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The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: Responses to Frequently Asked Questions

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The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: Responses to Frequently Asked Questions

Updated July 16October 24, 2019 (RL32760)
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Contents

Tables

Summary

The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant funds a wide range of benefits and services for low-income families with children. TANF was created in the 1996 welfare reform lawPersonal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-193). This report responds to some frequently asked questions about TANF; it does not describe TANF rules (see, instead, CRS Report RL32748, The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: A Primer on TANF Financing and Federal Requirements, by Gene Falk).

TANF Funding and Expenditures. TANF provides fixed funding for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, the territories, and American Indian tribes. The basic block grant totals $16.5 billion per year. States are also required in total to contribute, from their own funds, at least $10.3 billion annually under a maintenance-of-effort (MOE) requirement.

Though TANF is best known for funding cash assistance payments for needy families with children, the block grant and MOE funds are used for a wide variety of benefits and activities. In FY2017FY2018, expenditures on basic assistance totaled $7.16.7 billion—2321% of total federal TANF and MOE dollars. Basic assistanceAssistance is often—but not exclusively—paid as cash. In addition to funding basic assistance, TANF also contributes funds for child care and services for children who have been, or are at risk of being, abused and neglected. Some states also count expenditures in prekindergarten programs toward the MOE requirement.

The TANF Assistance Caseload. A total of 1.2 million families, composed of 3.1 million recipients, received TANF- or MOE-funded assistance in September 2018. The bulk of the "recipients" were children—2.3 million in that month. The assistance caseload is heterogeneous. The type of family once thought of as the "typical" assistance family—one with an unemployed adult recipient—accounted for 32% of all families on the rolls in FY2016. Additionally, 31% of cash assistance families had an employed adult, while 38% of all TANF families were "child-only" and had no adult recipient. Child-only families include those with disabled adults receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI), adults who are nonparents (e.g., grandparents, aunts, uncles) caring for children, and families consisting of citizen children and ineligible noncitizen parents.

Cash Assistance Benefits. TANF cashassistance benefit amounts are set by states. In July 2017, the maximum monthly benefit for a family of three ranged from $1,021 in New Hampshire to $170 in Mississippi. Only New Hampshire (at 60% of the federal poverty guidelines) had a maximum TANF cash assistance amount for this sized family in excess of 50% of poverty-level income.

Work Requirements. TANF's main federal work requirement is actually a performance measure that applies to the states. States determine the work rules that apply to individual recipients. TANF law requires states to engage 50% of all families and 90% of two-parent families with work-eligible individuals in work activities, though these standards can be reduced by "credits." Therefore, the effective standards states face are often less than the 50% or 90% targets, and vary by state. In FY2017FY2018, states achieved, on average, an all-family participation rate of 53.048.1% and a two-parent rate of 69.557.9%. In FY2017, two jurisdictionsFY2018, only Montana did not meet the all-family participation standard: Nevada and Guam. This is a reduction from FY2012, when 16 states did not meet that standard. In FY2017, nineFY2018, seven jurisdictions did not meet the two-parent standard. States that do not meet work standards are at risk of being penalized by a reduction in their block grant.


Introduction

This report provides responses to frequently asked questions about the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant. It is intended to serve as a quick reference to provide easy access to information and data. Appendix B presents a series of tables with state-level data. This report does not provide information on TANF program rules (for a discussion of TANF rules, see CRS Report RL32748, The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: A Primer on TANF Financing and Federal Requirements, by Gene Falk).

Funding and Expenditures

What Is TANF's Funding Status?

On July 5, 2019, the President signed legislation (P.L. 116-27) that funds TANF and related programs through the end of FY2019 (September 30, 2019).P.L. 116-59, the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2020, and Health Extenders Act of 2019 extends TANF block grant funding through the first quarter of FY2020.1

How Are State TANF Programs Funded?

TANF programs are funded through a combination of federal and state funds. In FY2018, TANF has two federal grants to states. The bulk of the TANF funding is in a basic block grant to the states, totaling $16.5 billion for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, and American Indian tribes. There is also a contingency fund available that provides extra federal funds to states that meet certain conditions.

Additionally, states are required to expend a minimum amount of their own funds for TANF and TANF-related activities under what is known as the maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement. States are required to spend at least 75% of what they spent in FY1994 on TANF's predecessor programs. The minimum MOE amount, in total, is $10.3 billion per year for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the territories.

How Much Has the Value of the TANF Basic Block Grant Changed Over Time?

TANF was created in the 1996 welfare reform law, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA, P.L. 104-193). A TANF basic block grant amount—both nationally and for each state—was established in the 1996 welfare reform law. The amount established in that law for the 50 states, District of Columbia, territories, and tribes was $16.6 billion in total. From FY1997 through FY2016, that amount remained the same. It was not adjusted for changes that occur over time, such as inflation, the size of the TANF assistance caseload, or changes in the poverty population. During this period, the real (inflation-adjusted) value of the block grant declined by one-third (33.1%). Beginning with FY2017, the state family assistance grant was reduced by 0.33% from its historical levels to finance TANF-related research and technical assistance. The reduced block grant amount is $16.5 billion.

Table 1 shows the state family assistance grant, in both nominal (actual) and real (inflation-adjusted) dollars for each year, FY1997 through FY2018. In real (inflation-adjusted) terms, the FY2018 block grant was 36% below its value in FY1997.

Table 1. TANF Basic Block Grant Funding in Nominal and Constant Dollars

(In billions of $)

Fiscal Year

State Family Assistance Grant: 50 States, DC, Tribes, and Territories

State Family Assistance Grant Constant 1997 Dollars

Cumulative Percentage Change

(constant dollars)

1997

$16.567

$16.567

 

1998

16.567

16.306

-1.6%

1999

16.567

15.991

-3.5

2000

16.567

15.498

-6.5

2001

16.567

15.020

-9.3

2002

16.567

14.792

-10.7

2003

16.567

14.456

-12.7

2004

16.567

14.124

-14.7

2005

16.567

13.680

-17.4

2006

16.567

13.190

-20.4

2007

16.567

12.893

-22.2

2008

16.567

12.345

-25.5

2009

16.567

12.382

-25.3

2010

16.567

12.182

-26.5

2011

16.567

11.859

-28.4

2012

16.567

11.585

-30.1

2013

16.567

11.394

-31.2

2014

16.567

11.217

-32.3

2015

16.567

11.179

-32.5

2016

16.567

11.082

-33.1

2017

16.512

10.820

-34.7

2018

16.512

10.564

-36.2

Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS) based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

Notes: Constant dollars were computed using the Consumer Price Index for all Urban Consumers (CPI-U).

How Have States Used TANF Funds?

Figure 1 shows the uses of federal TANF grants to states and state MOE funds in FY2017. In FY2017 In FY2018, a total of $31.13 billion of both federal TANF and state MOE expenditures were either expended or transferred to other block grant programs. Basic assistanceAssistance—ongoing benefits to families to meet basic needs—represented 2321% ($7.16.7 billion) of total FY2017FY2018 TANF and MOE dollars.

TANF is a major contributor of child care funding. In FY2017, $5FY2018, $5.3 billion (1617% of all TANF and MOE funds) were either expended on child care or transferred to the child care block grant (the Child Care and Development Fund, or CCDF). TANF work-related activities (including education and training) were the third-largest TANF and MOE spending category at $3.3 billion, or 11% of total TANF and MOE funds. TANF also helps low-wage parents by helping to finance state refundable tax credits, such as state add-ons to the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). TANF and MOE expenditures on refundable tax credits in FY2017FY2018 totaled $2.8 billion, or 9% of total TANF and MOE spending.

TANF is also a major contributor to the child welfare system, which provides foster care, adoption assistance, and services to families with children who either have experienced or are at risk of experiencing child abuse or neglect, spending about $2.24 billion on such activities. TANF and MOE funds also help fund state prekindergarten (pre-K) programs, with total FY2017FY2018 expenditures for that category also at $2.56 billion. TANF and MOE funds are also used for short-term and emergency benefits and a wide range of other social services.

Figure 1 shows the uses of federal TANF grants to states and state MOE funds in FY2018.

Figure 1. Uses of TANF Funds by Spending Category, FY2017

FY2018

(Dollars in billions)

Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS) based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

Note: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.

Excludes TANF funds used in the territories and in tribal TANF programs.

For state-specific information on the use of TANF funds, see Table B-1 and Table B-2.

How Much of the TANF Grant Has Gone Unspent?

TANF law permits states to "reserve" unused funds without time limit. This permits flexibility in timing of the use of TANF funds, including the ability to "save" funds for unexpected occurrences that might increase costs (such as recessions or natural disasters).

At the end of FY2017FY2018 (September 30, 20172018, the most recent data currently available), a total of $5.1 billion of federal TANF funding remained neither transferred nor spent. However, some of these unspent funds represent monies that states had already committed to spend later. At the end of FY2017FY2018, states had made such commitments to spend—that is, had obligated—a total of $1.84 billion. At the end of FY2017FY2018, states had $3.37 billion of "unobligated balances." These funds are available to states to make new spending commitments. Table B-3 shows unspent TANF funds by state.

The Caseload

How Many Families Receive TANF- or MOE-Funded Benefits and Services?

This number is not known. Federal TANF reporting requirements focus on families receiving only ongoing assistance. There is no complete reporting on families receiving other TANF benefits and services.

Assistance is defined as benefits provided to families to meet ongoing, basic needs.12 It is most often paid in cash. However, some states use TANF or MOE funds to provide an "earnings supplement" to working parents added to monthly Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) allotments. These "earnings supplements" are paid separately from the regular TANF cash assistance program. Additionally, TANF MOE dollars are used to fund food assistance for immigrants barred from regular SNAP benefits in certain states. These forms of nutrition aid meet an ongoing need, and thus are considered TANF assistance.

As discussed in a previous section of this report, TANF basic assistance accounts for about 24% of all TANF expenditures. Therefore, the federal reporting requirements that pertain to families receiving "assistance" are likely to undercount the number of families receiving any TANF-funded benefit or service.

How Many Families and People Currently Receive TANF- or MOE-Funded "Assistance"?

Table 2 provides assistance caseload information. A total of 1.2 million families, composed of 3.1 million recipients, received TANF- or MOE-funded assistance in September 2018. The bulk of the "recipients" were children—2.3 million in that month. For state-by-state assistance caseloads, see Table B-4.

Table 2. TANF Assistance Caseload: September 2018

Families

1,175,335

Recipients

3,104,094

Child Recipients

2,280,173

Adult Recipients

823,921

Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS) based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

Notes: TANF cash assistance caseload includes families receiving assistance in state-funded programs counted toward the TANF maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement.

How Does the Current Assistance Caseload Level Compare with Historical Levels?

Figure 2 provides a long-term historical perspective on the number of families receiving assistance from TANF or its predecessor program, from July 1959 to September 2017. The shaded areas of the figure represent months when the national economy was in recession. Though the health of the national economy has affected the trend in the cash assistance caseload, the long-term trend in receipt of cash assistance does not follow a classic countercyclical pattern. Such a pattern would have the caseload rise during economic slumps, and then fall again during periods of economic growth. Factors other than the health of the economy (demographic trends, policy changes) also have influenced the caseload trend.

The figure shows two periods of sustained caseload increases: the period from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s and a second period from 1988 to 1994. The number of families receiving assistance peaked in March 1994 at 5.1 million families. The assistance caseload fell rapidly in the late 1990s (after the 1996 welfare reform law) before leveling off in 2001. In 2004, the caseload began another decline, albeit at a slower pace than in the late 1990s. During the recent 2007-2009 recession and its aftermath, the caseload began to rise from 1.7 million families in August 2008, peaking in December 2010 at close to 2.0 million families. By September 2018, the assistance caseload had declined to 1.2 million families.

Figure 2. Number of Families Receiving Cash Assistance, July 1959-September 2018

Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS) with data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

Notes: Shaded areas denote months when the national economy was in recession. Information represents families receiving cash assistance from Aid to Dependent Children (ADC), Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), and TANF. For October 1999 through September 2018, includes families receiving assistance from Separate State Programs (SSPs) with expenditures countable toward the TANF maintenance of effort requirement. See Table A-1 for average annual data on families, recipients, adult recipients, and child recipients of ADC, AFDC, and TANF cash assistance for 1961 to 2017. Table B-5
shows recent trends in the number of cash assistance families by state.

What Are the Characteristics of Families Receiving TANF Assistance?

Before PRWORA, the "typical" family receiving assistance has been headed by a single parent (usually the mother) with one or two children. That single parent has also typically been unemployed. However, over the past 20 years the assistance caseload decline has occurred together with a major shift in the composition of the rolls. Figure 3 shows the change in the size and composition of the assistance caseload under both AFDC (1988 and 1994) and TANF. In FY1988, an estimated 84% of AFDC families were headed by an unemployed adult recipient. In FY2016, families with an unemployed adult recipient represented 32% of all cash assistance families. This decline occurred, in large part, as the number of families headed by unemployed adult recipients declined more rapidly than other components of the assistance caseload. In FY1994, a monthly average of 3.8 million families per month who received AFDC cash assistance had adult recipients who were not working. In FY2016, a monthly average of 485,000 families per month had adult recipients or work-eligible individuals, with no adult recipient or work-eligible individual working.

With the decline in families headed by unemployed adults, the share of the caseload represented by families with employed adults and "child only" families has increased. In FY2017, families with all adult recipients unemployed and families with employed adult recipients each represented 31% of all assistance families. The latter category includes families in "earnings supplement" programs separate from the regular TANF cash assistance program. "Child-only" families are those where no adult recipient receives benefits in their own right; the family receives benefits on behalf of its children. The share of the caseload that was child-only in FY2017 was 38%. In FY2017, families with a nonrecipient, nonparent relative (grandparents, aunts, uncles) represented 14% of all assistance families. Families with ineligible, noncitizen adults or adults who have not reported their citizenship status made up 9% of the assistance caseload in that year. Families where the parent received Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and the children received TANF made up 9% of all assistance families in FY2017.

Figure 3. Characteristics of Assistance Families,
Selected Years FY1988 to FY2017

Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS) tabulations of the TANF national data files.

Notes: TANF cash assistance caseload includes families receiving assistance in state-funded programs counted toward the TANF maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement.

TANF Cash Benefits: How Much Does a Family Receive in TANF Cash Per Month?

There are no federal rules that help determine the amount of TANF cash benefits paid to a family. (There are also no federal rules that require states to use TANF to pay cash benefits, though all states do so.) Benefit amounts are determined solely by the states.

Most states base TANF cash benefit amounts on family size, paying larger cash benefits to larger families on the presumption that they have greater financial needs. The maximum monthly cash benefit is usually paid to a family that receives no other income (e.g., no earned or unearned income) and complies with program rules. Families with income other than TANF often are paid a reduced benefit. Moreover, some families are financially sanctioned for not meeting a program requirement (e.g., a work requirement), and are also paid a lower benefit.

Figure 4 shows the maximum monthly TANF cash benefit by state for a single mother caring for two children (family of three) in July 2016.22017.3 The benefit amounts shown are those for a single-parent family with two children.34 For a family of three, the maximum TANF benefit paid in July 2017 varied from $170 per month in Mississippi to $1,201 per month in New Hampshire. The map shows a regional pattern to the maximum monthly benefit paid, with lower benefit amounts in the South than in other regions. Only New Hampshire (at 60% of the federal poverty guidelines) had a maximum TANF cash assistance amount for this sized family in excess of 50% of poverty-level income.4

5

Figure 4. TANF Cash Assistance Maximum Monthly Benefit Amounts for a Single Parent Family with Two Children, 50 States and the District of Columbia, July 2016

2017

Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the Urban Institute's Welfare Rules Database. The welfare rules database has information for the 50 states and District of Columbia. It does not have information on TANF assistance programs in Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands or tribal TANF programs.

TANF Work Participation Standards

TANF's main federal work requirement is actually a performance measure that applies to the states, rather than individual recipients. States determine the work rules that apply to individual recipients.

What Is the TANF Work Participation Standard States Must Meet?

The TANF statute requires states to have 50% of their caseload meet standards of participation in work or activities—that is, a family member must be in specified activities for a minimum number of hours.56 There is a separate participation standard that applies to the two-parent portion of a state's caseload, requiring 90% of the state's two-parent caseload to meet participation standards.

However, the statutory work participation standards are reduced by a "caseload reduction credit." The caseload reduction credit reduces the participation standard one percentage point for each percentage point decline in a state's caseload. Additionally, under a regulatory provision, a state may get "extra" credit for caseload reduction if it spends more than required under the TANF MOE. Therefore, the effective standards states face are often less than the 50% and 90% targets, and vary by state and by year.

States that do not meet the TANF work participation standard are at risk of being penalized through a reduction in their block grant. However, penalties can be forgiven if a state claims, and the Secretary of HHS finds, that it had "reasonable cause" for not meeting the standard. Penalties can also be forgiven for states that enter into "corrective compliance plans," and subsequently meet the work standard.

Have There Been Changes in the Work Participation Rules Enacted Since the 1996 Welfare Reform Law?

The 50% and 90% target standards that states face, as well as the caseload reduction credit, date back to the 1996 welfare reform law. However, the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (DRA, P.L. 109-171) made several changes to the work participation rules effective in FY2007:

  • The caseload reduction credit was changed to measure caseload reduction from FY2005, rather than the original law's FY1995.
  • The work participation standards were broadened to include families receiving cash aid in "separate state programs." Separate state programs are programs run with state funds, distinct from a state's "TANF program," but with expenditures countable toward the TANF MOE.
  • HHS was instructed to provide definition to the allowable TANF work activities listed in law. HHS was also required to define what is meant by a "work-eligible" individual, expanding the number of families that are included in the work participation calculation.
  • States were required to develop plans and procedures to verify work activities.

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA, P.L. 111-5), a law enacted in response to the sharp economic downturn of 2007-2009, held states "harmless" for caseload increases affecting the work participation standards for FY2009 through FY2011. It did so by allowing states to "freeze" caseload reduction credits at pre-recession levels through the FY2011 standards.

What Work Participation Rates Have the States Achieved?

HHS computes two work participation rates for each state that are then compared with the effective (after-credit) standard to determine if it has met the TANF work standard. An "all-families" work participation rate is computed and compared with the all-families effective standard (50% minus the state's caseload reduction credit). HHS also computes a two-parent work participation rate that is compared with the two-parent effective standard (90% minus the state's caseload reduction credit).

Figure 5 shows the national average all-families work participation rate for FY2002 through FY2017FY2018. For the period FY2002 through FY2011, states achieved an average all-families work participation rate hovering around 30%. The work participation rate increased since then. In FY2016, it exceeded 50% for the first time since TANF was established. However, it is important to note that the increase in the work participation rate has not come from an increase in the number of recipients in regular TANF assistance programs who are either working or in job preparation activities. This increase stems mostly from states creating new "earnings supplement" programs that use TANF funds to aid working parents in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly food stamps) or who have left the regular TANF assistance programs for work.6

7

Figure 5. National Average TANF Work Participation Rate for All Families, FY2002-FY2017

FY2018

Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

How Many Jurisdictions Did Not Meet the All-Families Standard?

Figure 6 shows which states did not meet the TANF all-families work participation standards from FY2006 through FY2017FY2018. Before FY2007, the first year that DRA was effective, only a few jurisdictions did not meet TANF all-families work participation standards. However, in FY2007, 15 jurisdictions did not meet the all-families standard. This number declined to 9 in FY2008 and 8 in FY2009.

In FY2012, despite the uptick in the national average work participation rate, 16 states did not meet the all-family standard, the largest number of states that did not meet their participation standards in any one year since the enactment of TANF. FY2012 was the year that ARRA's "freeze" of the caseload reduction credit expired, and states were generally required to meet higher standards than in previous years.

The number of jurisdictions that did not meet the all-families standard declined over the FY2012 to FY2017 period. In FY2017, two jurisdictionsFY2018, Montana was the only jurisdiction that did not meet the all-family participation standard: Nevada and Guam.

Figure 6. States That Met or Did Not Meet the TANF All-Families Work Participation Standard: FY2006-FY2017

FY2018

(Changes to TANF work participation standard rules under the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 [DRA], effective in FY2007)

Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

Have States Met the Two-Parent Work Participation Standard?

In addition to meeting a work standard for all families, TANF also imposes a second standard—90%—for the two-parent portion of its cash assistance caseload. This standard can also be lowered by caseload reduction.

Figure 7 shows whether each state met its two-parent work participation standard for FY2006 through FY2017FY2018. However, the display on the table is more complex than that for reporting whether a state met or did not meet its "all family" rate.

A substantial number of states have reported no two-parent families subject to the work participation standard. These states are denoted on the table with an "NA," indicating that the two-parent standard was not applicable to the state in that year. Before the changes made by the DRA were effective, a number of states had their two-parent families in separate state programs that were not included in the work participation calculation. When DRA brought families receiving assistance in separate state programs into the work participation rate calculations, a number of states moved these families into solely state-funded programs. These are state-funded programs with expenditures not countable toward the TANF maintenance of effort requirement, and hence are outside of TANF's rules.

For states with two-parent families in their caseloads, the table reports "Yes" for states that met the two-parent standard, and "No" for states that did not meet the two-parent standard. Of the 2829 jurisdictions that had two-parent families in their FY2017FY2018 TANF work participation calculation, 1922 met the standard and 97 did not.

Figure 7. Two-Parent TANF Work Participation Standard, Status by State: FY2006-FY2017

FY2018

("Yes" indicates a state met the standard; "No" indicates the state did not meet the standard; and "NA" means the standard was not applicable to the state in that year [no two-parent families in its caseload].)

Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

Note: A "qual." state is one that has two-parent families within its TANF or SSP caseload.

Appendix A. Supplementary Tables

Table A-1. Trends in the Cash Assistance Caseload: 1961-2017

2018

 

 

 

 

 

TANF Child Recipients

Year

Families (millions)

Recipients (millions)

Adults (millions)

Children (millions)

As a Percentage of All Children

As a Percentage of All Poor Children

1961

0.873

3.363

0.765

2.598

3.7%

14.3%

1962

0.939

3.704

0.860

2.844

4.0

15.7

1963

0.963

3.945

0.988

2.957

4.1

17.4

1964

1.010

4.195

1.050

3.145

4.3

18.6

1965

1.060

4.422

1.101

3.321

4.5

21.5

1966

1.096

4.546

1.112

3.434

4.7

26.5

1967

1.220

5.014

1.243

3.771

5.2

31.2

1968

1.410

5.702

1.429

4.274

5.9

37.8

1969

1.696

6.689

1.716

4.973

6.9

49.7

1970

2.207

8.462

2.250

6.212

8.6

57.7

1971

2.763

10.242

2.808

7.435

10.4

68.5

1972

3.048

10.944

3.039

7.905

11.1

74.9

1973

3.148

10.949

3.046

7.903

11.2

79.9

1974

3.219

10.847

3.041

7.805

11.2

75.0

1975

3.481

11.319

3.248

8.071

11.8

71.2

1976

3.565

11.284

3.302

7.982

11.8

76.2

1977

3.568

11.015

3.273

7.743

11.6

73.9

1978

3.517

10.551

3.188

7.363

11.2

72.8

1979

3.509

10.312

3.130

7.181

11.0

68.0

1980

3.712

10.774

3.355

7.419

11.5

63.2

1981

3.835

11.079

3.552

7.527

11.7

59.2

1982

3.542

10.358

3.455

6.903

10.8

49.6

1983

3.686

10.761

3.663

7.098

11.1

50.1

1984

3.714

10.831

3.687

7.144

11.2

52.3

1985

3.701

10.855

3.658

7.198

11.3

54.4

1986

3.763

11.038

3.704

7.334

11.5

56.0

1987

3.776

11.027

3.661

7.366

11.5

56.4

1988

3.749

10.915

3.586

7.329

11.4

57.8

1989

3.798

10.992

3.573

7.419

11.5

57.9

1990

4.057

11.695

3.784

7.911

12.1

57.9

1991

4.497

12.930

4.216

8.715

13.2

59.8

1992

4.829

13.773

4.470

9.303

13.9

59.9

1993

5.012

14.205

4.631

9.574

14.1

60.0

1994

5.033

14.161

4.593

9.568

13.9

61.7

1995

4.791

13.418

4.284

9.135

13.1

61.5

1996

4.434

12.321

3.928

8.600

12.3

58.7

1997

3.740

10.376

NA

NA

10.0

50.1

1998

3.050

8.347

NA

NA

8.1

42.9

1999

2.578

6.924

NA

NA

6.7

39.4

2000

2.303

6.143

1.655

4.479

6.1

38.1

2001

2.192

5.717

1.514

4.195

5.7

35.3

2002

2.187

5.609

1.479

4.119

5.6

33.6

2003

2.180

5.490

1.416

4.063

5.5

31.3

2004

2.153

5.342

1.362

3.969

5.4

30.2

2005

2.061

5.028

1.261

3.756

5.1

28.9

2006

1.906

4.582

1.120

3.453

4.6

26.7

2007

1.730

4.075

0.956

3.119

4.2

23.2

2008

1.701

4.005

0.946

3.059

4.1

21.6

2009

1.838

4.371

1.074

3.296

4.4

21.2

2010

1.919

4.598

1.163

3.435

4.6

20.9

2011

1.907

4.557

1.149

3.408

4.6

20.9

2012

1.852

4.402

1.104

3.298

4.4

20.3

2013

1.726

4.042

0.993

3.050

4.1

19.1

2014

1.650

3.957

1.007

2.950

4.0

18.9

2015

1.609

4.126

1.155

2.971

4.0

20.4

2016

1.479

3.780

1.037

2.743

3.7

20.7

2017

1.358

3.516

0,930

2.577

3.5

20.1

2018

1.196

3.150

0.833

2.317

3.2

19.5

Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the U.S. Census Bureau.

Notes: NA denotes not available. During transition reporting from AFDC to TANF, caseload statistics on adult and child recipients were not collected. For those years, TANF children as a percent of all children and percent of all poor children were estimated by HHS and published in Welfare Indicators and Risk Factors, Annual Report to Congress, Table TANF 2, p. A-7. See http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/14/indicators/rpt_indicators.pdf.

Table A-2. Families Receiving AFDC/TANF Assistance by Family Category, Selected Years, FY1988-FY2017

 

AFDC

TANF

 

1988

1994

2001

2006

2017

Number of Families Receiving Assistance

Adult Recipient or Work-Eligible Parent/Not Working

3,136,566

3,798,997

992,445

825,490

434,602

Adult Recipient or Work-Eligible Parent/Working

243,573

378,620

420,794

259,001

435,259

Child-Only/SSI Parent

59,988

171,391

171,951

176,670

126,483

Child-Only/Noncitizen Parent

47,566

184,397

125,900

153,445

133,173

Child-Only/Other Ineligible Parent

51,764

146,227

91,447

158,113

4,370

Child-Only/Caretaker Relative

188,598

328,290

255,984

261,944

198,103

Child-Only/Unknown

19,897

38,341

143,834

122,738

70,882

Totals

3,747,952

5,046,263

2,202,356

1,957,402

1,402,871

Percentage of All Families Receiving Assistance

Adult Recipient or Work-Eligible Parent/Not Working

83.7%

75.3%

45.1%

42.2%

31.0%

Adult Recipient or Work-Eligible Parent/Working

6.5

7.5

19.1

13.2

31.0

Child-Only/SSI Parent

1.6

3.4

7.8

9.0

9.0

Child-Only/Noncitizen Parent

1.3

3.7

5.7

7.8

9.5

Child-Only/Other Ineligible Parent

1.4

2.9

4.2

8.1

0.3

Child-Only/Caretaker Relative

5.0

6.5

11.6

13.4

14.1

Child-Only/Unknown

0.5

0.8

6.5

6.3

5.1

Totals

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS) tabulations of the FY1988 and FY1994 AFDC Quality Control (QC) data files and the FY2001, FY2006, and FY2017 TANF National Data Files.

Notes: FY2001 through FY2017 data include families receiving assistance from separate state programs (SSPs) with expenditures countable toward the TANF maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement. For FY2016FY2017, TANF families with an adult recipient include those families with "work-eligible" nonrecipient parents. These include nonrecipient parents who have been time-limited or sanctioned off the rolls, but the family continues to receive a reduced benefit. For FY2001 and FY2006, such families cannot be identified and are classified as "child-only" families.

Appendix B. State Tables

Table B-1. Use of FY2017FY2018 TANF and MOE Funds by Category

(Dollars in millions)

Child Welfare

State

Basic Assistance

Administrative Costs

Child Care

Work, Education, and Training

Child Care

Refundable Tax Credit

Emergency and Short-Term Benefits

Refund-able Tax Credits

Pre-K/Head Start

Child Welfare

Administ-ration

Pre-K/Head Start

Emer-gency Short-Term Benefits

Other

Benefits and Services

Totals

Alabama

$22.318

20.322

$26.710

5.869

$5.349

6.318

$5.679

0.000

$0.000

22.273

$36.833

40.456

$32.240

19.381

$41.648

34.229

$40.208

34.613

$210.984

183.461

Alaska

58.114

42.074

6.024

18.167

8.397

775

8.879

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

8.356

0.000

303

4.985

15.111

86.399

92.786

Arizona

37.732

41.697

43.656

2.547

1.443

0.377

0.000

0.000

10.369

227.246

147.105

19.510

0.000

9.483

119.624

33.361

359.929

334.222

Arkansas

5.948

4.099

18.829

15.515

13.920

14.674

8.032

0.000

0.000

108.351

5.368

0.330

0.231

13.143

105.196

4.079

4.811

985

162.335

165.175

California

2539.250

2,329.995

573.786

742.572

1620.135

1,778.602

615.700

0.000

0.000

237.887

0.003

0.000

536.493

0.000

254.368

1010.169

951.812

6596.928

6,593.846

Colorado

89.927

55.969

23.474

17.933

10.687

675

11.929

78.133

77.489

62.010

31.389

46.305

46.532

23.917

74.851

20.468

43.716

65.744

409.995

381.154

Connecticut

52.352

50.236

46.885

39.992

12.037

11.732

41.764

56.444

0.000

76.203

18.646

62.230

61.273

36.063

83.561

19.726

171.132

145.736

487.651

498.362

Delaware

17.421

13.868

4.736

76.442

7.063

3.791

67.490

0.000

0.000

2.724

0.000

0.000

3.521

0.000

2.649

15.160

16.273

114.595

116.543

District of Columbia

121.650

114.482

8.398

59.117

37.991

29.873

59.532

0.000

28.928

0.000

51.110

0.000

0.000

9.730

0.000

67.559

9.299

8.899

316.909

289.659

Florida

163.180

160.443

83.371

316.879

46.314

43.770

318.206

0.000

0.000

0.934

269.205

242.113

70.038

0.000

902

80.542

325

934.661

941.562

Georgia

86.540

95.550

20.570

22.183

11.265

10.626

22.183

0.000

0.000

0.085

247.792

257.554

19.767

0.000

4.672

90.828

89.556

489.024

490.146

Hawaii

39.957

28.603

16.540

11.042

52.170

41.180

4.972

0.000

0.000

181

0.425

536

1.294

13.425

0.000

5.701

84.876

98.041

200.233

198.708

Idaho

7.871

8.219

7.519

13.637

2.549

759

15.025

0.000

0.000

1.509

11.750

1.507

1.327

7.759

1.475

12.651

1.713

506

49.229

547

Illinois

43.419

31.883

0.184

593.251

18.685

19.252

596.459

66.150

47.254

106.476

0.916

242.283

221.080

0.062

58.586

0.740

79.217

83.502

1065.801

1,143.599

Indiana

16.714

14.744

23118.452

182.300

83.762

112.404

27.530

28.904

0.000

0.546

9.337

15.520

24.102

0.000

388

131.405

136.557

511.244

414.873

Iowa

37.166

33.549

8.206

58.003

11.799

10.485

58.254

25.939

26.505

0.000

0.253

55.569

62.264

5.965

0.000

298

22.299

21.696

226.746

211.506

Kansas

13.920

026

14.568

6.673

1.594

021

6.673

49.902

48.347

15.198

0.071

24.611

22.980

11.446

14.437

0.001

50.495

43.604

173.086

165.480

Kentucky

170.762

172.118

14.601

36.051

29.380

026

38.815

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

11.201

0.000

15.474

13.154

269.032

261.549

Louisiana

19.191

673

18.079

11.122

26.153

33.016

10.214

13.627

14.671

45.490

9.471

37.556

33.144

18.429

45.991

11.686

35.029

34.916

211.945

225.516

Maine

25.693

30.393

3.138

16.412

0.310

12.457

14.888

7.592

7.561

0.719

4.162

8.425

7.683

5.099

0.415

4.867

28.130

31.073

91.980

117.038

Maryland

115.787

111.809

31.019

7.336

31.450

28.247

8.397

152.658

152.582

58.188

26.370

017

20.035

21.845

55.962

42.786

55.808

51.461

497.410

500.347

Massachusetts

207.063

197.096

36.557

338.728

174.674

168.496

327.404

173.120

174.125

0.000

103.873

5.412

8.311

37.800

0.000

106.280

66.263

68.388

1,098.270

095.319

Michigan

133.132

168.726

53.908

27.829

5.417

4.868

26.586

47.087

45.440

187.157

66.929

98.198

81.665

53.241

186.193

66.007

649.995

750.442

1,249.266

403.556

Minnesota

98.144

85.569

46.341

156.198

57.751

61.434

173.904

152.779

160.076

5.700

27.478

0.000

0.000

54.632

5.700

24.678

19.524

22.180

588.918

563.170

Mississippi

8.585

7.283

4.572

1.715

33.655

28.282

27.660

0.000

0.000

0.000

20.758

12.859

16.345

0.000

43.971

60.413

131.302

134.797

Missouri

42.341

35.600

7.317

48.658

19.813

77.253

64.380

0.000

0.000

59.191

131.817

102.816

7.822

0.000

76.644

60.586

37.671

356.444

415.466

Montana

26.080

25.091

7.451

9.410

6.282

3.931

10.495

0.000

0.000

2.195

460

3.187

4.688

0.000

2.748

9.708

11.092

65.397

59.420

Nebraska

26.603

057

5.383

22.244

14.079

11.926

23.489

33.834

35.062

0.000

0.000

4.174

2.836

5.032

0.000

146

0.290

741

107.742

104.154

Nevada

39.108

38.178

9.559

16.590

1.362

489

17.887

0.000

0.000

0.000

15.604

0.000

8.163

0.000

2.721

34.465

20.390

102.382

103.135

New Hampshire

18.987

30.651

11.041

4.582

5.403

7.689

15.118

0.000

0.000

2.213

5.309

3.662

11.234

0.000

7.129

17.081

733

73.505

84.327

New Jersey

99.529

81.594

52.403

166.219

77.142

80.724

159.671

348.961

354.819

549.240

16.630

0.000

0.000

51.532

560.009

15.091

58.912

71.483

1,379.114

364.843

New Mexico

55.422

419

5.073

31.278

18.259

902

30.528

71.929

74.623

41.168

0.000

870

0.895

4.953

17.600

2.919

84.412

19.230

286.811

246.666

New York

1,455.625

489.959

389.219

577.447

147.068

131.513

355.940

1,403.065

1,410.980

498.970

219.797

247.188

290.559

417.750

467.685

313.621

361.475

308.739

5,098.348

388.252

North Carolina

41.570

36.847

43.356

216.874

4.785

5.437

194.900

0.000

0.000

120.828

5.077

124.292

125.782

44.812

115.709

5.421

44.926

42.710

576.104

597.221

North Dakota

4.070

3.934

4.422

1.074

4.070

3.893

1.102

0.000

0.000

0.019

28.739

17.270

4.255

0.000

019

1.274

212

32.226

43.127

Ohio

246.989

236.819

117.873

405.938

87.008

90.064

424.009

0.000

0.000

53.852

11.916

11.099

110.937

0.000

54.605

191.421

222.014

1,132.250

292

Oklahoma

42.603

29.493

11.274

39.188

10.776

9.354

48.668

0.000

0.000

12.079

3.536

14.304

15.999

8.623

12.079

3.155

29.282

30.506

174.217

146.702

Oregon

89.263

83.385

39.235

11.175

16.558

521

12.911

3.381

1.467

8.630

32.130

14.588

12.811

41.043

12.001

32.056

87.605

65.658

303.981

276.435

Pennsylvania

186.912

167.239

79.850

478.148

98.385

102.955

488.909

0.000

0.000

176.997

15.459

0.000

0.000

73.820

154.677

14.928

169.790

140.721

1,193.982

154.808

Rhode Island

24.435

25.472

5.434

40.366

10.869

9.874

41.679

22.705

19.129

0.000

26.237

23.308

27.334

8.839

0.800

24.855

10.171

12.235

166.088

167.654

South Carolina

38.231

52.919

24.983

4.085

14.782

33.401

4.085

0.000

0.000

26.382

0.000

5.050

0.000

18.931

26.794

0.000

54.010

23.993

162.886

164.761

South Dakota

13.813

15.094

2.581

0.803

3.866

517

0.803

000

0.000

3.174

4.863

1.958

2.016

0.000

3.451

3.057

2.896

29.254

32.639

Tennessee

62.597

18.417

22.152

0.000

9.618

7.592

18.976

0.000

0.000

85.990

0.000

0.000

26.241

61.668

0.000

1.377

0.187

176.387

138.426

Texas

50.837

53.170

77.601

0.000

82.284

84.856

0.000

0.000

340.550

32.166

240.425

284.108

77.213

342.674

3.802

59.966

62.412

929.636

862.428

Utah

25.289

18.920

8.863

23.452

26.555

22.689

21.438

0.000

0.000

7.767

4.419

3.750

3.676

13.811

5.501

2.963

33.702

25.509

129.443

118.861

Vermont

15.230

14.148

6.631

29.849

2.696

1.989

30.996

18.312

19.013

0.000

1.360

5.770

5.508

6.032

0.000

1.317

15.842

925

97.276

93.342

Virginia

68.485

67.733

31.387

37.011

38.944

39.856

32.558

0.000

0.371

4.383

5.269

8.160

0.000

40.268

0.000

4.727

84.885

76.812

261.900

278.950

Washington

143.608

135.807

88.021

227.095

145.004

101.517

222.086

0.000

0.000

39.450

56.731

0.000

0.000

122.470

61.125

58.065

315.382

374.341

1,031.957

058.746

West Virginia

26.753

206

15.010

16.242

0.461

473

15.321

0.000

0.000

19.584

31.757

35.656

14.329

0.000

12.749

26.644

25.317

139.428

127.074

Wisconsin

85.911

82.282

24.187

203.163

27.486

26.142

208.262

69.700

69.700

0.000

38.553

5.364

4.484

26.429

0.000

38.640

122.860

129.371

581.443

091

Wyoming

6.706

9.075

6.481

1.554

3.508

033

1.554

0.000

0.000

939

3.399

0.000

0.000

4.270

1.016

3.175

4.952

1.582

27.615

23.628                      

Totals

7,068.836

6,710.93

2,231.910

5,326.11

3,279.551

340.09

5,026.817

2,822.85

2,797.046

602.83

1,248.578

2,353.48

2,224.848

196.78

2,513.354

1,379.47

4,758.747

603.83

31,149.686

336.37

Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

Note: Excludes TANF funds used in the territories and in tribal TANF programs.

Table B-2. Use of FY2017Uses of FY2018 TANF and MOE Funds by Category as a Percentage of Total Federal TANF and State MOE Funding

Spending

Child Welfare

State

Basic Assistance

Administrative Costs

Child Care

Work, Education, and Training

Child Care

Refundable Tax Credit

Emergency and Short-Term Benefits

Refund-able Tax Credits

Pre-K/Head Start

Child Welfare

Admin-istration

Pre-K/Head Start

Emer-gency Short-Term Benefits

Other

Benefits and Services

Totals

Alabama

10.611.1%

12.73.2%

2.53.4%

2.70.0%

0.012.1%

17.522.1%

15.310.6%

1918.7%

19.118.9%

100.0%

Alaska

6745.3

7.0

19.6

9.7

5

10.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

09.0

0.0

3

5.8

16.3

100.0

Arizona

1012.5

12.1

0.8

0.4

1

0.0

0.0

2.9

68.0

40.9

5.8

0.0

2.8

33.2

10.0

100.0

Arkansas

3.7

2.5

11.6

9.4

8.6

9

4.9

0.0

0.0

65.6

3.3

0.2

0.1

8.0

64.8

2.5

3.0

100.0

California

38.5

35.3

8.7

11.3

24.6

27.0

9.3

0.0

0.0

3.6

0.0

0.0

8.1

0.0

3.9

15.3

14.4

100.0

Colorado

21.9

14.7

54.7

2.6

8

2.9

20.5

18.9

16.3

7.7

12.1

116.3

18.3

5.4

10.7

17.2

100.0

Connecticut

10.7

1

9.6

8.0

2.5

4

8.6

11.3

0.0

15.3

3.8

12.5

12.6

7.2

17.1

4.0

35.1

29.2

100.0

Delaware

15.2

11.9

4.1

65.6

6.2

3.3

58.9

0.0

0.0

2.4

0.0

03.0

0.0

2.3

13.2

14.0

100.0

District of Columbia

38.4

39.5

2.6

20.4

12.0

10.3

18.8

0.0

9.1

0.0

16.1

0.0

0.0

3.4

0.0

23.3

2.9

3.1

100.0

Florida

17.5

0

8.9

33.7

5.0

4.6

340.0

0.0

0.1

28.6

25.9

7.4

0.0

1

8.6

5

100.0

Georgia

17.7

19.5

4.2

5

2.3

2

4.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

50.6

52.7

4.0

01.0

18.6

3

100.0

Hawaii

20.0

14.4

8.3

5.6

26.1

20.7

2.5

0.0

0.0

1

0.2

3

0.6

6.8

0.0

2.9

42.4

49.3

100.0

Idaho

16.0

6

15.3

27.5

5.2

6

30.5

0.0

03.0

23.9

3.0

215.7

3.0

25.5

3.5

0

100.0

Illinois

4.1

2.8

0.0

51.9

1.8

7

56.0

5.8

4.4

9.3

0.1

21.2

20.7

0.0

5.5

0.1

7.4

3

100.0

Indiana

3.3

6

428.6

35.7

20.2

22.0

6.6

5.7

0.0

0.1

2.3

3.0

5.8

0.0

1

25.7

32.9

100.0

Iowa

16.4

15.9

3.6

27.4

5.2

0

25.7

12.3

11.7

0.0

0.1

26.3

27.5

2.8

0.0

1

9.8

10.3

100.0

Kansas

8.0

7.9

8.4

4.0

0.9

6

3.9

30.2

27.9

9.2

0.0

14.9

13.3

6.9

8.3

0.0

29.2

26.3

100.0

Kentucky

63.5

65.8

5.4

13.8

10.9

11.1

14.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

4.3

0.0

5.8

0

100.0

Louisiana

9.1

8.7

8.5

4.9

12.3

14.6

4.8

6.0

6.9

20.2

4.5

16.7

15.6

8.2

21.7

5.2

1615.5

100.0

Maine

27.9

26.0

3.4

14.0

0.3

10.6

16.2

6.5

8.2

0.6

4.5

7.2

84.4

0.5

4.2

30.6

26.5

100.0

Maryland

2322.3

6.2

1.5

6.3

5.6

1.7

30.5

30.7

11.6

5.3

2

4.0

4

11.3

8.6

11.2

10.3

100.0

Massachusetts

18.9

0

3.3

30.9

15.9

4

2915.8

15.9

0.0

90.5

0.8

3.5

0.0

9.7

6.0

2

100.0

Michigan

10.7

12.0

4.3

2.0

0.4

3

2.1

3.4

3.6

13.3

5.4

7.0

6.5

3.8

14.9

4.7

52.0

53.5

100.0

Minnesota

16.7

15.2

7.9

27.7

9.8

10.9

29.5

27.1

27.2

1.0

4.7

0.0

0.0

9.7

1.0

4.4

3.3

9

100.0

Mississippi

6.5

5.4

3.5

1.3

25.6

21.0

21.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

15.4

9.8

12.1

0.0

33.5

44.8

100.0

Missouri

11.9

8.6

2.1

11.7

518.6

18.1

0.0

0.0

16.6

31.7

28.8

1.9

0.0

18.4

17.0

9.1

100.0

Montana

39.9

42.2

11.4

15.8

96.6

160.0

0.0

3.4

4.1

47.9

0.0

4.6

14.8

18.7

100.0

Nebraska

24.7

25.0

5.0

21.4

13.1

11.5

21.8

32.5

32.5

0.0

04.0

2.6

4.8

0.0

1

0.3

7

100.0

Nevada

38.2

37.0

9.3

16.1

1.3

4

17.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

15.1

0.0

7.9

0.0

2.6

33.7

19.8

100.0

New Hampshire

25.8

36.3

15.0

5.4

7.4

9.1

20.6

0.0

0.0

3.0

6.3

5.0

13.3

0.0

8.5

23.2

21.0

100.0

New Jersey

7.2

6.0

3.8

12.2

5.6

9

1125.6

25.7

40.2

1.2

0.0

0.0

3.8

40.6

1.1

4.3

5.2

100.0

New Mexico

19.3

22.5

1.8

12.7

6.4

7.7

10.6

29.2

26.0

16.7

0.0

4

0.3

2.0

6.1

1.2

29.4

7.8

100.0

New York

28.6

27.7

7.6

10.7

2.9

4

726.0

27.7

9.3

4.3

6

5.7

7.8

9.2

5.8

7.1

5.7

100.0

North Carolina

76.2

7.5

36.3

0.8

9

33.8

0.0

0.0

20.2

0.9

20.8

21.8

7.5

20.1

0.9

7.8

2

100.0

North Dakota

12.6

9.1

13.7

2.5

12.6

9.0

3.4

0.0

0.0

0.1

66.6

53.6

9.9

0.0

4.0

2.8

100.0

Ohio

21.8

20.9

10.4

35.9

7.7

8.0

37.4

0.0

0.0

4.8

1.1

1.0

9.8

0.0

4.8

16.9

19.6

100.0

Oklahoma

24.5

20.1

6.5

26.7

6.2

4

27.9

0.0

0.0

8.2

2.0

9.8

9.2

5.9

6.9

2.2

1620.8

100.0

Oregon

29.4

30.2

12.9

4.0

5.4

6.0

41.2

0.5

3.1

10.6

5.3

4.2

14.8

3.9

11.6

2823.8

100.0

Pennsylvania

15.7

14.5

6.7

41.4

8.2

9

40.9

0.0

0.0

15.3

1.3

0.0

0.0

6.4

13.0

1.3

1412.2

100.0

Rhode Island

14.7

15.2

3.3

24.1

6.5

5.9

25.1

13.5

11.5

0.0

15.8

13.9

16.5

5.3

0.5

14.8

6.1

7.3

100.0

South Carolina

23.5

32.1

15.3

2.5

9.1

20.3

2.5

0.0

016.0

0.0

3.1

0.0

11.5

16.4

0.0

33.2

14.6

100.0

South Dakota

4746.2

8.8

2.5

13.2

10.8

2.7

0.0

0.0

1014.9

6.7

2

0.0

10.6

10.5

8.9

100.0

Tennessee

35.5

13.3

12.6

0.0

5.5

10.8

0.0

0.0

62.1

0.0

019.0

350.0

0.8

1

100.0

Texas

5.5

6.2

8.3

0.0

8.9

9.8

0.0

0.0

39.5

3.5

27.9

30.6

9.0

36.9

0.4

6.5

7.2

100.0

Utah

19.5

15.9

6.8

19.7

20.5

19.1

16.6

0.0

0.0

6.5

3.4

2

2.8

11.6

4.3

2.5

26.0

21.5

100.0

Vermont

15.7

2

6.8

32.0

2.8

1

31.9

19.6

19.5

0.0

1.4

6.2

5.7

6.5

0.0

1.4

16.3

17.1

100.0

Virginia

26.1

24.3

12.0

13.3

14.9

3

12.4

0.0

0.1

1.6

2.0

9

0.0

14.4

0.0

1.7

32.4

27.5

100.0

Washington

13.9

12.8

8.5

21.4

14.1

9.6

21.5

0.0

0.0

3.7

5.5

0.0

0.0

11.6

5.9

5

30.6

35.4

100.0

West Virginia

19.2

20.6

1012.8

0.3

4

110.0

0.0

1425.0

25.6

11.3

010.0

19.1

9

100.0

Wisconsin

14.8

2

4.2

35.0

4.7

5

35.8

12.0

120.0

6.6

0.9

0.8

4.5

0.0

6.6

21.1

22.3

100.0

Wyoming

24.3

38.4

23.5

6.6

12.7

8

5.6

0.0

04.0

12.3

0.0

0.0

18.1

3.7

13.4

17.9

6.7

100.0

                     

Totals

22.7

21.4

7.2

17.0

10.5

7

16.1

9.0

9.0

8.3

4.0

7.5

7.1

0

8.1

4.4

15.3

14.7

100.0

Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

Note: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding: Excludes TANF funds used in the territories and in tribal TANF programs.

Table B-3. Unspent TANF Funds at the End of FY2017

FY2018

(September 30, 20172018, in millions of dollars)

State

Obligated butBut Not  Spent

Unobligated Balances

and Unspent

Alabama

$190.0

$55.2

86.4

Alaska

48.1

0.0

0.0

36.3

Arizona

0.0

30.7

49.4

Arkansas

32.7

20.4

31.0

53.4

California

307.2

257.8

0.0

Colorado

0.0

96.4

104.5

Connecticut

0.0

0.8

0

Delaware

0.6

7.8

14.1

District of Columbia

0.2

0

32.8

48.7

Florida

17.1

15.9

0.0

Georgia

23.8

10.7

40.9

66.8

Hawaii

15.6

20.7

225.8

280.6

Idaho

0.0

20.0

13.8

Illinois

0.0

0.0

Indiana

46.3

13.7

109.5

50.8

Iowa

3.8

0.7

0.5

0

Kansas

0.4

2.0

67.9

73.8

Kentucky

0.0

66.5

63.8

Louisiana

7.9

9.5

0.0

Maine

5.6

14.2

141.1

130.8

Maryland

0.0

0.0

8.6

Massachusetts

0.0

0.0

Michigan

0.0

116.8

56.1

Minnesota

0.0

59.3

58.0

Mississippi

0.0

23.6

8.4

Missouri

0.0

05.3

Montana

10.3

0.0

13.1

15.6

Nebraska

0.0

64.2

70.4

Nevada

23.7

0.0

0.0

32.8

New Hampshire

0.0

57.5

55.4

New Jersey

22.7

10.9

35.0

11.1

New Mexico

52.9

0.0

38.3

88.7

New York

121.4

34.1

519.5

513.3

North Carolina

41.7

51.1

0.0

North Dakota

0.0

1.9

9.7

0.0

Ohio

462.7

542.3

29.4

0.5

Oklahoma

76.3

134.5

0.0

Oregon

0.0

50.3

13.8

Pennsylvania

63.3

77.4

427.0

430.7

Rhode Island

0.0

11.1

16.8

South Carolina

0.0

0.0

South Dakota

0.0

22.5

19.6

Tennessee

0.0

517.8

570.7

Texas

190.0

204.9

1.3

123.5

Utah

0.0

79.2

60.6

Vermont

0.0

0.0

Virginia

8.0

6.9

122.0

133.9

Washington

0.0

65.1

48.4

West Virginia

0.0

57.4

74.6

Wisconsin

167.1

0.0

33.2

175.6

Wyoming

2.6

4.5

22.8

25.4      

Total

Totals

1,771.0

434.9

3,303691.1

Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

Note: Excludes TANF funds used in the territories and in tribal TANF programs.

Table B-4. Number of Families, Recipients, Children, and Adults Receiving TANF Assistance by State, September 2018

State

Families

Recipients

Children

Adults

Alabama

8,182

18,425

15,032

3,393

Alaska

2,571

6,815

4,732

2,083

Arizona

7,372

15,106

12,084

3,022

Arkansas

2,859

6,357

4,767

1,590

California

409,043

1,331,457

940,730

390,727

Colorado

12,502

32,692

22,727

9,965

Connecticut

8,964

18,713

13,545

5,168

Delaware

3,761

10,450

6,272

4,178

District of Columbia

5,840

16,632

12,546

4,086

Florida

41,469

65,627

56,117

9,510

Georgia

10,484

20,246

18,353

1,893

Guam

491

1,083

929

154

Hawaii

4,274

11,653

8,294

3,359

Idaho

2,046

2,996

2,912

84

Illinois

11,048

21,810

19,689

2,121

Indiana

6,048

12,053

10,982

1,071

Iowa

9,650

23,295

17,746

5,549

Kansas

4,360

4,359

2,619

1,740

Kentucky

18,774

37,748

32,695

5,053

Louisiana

5,402

13,292

11,007

2,285

Maine

17,367

57,543

35,301

22,242

Maryland

17,352

42,996

32,025

10,971

Massachusetts

50,270

124,630

85,801

38,829

Michigan

12,338

30,453

24,978

5,475

Minnesota

16,973

40,370

31,246

9,124

Mississippi

4,040

7,907

6,399

1,508

Missouri

10,761

24,687

19,063

5,624

Montana

3,691

9,156

7,010

2,146

Nebraska

4,832

11,945

9,954

1,991

Nevada

9,023

22,836

17,191

5,645

New Hampshire

5,257

12,575

9,081

3,494

New Jersey

10,326

23,089

18,000

5,089

New Mexico

10,632

26,529

20,122

6,407

New York

122,363

313,143

221,544

91,599

North Carolina

14,574

25,263

22,791

2,472

North Dakota

984

2,453

2,072

381

Ohio

42,549

75,664

69,415

6,249

Oklahoma

6,176

13,696

11,958

1,738

Oregon

40,932

120,311

77,812

42,499

Pennsylvania

45,022

111,572

83,045

28,527

Puerto Rico

4,992

13,559

8,411

5,148

Rhode Island

4,197

9,954

7,274

2,680

South Carolina

8,314

18,326

15,449

2,877

South Dakota

2,952

5,944

5,489

455

Tennessee

20,951

45,131

36,178

8,953

Texas

26,109

56,501

49,307

7,194

Utah

3,546

8,438

6,290

2,148

Vermont

2,918

6,599

4,703

1,896

Virgin Islands

160

496

334

162

Virginia

20,513

35,157

27,510

7,647

Washington

37,270

88,286

60,717

27,569

West Virginia

6,572

12,845

10,768

2,077

Wisconsin

15,740

34,089

28,275

5,814

Wyoming

499

1,142

882

260

Totals

1,175,335

3,104,094

2,280,173

823,921

Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

Notes: TANF cash assistance caseload includes families receiving assistance in state-funded programs counted toward the TANF maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement.

Table B-5. Number of Needy Families with Children Receiving Assistance by State, September of Selected Years

 

Percentage Change to 2018 from

State

1994

2010

2017

2018

1994

2010

2017

Alabama

48,752

23,052

9,326

8,182

-83.2

-64.5

-12.3

Alaska

12,450

3,507

3,093

2,571

-79.3

-26.7

-16.9

Arizona

72,728

18,774

8,222

7,372

-89.9

-60.7

-10.3

Arkansas

25,298

8,469

3,072

2,859

-88.7

-66.2

-6.9

California

916,795

590,121

511,311

409,043

-55.4

-30.7

-20.0

Colorado

40,544

11,707

16,646

12,502

-69.2

6.8

-24.9

Connecticut

60,336

16,848

9,798

8,964

-85.1

-46.8

-8.5

Delaware

11,408

5,508

3,873

3,761

-67.0

-31.7

-2.9

District of Columbia

27,320

8,547

3,124

5,840

-78.6

-31.7

86.9

Florida

239,702

57,742

45,027

41,469

-82.7

-28.2

-7.9

Georgia

141,596

20,133

10,399

10,484

-92.6

-47.9

0.8

Guam

2,089

1,276

541

491

-76.5

-61.5

-9.2

Hawaii

21,312

9,953

4,937

4,274

-79.9

-57.1

-13.4

Idaho

8,635

1,820

1,928

2,046

-76.3

12.4

6.1

Illinois

241,290

24,337

12,613

11,048

-95.4

-54.6

-12.4

Indiana

72,654

36,062

6,962

6,048

-91.7

-83.2

-13.1

Iowa

39,137

21,548

10,694

9,650

-75.3

-55.2

-9.8

Kansas

29,524

15,554

4,462

4,360

-85.2

-72.0

-2.3

Kentucky

78,720

30,875

20,785

18,774

-76.2

-39.2

-9.7

Louisiana

84,162

10,849

5,521

5,402

-93.6

-50.2

-2.2

Maine

22,322

15,377

18,452

17,367

-22.2

12.9

-5.9

Maryland

80,266

25,110

18,611

17,352

-78.4

-30.9

-6.8

Massachusetts

108,985

49,836

51,196

50,270

-53.9

0.9

-1.8

Michigan

215,873

67,241

13,846

12,338

-94.3

-81.7

-10.9

Minnesota

59,987

24,574

18,519

16,973

-71.7

-30.9

-8.3

Mississippi

55,232

11,895

4,891

4,040

-92.7

-66.0

-17.4

Missouri

91,875

39,262

12,452

10,761

-88.3

-72.6

-13.6

Montana

11,416

3,686

4,517

3,691

-67.7

0.1

-18.3

Nebraska

15,435

8,702

5,262

4,832

-68.7

-44.5

-8.2

Nevada

14,620

10,612

9,828

9,023

-38.3

-15.0

-8.2

New Hampshire

11,398

6,175

4,884

5,257

-53.9

-14.9

7.6

New Jersey

122,376

34,516

12,640

10,326

-91.6

-70.1

-18.3

New Mexico

34,535

21,223

11,066

10,632

-69.2

-49.9

-3.9

New York

461,751

154,936

132,675

122,363

-73.5

-21.0

-7.8

North Carolina

129,258

23,705

16,108

14,574

-88.7

-38.5

-9.5

North Dakota

5,410

1,996

1,105

984

-81.8

-50.7

-11.0

Ohio

244,099

105,140

54,161

42,549

-82.6

-59.5

-21.4

Oklahoma

46,572

9,388

6,797

6,176

-86.7

-34.2

-9.1

Oregon

40,504

31,751

43,754

40,932

1.1

28.9

-6.4

Pennsylvania

212,457

53,274

50,615

45,022

-78.8

-15.5

-11.1

Puerto Rico

57,337

13,371

7,000

4,992

-91.3

-62.7

-28.7

Rhode Island

22,776

6,758

4,466

4,197

-81.6

-37.9

-6.0

South Carolina

50,430

19,347

8,672

8,314

-83.5

-57.0

-4.1

South Dakota

6,601

3,291

3,030

2,952

-55.3

-10.3

-2.6

Tennessee

109,678

62,714

24,562

20,951

-80.9

-66.6

-14.7

Texas

284,973

51,931

28,839

26,109

-90.8

-49.7

-9.5

Utah

17,505

6,646

4,013

3,546

-79.7

-46.6

-11.6

Vermont

9,761

3,256

3,371

2,918

-70.1

-10.4

-13.4

Virgin Islands

1,146

537

197

160

-86.0

-70.2

-18.8

Virginia

74,257

37,448

22,232

20,513

-72.4

-45.2

-7.7

Washington

101,542

70,200

35,284

37,270

-63.3

-46.9

5.6

West Virginia

40,279

10,496

7,113

6,572

-83.7

-37.4

-7.6

Wisconsin

75,086

24,746

16,318

15,740

-79.0

-36.4

-3.5

Wyoming

5,351

318

513

499

-90.7

56.9

-2.7

Totals

5,015,545

1,926,140

1,349,323

1,175,335

-76.6

-39.0

-12.9

Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

Notes: Data for Puerto Rico are unavailable for September 2017. Total change excludes data for Puerto Rico for all years. Caseload data for 2000 through 2017 include those families in Separate State Programs with expenditures countable toward the TANF maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement.

Table B-6. TANF Assistance Families by Number of Parents by State: September 2018

 

 

 

 

 

Percentage of Total Families

State

Single Parent

Two Parent

No Parent

Total Fami-lies

Single Parent

Two Parent

No Parent

Total Families

Alabama

3,272

42

4,868

8,182

40.0%

0.5%

59.5%

100.0%

Alaska

1,510

252

809

2,571

58.7

9.8

31.5

100.0

Arizona

2,718

114

4,540

7,372

36.9

1.5

61.6

100.0

Arkansas

1,462

59

1,338

2,859

51.1

2.1

46.8

100.0

California

251,231

27,704

130,108

409,043

61.4

6.8

31.8

100.0

Colorado

9,331

0

3,171

12,502

74.6

0.0

25.4

100.0

Connecticut

2,942

0

6,022

8,964

32.8

0.0

67.2

100.0

Delaware

994

9

2,758

3,761

26.4

0.2

73.3

100.0

District of Columbia

4,086

0

1,754

5,840

70.0

0.0

30.0

100.0

Florida

5,287

215

35,967

41,469

12.7

0.5

86.7

100.0

Georgia

1,982

0

8,502

10,484

18.9

0.0

81.1

100.0

Guam

86

27

378

491

17.5

5.5

77.0

100.0

Hawaii

2,577

611

1,086

4,274

60.3

14.3

25.4

100.0

Idaho

84

0

1,962

2,046

4.1

0.0

95.9

100.0

Illinois

2,199

0

8,849

11,048

19.9

0.0

80.1

100.0

Indiana

1,366

40

4,642

6,048

22.6

0.7

76.8

100.0

Iowa

4,682

390

4,578

9,650

48.5

4.0

47.4

100.0

Kansas

1,806

206

2,348

4,360

41.4

4.7

53.9

100.0

Kentucky

4,308

382

14,084

18,774

22.9

2.0

75.0

100.0

Louisiana

2,268

0

3,134

5,402

42.0

0.0

58.0

100.0

Maine

9,178

6,529

1,660

17,367

52.8

37.6

9.6

100.0

Maryland

10,651

281

6,420

17,352

61.4

1.6

37.0

100.0

Massachusetts

34,435

3,029

12,806

50,270

68.5

6.0

25.5

100.0

Michigan

4,646

0

7,692

12,338

37.7

0.0

62.3

100.0

Minnesota

9,185

0

7,788

16,973

54.1

0.0

45.9

100.0

Mississippi

1,481

0

2,559

4,040

36.7

0.0

63.3

100.0

Missouri

6,301

0

4,460

10,761

58.6

0.0

41.4

100.0

Montana

1,792

282

1,617

3,691

48.6

7.6

43.8

100.0

Nebraska

1,984

0

2,848

4,832

41.1

0.0

58.9

100.0

Nevada

4,161

680

4,182

9,023

46.1

7.5

46.3

100.0

New Hampshire

3,304

37

1,916

5,257

62.8

0.7

36.4

100.0

New Jersey

5,745

59

4,522

10,326

55.6

0.6

43.8

100.0

New Mexico

5,057

675

4,900

10,632

47.6

6.3

46.1

100.0

New York

77,545

2,508

42,310

122,363

63.4

2.0

34.6

100.0

North Carolina

1,772

24

12,778

14,574

12.2

0.2

87.7

100.0

North Dakota

381

0

603

984

38.7

0.0

61.3

100.0

Ohio

5,322

345

36,882

42,549

12.5

0.8

86.7

100.0

Oklahoma

1,738

0

4,438

6,176

28.1

0.0

71.9

100.0

Oregon

27,855

6,521

6,556

40,932

68.1

15.9

16.0

100.0

Pennsylvania

27,889

471

16,662

45,022

61.9

1.0

37.0

100.0

Puerto Rico

4,490

251

251

4,992

89.9

5.0

5.0

100.0

Rhode Island

2,959

164

1,074

4,197

70.5

3.9

25.6

100.0

South Carolina

2,877

0

5,437

8,314

34.6

0.0

65.4

100.0

South Dakota

455

0

2,497

2,952

15.4

0.0

84.6

100.0

Tennessee

8,052

224

12,675

20,951

38.4

1.1

60.5

100.0

Texas

7,194

0

18,915

26,109

27.6

0.0

72.4

100.0

Utah

1,564

0

1,982

3,546

44.1

0.0

55.9

100.0

Vermont

1,322

277

1,319

2,918

45.3

9.5

45.2

100.0

Virgin Islands

131

0

29

160

81.9

0.0

18.1

100.0

Virginia

11,114

0

9,399

20,513

54.2

0.0

45.8

100.0

Washington

17,561

7,313

12,396

37,270

47.1

19.6

33.3

100.0

West Virginia

1,572

0

5,000

6,572

23.9

0.0

76.1

100.0

Wisconsin

4,956

192

10,592

15,740

31.5

1.2

67.3

100.0

Wyoming

223

19

257

499

44.7

3.8

51.5

100.0

Totals

609,083

59,932

506,320

1,175,335

51.8

5.1

43.1

100.0

Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

Notes: TANF cash assistance caseload includes families receiving assistance in state-funded programs counted toward the TANF maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement.

Author Contact Information

Gene Falk, Specialist in Social Policy ([email address scrubbed], [phone number scrubbed])

Acknowledgments

Jameson Carter and Mariam Ghavalyan updated the information in this report. Karen Lynch contributed to the discussion of the TANF funding lapse and legislation to fund TANF in FY2019. Amber Wilhelm produced this report's data visualizations.

Footnotes

The definition of TANF assistance is not in statute. However, because the statutory language has most TANF requirements triggered by a family receiving "assistance," the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) regulations define assistance at 45 C.F.R. §260.31.

1.

Section 1502 of P.L. 116-59. Though the language of P.L. 116-59 says that TANF is extended through November 21, 2019, TANF law itself says that grants are made quarterly. Therefore, the authority was provided to obligate to states their first quarter TANF grant.

2.
23.

States are not required to report to the federal government their cash assistance benefit amounts in either the TANF state plan (under Section 402 of the Social Security Act) or in annual program reports (under Section 411 of the Social Security Act). The benefit amounts shown are from the "Welfare Rules Database," maintained by the Urban Institute and funded by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

34.

Some states vary their benefit amounts for other family types such as two-parent families or "child-only" cases. States also vary their benefits by other factors such as housing costs and substate geography.

45.

In 2017, the HHS poverty guidelines for the contiguous 48 states and the District of Columbia for a family of three was $1,702 per month. Higher poverty lines applied in Alaska ($2,126 per month for a family of three) and Hawaii ($1,933 per month for a family of three).

56.

Families without a work-eligible individual are excluded from the participation rate calculation. It excludes families where the parent is a nonrecipient (for example, disabled receiving Supplemental Security Income or an ineligible noncitizen) or the children in the family are being cared for by a nonparent relative (e.g., grandparent, aunt, uncle) who does not receive assistance on his or her behalf.

67.

See CRS In Focus IF10856, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families: Work Requirements.