. viii, ch. 26, §1.2,
H.Doc 94-661, 94th Cong., 2nd sess. (Washington: GPO, 1994), p. 5228 .
18 Senate Rule XVI, paragraphs 2-6.
19 For further information on House and Senate restrictions on legislation in appropriations, see CRS Report R41634,
Lim itations in Appropriations Measures: An Overview of Procedural Issues.
20 For further information on points of order, see CRS Report 98-307, Points of Order, Rulings, and Appeals in the
House of Representatives; and CRS Report 98-306, Points of Order, Rulings, and Appeals in the Senate.
21 P.L. 98-473, 98 Stat. 1837.
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expires, unless otherwise specified. The Timing of Enactment of Regular Appropriations Bills and Use
of CRs, FY1977-FY2020of CRs
As mentioned previously, regular appropriations were enacted after October 1 in As mentioned previously, regular appropriations were enacted after October 1 in al all but four but four
fiscal years between FY1977 and fiscal years between FY1977 and FY2020FY2023. Consequently, CRs have been needed in almost . Consequently, CRs have been needed in almost al all of of
these years to prevent one or more funding gaps from occurring.these years to prevent one or more funding gaps from occurring.22
Table 2 1 provides an overview of the enactment of regular appropriations provides an overview of the enactment of regular appropriations bil sbills and the use of CRs and the use of CRs
between FY1977 and between FY1977 and FY2020. Al FY2023. All appropriations were enacted on or before the start of the new appropriations were enacted on or before the start of the new
fiscal year four times during this period: FY1977, FY1989, FY1995, and FY1997. Over half of fiscal year four times during this period: FY1977, FY1989, FY1995, and FY1997. Over half of
the regular appropriations the regular appropriations bil sbills for a fiscal year were enacted before the start of the new fiscal for a fiscal year were enacted before the start of the new fiscal
year in year in only oneone other instance (FY1978). In instance (FY1978). In al all other fiscal years, fewer than six regular appropriations other fiscal years, fewer than six regular appropriations
acts were enacted on or before October 1. In addition, acts were enacted on or before October 1. In addition, in 16 of the 44 years during this period, no
no regular appropriations regular appropriations bil sbills were enacted prior to the start of the fiscal year were enacted prior to the start of the fiscal year. Eleven of these fiscal
years have occurred in the last 19 years.
Table 2. in 19 of the 47 fiscal years since FY1977, 14 of these since FY1997, the last fiscal year in which no CRs were enacted. 16 P.L. 98-473, 98 Stat. 1837. Congressional Research Service 12 link to page 14 link to page 14 Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices Table 1. Timing of Enactment of Regular Appropriations Bills and
Use of Continuing Resolutions (CRs): FY1977-FY2020FY2023
Number of Regular
Regular Appropriations Appropriations Bills Enacted
Fiscal Year
Appropriations Billsa Billsa
on or Before October 1
CRs EnactedbEnacted
1977 1977
13 13
13 13
2c2b
1978 1978
13 13
9 9
3 3
1979 1979
13 13
5 5
1 1
1980 1980
13 13
3 3
2 2
1981 1981
13 13
1 1
3 3
1982 1982
13 13
1 1
4 4
1983 1983
13 13
1 1
2 2
1984 1984
13 13
4 4
2 2
1985 1985
13 13
4 4
5 5
1986 1986
13 13
0 0
5 5
1987 1987
13 13
0 0
6 6
1988 1988
13 13
0 0
5 5
1989 1989
13 13
13 13
0 0
1990 1990
13 13
1 1
3 3
1991 1991
13 13
0 0
5 5
1992 1992
13 13
3 3
4 4
1993 1993
13 13
1 1
1 1
1994 1994
13 13
2 2
3 3
1995 1995
13 13
13 13
0 0

22 For further information on the funding gaps that occurred during this period, see CRS Report RS20348, Federal
Funding Gaps: A Brief Overview.
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Number of Regular
Regular Appropriations Bills Enacted
Fiscal Year
Appropriations Billsa
on or Before October 1
CRs Enactedb
1996 1996
13 13
0 0
13 13
1997 1997
13 13
13 13
0 0
1998 1998
13 13
1 1
6 6
1999 1999
13 13
1 1
6 6
2000 2000
13 13
4 4
7 7
2001 2001
13 13
2 2
21 21
2002 2002
13 13
0 0
8 8
2003 2003
13 13
0 0
8 8
2004 2004
13 13
3 3
5 5
2005 2005
13 13
1 1
3 3
2006 2006
11 11
2 2
3 3
2007 2007
11 11
1 1
4 4
2008 2008
12 12
0 0
4 4
2009 2009
12 12
3 3
2 2
Congressional Research Service 13 link to page 14 Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices Number of Regular Regular Appropriations Bills Enacted Fiscal Year Appropriations Billsa on or Before October 1 CRs Enacted 2010 2010
12 12
1 1
2 2
2011 2011
12 12
0 0
8 8
2012 2012
12 12
0 0
5 5
2013 2013
12 12
0 0
2 2
2014 2014
12 12
0 0
4 4
2015 2015
12 12
0 0
5 5
2016 2016
12 12
0 0
3 3
2017 2017
12 12
1 1
3 3
2018 2018
12 12
0 0
5 5
2019 2019
12 12
5 5
3 3
2020 2020
12 12
0 0
2 2
Sources: U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Appropriations, 2021 12 0 5 2022 12 0 4 2023 12 0 3 Source: U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Appropriations, Budget Estimates, Etc., 94th Cong., , 94th Cong.,
2nd sess.-104th Cong., 1st sess.2nd sess.-104th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington: GPO, 1976-1995). U.S. Congress,(Washington: GPO, 1976-1995). U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, House of Representatives,
Calendars of the U.S. House of Representatives and History of Legislation, 104th Cong., 1st sess.-113th Cong., 1st sess. , 104th Cong., 1st sess.-113th Cong., 1st sess.
(Washington: GPO, 1995-2012). CRS appropriations status tables (FY1999-(Washington: GPO, 1995-2012). CRS appropriations status tables (FY1999-FY2020FY2023), http://www.crs.gov/pages/), http://www.crs.gov/pages/
AppropriationsStatusTable.aspx. AppropriationsStatusTable.aspx.
Notes: a. Between the 95th and 108th Congresses,a. Between the 95th and 108th Congresses, there werethere were 13 House and Senate Appropriations13 House and Senate Appropriations subcommittees subcommittees
each responsible each responsible for one regular appropriations bil . During the 109th Congress, due to subcommittee for one regular appropriations bil . During the 109th Congress, due to subcommittee
realignment,realignment, the total number of regular appropriations bil sthe total number of regular appropriations bil s was effectivelywas effectively reduced to 11 during each year reduced to 11 during each year
of the Congress.of the Congress. Beginning in the 110th Congress, subcommitteeBeginning in the 110th Congress, subcommittee jurisdictions jurisdictions were again realigned for a were again realigned for a
total of 12 subcommittees,total of 12 subcommittees, each of which is currently responsibleeach of which is currently responsible for a singlefor a single regular appropriations bil .regular appropriations bil . For For
further information on subcommitteefurther information on subcommittee realignment realignment during this period,during this period, see see CRS Report RL31572, CRS Report RL31572,
Appropriations Subcommittee Subcommittee Structure: History of Changes from 1920 to 2019.
b. For further information on each of these CRs, see Table 3.
c2023, by James V. Saturno. b. Although . Although al all 13 FY1977 regular appropriations bil s13 FY1977 regular appropriations bil s became law on or before the start of the fiscal year, two became law on or before the start of the fiscal year, two
CRs were CRs were enacted to provide funding enacted to provide funding general y for certain activities that had not been included in the for certain activities that had not been included in the
regular regular appropriations acts. CRs were enacted in all appropriations acts.
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CRs were enacted in al but three of these fiscal years (FY1989, FY1995, and FY1997). In but three of these fiscal years (FY1989, FY1995, and FY1997). In
FY1977, although FY1977, although al all 13 regular appropriations 13 regular appropriations bil sbills became law on or before the start of the became law on or before the start of the
fiscal year, two CRs were enacted to provide funding for certain activities that had not been fiscal year, two CRs were enacted to provide funding for certain activities that had not been
included in the regular appropriations acts. included in the regular appropriations acts.
Duration and Frequency of Continuing Resolutions,
FY1998-FY2020FY2023
CRs have been a significant element of the recent annual appropriations process.CRs have been a significant element of the recent annual appropriations process.2317 As shown in As shown in
Table 3,2, a total of a total of 119131 CRs were enacted into law from FY1998 to CRs were enacted into law from FY1998 to FY2020FY2023. While the average 17 FY1997 was the most recent fiscal year that all regular appropriations bills were completed by the start of the fiscal year. Congressional Research Service 14 link to page 16 link to page 16 link to page 16 link to page 16 link to page 16 Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices . While the average
number of such measures enacted per year was about five, the number enacted ranged from two number of such measures enacted per year was about five, the number enacted ranged from two
measures (for FY2009, FY2010measures (for FY2009, FY2010, FY2013, and FY2020, and FY2013) to 21 (for FY2001). ) to 21 (for FY2001).
During the past During the past 2326 fiscal years, Congress fiscal years, Congress provided funding by means of a CRused a CR to provide funding for an average of for an average of
almost five months (almost five months (140137 days) each fiscal year. Taking into account the total duration of days) each fiscal year. Taking into account the total duration of al CRs
all CRs for each fiscal year, the period for which continuing appropriations were provided ranged from 21 for each fiscal year, the period for which continuing appropriations were provided ranged from 21
days to days to 365 days with full-year CRs used during this period for three fiscal years (FY2007, FY2011, and FY2013). For the other 23 fiscal years, the expiration date of the final CR has varied substantially. For 10 fiscal years since FY1997, one or more CRs were enacted to cover a period that extended into the following session. In the remaining 13 of the 26 fiscal years of this period, the expiration date of the final CR was set in the first quarter of the fiscal year365 days. On average, each of the 119 CRs lasted for about 39 days; 52 of these were for
seven days or fewer.24 Three full-year CRs were used during this period for FY2007, FY2011,
and FY2013.
The expiration date of the final CR can vary substantial y. In 10 of the 23 fiscal years of this
period, the expiration date of the final CR was set in the first quarter of the fiscal year on a date
occurring between October 21 and December 31. In 10 other fiscal years, however, the expiration
date was set in the following session of Congress on a date occurring on a date occurring between October 21 and December 31. Table 2between January 10 and
May 5. Three other final CRs—for FY2007, FY2011, and FY2013—provided funding through
the end of the fiscal year.
Table 3. Number and Duration of Continuing Resolutions (CRs): FY1998-FY2020FY2023
Total
Average
Final
Number of
Duration
Duration for
Expiration
Fiscal Year
CRs
in Daysa
Each Act Daysa
Dateb
1998 1998
6 6
57 57
9.5
11-26-1997 11-26-1997
1999 1999
6 6
21 21
3.5
10-21-1998 10-21-1998
2000 2000
7 7
63 63
9.0
12-02-1999 12-02-1999
2001 2001
21 21
82 82
3.9
12-21-2000 12-21-2000
2002 2002
8 8
102 102
12.8
01-10-2002 01-10-2002
2003 2003
8 8
143 143
17.9
02-20-2003 02-20-2003
2004 2004
5c
123 123
24.6
01-31-2004 01-31-2004
2005 2005
3 3
69 69
23.0
12-08-2004 12-08-2004
2006 2006
3 3
92 92
30.7
12-31-2005 12-31-2005
2007 2007
4 4
365 365
91.3
09-30-2007

23 FY1997 was the most recent fiscal year that all regular appropriations bills were completed by the start of the fiscal
year.
24 T he fifth CR enacted for FY2004, P.L. 108-185, did not change the expiration date of January 31, 2004, set in the
preceding CR.
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Total
Average
Final
Number of
Duration
Duration for
Expiration
Fiscal Year
CRs
in Daysa
Each Act
Dateb09-30-2007
2008 2008
4 4
92 92
23.0
12-31-2007 12-31-2007
2009 2009
2 2
162 162
81.0
03-11-2009 03-11-2009
2010 2010
2 2
79 79
39.5
12-18-2009 12-18-2009
2011 2011
8 8
365 365
45.6
9-30-2011 9-30-2011
2012 2012
5 5
84 84
16.8
12-23-2011 12-23-2011
2013 2013
2 2
365 365
182.5
9-30-2013 9-30-2013
2014 2014
4d
110d
27.5
01-18-2014 01-18-2014
2015 2015
5 5
156 156
31.3
03-06-2015 03-06-2015
2016 2016
3 3
83 83
27.7
12-22-2015 12-22-2015
2017 2017
3 3
216 216
72.0
05-05-2017 05-05-2017
2018 2018
5 5
173 173
34.6
03-23-2018 03-23-2018
2019 2019
3 3
138 138
46.0
02-15-2019 02-15-2019
2020 2020
2 2
81 81
40.5
12-20-2019
Total
119
3,221
—
—
Annual Average
5.2
140.0
38.9
—
Sources: Prepared by CRS using data from the Legislative 12-20-2019 2021 5 88 12-28-2020 2022 4 166 03-15-2022 Congressional Research Service 15 link to page 16 link to page 16 Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices Total Final Number of Duration Expiration Fiscal Year CRs in Daysa Dateb 2023 3 91 12-30-2022 Annual Average 5.04 137.15 — Source: Prepared by CRS using data from the Legislative Information System (LIS)/Congres.gov; CRS, Information System (LIS)/Congres.gov; CRS,
appropriations status tables (various fiscal years), available at http://crs.gov/Pages/appover.aspx. appropriations status tables (various fiscal years), available at http://crs.gov/Pages/appover.aspx.
Notes: a. Duration in days is measured,a. Duration in days is measured, in the case of the first CR for a fiscal year, from the first day of the year in the case of the first CR for a fiscal year, from the first day of the year
(October 1). For example, (October 1). For example, a CR enacted on Septembera CR enacted on September 30 that provided funding through October 12 30 that provided funding through October 12
would be measuredwould be measured as having a12-day duration. For subsequent CRs for a fiscal year, duration in days is as having a12-day duration. For subsequent CRs for a fiscal year, duration in days is
measuredmeasured from the day after the expiration of the preceding CR. The duration of CRs that ended a from the day after the expiration of the preceding CR. The duration of CRs that ended a
lapse in appropriations includes the period of that funding gap and is calculated from the first ful day lapse in appropriations includes the period of that funding gap and is calculated from the first ful day
after the final day that budget authority was provided through the expiration date of the CR. after the final day that budget authority was provided through the expiration date of the CR.
b. The final expiration date is the date the CR expired. In some of these instances, the CR had previously b. The final expiration date is the date the CR expired. In some of these instances, the CR had previously been been
superseded by the enactment of the remaining regular appropriations acts for that fiscal year. superseded by the enactment of the remaining regular appropriations acts for that fiscal year. For example, For example,
in FY2014, the expiration date of P.L. 113-73, the fourth CR for FY2014, was January 18, 2014. However, in FY2014, the expiration date of P.L. 113-73, the fourth CR for FY2014, was January 18, 2014. However,
final regular appropriations were enacted the previous day in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 final regular appropriations were enacted the previous day in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014
(P.L. 113-76). (P.L. 113-76).
c. The fifth CR for FY2004 did not change the expiration date of January 31, 2004, established in the preceding c. The fifth CR for FY2004 did not change the expiration date of January 31, 2004, established in the preceding
CR. CR.
d. A total of four CRs were d. A total of four CRs were enacted for FY2014. This count includes two CRs that provided funding for only enacted for FY2014. This count includes two CRs that provided funding for only
specific programs specific programs and activities during the FY2014 funding gap. The Pay Our Military Act (and activities during the FY2014 funding gap. The Pay Our Military Act ( P.L. 113-39) was P.L. 113-39) was
enacted on September 30, 2013. The Department of Defenseenacted on September 30, 2013. The Department of Defense Survivor Benefits Continuing Appropriations Survivor Benefits Continuing Appropriations
Resolution, 2014 (P.L. 113-44), was enacted on October 10, 2013. The funding provided by both of these Resolution, 2014 (P.L. 113-44), was enacted on October 10, 2013. The funding provided by both of these
CRs was terminated on October 17, 2013, through the enactment of a third CR, P.L. 113-46, which broadly CRs was terminated on October 17, 2013, through the enactment of a third CR, P.L. 113-46, which broadly
funded the previous fiscal year’sfunded the previous fiscal year’s activities through January 15, 2014. The funding provided by this third CR activities through January 15, 2014. The funding provided by this third CR
was extended through January 18 through the enactment of a fourth CR (was extended through January 18 through the enactment of a fourth CR ( P.L. 113-73). Section 118 of P.L. P.L. 113-73). Section 118 of P.L.
113-46 provided that the time113-46 provided that the time covered by that act was to have begun on October 1, 2013. To preserve covered by that act was to have begun on October 1, 2013. To preserve
counting consistency, the FY2014 duration of days for the purposes of this table counting consistency, the FY2014 duration of days for the purposes of this table and Figure 1 begins on begins on
October 1 and ends on January 18, 2014. For further informationOctober 1 and ends on January 18, 2014. For further information on the FY2014 funding gap and on the FY2014 funding gap and
congressional congressional action on CRs, seeaction on CRs, see CRS Report RS20348, Federal Funding Gaps: A Brief Overview. The Appendix to this report provides more detailed information on the number and duration of each CR enacted for FY1977-FY2023. As indicated previously, the duration of CRs for a fiscal year represents the period after the start of the federal fiscal year required to complete appropriations actions for that fiscal year. Although the recent practice has been to resolve all outstanding appropriations issues simultaneously, this has not always been the case. Historically, regular appropriations acts were routinely enacted prior to the expiration of a CR. As a consequence, the duration of a specific CR, should not be interpreted to mean that the funding for all programs and activities funded by the CR at the time of enactment were still funded by the CR at the time of its expiration. The data show that there is no significant correlation between the number and duration of CRs or even with respect to the way shorter-term and longer-term CRs are used within a single fiscal year. For example, six CRs were enacted for both FY1998 and FY1999, but lasted for a period of 57 days for FY1998 and 21 days for FY1999. The largest number of CRs enacted for a single fiscal year was 21 for FY2001, covering a period lasting 82 days. The smallest number enacted—two each for FY2009, FY2010, FY2013, and FY2020—covered 162 days, 79 days, 365 days, and 81 days, respectively. Overall, 46 CRs were enacted to provide funds for periods or 30 days or longer, but less than the remainder of the fiscal year, 29 of these have been enacted since FY1997. In contrast, 83 CRs were enacted to cover periods of seven days or fewer. Congressional Research Service 16 Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices Recent practice (since FY2015) has been for the first CR for a fiscal year to be enacted by October 1 to cover an average of just over 68 days, with a range of between 52 and 77 days. The data show, however, that after that initial CR, the pattern of usage is less clear. During that same period, between one and four additional CRs have been enacted each year, covering between 11 and 146 additional days before the completion of appropriations actions for that fiscal year.18 Features of Full-Year CRs Since FY1977 Full-year CRs have been used to provide annual discretionary spending on a number of occasions. Prior to the full implementation of the Congressional Budget Act in FY1977, full-year CRs were used occasionally, particularly in the 1970s. Full-year CRs were enacted into law for four of the six preceding fiscal years (FY1971, FY1973, FY1975, and FY1976).19 Following the successful completion of all 13 regular appropriations acts prior to the start of FY1977, full-year CRs were used in each of the 11 succeeding fiscal years (FY1978-FY1988) to cover at least one regular appropriations act. Three years later, another full-year CR was enacted for FY1992. Most CRS Report RS20348, Federal Funding Gaps: A Brief Overview.
Figure 1 presents a representation of the number and duration of CRs for FY1998-FY2020. As
the figure shows, there is no significant correlation between these two variables. For example, six
CRs were enacted for both FY1998 and FY1999, but the same number of measures lasted for a
period of 57 days for FY1998 and only 21 days for FY1999. The largest number of CRs enacted
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for a single fiscal year during this period—21 for FY2001—covered a period lasting 82 days at an
average duration of about four days per act. The smal est number enacted—two each for FY2009,
FY2010, FY2013, and FY2020—covered 162 days, 79 days, 365 days, and 81 days respectively.
Figure 1 also shows considerable mix in the use of shorter-term and longer-term CRs for a single
fiscal year. For example, for FY2001, 21 CRs covered the first 82 days of the fiscal year. The first
25 days were covered by a series of four CRs lasting between five and eight days each. The next
10 days, a period of intense legislative negotiations leading up to the national elections on
November 7, 2000, were covered by a series of 10 one-day CRs. The next 31 days were covered
by two CRs, the first lasting 10 days and the second lasting 21 days. The first of these two CRs
was enacted into law on November 4, the Saturday before the election, and extended through
November 14, the second day of a lame duck session. The second CR was enacted into law on
November 15 and expired on December 5, which was 10 days before the lame-duck session
ended. The remaining five CRs, which ranged in duration from one to six days, covered the
remainder of the lame-duck session and several days beyond (as the final appropriations measures
passed by Congress were being processed for the President’s approval).25
Table 5 provides more detailed information on the number, length, and duration of CRs enacted
for FY1977-FY2020. As indicated previously, this represents the period after the start of the
federal fiscal year was moved from July 1 to October 1 by the Congressional Budget Act.


25 For further information on the appropriations context for FY2001, see “Longest Appropriations Cycle in Five Years
Ends with Omnibus Spending Bill,” Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 106th Cong., 2nd sess. (2000), vol. LVI, pp. 2-3
through 2-6.
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Figure 1. Duration of Continuing Resolutions (CRs): FY1998-FY2020

Notes: Each segment of a bar for a fiscal year represents the duration in days of one CR or a funding gap wherein appropriations for particular projects, programs, and
activities were not provided. (Funding gaps are indicated in red and occurred in three fiscal years [FY2014, FY2018, and FY2019]). For further information about these
funding gaps and congressional action on associated CRs, see CRS Report RS20348, Federal Funding Gaps: A Brief Overview. This method differs from the durations
calculated in Table 3 and Table 5. The left-most segment represents the first CR, effective beginning on October 1 (the start of the fiscal year). In the case of the initial
CR for a fiscal year, duration in days is measured from the first day of the year through the expiration date. For subsequent CRs for a fiscal year, duration in days is
measured from the day after the expiration of the preceding CR. Please see the notes to Table 3 in this report for a further explanation of the methodology for this
figure. The insert for FY2001 shows the coverage periods of the 21 CRs that were enacted in that fiscal year, many of which had durations of fewer than 10 days.
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Features of Full-Year CRs After FY1977
Full-year CRs have been used to provide annual discretionary spending on a number of
occasions. Prior to the full implementation of the Congressional Budget Act in FY1977, full-year
CRs were used occasional y, particularly in the 1970s. Full-year CRs were enacted into law for
four of the six preceding fiscal years (FY1971, FY1973, FY1975, and FY1976).26 Following the
successful completion of al 13 regular appropriations acts prior to the start of FY1977, full-year
CRs were used in each of the 11 succeeding fiscal years (FY1978-FY1988) to cover at least one
regular appropriations act. Three years later, another full-year CR was enacted for FY1992. Most
recently, full-year CRs were enacted for FY2007, FY2011, and FY2013. recently, full-year CRs were enacted for FY2007, FY2011, and FY2013.
Table 4 3 identifies the 15 full-year CRs enacted for the period since FY1977. Nine of the 15 full-identifies the 15 full-year CRs enacted for the period since FY1977. Nine of the 15 full-
year CRs during this period were enacted in the first quarter of the fiscal year—three in October, year CRs during this period were enacted in the first quarter of the fiscal year—three in October,
two in November, and four in December. The six remaining measurestwo in November, and four in December. The six remaining measures, however, were enacted were enacted
during the following session of Congress between February 15 and June 5. during the following session of Congress between February 15 and June 5.
The full-year CRs enacted during this period also varied in terms of length and the form of The full-year CRs enacted during this period also varied in terms of length and the form of
funding provided. Full-year CRs prior to FY1983 were relatively short measures, ranging in
length from one to four pages in the Statutes-at-Large. Beginning with FY1983 and extending
through FY1988, however, the measures became much lengthier, ranging from 19 to 451 pages.
The greater page length of full-year CRs enacted for the period covering FY1983-FY1988 may be
explained by two factors. First, full-year CRs enacted prior to FY1983 general y established
funding levels by formulaic reference. Beginning with FY1983, however, Congress began to
incorporatefunding provided. Prior to FY1983, full-year CRs were relatively short measures. Full-year CRs for FY1983 through FY1988, were much lengthier, as Congress incorporated the full text of some the full text of some or all or al of the covered regular appropriations actsof the covered regular appropriations acts, thereby
increasing its length considerably rather than using formulaic references for the funding level. None of the full-year CRs enacted between 1985 and 1988 . None of the full-year CRs enacted between 1985 and 1988
used formulaic funding provisions. Secondly, the number of regular appropriations acts covered used formulaic funding provisions. Secondly, the number of regular appropriations acts covered
by full-year CRs increased significantly during the FY1983-FY1988 period. For the period by full-year CRs increased significantly during the FY1983-FY1988 period. For the period
covering FY1978-FY1982, the number of regular appropriations acts covered by CRs for the full covering FY1978-FY1982, the number of regular appropriations acts covered by CRs for the full
fiscal year ranged from one to six (averaging about three). Beginning with FY1983 and extending fiscal year ranged from one to six (averaging about three). Beginning with FY1983 and extending
through FY1988, the number of covered acts ranged from five to 13, averaging about 10. through FY1988, the number of covered acts ranged from five to 13, averaging about 10.
The next two full-year CRs, for FY1992 and FY2007, returned to the earlier practice of using The next two full-year CRs, for FY1992 and FY2007, returned to the earlier practice of using
formulaic references and anomalies to establish funding levels. Both CRs provided funding only formulaic references and anomalies to establish funding levels. Both CRs provided funding only
through this means. As a consequence, the length of these measures was considerably shorter than through this means. As a consequence, the length of these measures was considerably shorter than
the FY1983-FY1988 full-year CRs. the FY1983-FY1988 full-year CRs.
The two most recent full-year CRs, for FY2011 and FY2013, in some respects were a hybrid of The two most recent full-year CRs, for FY2011 and FY2013, in some respects were a hybrid of
the earlier and more recent approaches. The FY2011 full-year CR provided funding for 11 the earlier and more recent approaches. The FY2011 full-year CR provided funding for 11 bil sbills
through formulaic provisions and anomalies, and it also carried the full text of one regular through formulaic provisions and anomalies, and it also carried the full text of one regular
appropriations appropriations bil bill in a separate division of the act (the FY2011 Department of Defense in a separate division of the act (the FY2011 Department of Defense
Appropriations Act). Similarly, the FY2013 CR contained the texts of five regular appropriations Appropriations Act). Similarly, the FY2013 CR contained the texts of five regular appropriations
bil s bills in Divisions A-E of the act—the FY2013 Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug in Divisions A-E of the act—the FY2013 Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug
Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act; the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act; the Commerce, Justice, Science, and
Related Agencies Appropriations Act; the Department of Defense Appropriations Act; the Related Agencies Appropriations Act; the Department of Defense Appropriations Act; the
Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act; and the MilitaryDepartment of Homeland Security Appropriations Act; and the Military Construction and
Veterans Affairs and Related Agencies Appropriations Act. In addition, Division F provided
continuing appropriations for the remaining seven regular appropriations bil s through formulaic

26 T he Construction and 18 This included periods in which there were funding gaps of two days in FY2018 and 34 days in FY2019. 19 The full-year CR for FY1976, P.L. 94-254, provided funding through the end of the fiscal year (June 30, 1976) as full-year CR for FY1976, P.L. 94-254, provided funding through the end of the fiscal year (June 30, 1976) as
wellwell as through the end of a “transition quarter” (September 30, 1976). as through the end of a “transition quarter” (September 30, 1976). T heThe additional quarter of funding was additional quarter of funding was necessary necessary
to facilitate the change in the start of the federal governmentto facilitate the change in the start of the federal government fiscal year from July 1 to October 1. fiscal year from July 1 to October 1.
Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service
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provisions and anomalies. Unlike Veterans Affairs and Related Agencies Appropriations Act. In addition, Division F provided continuing appropriations for the remaining seven regular appropriations bills through formulaic provisions and anomalies. Unlike previous years, the formula for providing continuing previous years, the formula for providing continuing
appropriations was based on the amount provided in FY2012 rather than a rate. appropriations was based on the amount provided in FY2012 rather than a rate.
Table 43. Appropriations Acts Containing Full-Year Continuing Resolutions (CRs):
FY1977-FY2020FY2023
Number of
Included
Appropriations
Page Length
Formulaic
of Appropriations Included Acts Covered
or Fiscal
Public Law
Enactment
(Statutes-
Funding
or Contained Formulaic Funding Contained in the
Year
Number
Date
at-Large)
Provision(s)?
in the ActaActa
1978 1978
P.L. 95-205 P.L. 95-205
12-09-1977 12-09-1977
2
No No
2/1 2/13b
1979 1979
P.L. 95-482 P.L. 95-482
10-18-1978 10-18-1978
4
No No
1/13 1/13
1980 1980
P.L. 96-123 P.L. 96-123
11-20-1979 11-20-1979
4
Yes Yes
6/1 6/13c
1981 1981
P.L. 97-12 P.L. 97-12
06-05-1981 06-05-1981
2d
Yes Yes
5/1 5/13d
1982 1982
P.L. 97-161 P.L. 97-161
03-31-1982 03-31-1982
1
Yes Yes
3/1 3/13e
1983 1983
P.L. 97-377 P.L. 97-377
12-21-1982 12-21-1982
95
Yes Yes
7/13 7/13
1984 1984
P.L. 98-151 P.L. 98-151
11-14-1983 11-14-1983
19
Yes Yes
5/1 5/13f
1985 1985
P.L. 98-473 P.L. 98-473
10-12-1984 10-12-1984
363
No No
9/1 9/13g
1986 1986
P.L. 99-190 P.L. 99-190
12-19-1985 12-19-1985
142
No No
8/1 8/13h
1987 1987
P.L. 99-591 P.L. 99-591
10-30-1986 10-30-1986
391
No No
13/13 13/13
1988 1988
P.L. 100-202 P.L. 100-202
12-22-1987 12-22-1987
451
No No
13/13 13/13
1992 1992
P.L. 102-266 P.L. 102-266
04-01-1992 04-01-1992
8
Yes Yes
1/1 1/13i
2007 2007
P.L. 110-5 P.L. 110-5
02-15-2007 02-15-2007
53
Yes Yes
9/1 9/11j
2011 2011
P.L. 112-10 P.L. 112-10
04-15-2011 04-15-2011
98
Yes Yes
12/1 12/12k
2013 2013
P.L. 113-6 P.L. 113-6
03-26-2013 03-26-2013
240
Yes Yes
12/1 12/12l
SourcesSource: Prepared by CRS using data fromPrepared by CRS using data from the Legislativethe Legislative Information System/Congress.gov;Information System/Congress.gov; CRS, CRS,
appropriations status tables (various fiscal years), available at http://crs.gov/Pages/appover.aspx. appropriations status tables (various fiscal years), available at http://crs.gov/Pages/appover.aspx.
Notes: a. Between the 95th and 108th Congresses,a. Between the 95th and 108th Congresses, there werethere were 13 House and Senate Appropriations13 House and Senate Appropriations subcommittees subcommittees
each responsible each responsible for one regular appropriations bil . During the 109th Congress, due to subcommittee for one regular appropriations bil . During the 109th Congress, due to subcommittee
realignment,realignment, the total number of regular appropriations bil sthe total number of regular appropriations bil s was effectivelywas effectively reduced to 11 during each year reduced to 11 during each year
of the Congress.of the Congress. Beginning in the 110th Congress, subcommitteeBeginning in the 110th Congress, subcommittee jurisdictions jurisdictions were again realigned for a were again realigned for a
total of 12 subcommittees,total of 12 subcommittees, each of which is currently responsibleeach of which is currently responsible for a singlefor a single regular appropriations bil .regular appropriations bil . For For
further information on subcommitteefurther information on subcommittee realignment realignment during this period, seeduring this period, see CRS Report RL31572, CRS Report RL31572,
Appropriations Subcommittee Subcommittee Structure: History of Changes from 1920 to 20192023. .
b. The ful -year continuing appropriations for the District b. The ful -year continuing appropriations for the District of Columbia provided by this act were later of Columbia provided by this act were later
superseded by a standalone regular appropriations act (P.L. 95-288). superseded by a standalone regular appropriations act (P.L. 95-288).
c. Some c. Some of the appropriations acts covered by this ful -year CR were later superseded by standalone regular of the appropriations acts covered by this ful -year CR were later superseded by standalone regular
appropriations acts for Interior and Related Agencies appropriations acts for Interior and Related Agencies (P.L. 96-126); Military Construction (96-130); (P.L. 96-126); Military Construction (96-130);
Department of DefenseDepartment of Defense (P.L. 96-154); and Transportation (P.L. 96-131). (P.L. 96-154); and Transportation (P.L. 96-131).
d. This ful -year CR was contained within the FY1981 Supplemental Appropriations d. This ful -year CR was contained within the FY1981 Supplemental Appropriations and Rescissionsand Rescissions Act 1981 Act 1981
(P.L. 97-12, see Title IV, “Further Continuing Appropriations”). Title IV extended through the end of the (P.L. 97-12, see Title IV, “Further Continuing Appropriations”). Title IV extended through the end of the
fiscal year the expiration of P.L. 96-536, which covered the appropriations acts that had not yet been fiscal year the expiration of P.L. 96-536, which covered the appropriations acts that had not yet been
enacted for Foreignenacted for Foreign Assistance; the LegislativeAssistance; the Legislative Branch; Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Branch; Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services,
Congressional Research Service 18 Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices Education, and Related Agencies; DepartmentsEducation, and Related Agencies; Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce,of State, Justice, and Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related the Judiciary, and Related
Agencies; and the Treasury,Agencies; and the Treasury, Postal ServicePostal Service and Generaland General Government. Government.
e. This ful -year CR extended through the end of the fiscal year the expiration date of P.L. 97-92, which e. This ful -year CR extended through the end of the fiscal year the expiration date of P.L. 97-92, which
covered the appropriations acts that had not yet been enacted for the Treasury, Postal Service covered the appropriations acts that had not yet been enacted for the Treasury, Postal Service and General and General
Congressional Research Service
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Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices

Government; Departments of Commerce,Government; Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary; and Departments of Labor, Justice, and State, the Judiciary; and Departments of Labor,
Health and Human Services,Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies. Education, and Related Agencies.
f. f.
Some Some of the appropriations acts covered by this ful -year CR were later superseded by standalone regular of the appropriations acts covered by this ful -year CR were later superseded by standalone regular
appropriations acts for the Department of Defenseappropriations acts for the Department of Defense (P.L. 98-121); Commerce, Justice, and State, the (P.L. 98-121); Commerce, Justice, and State, the
Judiciary, and Related Agencies (P.L. 98-166); and the Treasury, Postal ServiceJudiciary, and Related Agencies (P.L. 98-166); and the Treasury, Postal Service and Generaland General Government Government
(P.L. 98-151). (P.L. 98-151).
g. The ful -year continuing appropriations for the Departments of Labor, g. The ful -year continuing appropriations for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Health and Human Services,
Education, and Related Agencies Education, and Related Agencies that were provided by this act werethat were provided by this act were later later superseded by a standalone superseded by a standalone
regular appropriations act (P.L. 98-619).regular appropriations act (P.L. 98-619).
h. The ful -year continuing appropriations for the Departments of Labor, h. The ful -year continuing appropriations for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Health and Human Services,
Education, and Related Agencies Education, and Related Agencies that were provided by this CR were superseded by the enactment of P.L. that were provided by this CR were superseded by the enactment of P.L.
99-178. 99-178.
i. i.
This ful -year CR extended through the end of FY1992 the expiration This ful -year CR extended through the end of FY1992 the expiration date of P.L. 102-163, which covered date of P.L. 102-163, which covered
appropriations that had not yet been enacted for Foreignappropriations that had not yet been enacted for Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Operations, Export Financing, and Related
Programs.Programs.
j. j.
Despite Despite the reorganization of the House and Senate Appropriations subcommitteesthe reorganization of the House and Senate Appropriations subcommittees at the beginning of the at the beginning of the
110th Congress, the FY2007 CR (P.L. 110-5), which was enacted on February 15, 2007, reflected110th Congress, the FY2007 CR (P.L. 110-5), which was enacted on February 15, 2007, reflected the the
subcommitteesubcommittee jurisdictions jurisdictions in the 109th Congress. in the 109th Congress.
k. P.L. 112-10, Division k. P.L. 112-10, Division B, provided continuing appropriations through the end of the fiscal year for B, provided continuing appropriations through the end of the fiscal year for
Agriculture, Agriculture, Rural Development,Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration,Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies; Commerce,and Related Agencies; Commerce, Justice, Justice,
Science, and Related Agencies; Energy and Water DevelopmentScience, and Related Agencies; Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies; Financial Servicesand Related Agencies; Financial Services and and
GeneralGeneral Government; Department of Homeland Security; Department ofGovernment; Department of Homeland Security; Department of the Interior,the Interior, Environment, and Environment, and
Related Agencies;Related Agencies; Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services,Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies; Education, and Related Agencies;
LegislativeLegislative Branch; Military Construction and Veterans Affairs and Related Agencies; Department of State, Branch; Military Construction and Veterans Affairs and Related Agencies; Department of State,
Foreign Operations,Foreign Operations, and Related Programs; and Transportation, Housing and Urban Development,and Related Programs; and Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and and
Related Agencies.Related Agencies. Division Division A contained the text of the FY2011 Department of DefenseA contained the text of the FY2011 Department of Defense Appropriations Act. Appropriations Act.
l. l.
P.L. 113-6, Division P.L. 113-6, Division F, provided continuing appropriations for FY2013 for Energy and Water Development F, provided continuing appropriations for FY2013 for Energy and Water Development
and Related Agencies; Financial Servicesand Related Agencies; Financial Services and General Government;and General Government; Department of the Interior, Department of the Interior,
Environment, and Related Agencies; Departments of Labor,Environment, and Related Agencies; Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services,Health and Human Services, Education, and Education, and
Related Agencies;Related Agencies; Legislative Legislative Branch; Department of State, Foreign Operations,Branch; Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs;and Related Programs; and and
Transportation, Housing and Urban Development,Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies.and Related Agencies. Divisions Divisions A-E contained the texts A-E contained the texts
of the Agriculture,of the Agriculture, Rural Development,Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration,Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies and Related Agencies
Appropriations Act; Commerce,Appropriations Act; Commerce, Justice, Science,Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act; the Department and Related Agencies Appropriations Act; the Department
of Defenseof Defense Appropriations Act; Department of Homeland SecurityAppropriations Act; Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act; and Military Appropriations Act; and Military
Construction and Veterans Affairs and Related AgenciesConstruction and Veterans Affairs and Related Agencies Appropriations Act. Appropriations Act.

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Table 5Appendix. Table A-1. Number, Page Length, and Duration of Continuing Resolutions (CRs)
FY1977- FY1977-FY2020FY2023
Number of
Number
Fiscal
Acts by Fiscal
of Acts
Public Law
Statutes-at-Large
Page
Duration
Year
Year
Cumulatively
Number
Citation
Length
Enactment Date
Expiration Date
in Daysa Daysa
1977 1977
1 1
1 1
P.L. 94-473 P.L. 94-473
90 Stat. 2065 90 Stat. 2065-2067
3
10-11-1976 10-11-1976
03-31-1977 03-31-1977
182 182

2 2
2 2
P.L. 95-16 P.L. 95-16
91 Stat. 28 91 Stat. 28
1
04-01-1977 04-01-1977
04-30-1977 04-30-1977
30 30
1978 1978
1 1
3 3
P.L. 95-130 P.L. 95-130
91 Stat. 1153 91 Stat. 1153-1154
2
10-13-1977 10-13-1977
10-31-1977 10-31-1977
31 31

2 2
4 4
P.L. 95-165 P.L. 95-165
91 Stat. 1323 91 Stat. 1323-1324
2
11-09-1977 11-09-1977
11-30-1977 11-30-1977
30 30

3 3
5 5
P.L. 95-205 P.L. 95-205
91 Stat. 1460 91 Stat. 1460-1461
2
12-09-1977 12-09-1977
09-30-1978 09-30-1978
304 304
1979 1979
1 1
6 6
P.L. 95-482 P.L. 95-482
92 Stat. 1603 92 Stat. 1603-1605
3
10-18-1978 10-18-1978
09-30-1979 09-30-1979
365 365
1980 1980
1 1
7 7
P.L. 96-86 P.L. 96-86
93 Stat. 656 93 Stat. 656-663
8
10-12-1979 10-12-1979
11-20-1979 11-20-1979
51 51

2 2
8 8
P.L. 96-123 P.L. 96-123
93 Stat. 923 93 Stat. 923-926
4
11-20-1979 11-20-1979
09-30-1980 09-30-1980
315 315
1981 1981
1 1
9 9
P.L. 96-369 P.L. 96-369
94 Stat. 1351 94 Stat. 1351-1359
9
10-01-1980 10-01-1980
12-15-1980 12-15-1980
76 76

2 2
10 10
P.L. 96-536 P.L. 96-536
94 Stat. 3166 94 Stat. 3166-3172
7
12-16-1980 12-16-1980
06-05-1981 06-05-1981
172 172

3 3
11 11
P.L. 97- P.L. 97-12b
95 Stat. 95 95 Stat. 95-96
2
06-05-1981 06-05-1981
09-30-1981 09-30-1981
117 117
1982 1982
1 1
12 12
P.L. 97-51 P.L. 97-51
95 Stat. 958 95 Stat. 958-968
11
10-01-1981 10-01-1981
11-20-1981 11-20-1981
51 51

2 2
13 13
P.L. 97-85 P.L. 97-85
95 Stat. 1098 95 Stat. 1098
1
11-23-1981 11-23-1981
12-15-1981 12-15-1981
22 22

3 3
14 14
P.L. 97-92 P.L. 97-92
95 Stat. 1183 95 Stat. 1183-1203
21
12-15-1981 12-15-1981
03-31-1982 03-31-1982
106 106

4 4
15 15
P.L. 97-161 P.L. 97-161
96 Stat. 22 96 Stat. 22
1
03-31-1982 03-31-1982
09-30-1982 09-30-1982
183 183
1983 1983
1 1
16 16
P.L. 97-276 P.L. 97-276
96 Stat. 1186 96 Stat. 1186-1205
20
10-02-1982 10-02-1982
12-17-1982 12-17-1982
78 78

2 2
17 17
P.L. 97- P.L. 97-377377c
96 Stat. 1830 96 Stat. 1830-1924
95c
12-17-1982 12-17-1982
09-30-1983 09-30-1983
287 287
1984 1984
1 1
18 18
P.L. 98-107 P.L. 98-107
97 Stat. 733 97 Stat. 733-743
11
10-01-1983 10-01-1983
11-10-1983 11-10-1983
41 41

2 2
19 19
P.L. 98-151 P.L. 98-151
97 Stat. 964 97 Stat. 964-982
19
11-14-1983 11-14-1983
09-30-1984 09-30-1984
321 321
1985
1
20
P.L. 98-441
98 Stat. 1699-1701
3
10-03-1984
10-03-1984
3
CRS-19CRS-20

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Number of
Number
Fiscal
Acts by Fiscal
of Acts
Public Law
Statutes-at-Large
Page
Duration
Year
Year
Cumulatively
Number
Citation
Length
Enactment Date
Expiration Date
in DaysaEnactment Date Expiration Date in Daysa 1985 1 20 P.L. 98-441 98 Stat. 1699 10-03-1984 10-03-1984 3

2 2
21 21
P.L. 98-453 P.L. 98-453
98 Stat. 1731 98 Stat. 1731
1
10-05-1984 10-05-1984
10-05-1984 10-05-1984
2 2

3 3
22 22
P.L. 98-455 P.L. 98-455
98 Stat. 1747 98 Stat. 1747
1
10-06-1984 10-06-1984
10-09-1984 10-09-1984
4 4

4 4
23 23
P.L. 98-461 P.L. 98-461
98 Stat. 1814 98 Stat. 1814
1
10-10-1984 10-10-1984
10-11-1984 10-11-1984
2 2

5 5
24 24
P.L. 98- P.L. 98-473473d
98 Stat. 1837 98 Stat. 1837-1976
140d
10-12-1984 10-12-1984
09-30-1985 09-30-1985
354 354
1986 1986
1 1
25 25
P.L. 99-103 P.L. 99-103
99 Stat. 471 99 Stat. 471-473
3
09-30-1985 09-30-1985
11-14-1985 11-14-1985
45 45

2 2
26 26
P.L. 99-154 P.L. 99-154
99 Stat. 813 99 Stat. 813
1
11-14-1985 11-14-1985
12-12-1985 12-12-1985
28 28

3 3
27 27
P.L. 99-179 P.L. 99-179
99 Stat. 1135 99 Stat. 1135
1
12-13-1985 12-13-1985
12-16-1985 12-16-1985
4 4

4 4
28 28
P.L. 99-184 P.L. 99-184
99 Stat. 1176 99 Stat. 1176
1
12-17-1985 12-17-1985
12-19-1985 12-19-1985
3 3

5 5
29 29
P.L. 99- P.L. 99-190190e
99 Stat. 1185 99 Stat. 1185-1326
142e
12-19-1985 12-19-1985
09-30-1986 09-30-1986
285 285
1987 1987
1 1
30 30
P.L. 99-434 P.L. 99-434
100 Stat. 1076 100 Stat. 1076-1079
4
10-01-1986 10-01-1986
10-08-1986 10-08-1986
8 8

2 2
31 31
P.L. 99-464 P.L. 99-464
100 Stat. 1185 100 Stat. 1185-1188
4
10-09-1986 10-09-1986
10-10-1986 10-10-1986
2 2

3 3
32 32
P.L. 99-465 P.L. 99-465
100 Stat. 1189 100 Stat. 1189
1
10-11-1986 10-11-1986
10-15-1986 10-15-1986
5 5

4 4
33 33
P.L. 99-491 P.L. 99-491
100 Stat. 1239 100 Stat. 1239
1
10-16-1986 10-16-1986
10-16-1986 10-16-1986
1 1

5 5
34 34
P.L. 99-500f P.L. 99-500f
100 Stat. 1783 100 Stat. 1783
386
10-18-1986 10-18-1986
09-30-1987 09-30-1987
349 349
through 1783-385

6 6
35 35
P.L. 99-591f P.L. 99-591f
100 Stat. 3341 100 Stat. 3341
390
10-30-1986 10-30-1986
[n [n/a/a]f
— —
through 3341-389
1988 1988
1 1
36 36
P.L. 100-120 P.L. 100-120
101 Stat. 789 101 Stat. 789-791
3
09-30-1987 09-30-1987
11-10-1987 11-10-1987
41 41

2 2
37 37
P.L. 100-162 P.L. 100-162
101 Stat. 903 101 Stat. 903
1
11-10-1987 11-10-1987
12-16-1987 12-16-1987
36 36

3 3
38 38
P.L. 100-193 P.L. 100-193
101 Stat. 1310 101 Stat. 1310
1
12-16-1987 12-16-1987
12-18-1987 12-18-1987
2 2

4 4
39 39
P.L. 100-197 P.L. 100-197
101 Stat. 1314 101 Stat. 1314
1
12-20-1987 12-20-1987
12-21-1987 12-21-1987
3 3

5 5
40 40
P.L. 100- P.L. 100-202202g
101 Stat. 1329 101 Stat. 1329
451g
12-22-1987 12-22-1987
09-30-1988 09-30-1988
284 284
through 1329-450
1989 1989
[none] [none]
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
—
CRS-20

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Number of
Number
1990 1 41 P.L. 101-100 103 Stat. 638 09-29-1989 10-25-1989 25 CRS-21 link to page 29 link to page 29 link to page 29 link to page 29 link to page 29 link to page 29 link to page 29 link to page 29 Number of Number Fiscal
Acts by Fiscal
of Acts
Public Law
Statutes-at-Large
Page
Duration
Year
Year
Cumulatively
Number
Citation
Length
Enactment Enactment Date
Expiration Date in DaysaDate
in Daysa
1990
1
41
P.L. 101-100
103 Stat. 638-640
3
09-29-1989
10-25-1989
25

2 2
42 42
P.L. 101-130 P.L. 101-130
103 Stat. 775 103 Stat. 775-776
2
10-26-1989 10-26-1989
11-15-1989 11-15-1989
21 21

3 3
43 43
P.L. 101-154 P.L. 101-154
103 Stat. 934 103 Stat. 934
1
11-15-1989 11-15-1989
11-20-1989 11-20-1989
5 5
1991 1991
1 1
44 44
P.L. 101- P.L. 101-403403h
104 Stat. 867 104 Stat. 867-870
4h
10-01-1990 10-01-1990
10-05-1990 10-05-1990
5 5

2 2
45 45
P.L. 101-412 P.L. 101-412
104 Stat. 894 104 Stat. 894-897
4
10-09-1990 10-09-1990
10-19-1990 10-19-1990
14 14

3 3
46 46
P.L. 101-444 P.L. 101-444
104 Stat. 1030 104 Stat. 1030-1033
4
10-19-1990 10-19-1990
10-24-1990 10-24-1990
5 5

4 4
47 47
P.L. 101-461 P.L. 101-461
104 Stat. 1075 104 Stat. 1075-1078
4
10-25-1990 10-25-1990
10-27-1990 10-27-1990
3 3

5 5
48 48
P.L. 101-467 P.L. 101-467
104 Stat. 1086 104 Stat. 1086-1087
2
10-28-1990 10-28-1990
11-05-1990 11-05-1990
9 9
1992 1992
1 1
49 49
P.L. 102-109 P.L. 102-109
105 Stat. 551 105 Stat. 551-554
4
09-30-1991 09-30-1991
10-29-1991 10-29-1991
29 29

2 2
50 50
P.L. 102-145 P.L. 102-145
105 Stat. 968 105 Stat. 968-871
4
10-28-1991 10-28-1991
11-14-1991 11-14-1991
16i

3 3
51 51
P.L. 102-163 P.L. 102-163
105 Stat. 1048 105 Stat. 1048
1
11-15-1991 11-15-1991
11-26-1991 11-26-1991
12 12

4 4
52 52
P.L. 102-266 P.L. 102-266
106 Stat. 92 106 Stat. 92-99
8
04-01-1992 04-01-1992
09-30-1992 09-30-1992
183 183
1993 1993
1 1
53 53
P.L. 102-376 P.L. 102-376
106 Stat. 1311 106 Stat. 1311-1314
4
10-01-1992 10-01-1992
10-05-1992 10-05-1992
5 5
1994 1994
1 1
54 54
P.L. 103-88 P.L. 103-88
107 Stat. 977 107 Stat. 977-980
4
09-30-1993 09-30-1993
10-21-1993 10-21-1993
21 21

2 2
55 55
P.L. 103-113 P.L. 103-113
107 Stat. 1114 107 Stat. 1114
1
10-21-1993 10-21-1993
10-28-1993 10-28-1993
7 7

3 3
56 56
P.L. 103-128 P.L. 103-128
107 Stat. 1355 107 Stat. 1355
1
10-29-1993 10-29-1993
11-10-1993 11-10-1993
13 13
1995 1995
[none] [none]
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
—
1996 1996
1 1
57 57
P.L. 104-31 P.L. 104-31
109 Stat. 278 109 Stat. 278-282
5
09-30-1995 09-30-1995
11-13-1995 11-13-1995
44 44

2 2
58 58
P.L. 104- P.L. 104-5454j
109 Stat. 540 109 Stat. 540-545
6
11-19-1995 11-19-1995
11-20-1995 11-20-1995
7 7

3 3
59 59
P.L. 104-56 P.L. 104-56
109 Stat. 548 109 Stat. 548-553
6
11-20-1995 11-20-1995
12-15-1995 12-15-1995
25 25

4 4
60 60
P.L. 104- P.L. 104-6969j
109 Stat. 767 109 Stat. 767-772
6
12-22-1995 12-22-1995
01-03-1996 01-03-1996
19 19

5 5
61 61
P.L. 104- P.L. 104-9090j
110 Stat. 3 110 Stat. 3-6
4
01-04-1996 01-04-1996
01-25-1996 01-25-1996
22 22

6 6
62 62
P.L. 104- P.L. 104-9191j
110 Stat. 10 110 Stat. 10-14
5 01-06-1996 09-30-1996 290 7 63 P.L. 104-92j 110 Stat. 16
01-06-1996 01-06-1996
09-30-1996 09-30-1996
290j290
CRS- CRS-2122

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in Daysa

7
63
P.L. 104-92
110 Stat. 16-24
9
01-06-1996
09-30-1996
290

8 8
64 64
P.L. 104- P.L. 104-9494j
110 Stat. 25 110 Stat. 25
1
01-06-1996 01-06-1996
01-26-1996 01-26-1996
43 43

9 9
65 65
P.L. 104-99 P.L. 104-99
110 Stat. 26 110 Stat. 26-47
22
01-26-1996 01-26-1996
03-15-1996 03-15-1996
49j49

10 10
66 66
P.L. 104-116 P.L. 104-116
110 Stat. 826 110 Stat. 826
1
03-15-1996 03-15-1996
03-22-1996 03-22-1996
7 7

11 11
67 67
P.L. 104-118 P.L. 104-118
110 Stat. 829 110 Stat. 829
1
03-22-1996 03-22-1996
03-29-1996 03-29-1996
7 7

12 12
68 68
P.L. 104-122 P.L. 104-122
110 Stat. 876 110 Stat. 876-878
3
03-29-1996 03-29-1996
04-24-1996 04-24-1996
26j26

13 13
69 69
P.L. 104-131 P.L. 104-131
110 Stat. 1213 110 Stat. 1213
1
04-24-1996 04-24-1996
04-25-1996 04-25-1996
1 1
1997 1997
[none] [none]
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
—
1998 1998
1 1
70 70
P.L. 105-46 P.L. 105-46
111 Stat. 1153 111 Stat. 1153-1158
6
09-30-1997 09-30-1997
10-23-1997 10-23-1997
23 23

2 2
71 71
P.L. 105-64 P.L. 105-64
111 Stat. 1343 111 Stat. 1343
1
10-23-1997 10-23-1997
11-07-1997 11-07-1997
15 15

3 3
72 72
P.L. 105-68 P.L. 105-68
111 Stat. 1453 111 Stat. 1453
1
11-07-1997 11-07-1997
11-09-1997 11-09-1997
2 2

4 4
73 73
P.L. 105-69 P.L. 105-69
111 Stat. 1454 111 Stat. 1454
1
11-09-1997 11-09-1997
11-10-1997 11-10-1997
1 1

5 5
74 74
P.L. 105-71 P.L. 105-71
111 Stat. 1456 111 Stat. 1456
1
11-10-1997 11-10-1997
11-14-1997 11-14-1997
4 4

6 6
75 75
P.L. 105-84 P.L. 105-84
111 Stat. 1628 111 Stat. 1628
1
11-14-1997 11-14-1997
11-26-1997 11-26-1997
12 12
1999 1999
1 1
76 76
P.L. 105-240 P.L. 105-240
112 Stat. 1566 112 Stat. 1566-1571
6
09-25-1998 09-25-1998
10-09-1998 10-09-1998
9 9

2 2
77 77
P.L. 105-249 P.L. 105-249
112 Stat. 1868 112 Stat. 1868
1
10-09-1998 10-09-1998
10-12-1998 10-12-1998
3 3

3 3
78 78
P.L. 105-254 P.L. 105-254
112 Stat. 1888 112 Stat. 1888
1
10-12-1998 10-12-1998
10-14-1998 10-14-1998
2 2

4 4
79 79
P.L. 105-257 P.L. 105-257
112 Stat. 1901 112 Stat. 1901
1
10-14-1998 10-14-1998
10-16-1998 10-16-1998
2 2

5 5
80 80
P.L. 105-260 P.L. 105-260
112 Stat. 1919 112 Stat. 1919
1
10-16-1998 10-16-1998
10-20-1998 10-20-1998
4 4

6 6
81 81
P.L. 105-273 P.L. 105-273
112 Stat. 2418 112 Stat. 2418
1
10-20-1998 10-20-1998
10-21-1998 10-21-1998
1 1
2000 2000
1 1
82 82
P.L. 106-62 P.L. 106-62
113 Stat. 505 113 Stat. 505-509
5
09-30-1999 09-30-1999
10-21-1999 10-21-1999
21 21

2 2
83 83
P.L. 106-75 P.L. 106-75
113 Stat. 1125 113 Stat. 1125
1
10-21-1999 10-21-1999
10-29-1999 10-29-1999
8 8

3 3
84 84
P.L. 106-85 P.L. 106-85
113 Stat. 1297 113 Stat. 1297
1
10-29-1999 10-29-1999
11-05-1999 11-05-1999
7 7
4 85 P.L. 106-88 113 Stat. 1304 11-05-1999 11-10-1999 5 CRS-23 CRS-22

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Number
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in Daysa

4
85
P.L. 106-88
113 Stat. 1304
1
11-05-1999
11-10-1999
5

5 5
86 86
P.L. 106-94 P.L. 106-94
113 Stat. 1311 113 Stat. 1311
1
11-10-1999 11-10-1999
11-17-1999 11-17-1999
7 7

6 6
87 87
P.L. 106-105 P.L. 106-105
113 Stat. 1484 113 Stat. 1484
1
11-18-1999 11-18-1999
11-18-1999 11-18-1999
1 1

7 7
88 88
P.L. 106-106 P.L. 106-106
113 Stat. 1485 113 Stat. 1485
1
11-19-1999 11-19-1999
12-02-1999 12-02-1999
14 14
2001 2001
1 1
89 89
P.L. 106-275 P.L. 106-275
114 Stat. 808 114 Stat. 808-811
4
09-29-2000 09-29-2000
10-06-2000 10-06-2000
6 6

2 2
90 90
P.L. 106-282 P.L. 106-282
114 Stat. 866 114 Stat. 866
1
10-06-2000 10-06-2000
10-14-2000 10-14-2000
8 8

3 3
91 91
P.L. 106-306 P.L. 106-306
114 Stat. 1073 114 Stat. 1073
1
10-13-2000 10-13-2000
10-20-2000 10-20-2000
6 6

4 4
92 92
P.L. 106-344 P.L. 106-344
114 Stat. 1318 114 Stat. 1318
1
10-20-2000 10-20-2000
10-25-2000 10-25-2000
5 5

5 5
93 93
P.L. 106-358 P.L. 106-358
114 Stat. 1397 114 Stat. 1397
1
10-26-2000 10-26-2000
10-26-2000 10-26-2000
1 1

6 6
94 94
P.L. 106-359 P.L. 106-359
114 Stat. 1398 114 Stat. 1398
1
10-26-2000 10-26-2000
10-27-2000 10-27-2000
1 1

7 7
95 95
P.L. 106-381 P.L. 106-381
114 Stat. 1450 114 Stat. 1450
1
10-27-2000 10-27-2000
10-28-2000 10-28-2000
1 1

8 8
96 96
P.L. 106-388 P.L. 106-388
114 Stat. 1550 114 Stat. 1550
1
10-28-2000 10-28-2000
10-29-2000 10-29-2000
1 1

9 9
97 97
P.L. 106-389 P.L. 106-389
114 Stat. 1551 114 Stat. 1551
1
10-29-2000 10-29-2000
10-30-2000 10-30-2000
1 1

10 10
98 98
P.L. 106-401 P.L. 106-401
114 Stat. 1676 114 Stat. 1676
1
10-30-2000 10-30-2000
10-31-2000 10-31-2000
1 1

11 11
99 99
P.L. 106-403 P.L. 106-403
114 Stat. 1741 114 Stat. 1741
1
11-01-2000 11-01-2000
11-01-2000 11-01-2000
1 1

12 12
100 100
P.L. 106-416 P.L. 106-416
114 Stat. 1811 114 Stat. 1811
1
11-01-2000 11-01-2000
11-02-2000 11-02-2000
1 1

13 13
101 101
P.L. 106-426 P.L. 106-426
114 Stat. 1897 114 Stat. 1897
1
11-03-2000 11-03-2000
11-03-2000 11-03-2000
1 1

14 14
102 102
P.L. 106-427 P.L. 106-427
114 Stat. 1898 114 Stat. 1898
1
11-04-2000 11-04-2000
11-04-2000 11-04-2000
1 1

15 15
103 103
P.L. 106-428 P.L. 106-428
114 Stat. 1899 114 Stat. 1899
1
11-04-2000 11-04-2000
11-14-2000 11-14-2000
10 10

16 16
104 104
P.L. 106-520 P.L. 106-520
114 Stat. 2436 114 Stat. 2436-2437
2
11-15-2000 11-15-2000
12-05-2000 12-05-2000
21 21

17 17
105 105
P.L. 106-537 P.L. 106-537
114 Stat. 2562 114 Stat. 2562
1
12-05-2000 12-05-2000
12-07-2000 12-07-2000
2 2

18 18
106 106
P.L. 106-539 P.L. 106-539
114 Stat. 2570 114 Stat. 2570
1
12-07-2000 12-07-2000
12-08-2000 12-08-2000
1 1

19 19
107 107
P.L. 106-540 P.L. 106-540
114 Stat. 2571 114 Stat. 2571
1
12-08-2000
12-11-2000
3
CRS-23

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12-08-2000 12-11-2000 3 20 108 P.L. 106-542 114 Stat. 2713 12-11-2000 12-15-2000 4 CRS-24 link to page 29 link to page 30 Number of Number Fiscal
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of Acts
Public Law
Statutes-at-Large
Page
Duration
Year
Year
Cumulatively
Number
Citation
Length
Enactment Enactment Date
Expiration Date in DaysaDate
in Daysa

20
108
P.L. 106-542
114 Stat. 2713
1
12-11-2000
12-15-2000
4

21 21
109 109
P.L. 106-543 P.L. 106-543
114 Stat. 2714 114 Stat. 2714
1
12-15-2000 12-15-2000
12-21-2000 12-21-2000
6 6
2002 2002
1 1
110 110
P.L. 107-44 P.L. 107-44
115 Stat. 253 115 Stat. 253-257
5
09-28-2001 09-28-2001
10-16-2001 10-16-2001
16 16

2 2
111 111
P.L. 107-48 P.L. 107-48
115 Stat. 261 115 Stat. 261
1
10-12-2001 10-12-2001
10-23-2001 10-23-2001
7 7

3 3
112 112
P.L. 107-53 P.L. 107-53
115 Stat. 269 115 Stat. 269
1
10-22-2001 10-22-2001
10-31-2001 10-31-2001
8 8

4 4
113 113
P.L. 107-58 P.L. 107-58
115 Stat. 406 115 Stat. 406
1
10-31-2001 10-31-2001
11-16-2001 11-16-2001
16 16

5 5
114 114
P.L. 107-70 P.L. 107-70
115 Stat. 596 115 Stat. 596
1
11-17-2001 11-17-2001
12-07-2001 12-07-2001
21 21

6 6
115 115
P.L. 107-79 P.L. 107-79
115 Stat. 809 115 Stat. 809
1
12-07-2001 12-07-2001
12-15-2001 12-15-2001
8 8

7 7
116 116
P.L. 107-83 P.L. 107-83
115 Stat. 822 115 Stat. 822
1
12-15-2001 12-15-2001
12-21-2001 12-21-2001
6 6

8 8
117 117
P.L. 107-97 P.L. 107-97
115 Stat. 960 115 Stat. 960
1
12-21-2001 12-21-2001
01-10-2002 01-10-2002
20 20
2003 2003
1 1
118 118
P.L. 107-229 P.L. 107-229
116 Stat. 1465 116 Stat. 1465-1468
4
09-30-2002 09-30-2002
10-04-2002 10-04-2002
4 4

2 2
119 119
P.L. 107-235 P.L. 107-235
116 Stat. 1482 116 Stat. 1482
1
10-04-2002 10-04-2002
10-11-2002 10-11-2002
7 7

3 3
120 120
P.L. 107-240 P.L. 107-240
116 Stat. 1492 116 Stat. 1492-1495
4
10-11-2002 10-11-2002
10-18-2002 10-18-2002
7 7

4 4
121 121
P.L. 107-244 P.L. 107-244
116 Stat. 1503 116 Stat. 1503
1
10-18-2002 10-18-2002
11-22-2002 11-22-2002
35 35

5 5
122 122
P.L. 107-294 P.L. 107-294
116 Stat. 2062 116 Stat. 2062-2063
2
11-23-2002 11-23-2002
01-11-2003 01-11-2003
50 50

6 6
123 123
P.L. 108-2 P.L. 108-2
117 Stat. 5 117 Stat. 5-6
2
01-10-2003 01-10-2003
01-31-2003 01-31-2003
20 20

7 7
124 124
P.L. 108-4 P.L. 108-4
117 Stat. 8 117 Stat. 8
1
01-31-2003 01-31-2003
02-07-2003 02-07-2003
7 7

8 8
125 125
P.L. 108-5 P.L. 108-5
117 Stat. 9 117 Stat. 9
1
02-07-2003 02-07-2003
02-20-2003 02-20-2003
13 13
2004 2004
1 1
126 126
P.L. 108-84 P.L. 108-84
117 Stat. 1042 117 Stat. 1042-1047
6
09-30-2003 09-30-2003
10-31-2003 10-31-2003
31 31

2 2
127 127
P.L. 108-104 P.L. 108-104
117 Stat. 1200 117 Stat. 1200
1
10-31-2003 10-31-2003
11-07-2003 11-07-2003
7 7

3 3
128 128
P.L. 108-107 P.L. 108-107
117 Stat. 1240 117 Stat. 1240
1
11-07-2003 11-07-2003
11-21-2003 11-21-2003
14 14

4 4
129 129
P.L. 108-135 P.L. 108-135
117 Stat. 1391 117 Stat. 1391
1
11-22-2003 11-22-2003
01-31-2004 01-31-2004
71 71
CRS-24

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5 130 P.L. 108-185 117 Stat. 2684 12-16-2003 [n/a]k — CRS-25 link to page 29 link to page 30 link to page 30 link to page 30 link to page 30 Number of Number Fiscal
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of Acts
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Year
Year
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Number
Citation
Length
Enactment Enactment Date
Expiration Date in DaysaDate
in Daysa

5
130
P.L. 108-185
117 Stat. 2684
1
12-16-2003
[n/a]k
—
2005 2005
1 1
131 131
P.L. 108-309 P.L. 108-309
118 Stat. 1137 118 Stat. 1137-1143
7
09-30-2004 09-30-2004
11-20-2004 11-20-2004
51 51

2 2
132 132
P.L. 108-416 P.L. 108-416
118 Stat. 2338 118 Stat. 2338
1
11-21-2004 11-21-2004
12-03-2004 12-03-2004
13 13

3 3
133 133
P.L. 108-434 P.L. 108-434
118 Stat. 2614 118 Stat. 2614
1
12-03-2004 12-03-2004
12-08-2004 12-08-2004
5 5
2006 2006
1 1
134 134
P.L. 109-77 P.L. 109-77
119 Stat. 2037 119 Stat. 2037-2042
6
09-30-2005 09-30-2005
11-18-2005 11-18-2005
49 49

2 2
135 135
P.L. 109-105 P.L. 109-105
119 Stat. 2287 119 Stat. 2287
1
11-19-2005 11-19-2005
12-17-2005 12-17-2005
29 29

3 3
136 136
P.L. 109-128 P.L. 109-128
119 Stat. 2549 119 Stat. 2549
1
12-18-2005 12-18-2005
12-31-2005 12-31-2005
14 14
2007 2007
1 1
137 137
P.L. 109- P.L. 109-289l289l
120 Stat. 1311 120 Stat. 1311-1316
6
09-29-2006 09-29-2006
11-17-2006 11-17-2006
48 48

2 2
138 138
P.L. 109-369 P.L. 109-369
120 Stat. 2642 120 Stat. 2642
1
11-17-2006 11-17-2006
12-08-2006 12-08-2006
21 21

3 3
139 139
P.L. 109-383 P.L. 109-383
120 Stat. 2678 120 Stat. 2678
1
12-09-2006 12-09-2006
02-15-2007 02-15-2007
69 69

4 4
140 140
P.L. 110-5 P.L. 110-5
121 Stat. 8 121 Stat. 8-60
53
02-15-2007 02-15-2007
09-30-2007 09-30-2007
227 227
2008 2008
1 1
141 141
P.L. 110-92 P.L. 110-92
121 Stat. 989 121 Stat. 989-998
10
09-29-2007 09-29-2007
11-16-2007 11-16-2007
47 47

2 2
142 142
P.L. 110- P.L. 110-116m116m
121 Stat. 1341 121 Stat. 1341-1344
4
11-13-2007 11-13-2007
12-14-2007 12-14-2007
28 28

3 3
143 143
P.L. 110-137 P.L. 110-137
121 Stat. 1454 121 Stat. 1454
1
12-14-2007 12-14-2007
12-21-2007 12-21-2007
7 7

4 4
144 144
P.L. 110-149 P.L. 110-149
121 Stat. 1819 121 Stat. 1819
1
12-21-2007 12-21-2007
12-31-2007 12-31-2007
10 10
2009 2009
1 1
145 145
P.L. 110-329 P.L. 110-329
122 Stat. 3574 122 Stat. 3574-3716
143
09-30-2008 09-30-2008
03-06-2009 03-06-2009
157 157

2 2
146 146
P.L. 111-6 P.L. 111-6
123 Stat. 522 123 Stat. 522
1
03-06-2009 03-06-2009
03-11-2009 03-11-2009
5 5
2010 2010
1 1
147 147
P.L. 111- P.L. 111-68n
123 Stat. 2043 123 Stat. 2043-2053
11
10-01-2009 10-01-2009
10-31-2009 10-31-2009
31 31

2 2
148 148
P.L. 111- P.L. 111-88o
123 Stat. 2972 123 Stat. 2972-2974
3
10-30-2009 10-30-2009
12-18-2009 12-18-2009
48 48
2011 2011
1 1
149 149
P.L. 111-242 P.L. 111-242
124 Stat. 2607 124 Stat. 2607-2616
10
09-30-2010 09-30-2010
12-03-2010 12-03-2010
64 64

2 2
150 150
P.L. 111-290 P.L. 111-290
124 Stat. 3063 124 Stat. 3063
1
12-04-2010 12-04-2010
12-18-2010 12-18-2010
15 15

3 3
151 151
P.L. 111-317 P.L. 111-317
124 Stat. 3454 124 Stat. 3454
1
12-18-2010 12-18-2010
12-21-2010 12-21-2010
3 3

4 4
152 152
P.L. 111- P.L. 111-322p322
124 Stat. 3518 124 Stat. 3518-3521
4
12-22-2010
03-04-2011
73
CRS-25

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Number of
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12-22-2010 03-04-2011 73 5 153 P.L. 112-4 125 Stat. 6 03-02-2011 03-18-2011 14 CRS-26 link to page 29 link to page 30 link to page 30 link to page 30 link to page 30 link to page 30 link to page 30 link to page 30 link to page 30 link to page 31 Number of Number Fiscal
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of Acts
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Statutes-at-Large
Page
Duration
Year
Year
Cumulatively
Number
Citation
Length
Enactment Enactment Date
Expiration Date in DaysaDate
in Daysa

5
153
P.L. 112-4
125 Stat. 6-13
8
03-02-2011
03-18-2011
14

6 6
154 154
P.L. 112-6 P.L. 112-6
125 Stat. 23 125 Stat. 23-30
8
03-18-2011 03-18-2011
04-08-2011 04-08-2011
21 21

7 7
155 155
P.L. 112-8 P.L. 112-8
125 Stat. 34 125 Stat. 34-35
2
04-09-2011 04-09-2011
04-15-2011 04-15-2011
7 7

8 8
156 156
P.L. 112- P.L. 112-10q10p
125 Stat. 102 125 Stat. 102-199
98
04-15-2011 04-15-2011
09-30-2011 09-30-2011
168 168
2012 2012
1 1
157 157
P.L. 112-33 P.L. 112-33
125 Stat. 363 125 Stat. 363-368
6
09-30-2011 09-30-2011
10-04-2011 10-04-2011
4 4

2 2
158 158
P.L. 112-36 P.L. 112-36
125 Stat. 386 125 Stat. 386-391
6
10-05-2011 10-05-2011
11-18-2011 11-18-2011
45 45

3 3
159 159
P.L. 112- P.L. 112-55r55q
125 Stat. 710 125 Stat. 710
1
11-18-2011 11-18-2011
12-16-2011 12-16-2011
28 28

4 4
160 160
P.L. 112-67 P.L. 112-67
125 Stat. 769 125 Stat. 769
1
12-16-2011 12-16-2011
12-17-2011 12-17-2011
1 1

5 5
161 161
P.L. 112-68 P.L. 112-68
125 Stat. 770 125 Stat. 770
1
12-17-2011 12-17-2011
12-23-2011 12-23-2011
6 6
2013 2013
1 1
162 162
P.L. 112-175 P.L. 112-175
126 Stat. 1313 126 Stat. 1313
12
09-28-2012 09-28-2012
03-27-2013 03-27-2013
178 178

2 2
163 163
P.L. 113-6 P.L. 113-6
127 Stat. 198 127 Stat. 198-437
240
03-26-2013 03-26-2013
09-30-2013 09-30-2013
(365 (365)sr
2014 2014
1 1
164 164
P.L. 113-39 P.L. 113-39
127 Stat. 532 127 Stat. 532-533
2
09-30-2013 09-30-2013
[n [n/a]s/a]t
(17 (17)ts

2 2
165 165
P.L. 113-44 P.L. 113-44
127 Stat. 555 127 Stat. 555-556
2
10-10-2013 10-10-2013
12-15- 12-15-2013t2013s
(8 (8)ts

3 3
166 166
P.L. 113-46 P.L. 113-46
127 Stat. 558 127 Stat. 558-571
14
10-17-2013 10-17-2013
01-15-2014 01-15-2014
(107 (107)ts

4 4
167 167
P.L. 113-73 P.L. 113-73
128 Stat. 3 128 Stat. 3
1
01-15-2014 01-15-2014
01-18-2014 01-18-2014
3 3
2015 2015
1 1
168 168
P.L. 113-164 P.L. 113-164
128 Stat. 1867 128 Stat. 1867
11
09-19-2014 09-19-2014
12-11-2014 12-11-2014
72 72

2 2
169 169
P.L. 113-202 P.L. 113-202
128 Stat. 2069 128 Stat. 2069
1
12-12-2014 12-12-2014
12-13-2014 12-13-2014
1 1

3 3
170 170
P.L. 113-203 P.L. 113-203
128 Stat. 2070 128 Stat. 2070
1
12-13-2014 12-13-2014
12-17-2014 12-17-2014
4 4

4 4
171 171
P.L. 113-235 P.L. 113-235
128 Stat. 2767 128 Stat. 2767
1
12-16-2014 12-16-2014
02-27-2015 02-27-2015
72 72

5 5
172 172
P.L. 114-3 P.L. 114-3
129 Stat. 38 129 Stat. 38
1
02-27-2015 02-27-2015
03-06-2015 03-06-2015
7 7
2016 2016
1 1
173 173
P.L. 114-53 P.L. 114-53
129 Stat. 502 129 Stat. 502-512
11
09-30-2015 09-30-2015
12-11-2015 12-11-2015
72 72

2 2
174 174
P.L. 114-96 P.L. 114-96
129 Stat. 2193 129 Stat. 2193
1
12-11-2015 12-11-2015
12-16-2015 12-16-2015
5 5

3 3
175 175
P.L. 114-100 P.L. 114-100
129 Stat. 2202 129 Stat. 2202
1
12-16-2015 12-16-2015
12-22-2015 12-22-2015
6 6
2017 1 176 P.L. 114-223 130 Stat. 857t 09-29-2016 12-09-2016 70 CRS-27CRS-26

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link to page link to page 3029 link to page link to page 3231 link to page link to page 3231 link to page link to page 3231 link to page link to page 3231
Number of
Number
Fiscal
Acts by Fiscal
of Acts
Public Law
Statutes-at-Large
Page
Duration
Year
Year
Cumulatively
Number
Citation
Length
Enactment Enactment Date
Expiration Date in DaysaDate
in Daysa
2017
1
176
P.L. 114-223
130 Stat. 857
64
09-29-2016
12-09-2016
70

2 2
177 177
P.L. 114-254 P.L. 114-254
130 Stat. 1005 130 Stat. 1005
28
12-10-2016 12-10-2016
04-28-2017 04-28-2017
139 139

3 3
178 178
P.L. 115-30 P.L. 115-30
131 Stat. 134 131 Stat. 134
1
04-28-2017 04-28-2017
05-05-2017 05-05-2017
7 7
2018 2018
1 1
179 179
P.L. 115-56 P.L. 115-56
131 Stat. 131 Stat. 1129
191129u
09-08-2017 09-08-2017
12-08-2017 12-08-2017
69 69

2 2
180 180
P.L. 115-90 P.L. 115-90
131 Stat. 1280 131 Stat. 1280
3
12-08-2017 12-08-2017
12-22-2017 12-22-2017
14 14

3 3
181 181
P.L. 115-96 P.L. 115-96
131 Stat. 2044 131 Stat. 2044
10
12-22-2017 12-22-2017
01-19-2018 01-19-2018
28 28

4 4
182 182
P.L. 115-120 P.L. 115-120
131 Stat. 28 131 Stat. 28
12
01-22-2018 01-22-2018
02-08-2018 02-08-2018
20u20v

5 5
183 183
P.L. 115-123 P.L. 115-123
132 Stat. 64 132 Stat. 64
251
02-09-2018 02-09-2018
03-23-2018 03-23-2018
42u42v
2019 2019
1 1
184 184
P.L. 115-245 P.L. 115-245
132 Stat. 2981 132 Stat. 2981
149
09-28-2018 09-28-2018
12-07-2018 12-07-2018
68 68

2 2
185 185
P.L. 115-298 P.L. 115-298
132 Stat. 4382 132 Stat. 4382
1
12-07-2018 12-07-2018
12-21-2018 12-21-2018
14 14

3 3
186 186
P.L. 116-5 P.L. 116-5
132 Stat. 10 132 Stat. 10
3
1-25-2019 1-25-2019
2-15-2019 2-15-2019
56v56w
2020 2020
1 1
187 187
P.L. 116-59 P.L. 116-59
133 Stat. 1093 133 Stat. 1093
10
9-27-2019 9-27-2019
11 11/21/-21-2019 2019
52 52

2 2
188 188
P.L. 116-69 P.L. 116-69
133 Stat. 1134 133 Stat. 1134
2
11/21/2020
12/20/2019
29w
Sources: Prepared by CRS using data from the Legislative Information System; 11-21-2020 12-20-2019 29 2021 1 189 P.L. 116-159 134 Stat. 709 10-01-2020 12-11-2020 72 2 190 P.L. 116-215 134 Stat. 1041 12-11-2020 12-18-2020 7 3 191 P.L. 116–225 134 Stat. 1098 12-18-2020 12-20-2020 2 4 192 P.L. 116-226 134 Stat. 1099 12-20-2020 12-21-2020 1 5 193 P.L. 116-246 134 Stat. 1119 12-22-2020 12-28-2020 6 2022 1 194 P.L. 117-43 135 Stat. 344 09-30-2021 12-03-2021 64 2 195 P.L. 117-70 135 Stat. 1499 12-03-2021 02-18-2022 77 3 196 P.L. 117-86 136 Stat. 15 02-18-2022 03-11-2022 21 4 197 P.L. 117-95 136 Stat. 33 03-11-2022 03-15-2022 4 2023 1 198 P.L. 117-180 136 Stat. 2114 09-30-2022 12-16-2022 77 2 199 P.L. 117-229 136 Stat. 2308 12-16-2022 12-23-2022 7 CRS-28 link to page 29 Number of Number Fiscal Acts by Fiscal of Acts Public Law Statutes-at-Large Duration Year Year Cumulatively Number Citation Enactment Date Expiration Date in Daysa 3 200 P.L. 117-264 136 Stat. 4167 12-23-2022 12-30-2022 7 Source: Prepared by CRS using data from the Legislative Information System; CRS, appropriations status tables (various fiscal years), available at http://crs.gov/Pages/CRS, appropriations status tables (various fiscal years), available at http://crs.gov/Pages/
appover.aspx; and various other sources.appover.aspx; and various other sources.
Notes: a. Duration in days is measured,a. Duration in days is measured, in the case of the initial CR for a fiscal year fromin the case of the initial CR for a fiscal year from the first day of the year (October 1) through the expiration date. For subsequent the first day of the year (October 1) through the expiration date. For subsequent
CRs for a fiscal year, duration in days is measured from the day after the expiration of the preceding CR. In several CRs for a fiscal year, duration in days is measured from the day after the expiration of the preceding CR. In several instances, as appropriate, the number of days instances, as appropriate, the number of days
reflectsreflects an extra day in a leap year (every fourth year beginning with calendar year 1976). The duration of CRs that ended a lapse in appropriations includes the an extra day in a leap year (every fourth year beginning with calendar year 1976). The duration of CRs that ended a lapse in appropriations includes the
period of that funding gap and is calculated from the first ful day after the final day that budget authority was provided through the expiration date of the CR. period of that funding gap and is calculated from the first ful day after the final day that budget authority was provided through the expiration date of the CR.
SeveralSeveral CRs provided continuing appropriations for mixed periods of time.CRs provided continuing appropriations for mixed periods of time. For example,For example, three CRs—P.L. 96-86 (for FY1980), P.L. 97-51 (for FY1982), and P.L. 97-three CRs—P.L. 96-86 (for FY1980), P.L. 97-51 (for FY1982), and P.L. 97-
276 (for FY1983)—were enacted in November276 (for FY1983)—were enacted in November or Decemberor December of the applicable year for periods covering 51 days,of the applicable year for periods covering 51 days, 51 days, and 78 days, respectively,51 days, and 78 days, respectively, but they also but they also
included continuing appropriations for the remainderincluded continuing appropriations for the remainder of that fiscal year for activities covered by the Legislativeof that fiscal year for activities covered by the Legislative Branch App ropriations Branch Appropriations Act. (See also the discussion Act. (See also the discussion
of actions for FY1996 under footnote j.) In these instances, the “Duration in Days” column reflects the timeof actions for FY1996 under footnote j.) In these instances, the “Duration in Days” column reflects the time period that applied to the greatest number of activities period that applied to the greatest number of activities
funded by the measure.funded by the measure.
b. Title IV (95 Stat. 95-96) of P.L. 97-12, the Supplemental Appropriations b. Title IV (95 Stat. 95-96) of P.L. 97-12, the Supplemental Appropriations and Rescissionand Rescission Act for FY1981, provided continuing appropriations for FY1981Act for FY1981, provided continuing appropriations for FY1981 . The other
titles of the act (95 Stat. 14-95) are excluded from the page count.
. c. P.L. 97-377 incorporated the ful text of various regular appropriations acts. c. P.L. 97-377 incorporated the ful text of various regular appropriations acts.
CRS-27

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d. Title I (98 Stat. 1837-1976) of P.L. 98-473 provided continuing appropriations for FY1985d. Title I (98 Stat. 1837-1976) of P.L. 98-473 provided continuing appropriations for FY1985; the other title, Title II (98 Stat. 1976 -2199), set forth the Comprehensive
Crime Control Act of 1984 and is excluded from the page count.
. e. P.L. 99-190 incorporated the ful text of various regular appropriations acts. e. P.L. 99-190 incorporated the ful text of various regular appropriations acts.
f. f.
P.L. 99-591 superseded P.L. P.L. 99-591 superseded P.L. 99-500 and corrected enrol ment99-500 and corrected enrol ment errors errors in the earlierin the earlier act. Both laws originated as H.J.Res.act. Both laws originated as H.J.Res. 738. 738.
g. P.L. 100-202 incorporated the ful text of various regular appropriations acts. g. P.L. 100-202 incorporated the ful text of various regular appropriations acts.
h. Title I (104 Stat. 867-870) of P.L. 101-403 provided continuing appropriations for FY1991h. Title I (104 Stat. 867-870) of P.L. 101-403 provided continuing appropriations for FY1991. Titles II and III (104 Stat. 871-874) provided supplemental appropriations
and are excluded from the page count.
. i. i.
Section 106(c) of provided that, as an exception to the general expiration date, continuing appropriations for the Foreign Section 106(c) of provided that, as an exception to the general expiration date, continuing appropriations for the Foreign Op eration Operation Appropriations Appropriations Act would Act would
expire on March 31, 1992 (a duration of 154 days). expire on March 31, 1992 (a duration of 154 days).
j. j.
A total of 13 CRs were A total of 13 CRs were enacted for FY1996 (and one was vetoed). Two funding gaps occurred, the first in mid-Novemberenacted for FY1996 (and one was vetoed). Two funding gaps occurred, the first in mid-November 1995 and the second from1995 and the second from mid-December mid-December
1995 until early January 1996. The CRs for this year may be divided into two categories1995 until early January 1996. The CRs for this year may be divided into two categories depending on whether their coverage depending on whether their coverage w as general y comprehensive was generally comprehensive or or
partial. Nine of the CRs enacted for FY1996 partial. Nine of the CRs enacted for FY1996 general ygenerally provided short-term funding for provided short-term funding for al activities all activities under the regular appropriations acts that had not yet been under the regular appropriations acts that had not yet been
enacted, while the other four provided funding only for selectedenacted, while the other four provided funding only for selected activities within certain acts. The four acts in the latter category included the fol owing: activities within certain acts. The four acts in the latter category included the fol owing:
(1) P.L. 104-69, which funded the Aid to Families(1) P.L. 104-69, which funded the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and Fosterwith Dependent Children (AFDC) and Foster Care and Adoption AssistanceCare and Adoption Assistance programs,programs, programs of the Districtprograms of the District of of
Columbia, and certain veterans’ programs; Columbia, and certain veterans’ programs;
(2) P.L. 104-90, which funded programs of the District(2) P.L. 104-90, which funded programs of the District of Columbia; of Columbia;
(3) P.L. 104-91, Title I, which funded a variety of programs,(3) P.L. 104-91, Title I, which funded a variety of programs, including ones pertaining to the Peace Corps, the Federalincluding ones pertaining to the Peace Corps, the Federal Emergency ManagementEmergency Management Agency, the Federal Agency, the Federal
Bureau of Investigation, trade adjustment assistance benefits, and the National Institutes of Health, among others; andBureau of Investigation, trade adjustment assistance benefits, and the National Institutes of Health, among others; and
(4) P.L. 104-92, which funded a variety of programs, including ones pertaining to nutrition services(4) P.L. 104-92, which funded a variety of programs, including ones pertaining to nutrition services for the elderly,for the elderly, visitor servicesvisitor services in the National Park System, in the National Park System,
CRS-29 certain veterans’ programs,certain veterans’ programs, and programs of the District of Columbia,and programs of the District of Columbia, among others. among others.
ActivitiesActivities under two of the regular appropriations acts for FY1996 wereunder two of the regular appropriations acts for FY1996 were funded through the end of the fiscal year (September 30, 1996) in CRs: (1) Title IV of P.L. funded through the end of the fiscal year (September 30, 1996) in CRs: (1) Title IV of P.L.
104-92 provided such funding for activities covered by the District of Columbia Appropriations Act; and (2) Title III of P.L. 104-99 provided such funding for 104-92 provided such funding for activities covered by the District of Columbia Appropriations Act; and (2) Title III of P.L. 104-99 provided such funding for
activities coveredactivities covered by the Foreign Operations Appropriationsby the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act. In addition, other selectedAct. In addition, other selected activities were funded through the remainderactivities were funded through the remainder of the fiscal year by P.L. of the fiscal year by P.L.
104-91, P.L. 104-92, and P.L. 104-122. Action on the regular appropriations acts for FY1996 was concluded with the enactment of P.L. 104-134, the Omnibus 104-91, P.L. 104-92, and P.L. 104-122. Action on the regular appropriations acts for FY1996 was concluded with the enactment of P.L. 104-134, the Omnibus
Consolidated RescissionsConsolidated Rescissions and Appropriationsand Appropriations Act of 1996, on AprilAct of 1996, on April 26, 1996 (110 Stat. 1321 through 132126, 1996 (110 Stat. 1321 through 1321 -381), which provided funding for the remainder-381), which provided funding for the remainder of the of the
fiscal year for activitiesfiscal year for activities covered by five of the regular appropriations acts. covered by five of the regular appropriations acts.
Three of the CRs had mixed periodsThree of the CRs had mixed periods of duration. The duration shown in the table was determinedof duration. The duration shown in the table was determined as fol ows: as fol ows:
(1) Most of the funding provided in P.L. 104-92 was for the remainder(1) Most of the funding provided in P.L. 104-92 was for the remainder of the fiscal year, so a duration of 290 days was used, and it also provided retroactiveof the fiscal year, so a duration of 290 days was used, and it also provided retroactive budget budget
authority beginning on Decemberauthority beginning on December 16, 1995; 16, 1995;
(2) While(2) While the funding provided in P.L.the funding provided in P.L. 104-99 for activities104-99 for activities covered by the Foreigncovered by the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act was for the remainderOperations Appropriations Act was for the remainder of the fiscal year, the of the fiscal year, the
funding provided for activities coveredfunding provided for activities covered by four other regular appropriations acts was through March 15, by four other regular appropriations acts was through March 15, 199 61996, so a duration of 49 days was used; and , so a duration of 49 days was used; and
(3) Most of the funding provided in P.L. 104-122 was through April(3) Most of the funding provided in P.L. 104-122 was through April 24, while only one account was funded through the remainder24, while only one account was funded through the remainder of the fiscal year, so a duration of of the fiscal year, so a duration of
26 days was used. 26 days was used.
In the case of P.L. 104-91, a measureIn the case of P.L. 104-91, a measure requiring the Secretaryrequiring the Secretary of Commerceof Commerce to convey to the Commonwealthto convey to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts the National Marine Fisheriesof Massachusetts the National Marine Fisheries Service Service
laboratory located on Emersonlaboratory located on Emerson Avenue in Gloucester,Avenue in Gloucester, MA, Title I (110 Stat. 10-14) of the act provided continuing appropriations for selected activitiesMA, Title I (110 Stat. 10-14) of the act provided continuing appropriations for selected activities for the for the
remainderremainder of FY1996. Section 1 (110 Stat. 7-10) and Title II (110 Stat. 14-15) pertained to other matters and are excluded from the page count. Section of FY1996. Section 110 of the 110 of the
act made the funding effective as of Decemberact made the funding effective as of December 16, 1995. The act also provided retroactive16, 1995. The act also provided retroactive budget authority starting on budget authority starting on December December 16, 1995. 16, 1995.
In the case of P.L. 104-54, retroactive budget authority was provided starting on NovemberIn the case of P.L. 104-54, retroactive budget authority was provided starting on November 14, 1995, and in the case of P.L. 104-94, retroactive budget authority 14, 1995, and in the case of P.L. 104-94, retroactive budget authority
was provided starting on Decemberwas provided starting on December 16, 1995. 16, 1995.
CRS-28

---

k. P.L. 108-185 k. P.L. 108-185 containedincluded provisions affecting funding levels provisions affecting funding levels for two specifiedfor two specified programs but did not programs but did not containinclude a provision a provision affecting the expiration date of January 31, 2004, affecting the expiration date of January 31, 2004,
established in the preceding CR (P.L. 108-135). established in the preceding CR (P.L. 108-135).
l. l.
Continuing appropriations for FY2007 were Continuing appropriations for FY2007 were provided by Divisionprovided by Division B (120 Stat. 1311B (120 Stat. 1311-1316) of P.L. 109-289, the Defense Appropriations) of P.L. 109-289, the Defense Appropriations Act for FY2007Act for FY2007. The other
portions of the act (120 Stat. 1257-1311) are excluded from the page count. .
m. Continuing appropriations for FY2008 were m. Continuing appropriations for FY2008 were provided by Divisionprovided by Division B (121 Stat. 1341B (121 Stat. 1341 -1344) of P.L. 110-116, the Defense Appropriations) of P.L. 110-116, the Defense Appropriations Act for FY2008. Act for FY2008. The other
portions of the act (121 Stat. 1295-1341) are excluded from the page count.
n. Continuing appropriations for FY2010 weren. Continuing appropriations for FY2010 were provided by Divisionprovided by Division B (123 Stat. 2043B (123 Stat. 2043 -2053) of P.L. 111-68, the Legislative) of P.L. 111-68, the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act for FY2010. Branch Appropriations Act for FY2010. The
other portions of the act (123 Stat. 2023-2043) are excluded from the page count.
o. Continuing appropriations for FY2010 wereo. Continuing appropriations for FY2010 were provided by Divisionprovided by Division B (123 Stat. B (123 Stat. 2 972-29742972) of P.L. 111-88, the Interior,) of P.L. 111-88, the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Environment, and Related Agencies
Appropriations Appropriations Act for 2010. pAct for 2010. The other portions of the act (123 Stat. 2904-2972) are excluded from the page count.
p. Continuing appropriations for FY2011 were provided by Division A (124 Stat. 3518 -3521) of P.L. 111-322, the Continuing Appropriations and Surface
Transportation Extensions Act for 2011. The other portions of the act (124 Stat. 3522-3531) are excluded from the page count.
q. Ful -year continuing appropriations for FY2011 were provided by Division. Ful -year continuing appropriations for FY2011 were provided by Division B (125 Stat. 102B (125 Stat. 102 -199) of P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense) of P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing and Ful -Year Continuing
Appropriations Act for 2011. Appropriations Act for 2011. The other portions of the act (125 Stat. 38-102, 199-212) are excluded from the page count.
r q. Continuing appropriations for FY2012 were. Continuing appropriations for FY2012 were provided by Divisionprovided by Division D (125 Stat. 710) of P.L. 112-55, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act for D (125 Stat. 710) of P.L. 112-55, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act for
2012 2012. The other portions of the act (125 Stat. 552-709) are excluded from the page count.
s. r. In P.L. 113-6, both the ful text (Divisions. In P.L. 113-6, both the ful text (Divisions A-E) and continuing (DivisionA-E) and continuing (Division F) appropriations wereF) appropriations were for the entire fiscal year (FY2013) and superseded the continuing for the entire fiscal year (FY2013) and superseded the continuing
appropriations provided by P.L. 112-175 appropriations provided by P.L. 112-175
t.
s. A total of four CRs wereA total of four CRs were enacted for FY2014. This count includes two CRs that provided funding for only specific programsenacted for FY2014. This count includes two CRs that provided funding for only specific programs and activitiesand activities du ring during the FY2014 funding the FY2014 funding
gap. The Pay Our Military Act (P.L. 113-39) was enacted on September 30, 2013, and provided funding for FY2014. The Department of Defense Survivorgap. The Pay Our Military Act (P.L. 113-39) was enacted on September 30, 2013, and provided funding for FY2014. The Department of Defense Survivor Benefits Benefits
Continuing AppropriationsContinuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 (P.L. 113-44), was enacted on October 10, 2013, and expired on DecemberResolution, 2014 (P.L. 113-44), was enacted on October 10, 2013, and expired on December 15, 2013. However,15, 2013. However, the funding provided the funding provided
by both of these CRs was terminated on October 17, 2013, through the enactment of a third CR,by both of these CRs was terminated on October 17, 2013, through the enactment of a third CR, P.L. 113-46, which broadly funded the previous fiscal year’s P.L. 113-46, which broadly funded the previous fiscal year’s
activities through January 15, 2014. The funding provided by this third CR was extended through January 18 by the enactment of a fourth CR (P.L. 113-73). Section activities through January 15, 2014. The funding provided by this third CR was extended through January 18 by the enactment of a fourth CR (P.L. 113-73). Section
CRS-30 118 of P.L. 113-46 provided that the time covered by that act was to have begun on October 1, 2013. For the purposes of this table, the duration in days for the 118 of P.L. 113-46 provided that the time covered by that act was to have begun on October 1, 2013. For the purposes of this table, the duration in days for the
first two CRs is consideredfirst two CRs is considered to have ended on October 17, 2013. The third CR is considered to have begun on October 1, 2013, to have ended on October 17, 2013. The third CR is considered to have begun on October 1, 2013, a ndand expired on January 15, 2014. expired on January 15, 2014.
For further informationFor further information on the FY2014 funding gap and congressional action on associated CRs, see CRS Report RS20348, on the FY2014 funding gap and congressional action on associated CRs, see CRS Report RS20348, Federal Funding Gaps: A Brief Overview..
u. A total of five CRs were enacted for FY2018. Section 2003 of the fourth CR provided that the time covered by previous CRs was to have included the funding gap.
For the purposes of this table, the duration in days is considered consecutive to the start of the fiscal year. For further information on the two FY2018 funding gaps
and congressional action on associated CRs, see CRS Report RL34680, Shutdown of the Federal Government: Causes, Processes, and Effects (available to congressional
clients upon request).
v t. Continuing appropriations for FY2017 were provided through December 9, 2016 by Division C (130 Stat. 908) of P.L. 114-223, the Continuing Appropriations and Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017, and Zika Response and Preparedness Act. u. Continuing appropriations for FY2018 were provided through December 8, 2017 by Division D (131 Stat 1129) of P.L. 115-56, the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2018 and Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Relief Requirements Act, 2017. v. Section 2003 of the fourth CR for FY2018 provided that the time covered by previous CRs was to have included a funding gap from January 20, 2018 to January 22, 2018. For the purposes of this table, the duration in days is considered consecutive from the start of the fiscal year. For further information on the FY2018 funding gap, see CRS Report RS20348, Federal Funding Gaps: A Brief Overview. w. In addition to providing continuing appropriations through February 15, 2019, Section 102 of this CR provided that continuing appropriations were. In addition to providing continuing appropriations through February 15, 2019, Section 102 of this CR provided that continuing appropriations were considered to considered to
cover the funding gap from December cover the funding gap from December 22, 201822, 2018, to January 25, 2019.
w. A total of two CRs were enacted for FY2020. The Continuing Appropriations Act, 2020 (P.L. 116-59) was enacted on September 27, 2019. Division A (133 Stat.
1093) of that act provided funding for FY2020 that expired on November 21, 2019. The other provisions of the act (133 Stat . 1102-1109) are excluded from the
page count. The Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2020 (P.L. 116-69) was enacted on November 21, 2019. Division A (133 Stat. 1134) of that act provided
funding for FY2020 that expired on December 20, 2019. The other provisions of the act (133 Stat. 1136-1144) were excluded from the page count.
CRS-29

---

Author Information

Kevin P. McNellis, Coordinator
Bill Heniff Jr.
Analyst to January 25, 2019. For further information on the FY2019 funding gap, see CRS Report RS20348, Federal Funding Gaps: A Brief Overview. CRS-31 Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices Author Information James V. Saturno, Coordinator Drew C. Aherne Specialist on Congress and the Legislative Process on Congress and the Legislative Process
Analyst on Congress and the Legislative Process Analyst on Congress and the Legislative Process


James V. SaturnoMegan S. Lynch
Justin Murray Justin Murray
Specialist on Congress and the Legislative Process Specialist on Congress and the Legislative Process
Senior Research Librarian Senior Research Librarian


Bill Heniff Jr. Analyst on Congress and the Legislative Process

Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and
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than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in
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Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service
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