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Policy and Legislative Research for Congressional Staff: Finding Documents, Analysis, News, and Training

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Policy and Legislative Research for Congressional Staff: Finding Documents, Analysis, News, and Training

Updated June 28, 2019May 11, 2026 (R43434)
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Summary

This report is intended to serve as a finding aid for congressional documents, executive branch documents and information, news articles, policy analysis, contacts, and training, for use in policy and legislative research. It is not intended to be a definitive list of all resources, but rather a guide to pertinent subscriptions available in the House and Senate in addition to selected resources freely available to the public. This report is intended for use by congressional staff and will be updated as needed.


offices. Introduction

During the legislative process, many documents are prepared by Congress and its committees. Governmental and nongovernmental entities track and record congressional activities, and many more entities chronicle and analyze the development of public policy. The wide availability of such information can be daunting to those involvedinvolved in policy and legislative research. The purpose of thisThis report isaims to assist congressional staffoffices in identifying and accessing key resources used during such research.

The resources' titles and access information are presented in eightseven tables. The tables provide information on how to find congressional documents (Table 1); information on tracking legislative activity (Table 2); executive branch documents and information (Table 3); information about legislative support agencies (Table 4); congressional news sources (Table 5); policy and scholarly research sources (Table 66 and Table 7); and research-related training and services for congressional staff (Table 8).

7). This report is not a comprehensive catalog of resources for conducting policy and legislative research; instead, it provides a selection of widely used electronic resources. Some of the resources mentioned are available only with a paid subscription, whereas others are free; this availability is noted in the report along with the access points for congressional staffoffices. Print resourcesmaterials for time periods not covered by the resources listed in the tables may be available from the Congressional Research Service (CRS), the Law Library of Congress, or the House and Senate Libraries. The inclusion of resources in this report does not imply endorsement by CRS of the content or the products listed. In addition, CRS does not acquire or manage congressional offices' access to subscription resources.

CRS is available to congressional offices for consultation on policy and legislative research or to perform such research upon request. CRS can also advise congressional staff on the use of the resources listed in this report, including advice on how to select the best resource to use, how to search for information within a resource, or how to develop the most effective research methodology. Additional reports on congressional operations are available in the "Congressional Process, Administration,Administration & Elections" page on CRS.gov, at http://www.crs.gov/iap/congressional-process-administration-and-elections.

. Congressional Documents

Table 1 serves as a reference guide for locating congressional documents using both freely available and subscription-based resources. The first column of the table lists documents commonly used in policy and legislative research and typical citations for such documents. The second column lists resources where these documents can be accessed. The third column contains explanatory notes.

Table 2 provides information about how to access House and Senate committee schedules, floor schedules, calendars, and floor proceedings, all of which can be helpful in tracking congressional activities.

Access to subscription resources can vary among CRS, Senate, and House offices. See the notes within the tables for more information. CRS subscriptions can be accessed through the CRS La Follette Congressional Reading Room (locations and hours of operation are available in Table 87). Unless otherwise indicated, all other resources are freely available.

Table A-1 provides additional information on the resources in Table 11, Table 2, and Table 32, including more detailed descriptions and URLs linking directly to the resources (when available).

Table 1. Congressional Documents Document(Sample Citations)

Access Points

Notes

Bills and Resolutions(H.R. 123, S. 345, H.Res. 678,S.J.Res. 910)

Congress.gov

Full text available 1993Table 1. Congressional Documents

The CRS subscription to CQ.com includes bill text from 1995 to present. Years of coverage in House and Senate subscriptions to CQ may differ.

The CRS subscription to ProQuest Congressional includes bill and resolution text for all Congresses. Years of coverage in House and Senate subscriptions to ProQuest Congressional may differ.

Member page.

(S.Amdt. 15, H.Amdt. 75)

The CRS subscription to CQ.com includes the full text of amendments from 2001 to present. Years of coverage in House and Senate subscriptions to CQ may differ.

Includes House votes (1990-present) and Senate votes (1989-present). In an individual bill overview, see the "Roll Call Votes" section, or navigate to the "Actions" tab within a bill page. For more information, see https://www.congress.gov/resources/display/content/Votes+in+the+House+and+Senate.

The CRS subscription to CQ.com includes access from 1983 to present. Years of coverage in House and Senate subscriptions to CQ may differ.

All roll call votes are available in the Congressional Record. To find votes on specific issues, over a time period, or other criteria, call CRS at [phone number scrubbed].

Full text available 1951)

The CRS subscription to ProQuest Congressional includes public law text for all Congresses. Years of coverage in House and Senate subscriptions to ProQuest Congressional may differ.

Statutes at Large
(124 Stat. 119)

The House Office of the Legislative Counsel prepares(HOLC) maintains unofficial compilations of selected public laws, as amended, that either do not appear in the U.S. Code or that have been classified to a title of the Code that has not been enacted into positive law. Each compilation indicates the most recently enacted public law that amended the provisions compiled. See https://legcounsel.house.gov/HOLC/Resources/comps_alpha.html.

Full text available 1873-2018.

The Congressional Record bound edition is the permanent version. The bound edition is edited, revised, and rearranged, and so does not exactly replicate the daily version. The pagination is continuous for each session, but there is no H, S, or E (for Extensions of Remarks) before each page number. There is a volume number for each session and there are numerous parts to each volume. The final two volumes of the permanent Record of each session are an index containing a history of bills and resolutions and a compilation of Daily Digests for the session.

Congressional Record, daily edition(158 Cong. Rec. H5618)

Full text available 1995-present. See "Congressional Record" link at top of any page.

The Congressional Record, daily edition, reports each day's proceedings in Congress and is published on the succeeding day. Pagination is preceded by an H, S, or E, to indicate whether the recorded text took place in the House, the Senate, or was an Extension of Remarks. Periodically, throughout a session, indices to the daily Record are published.

Committee Hearings (H.Hrg. 105-209, S.Hrg. 106-67) Committee websites may offer transcripts, witness statements, or webcasts. To locate committee websites, see listed information on the Congress.gov committee pages. Congress.gov committee pages, at https://www.congress.gov/committees.

See "Committee Repository" for House committee documents, which may include witness bios, statements, and preliminary transcripts.

The CRS subscription to ProQuest Congressional includes records of hearings from 1824 to present. Full text of the published hearing is available when it is issued by GPO. Unofficial transcripts may be available for unpublished hearings and hearings not yet published by GPO. Years of coverage in House and Senate subscriptions to ProQuest Congressional may differ.

The CRS subscription to CQ.com includes unofficial hearing transcripts for selected hearings from 19951989 to present. Years of coverage in House and Senate subscriptions to CQ may differ.

C-SPAN

The CRS subscription to ProQuest Congressional includes committee report text going back to 1789. Years of coverage in House and Senate subscriptions to ProQuest Congressional may differ.

The CRS subscription to CQ.com includes full text from 1995 to present. Years of coverage in House and Senate subscriptions to CQ may differ.

The CRS subscription to CQ.com includes committee markup coverage, including committee votes, from 19951989 to present, with committee amendments from 2005 to present. Years of coverage in House and Senate subscriptions to CQ may differ.

Committees sometimes make markup materials available. To locate committee websites, see listed information on the Congress.gov committee pages. http://docs.house.gov/U.S. House of Representatives Document Repository Congress.gov committee pages at https://www.congress.gov/committees.

Full text available 19911995-present. Select prints available from prior years. -present at https://www.govinfo.gov/app/collection/cprt.

Document
(Sample Citations)

Access Points

Notes

Bills and Resolutions

(H.R. 123, S. 345, H.Res. 678,
S.J.Res. 910)

Congress.gov

Full text available 1989-present. Bill summaries available 1973-present.

-present. Bill summaries available 1973-present. Selected bill text and summaries available for prior years. Coverage date details are available here. Bill text may not be available for several days following introduction or subsequent congressional action.

 

CQ.com

CQ.com

 

ProQuest Congressional

ProQuest Congressional

Draft Legislation and Amended Legislation not yet available in Congress.gov

Member or committee websites

Committees may make draft legislation or scanned markups of legislation available. To locate committee websites, see listed information on the Congress.gov committee pages at https://www.congress.gov/committees. Individual sponsors may also post draft legislation on their individual House or Senate Member websites.

U.S. House of Representatives Document Repository

Committee documents may include draft legislation to be discussed at committee meetings.

CQ.com

 

docs.house.gov

Committee documents may include draft legislation to be discussed at committee meetings.

 

CQ.com

Manager's amendments and scanned markups of reported bills may be posted on "Bills to be Considered on the House Floor."

Draft legislation circulating among Members and the press prior to formal introduction may be available on the CQ "Hot Docs" page or the "Draft Bill Text" page.

Floor Amendments

. Select "Bills" under "Research," and navigate to Hot Docs. Floor Amendments (S.Amdt. 15, H.Amdt. 75)

Congress.gov

Congress.gov

Full text available 1995-present. Amendment status available 1981-present. Amendments can be found under the "Amendments" tab on a bill page, linking to full text in the Congressional Record.

 

Senate Amendment Tracking System

Includes only pending amendments; no older data are retained. See http://ats.senate.gov/.

 

CQ.com

House Rules Committee

When the House Rules Committee votes to report a special rule to the full House for its consideration, a Rules Committee report is prepared, which typically includes the text of any specific amendments made in order by a structured rule. (Amendments that are made in order may be considered when the House debates the legislation.) Legislation that is subject to a special rule generally has a dedicated page on the Rules Committee website with links to, among other information, the text and status of amendments that have been submitted. See here for a list of legislation with special rules.

Senate Amendment Tracking System

Includes only submitted and proposed amendments to legislation pending before the U.S. Senate; no older data are retained.

CQ.com

Roll Call Votes
(Roll no. 30, Record Vote Number: 11)

Congress.gov

This resource links to

Congress.gov

 

House.gov

Available 1990-present. See http://clerk.house.gov/legislative/legvotes.aspx.

 

Senate.gov

Available 1989-present. See https://www.senate.gov/legislative/votes.htm.

 

CQ.com

See the applicable help page for more information.

House.gov

Available 1990-present.

Senate.gov

Available 1989-present.

CQ.com

Public Laws
(P.L. 111-148)

Congress.gov

Congress.gov

Full text available 1995-present.

 

govinfo.gov

Full text available 1995-present.

 

ProQuest Congressional

-present. Older public law text back to 1789 can be accessed through Statutes at Large; see entry below.

govinfo.gov

Full text available 1995-present.

ProQuest Congressional

Statutes at Large(124 Stat. 119)

govinfo.gov

Full text available 1789-2021.

ProQuest Congressional

govinfo.gov

Full text available 1951-2012.

 

ProQuest Congressional

The CRS subscription to ProQuest Congressional includes Statutes at Large from 1789 to 2012for all Congresses. Years of coverage in House and Senate subscriptions to ProQuest Congressional may differ.

 

Law Library of Congress

The digitized U.S. Statutes at Large collection includes full text coverage from 1789 to 1950, available at http://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large.

1951. U.S. Code(42 U.S.C.U.S. Code

(42 USC 543, 35 U.S.C. §123(a))

Office of the Law Revision Counsel

The online U.S. Code is frequently updated, and the currency date is displayed above the text of each section. The main edition of the U.S. Code is published every six years by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the House of Representatives, with annual cumulative supplements. See http://uscode.house.gov/.

Statute Compilations

(Higher Education Act, Public Health Service Act)

Office of the Legislative Counsel

govinfo.gov

Select HOLC Statute Compilations are publicly available through govinfo.gov. Information about the recency of compilation updates can be found here.

Congressional Record BoundCongressional Record Bound

(142 Cong. Rec. 15466)

ProQuest Congressional

The CRS subscription to ProQuest Congressional includes Congressional Record Permanent Edition text going back to 1789 (the Congressional Record was preceded by the Annals of Congress, Register of Debates, and Congressional Globe). Years of coverage in House and Senate subscriptions to ProQuest Congressional may differ.

(142 Cong. Rec. 15466)

govinfo.gov

 

govinfo.gov

Full text available back to 1873.

Congressional Record, daily edition

(158 Cong. Rec. H5618)

Congress.gov

Full text available 1995-present. See "Congressional Record" link at top of any page.

 

CQ.com

The CRS subscription to CQ.com includes full text from 1987 to present. Years of coverage in House and Senate subscriptions to CQ may differ.

 

ProQuest Congressional

The CRS subscription to ProQuest Congressional includes full text from 1985 to present.

ProQuest Congressional

The CRS subscription to ProQuest Congressional includes Congressional Record Permanent Edition text from 1789 to 2009. This includes access to Congressional Record predecessors Annals of Congress, Register of Debates, and Congressional Globe. Years of coverage in House and Senate subscriptions to ProQuest Congressional may differ.

Congress.gov

Full text available 1873-1994.

Access to Annals of Congress (1789-1824), Register of Debates (1824-1837), and Congressional Globe (1833-1873) is available using Browse by Congress. Select a 1789-1873 Congress and see under the Debates of Congress heading.

Congress.gov

Committee Hearings

(H.Hrg. 105-209, S.Hrg. 106-67)

Committee websites

The Congressional Record Index provides topical access to remarks and activities by Members, individuals, organizations, and legislative business mentioned in the daily Record. Index entries include a linked Congressional Record page number and the date.

govinfo.gov

Full text available 1994-present.

CQ.com

The CRS subscription to CQ.com includes full text from 1987 to present. Years of coverage in House and Senate subscriptions to CQ may differ.

ProQuest Congressional

The CRS subscription to ProQuest Congressional includes full text from 1985 to present.

Committee websites

Congress.gov

Committee hearing transcripts are available from 1995 to the present for House, Senate, and joint committee hearings.

govinfo.gov

 

govinfo.gov

See official published hearings on the "Browse Congressional Hearings" page at https://www.govinfo.gov/app/collection/chrg (coverage. Coverage dates vary by committee).

 

docs.house.gov

.

U.S. House of Representatives Document Repository

 

ProQuest Congressional

ProQuest Congressional

 

CQ.com

CQ.com

 

C-SPAN

Offers streaming coverage or recordings of hearings, as well as unofficial captions. The C-SPAN video library contains all C-SPAN programming that has aired since 1987. Some programs aired since 2003 have searchable text transcripts of the program's closed captioning. See https://www.c-span.org/.

Committee Reports

((H.Rept. 112-14, , S.Rept. 110-55) )

Congress.gov

Congress.gov Full text available 1995-present. On a bill page, select the "Committees" tab. Or click on the Committees links at the top of any page and see the links to House and Senate reports on the right side of the page.

 

ProQuest Congressional

govinfo.gov

Select committee reports available from 1817 to present.

ProQuest Congressional

 

CQ.com

CQ.com

Committee Markups and Committee Amendments

CQ.com

CQ.com

 

Committee websites

Congress.gov

Legislation from 1973 to the present can be browsed by committee action, including markup, for the House and the Senate.

Select committee markup transcripts can also be found by keyword searching markup OR "mark up" within a search of committee meetings. See this search example.

Committee websites

 

docs.house.gov

Materials in the "Committee Repository" may include staff memos, documents summarizing legislation or amendments, unofficial transcripts, and vote records.

Note that committee reports may include information on amendments offered in committee or committee votes.

Committee Prints

(H.Prt. 110-23,
S.Prt. 109-88)

govinfo.gov

Selected full

govinfo.gov

Congress.gov

Full text available 1993-present. Select prints available from prior years. See House, Senate, joint committee prints.

ProQuest Congressional

 

ProQuest Congressional

The CRS subscription to ProQuest Congressional includes committee prints from 1830 to present. Years of coverage in House and Senate subscriptions to ProQuest Congressional may differ.

Source: Compiled by the Congressional Research Service (CRS), based on information gathered from the resources and organizations listed. .

Note: Resources listed are available to congressional offices unless otherwise noted.

Table 2. Tracking Congressional Activity

Access Points

Notes

Committee Schedules

Congress.gov

Combined schedule for House and Senate.

Senate.gov

Includes meeting descriptions and locations.

U.S. House of Representatives Document Repository

See http://docs.house.gov/Committee/Calendar/ByWeek.aspx. Includes links to meeting details with links to bills, testimony, and Member statements.

CQ.com

On the CQ homepage, navigate to the "Research" tab, and select "Schedules."

Floor Schedules and Calendars

Congress.gov

See "Floor CalendarsTable 2. Tracking Congressional Activity

See "Bills to Be Considered on the House Floor" for links to the text of legislation scheduled for consideration.

See "On the Floor" for links to CRS products that focus on legislation or some of the key issues involved in legislation slated to receive floor debate during the week.

See "Legislative Activity" tab under "Legislative ActivityInformation" on the homepage. " on the homepage.

 

Access Points

Notes

Committee Schedules

Congress.gov

See https://www.congress.gov/committee-schedule.

 

Senate.gov

See https://www.senate.gov/committees/committee_hearings.htm.

 

CQ.com

On the CQ homepage, navigate to the "Research" tab, and select "Schedules."

 

House.gov

See http://docs.house.gov/Committee/Calendar/ByWeek.aspx.

Floor Schedules and Calendars

Congress.gov

See "Calendars and Schedules" for links to House and Senate leadership schedules outlining when the chamber will meet and legislation scheduled for consideration.

 

docs.house.gov

See "Bills To

U.S. House of Representatives Document Repository

 

CRS.gov

CRS.gov

Floor Proceedings

House.gov

See "Floor Proceedings

Floor Proceedings

House.gov

Senate.gov

 

Senate.gov

See "Floor Proceedings" section on the homepage.

Source: Compiled by CRS.

Note: Resources listed are available to congressional offices.

Executive Branch Documents and Information

Table 3 serves as a reference guide for locating executive branch documents and information using freely available resources. The first column of the table lists documents or information commonly used in policy and legislative research and typical citations for such documents, where applicable. The second column lists resources where these materials can be accessed. The third column contains explanatory notes.

Table A-1 provides additional information on the resources in Table 3, including more detailed descriptions and URLs linking directly to the resources (when available).

Table 3. Executive Branch Documents and Information

Document/Information

Access Points

Notes

Rules, Proposed Rules, and Supplemental Regulatory Sources

FederalRegister.gov

FederalRegister.gov provides access to unofficial, HTML and PDF versions of agency rules, proposed rules, and notices as published in the Federal Register. Coverage is from 1994 to present.

govinfo.gov

GovInfo.gov provides access to official versions of agency rules, proposed rules, and notices through its Federal Register collection. Coverage is from 1936 to present and all volumes are full-text searchable. For 1995-present, content is available to view or download at the article level and by issue; for 1936-1994, content is available to view or download by issue. See the help page for more information.

Regulations.gov

Regulations.gov includes public comments in addition to final regulations, notices, and other regulatory documents. In general, this resource provides coverage from 2002 to present, with some variation by agency.

Reginfo.gov

Reginfo.gov includes information about current, anticipated, and past regulatory actions as well as background information on the rulemaking process. Components include the Regulatory Review Dashboard , which provides information about regulatory actions currently under review, and the Unified Agenda and Regulatory Plan, which "reports on the actions administrative agencies plan to issue in the near and long term" and is useful in identifying the status of planned regulatory changes. Editions of the Unified Agenda are available from 1995 to present. Lists and statistics on regulatory reviews date back to 1981.

Code of Federal Regulations

(15 C.F.R. 254)

govinfo.gov

The Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R.) annual edition is available from 1996 to present. The Parallel Table of Authorities and Rules lists rulemaking authority for regulations codified in the C.F.R.

ecfr.gov

The Electronic Code of Federal Regulations is a regularly updated, unofficial editorial compilation of current C.F.R. material and Federal Register amendments. ecfr.gov allows users to view a C.F.R. section as it appeared on a specific date from January 2017 to present and compare a C.F.R. section from two different dates within that time frame.

Executive Orders

(E.O. 12893)

govinfo.gov

Executive orders are Table 3. Executive Branch Documents and Information

The National Archives and Records Administration provides access to executive orders signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt through President Barack Obama (January 8, 1937 to January 19, 2017).Error! Reference source not found.Published in the Federal Register. Also available from 1993 to present in the Compilation of Presidential Documents. Compilation of Presidential Documents (https://www.govinfo.gov/app/collection/cpd).

Budgets from FY1996FY1922 to present are available from the Government Publishing Office at https://www.govinfo.gov/app/collection/BUDGET.

Information about treaty documents iscan be found at https://www.usa.gov/executive-departments.

Document/Information

Access Points

Notes

Rules, Proposed Rules, and Notices published in the Federal Register

(59 Federal Register 4233)

FederalRegister.gov

FederalRegister.gov provides coverage from 1994 to present.

 

govinfo.gov

govinfo.gov provides coverage from 1936 to present. For 1994-present, content is available at the article level and is full-text searchable; for 1936-1993, content is available to browse and download at the issue level. For more information, see https://www.govinfo.gov/help/fr#searching.

 

regulations.gov

regulations.gov includes public comments in addition to final regulations, notices, and other regulatory documents. Coverage dates vary by submitting agency.

Code of Federal Regulations

(15 C.F.R. 254)

govinfo.gov

The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) annual edition is available from 1996 to present at https://www.govinfo.gov/app/collection/cfr. The Parallel Table of Authorities and Rules (https://www.govinfo.gov/help/cfr#parallel-table) lists rulemaking authority for regulations codified in the CFR.

 

ecfr.gov

The Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR) is a regularly updated, unofficial editorial compilation of current CFR material and Federal Register amendments. It does not contain historical CFR material.

Executive Orders

(E.O. 12893)

Executive Order Disposition Tables (National Archives)

The National Archives and Records Administration compiles and maintains Executive Order Disposition Tables, which provide the status of executive orders from January 8, 1937, to the current administration. See http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/executive-orders/disposition.html.

 

govinfo.gov

Executive orders are also published in the following resources: the Federal Register, Title 3 of the Code of Federal Regulations, and the Compilation of Presidential Documents (https://www.govinfo.gov/app/collection/cpd).

Presidential Proclamations

(Proclamation 9645)

govinfo.gov

. Coverage dates vary between resources.

FederalRegister.gov

FederalRegister.gov provides access to executive orders (EOs) issued since 1937. Users can search for EOs or browse by President.

Executive Orders Disposition Tables Historical Index (National Archives)

Presidential Proclamations

(Proclamation 9645)

govinfo.gov

Presidential Signing Statements

govinfo.gov

Presidential Signing Statements

govinfo.gov

Published in the Federal Register. Also available from 1993 to present in the Compilation of Presidential Documents (https://www.govinfo.gov/app/collection/cpd).

. The President's Fiscal Year Budget Proposal

Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

The OMB website provides the current President's Budget at https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/.

 

govinfo.gov

.

govinfo.gov

. Agency Budget Justifications

Federal agency websites

An agency's budget justification (also referred to as a congressional justification) typically contains a detailed description of each program activity and an explanation of the proposed changes for the next fiscal year. They are usually available on the agency's website, and are also published as part of the appropriations subcommittee hearing.

CRS Report R43470, Selected Agency Budget Justifications for FY2020 agency's appropriations subcommittee hearings. USASpending provides links to the budget justifications for selected federal agencies. .

Agency policy guidance, program information, oversight and performance reports, research reports, and statistics

Federal agency websites

Agencies make a variety of information about their policies and programs available on their websites, including policy manuals, memoranda, notices, program instructions, performance metrics, enrollment/participation numbers, inspector general reports, and research on program planning, implementation, or effectiveness.

A list of executive branch agencies and links to their websites can be found in the United States Government Manual.

Treaties

Congress.gov

Treaties

Congress.gov

Treaty documents are available on Congress.gov for all treaties submitted to the Senate since the 94th Congress (1975-1976).  Treaties submitted prior to the 94th Congress are included if they were pending in 1975.

 

Metadata is available for treaties submitted between 1975 (94th Congress) and 1995 (104th Congress). Full texts of treaty documents are available on Congress.gov from 1995 (104th Congress). Law Library of Congress
(or call CRS: [phone number scrubbed])

U.S. Treaties collection includes the United States Treaty Series (1776-1949), available digitally at http://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans.php, and United States Treaties and Other International Agreements or TIAS (1950-1982), which is only available in print.

 

TIAS (1950-1984). U.S. Department of State

The Department of State's Office of Treaty Affairs compiles and publishes online the texts of treaties and international agreements to which the United States is a party through the Treaties and International Acts Series (TIAS). Treaties and agreements from 1981 to present are available. Within each year, there is a location (country) filter. For years prior to 2006, the collection is not comprehensive. The Department of State's Treaty Office makes all treaties from 1996 to 2019 and selected treaties from prior years available at https://www.state.gov/s/l/treaty/tias/.

Source: Compiled by CRS.

Legislative Support Agencies

Note:

a. Beginning January 20, 2017 (the beginning of the first Trump Administration), executive orders and disposition tables are available only on FederalRegister.gov.

Legislative Support Agencies The legislative support agencies are designed to be nonpartisan, objective, and impartial. The agencies each serve the Congress in different ways. Contact information for each agency and a description of each agency and its services is outlined in Table 4, below. For additional information about support agencies and resources that are helpful for legislative procedure and research, see CRS Report RS20120, Legislative Support Resources: Offices and Websites for Congress. Table 4. Legislative Support Agencies

Agency

Access Point and Contact

Description and Services

Congressional Budget Office (CBO)

https://www.cbo.gov

4
, below.

Table 4. Legislative Support Agencies

Agency

Access Point and Contact

Description and Services

Congressional Budget Office (CBO)

https://www.cbo.gov

Cost estimates:
Budget Analysis Division,
[phone number scrubbed], [email address scrubbed]

 protected] Other inquiries:
Associate Director for Legislative Affairs,
[phone number scrubbed], [email address scrubbed]

 protected] CBO produces independent analyses of budgetary and economic issues to support the congressional budget process, including reports, projections, cost estimates, scorekeeping, sequestration reports, budget options, and others. CBO does not make policy recommendations.

Congressional Research Service (CRS)

http https://www.crs.gov/a Placea

Place a request:
[phone number scrubbed], http://www.crs.gov/PlaceARequest

Connect In-Person:

Longworth Agency Connection Center (Longworth ACC)

Longworth House Office Building, B-245

[phone number scrubbed]

CRS provides comprehensive research and analysis on all legislative and oversight issues of interest to Congress. CRS assists Members and staff with identifying and clarifying policy options; analyzing the implications of proposed policies; and assessing policy, procedural, and oversight options. Acting as a research extension to the staff of each Member and committee, CRS provides consultations, confidential memoranda, reports, briefing documents, videos, advice on process and procedures, expert committee testimony, and seminars.

Government Accountability Office (GAO)

https://www.gao.gov

Congressional relations:
[phone number scrubbed], [email address scrubbed]

 protected] Watchdog (http://watchdog.gao.gov) is a website specifically for Members and congressional staff.b

Connect In-Person:

Longworth Agency Connection Center (Longworth ACC)

Longworth House Office Building, B-245

(202)226-7100

GAO investigates how the federal government spends taxpayer dollars. GAO's work is done at the request of congressional committees or subcommittees or as directed by public laws or committee reports. GAO's products include reports, testimonies, correspondence, and legal decisions and opinions. GAO also produces special publications to assist Congress and executive branch agencies by recommending corrections to problems inchanges for government programs and operations, identifying long-term trends, and examining the nation's fiscal health.

Source: Compiled by CRS from agency websites.

Notes:

Government Publishing Office (GPO)

https://www.gpo.gov/ Contact Us - Member of Congress or Staff: https://ask.gpo.gov/s/contactsupport?type=congress

Congressional relations:

[phone number scrubbed]

https://www.gpo.gov/who-we-are/our-agency/congressional-relations

GPO publishes and distributes information products and services for all three branches of the federal government. They provide permanent public access to federal government information at no charge through the Federal Depository Library Program and GovInfo.gov.

Source: Compiled by CRS from agency websites.

Notes:
Congressional liaison offices in other branches of government, including the judicial branch, executive branch, and independent agencies, boards, and commissions provide information and services to congressional staff. For contact information, see httphttps://www.crs.gov/Resources/LiaisonOffices.

constituent/congressional-liaison-offices. a. The CRS website (http://www.crs.gov) is available only from congressional computers and devices.

Public access to CRS reports is available through https://www.congress.gov/crs-products. b. The GAO Watchdog website (http://watchdog.gao.gov) is available only from congressional computers and devices.

News, Policy, and Scholarly Research Sources

Table 55, Table 6, and Table 76 serve as finding aids for selected resources covering news, scholarly, and policy research that may be related to Congress and the legislative process. Resources in these tables may contain editorial content and analysis. Inclusion of these resources does not imply endorsement of the views held by the publications listed. Please note that these tables are meant to serve as suggested starting points rather than comprehensive lists of news, scholarly, and policy resources. Congressional users seeking subject-specific resources can contact CRS for recommendations. Congressional users may also access databases subscribed to by the Library of Congress such as ProQuest, LexisNexisLexis+, Factiva, EBSCOhost, and many others, onsite in the CRS La Follette Congressional Reading Room and the public reading rooms at the Library of Congress. AdditionallyIn addition, requests for literature searches and full text of specific articles can be submitted to CRS. Congressional users also have access to various databases through the House Library and the Senate Library.

Table 5. Selected Congressional News Sources

Source

Access Point

Bloomberg Government (BGOV)a

https://www.bgov.com

Bloomberg Law (BLAW)a

https://www.bloomberglaw.com

CQa

https://www.plus.cq.com

CQ Roll Call

https://www.rollcall.com

The Hill

https://www.thehill.com

Inside Washington Publishersa

https://iwpnews.com

National Journala

https://www.nationaljournal.com

Politico

https://www.politico.com

Politico Proa

https://www.politicopro.com

Punchbowl Newsa

https://punchbowl.news

Source: Compiled by CRS.

Note: a. A subscription-based resource. Check for availability in a specific office, the House or Senate Libraries, or the La Follette Congressional Reading Room in the James Madison Building. Table 6. Policy and Scholarly Research: Selected Multidisciplinary Sources Source (Maintained by)

Background Information

Statistics/Data

Research Articles/ Reports

Access Point(s)

Bureau of Economic Analysis (U.S. Department of Commerce)

+

+

https://www.bea.gov

Bureau of Labor Statistics

(U.S. Department of Labor)

+

+

+

https://www.bls.gov/

Digital Commons Network (Academic Consortium)

+

+

https://network.bepress.com

EDGAR(U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission)

+

https://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/webusers.htm FRASER and FRED(Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis)

+

+

+

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org

https://fred.stlouisfed.org Google Scholar(Google)

+

+

https://scholar.google.com

HathiTrust Digital Library(Academic Consortium)

+

+

https://www.hathitrust.org

JSTORa(Nonprofit ITHAKA)

+

+

https://www.jstor.org National Academies Press(National Academies)

+

+

https://nap.nationalacademies.org

NBER Working Papers and Publications(National Bureau of Economic Research)

+

+

https://www.nber.org National Technical Reports Library (U.S. Department of Commerce)

+

https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/ OECD Data and Publications(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)

+

+

+

https://www.oecd.org https://data.oecd.org Open Knowledge Repository(World Bank)

+

+

Congressional News Sources

Source

Access Point

Bloomberg Government (BGOV)a

http://about.bgov.com/

Bloomberg Law (BLAW)a

https://www.bloomberglaw.com

CQa

http://www.cq.com

CQ Roll Call

http://www.rollcall.com/

The Hill

http://www.thehill.com/

Inside Washington Publishersa

http://iwpnews.com/

National Journala

http://www.nationaljournal.com

Politico

http://www.politico.com/

Politico Proa

http://www.politico.com/pro

Source: Compiled by CRS.

a. A subscription-based resource available in many House and Senate offices, and also at the CRS LaFollette Congressional Reading Room in the James Madison Building.

Table 6. Policy and Scholarly Research: Multidisciplinary Sources

Source
(Maintained by)

Background Information

Statistics/
Data

Research Articles/ Reports

Access Point(s)

Digital Commons Network
(Academic Consortium)

+

+

https://network.bepress.com

Google Scholar
(Google)

+

+

http://scholar.google.com

HathiTrust Digital Library
(Academic Consortium)

+

+

https://www.hathitrust.org

JSTORa
(Nonprofit ITHAKA)

+

+

http://www.jstor.org/

National Academies Press
(National Academies)

+

+

https://www.nap.edu/

National Technical Reports Library
(U.S. Department of Commerce)

+

https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/

Oxford Research Encyclopedias
(Oxford University Press)

+

http://oxfordre.com/

Social Science Research Network
(Academic Consortium)

+

https://www.ssrn.com/en/

U.S. Census—Topics, Data, Library, & My Congressional District
(U.S. Census Bureau)

+

+

+

https://www.census.gov/topics.html

https://www.census.gov/data.html

https://www.census.gov/library.html

https://www.census.gov/mycd/

Source: Compiled by CRS from the Library of Congress catalog.

Notes: "+" indicates that this type of information is included in the source; "—" indicates that this type of information is not included in the source.

a. A subscription-based resource available in many House and Senate offices, and also at the CRS LaFollette Congressional Reading Room in the James Madison Building

Table 7. Policy and Scholarly Research: Subject-Specific Sources

Source
(Maintained by)

Subject(s)

Background Information

Statistics/
Data

Research Articles/
Reports

Access Point(s)

Bureau of Economic Analysis
(U.S. Department of Commerce)

Economics, Business, and Trade

+

+

https://www.bea.gov/

EDGAR
(U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission)

Finance

+

https://www.sec.gov/edgar/
searchedgar/webusers.htm

FRASER and FRED
(Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis)

Economics, Finance, and Banking

+

+

+

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org

https://fred.stlouisfed.org/

NBER Working Papers and Publications
(National Bureau of Economic Research)

Economics

+

+

http://www.nber.org/

OECD Data and Publications
(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)

International Affairs, Economics

+

+

+

http://www.oecd.org/

https://data.oecd.org/

Open Knowledge Repository
(World Bank)

Economic Development, International Affairs

+

+

https://openknowledge.
worldbank.org/

ERIC and IES
(Institute of Education Sciences)

Education

+

+

+

https://eric.ed.gov

https://ies.ed.gov/pubsearch/

https://ies.ed.gov/data.asp

LLSDC's Legislative Source Book
(Law Librarians' Society of Washington, DC)

Law

+

http://www.llsdc.org/sourcebook

PubAg and Ag Data Commons
(U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Agricultural Sciences

+

+

https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/

https://data.nal.usda.gov/

PubMed
(National Institutes of Health)

Biomedicine, Health Care

+

+

https://www.pubmed.gov

Science.gov
(Interagency Alliance)

Science

+

+

https://www.science.gov/

WorldWideScience
(U.S. Department of Energy)

Science

+

https://worldwidescience.org/

Open Source Center
(Intelligence Community's National Open Source Enterprise)

Intelligence

+

+

+

https://www.opensource.gov

Source: Compiled by CRS.

Note: "+" indicates that this type of information is included in the source; "—" indicates that this type of information is not included in the source.

Training and Services

Table 8 contains a list of locations where congressional staff can obtain training and other services on Capitol Hill.

Table 8. Training and Services

https://oxfordre.com Social Science Research Network (Academic Consortium) https://www.ssrn.com/index.cfm/en U.S. Census—Topics, Data, Library, & My Congressional District (U.S. Census Bureau) https://www.census.gov/topics.htmlbhttps://data.census.gov/https://www.census.gov/library.htmlhttps://www.census.gov/mycd

Source: Compiled by CRS from the Library of Congress catalog.

Notes: "+" indicates that this type of information is included in the source; "—" indicates that this type of information is not included in the source.

a. A subscription-based resource available in many House and Senate offices and also at the CRS La Follette Congressional Reading Room in the James Madison Building. The Census Bureau "Topics" page (https://www.census.gov/topics.html) links to data, news, and tools arranged by various themes such as education or health. The Census's data search platform is at http://data.census.gov. The "Library" page (https://www.census.gov/library.html) collects Census information resources including publications, fact sheets, and videos. The "My Congressional District" page (https://www.census.gov/mycd/) provides selected American Community Survey statistics by congressional district. Training and Services

Table 7 contains a list of locations where congressional staff can obtain training and other services on Capitol Hill.

Table 7. Training and Services Hoursa

Phones monitored:

M-Th 8a-8p

F 8a-6p

Saturday when either chamber is in session 10a-5p

Place a Request monitored: M-Fr 8a-6p

Research and analysis related to legislative issues.

Personalized briefings.

Seminars on the following topics: - Appropriations and Budget- Federal Legal Research- Legislative Process - Policy and Legal Issues

Programs for District Offices.

For training and program descriptions and current schedules, visit http://www.crs.gov/Events/Index.

Phones monitored: M-Th 10a-8p and F 10a-6p

Saturday when either chamber is in session 10a-5p

The reading room is open to visitors M-F 10a-5p

Library of Congress, Madison Building, LM-611

[phone number scrubbed]

[email protected]

https://www.loc.gov/offices/congressional-relations-office/about-this-office/c

M-F 8:30a-5:30p

Library of Congress, Madison Building: LM-242

[phone number scrubbed]

https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/for-congress/ either chamber is in session

Longworth B248

[phone number scrubbed]

s[email protected]

https://housenet.house.gov/page/4398d

Cannon 292

[phone number scrubbed]

[email protected]

https://housenet.house.gov/page/3920eOffers research assistance, subject guides, database access and training. Staff lead trainings on ProQuest, Congress.gov, and digital mapping held in the House Learning Center.

Russell B15

[phone number scrubbed]

[email protected]

https://webster.senate.gov/libraryfOffers research assistance, database access, and training. Staff offer classes both in-person and via webinar on news sources, Congress.gov, and various subscription databases.

Name

Location and Contact

Hours

Services

Congressional Research Service (CRS)

CRS

Phone: [phone number scrubbed] (202-707-5700)
and press 1, 5

http://www.crs.gova

M-Th 8a-8p
F 8a-6p

Research and analysis related to legislative issues.

Personalized briefings.

Seminars on the following topics:
- Appropriations and Budget
- Federal Legal Research
- Legislative Process
- Policy and Legal Issues

Programs for District Offices.

For training and program descriptions and current schedules, visit http://www.crs.gov/Events/Index.

La Follette Congressional Reading Room (LCRR)

Library of Congress, Madison Building: LM-202

Phone: [phone number scrubbed]

M-Th 10a-8p
F 10a-6p
Sat 10a-5p when Congress is in session

Database access; reference and research assistance.

Library of Congress (non-CRS)

Congressional Relations Office (CRO)

202-707-6577

http://www.loc.gov/lcnet/b

M-F 8:30a-6p

Book loans, tours of the Library of Congress, events, and educational resources.

Law Library of Congress

Library of Congress, Madison Building: LM-242

202-707-2700

http://www.loc.gov/law/

M-F 8:30a-8:00p
Sat 8:30a-5p, and wheneverworldbank.org Oxford Research Encyclopedias0(Oxford University Press)

+

+

+

+

+

Name

Location and Contact

Services

Congressional Research Service (CRS)

CRS

Phone: [phone number scrubbed]

http://www.crs.govb

La Follette Congressional Reading Room

Library of Congress, Madison Building: LM-202

Phone: [phone number scrubbed]

Database access; reference and research assistance.

Longworth Agency Connection Center (Longworth ACC)

Longworth House Office Building, B-245

Phone: [phone number scrubbed]

M-F 10a-4p.

Walk-in questions concerning CRS products and services.

Library of Congress (non-CRS)

Congressional and Intergovernmental Relations Office (CRO)

Point of contact to access/request Library of Congress services for Members and staff, including book loans, tours of the Library, events, and educational resources.

Law Library of Congress

While Congress is in session, M-F 8:30a-8p and Sat 8:30a-5p. Phones monitored while either chamber is in session.

While Congress is on recess, M-Th 8:30a-8p, F 8:30a-6p, and Sat 8:30a-5p.

Assists Congress with information and analysis on U.S., foreign, comparative, and international law.

Training in the following topics:
-Legislative research
-Statutory research
-Orientation to Law Library collections
-Congress.gov

Library of Congress Reading Rooms

Library of Congress, Jefferson, Madison, and Adams Buildings

A list of all reading rooms and research centers can be found at httphttps://www.loc.gov/research-centers/. ://www.loc.gov/rr/main/
inforeas/reading.html
.

Hours vary, but most reading rooms are open M-F 8:30a-5p. A few are open until 98:30p M/W/-Th, and a few are open on Saturdays. Hours for all reading rooms can be found at http://www.loc.gov/rr/hours.html.

each reading room is listed by location. Library of Congress staff are able to assist with identifying and requesting materials in general and specialized reading rooms. General and specialized orientations are also available (see https://www.loc.gov/rr/main/inforeas/orient.html).

House of Representatives

Congressional Staff Academy

B249-B and B249-C Longworth HOB

216 and 224 Ford HOB

202-226-3800

[email address scrubbed]

https://housenet.house.gov/StaffAcademyc

M-F 8:30a-5:30p

The Congressional Staff Academy offers a variety of trainings to staff in D.C. and District offices through instructor-led, web-based, and live-online formats. Contact the Academy for details on specific topics.

House Library

292 Cannon

202-225-9000

[email address scrubbed]

https://housenet.house.gov/
legislative/research-and-

references/hou
se-library
d

M-F 9a-6p

research-centers/main/about-this-research-center/consultation-and-orientation/).

House of Representatives

Congressional Staff Academy

M-F 8:30a-5:30p

The Congressional Staff Academy offers training courses to help staff advance their careers. There is a wealth of courses that are personalized based on a variety of topic areas and taught in several formats to make them more accessible. Staff can take the courses in a classroom atmosphere or through webinars.

House Library

M-F 9a-6p

Senate

Senate Library

Russell B15

202-224-7106

[email address scrubbed]

http://webster/librarye

M-F 9a-6p (and whenever the Senate is in session)

Senate

Senate Library

While the Senate is in session, M-F 9a-6p (or until adjournment). During recess, M-F 9am-5p.

Source: Compiled by CRS.

a Notes: a. Appointments may be preferred. Check website information to confirm hours and schedule an appointment if needed. b. The CRS website (http://www.crs.gov) is available only from congressional computers and devices.

b c. The Library of Congress Congressional Relations Office website (httphttps://www.loc.gov/lcnetoffices/congressional-relations-office/about-this-office/) is available only from congressional computers and devices.

c d. The Congressional Staff Academy website (https://housenetstaffacademy.house.gov/StaffAcademy) is available only from congressionalHouse computers and devices.

d e. The House Library website (https://housenetlibrary.house.gov/.house.gov/legislative/research-and-references/house-library) is available only from congressional computers and devices.

e f. The Senate Library website (httphttps://webster/.senate.gov/library) is available only from Senate computers and devices.

Appendix. Alphabetical Listing of Resources with Descriptions

Table A-1 provides an alphabetical listing of, and in some cases additional details about, the resources listed in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3. 3.

Table A-1. Alphabetical List of Resources with Descriptions

://www.congress.gov

This site is jointly administered by the National Archives and Records Administration and the U.S. Government Publishing Office (GPO) to provide an unofficial, HTML edition of the daily Federal Register to make it easier for citizens and communities to understand the regulatory process and to participate in government decisionmaking.

GovInfo provides free online access to official publications from all three branches of the federal government. Govinfo.govGovInfo is managed by the Government Publishing Office (GPO).

This subscription database contains detailed abstracts and links to the full text of many congressional and federal documents, such as the Congressional Record, congressional hearing transcripts, committee prints, and legislative histories. Coverage dates vary by information category, although coverage for most categories begins in 1789 or at some point in the 1800s. ProQuest Congressional is available in all House and Senate offices.

Regulations.gov

https://www.regulations.gov/://www.regulations.gov

Description

Congress.gov

http

Resource

Description

Congress.gov

https://www.congress.gov

Congress.gov is the official website for federal legislative information. It also provides access to the Congressional Record daily edition, committee reportsmaterials, nominations, treaty documents, and executive communications. Congress.gov provides (1) a single search across all available information and years; (2) permanent URLs; (3) faceted search filters; (4) Member profiles; and (5) bill summaries and lists of actions for legislation. The site gives users with legislative branch devices access to CRS reports and products from bill records, the homepage, and help pages. (Congress.gov will eventually replace LIS.gov, though both sites are currently up to date and in use. The LIS retirement date is targeted for Summer 2019.)

CQ (Congressional Quarterly)

http https://www.cq.com

This subscription database provides bill text, summaries, tracking, and analysis. It also includes (but is not limited to) roll-call votes, legislative histories, floor and committee schedules, detailed committee coverage, and hearing transcripts. Coverage dates vary by information category. A basic CQ.com subscription is available in all House and Senate offices.

C-SPAN

http

C-SPAN

https://www.c-span.org

C-SPAN is a private, nonprofit company that provides public access to the political process. It includes a searchable video library of hearings, floor debate, press conferences, speeches, and other types of news programs and events.

U.S. House of Representatives Document Repository

https://docs.house.gov/

Docs.house.gov provides access to committee documents and text of legislation being considered in committee and by the House. Documents are made available in accordance with the rules of the House of Representatives and standards adopted by the Committee on House Administration. Committee documents can be browsed by committee name or searched through a basic search interface. Legislation text can be browsed by date; there is no search functionality for legislation. For more information, see https://docs.house.gov/committee/Help.aspx.

See the help page for more information. eCFR (electronic Code of Federal Regulations)

http https://www.ecfr.gov

The Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFReCFR) is a regularly updated, unofficial editorial compilation of CFRC.F.R. material and Federal Register amendments.

Executive Order Disposition Tables, National Archives and Records Administration

http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/executive-orders/

The text of executive orders appears in the daily Federal Register as each executive order is signed by the President and received by the Office of the Federal Register. Disposition Tables contain information about executive orders beginning with those signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and are arranged according to presidential administration and year of signature. The tables are compiled and maintained by the Office of the Federal Register editors at the National Archives and Records Administration.

FederalRegister.gov

http://www.federalregister.gov

The eCFR Point-in-Time System (https://www.ecfr.gov/reader-aids/using-ecfr) provides a way of exploring the current C.F.R. as well as past versions from January 2017-present.

Executive Orders Disposition Tables Historical Index (National Archives)

https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/executive-orders/disposition

The National Archives and Records Administration provides access to executive orders signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt through President Barack Obama (January 8, 1937 to January 19, 2017). Beginning January 20, 2017, executive orders and disposition tables are available only on FederalRegister.gov.

FederalRegister.gov

https://www.federalregister.gov

govinfo.gov

http://www.govinfo.gov

Govinfo.gov

GovInfo

https://www.govinfo.gov

ProQuest Congressional

congressional.proquest.com

ProQuest Congressional

https://congressional.proquest.com/

regulations.gov

http

Reginfo.gov

https://www.reginfo.gov

The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the General Services Administration maintain the Reginfo.gov website, which can be used to search proposed and final rules under review at OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs and to search the Unified Agenda, which lists upcoming proposed and final rules by agency.

This site provides a government-wide portal for the public to review and comment on published regulatory actions and to view any supporting materials provided by the agency.

Senate Amendment Tracking System (ATS)

ats.senate.gov

https://ats.senate.gov/

ATS is a web application that displays images of submitted and proposed amendments to legislation pending before the U.S. Senate. Amendments are available on ATS approximately 15 minutes after the Bill Clerk receives them.

Statute Compilations ( U.S. Code (Office of the LegislativeLaw Revision Counsel)

) https://legcounsel.house.gov/HOLC/Resources/comps_alpha.html

The House uscode.house.gov/ The Office of the LegislativeLaw Revision Counsel (OLC) prepares unofficial compilations of public laws as amended that either do not appear in the U.S. Code or that have been classified to a title of the Code that has not been enacted into positive law (e.g., the Social Security Act). The most frequently requested compilations are available on the OLC website and are updated on an ongoing basis. Each compilation indicates the most recently enacted public law that amended the provisions compiled.

U.S. Code (Office of the Law Revision Counsel)

uscode.house.gov

The main edition of the U.S. Code is published every six years by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel (OLRC) of the House of Representatives, with annual cumulative supplements. The current edition of the Code was published in 2012. The default version of the Code available for searching and browsing on the website is the most current of the online versions. The OLRC staff updates this version on an ongoing basis.

Source: Compiled by CRS.

Author Contact Information

Sarah W. Caldwell, Senior Research Librarian ([email address scrubbed], [phone number scrubbed])
Ada S. Cornell, Senior Research Librarian ([email address scrubbed], [phone number scrubbed])
Michele L. Malloy, Research Librarian ([email address scrubbed], [phone number scrubbed])

OLRC) of the House of Representatives revises, prepares, and publishes the U.S. Code. The OLRC staff updates the online version of the Code on an ongoing basis. The currency date for each section of the Code is displayed above the text of the section. Historical versions of the Code are available on the OLRC website beginning with 1994. The OLRC publishes a complete new edition of the U.S. Code every six years (also called the "main edition" or "printed version"), with annual cumulative supplements. The current main edition of the Code was published in 2024.

Source: Compiled by CRS, based on information gathered from the resources and organizations listed.

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