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The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent federal agency established by the Communications Act of 1934 (1934 Act, or "Communications Act"). The agency is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable. The mission of the FCC is to make available for all people of the United States, "without discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex, a rapid, efficient, Nationwide, and worldwide wire and radio communication service with adequate facilities at reasonable charges."
The FCC operates under a public interest mandate first laid out in the 1927 Radio Act (P.L. 632, 69th Congress), but how this mandate is applied depends on how "the public interest" is interpreted. Some regulators seek to protect and benefit the public at large through regulation, while others seek to achieve the same goals through the promotion of market efficiency. Additionally, Congress granted the FCC wide latitude and flexibility to revise its interpretation of the public interest standard to reflect changing circumstances and the agency has not defined it in more concrete terms. These circumstances, paired with changes in FCC leadership, have led to significant changes over time in how the FCC regulates the broadcast and telecommunications industries.
The FCC is directed by five commissioners appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate for five-year terms. The President designates one of the commissioners as chairperson. Three commissioners may be members of the same political party of the President and none can have a financial interest in any commission-related business. The current commissioners are Ajit Pai (Chair), Michael O'Rielly, Brendan Carr, Jessica Rosenworcel, and Geoffrey Starks.
The day-to-day functions of the FCC are carried out by 7 bureaus and 10 offices. The current basic structure of the FCC was established in 2002 as part of the agency's effort to better reflect the industries it regulates. The seventh bureau, the Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau, was established in 2006. The bureaus process applications for licenses and other filings, manage non-federal spectrum, analyze complaints, conduct investigations, develop and implement regulatory programs, and participate in hearings, among other things. The offices provide support services. Bureaus and offices often collaborate when addressing FCC issues.
Beginning in the 110th Congress, the FCC has been funded through the House and Senate Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) appropriations bill as a single line item. Previously, it was funded through what is now the Commerce, Justice, Science appropriations bill, also as a single line item. Since 2009 the FCC's budget has been derived from regulatory fees collected by the agency rather than through a direct appropriation. The fees, often referred to as "Section (9) fees," are collected from license holders and certain other entities. The FCC is authorized to review the regulatory fees each year and adjust them to reflect changes in its appropriation from year to year. Most years, appropriations language prohibits the use by the commission of any excess collections received in the current fiscal year or any prior years.
For FY2020FY2021, the FCC has requested $335,660343,070,000 in budget authority from regulatory fee offsetting collections. The FCC also requested $132,538,680 in budget authority for the spectrum auctions program.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent federal agency, with its five members appointed by the President, subject to confirmation by the Senate. It was established by the Communications Act of 1934 (1934 Act, or "Communications Act")1 and is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable.2 The mission of the FCC is to ensure that the American people have available, "without discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex, a rapid, efficient, Nationwide, and worldwide wire and radio communication service with adequate facilities at reasonable charges."3
The 1934 Act is divided into titles and sections that describe various powers and concerns of the commission.4
The FCC is directed by five commissioners appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate for five-year terms (except when filling an unexpired term). The President designates one of the commissioners to serve as chairperson. Three commissioners may be members of the same political party as the President and none can have a financial interest in any commission-related business.
The day-to-day functions of the FCC are carried out by 7 bureaus and 10 offices. The current basic structure of the FCC was established in 2002 as part of the agency's effort to better reflect the industries it regulates. The seventh bureau, the Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau, was established in 2006, largely in response to Hurricane Katrina.
The bureaus process applications for licenses and other filings, analyze complaints, conduct investigations, develop and implement regulatory programs,5 and participate in hearings, among other things. The offices provide support services. Bureaus and offices often collaborate when addressing FCC issues.6 The bureaus hold the following responsibilities:
The offices hold the following responsibilities:
Additionally, an FCC Secretary serves to preserve the integrity of the FCC's records, oversee the receipt and distribution of documents filed by the public through electronic and paper filing systems, and give effective legal notice of FCC decisions by publishing them in the Federal Register and the FCC Record.
The current FCC Strategic Plan covers the five-year period FY2018-FY2022.9 The plan outlines four goals:
The FCC has identified performance objectives associated with each strategic goal. Commission management annually develops targets and measures related to each performance goal to provide direction toward accomplishing those goals. Targets and measures are published in the FCC's Performance Plan, and submitted with the commission's annual budget request to Congress. Results of the commission's efforts to meet its goals, targets, and measures are found in the FCC's Annual Performance Report published each February. The FCC also issues a Summary of Performance and Financial Results every February, providing a concise, citizen-focused review of the agency's accomplishments.
Since the 110th Congress, the FCC has been funded through the House and Senate Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) appropriations bill as a single line item. Previously, it was funded through what is now the Commerce, Justice, Science appropriations bill, also as a single line item.
The FCC annually collects and retains regulatory fees to offset costs incurred by the agency and to carry out its functions. Since 2009 the FCC's budget has been derived from regulatory fees collected by the agency rather than through a direct appropriation.10 The fees, often referred to as "Section (9) fees," are collected from license holders and certain other entities (e.g., cable television systems). The regulatory fees do not apply to governmental entities, amateur radio operator licensees, nonprofit entities, and certain other non-commercial entities. The FCC is authorized to review the regulatory fees each year and adjust them to reflect changes in its appropriation from year to year. The Commission originally implemented the Regulatory Fee Collection Program by rulemaking on July 18, 1994. The most recent regulatory fee order was released by the Commission on August 29, 2018. A more recent regulatory fee proceeding has been delayed.11 The FCC's budgets from FY2010 to FY20201112 are in Figure 1.
Figure 1. FCC FY2010-FY2019 Appropriated Budget Authority and FY2020 Request (Dollars in Millions) |
Source: FCC. Notes: |
On March 23, 2018, the Repack Airwaves Yielding Better Access for Users of Modern Services Act of 2018 (the "RAY BAUM'S Act" or "2018 Act") became law as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (P.L. 115-141). The 2018 Act requires the FCC to transfer all excess collections for FY2018 and prior years to the General Fund of the U.S. Treasury for the sole purpose of deficit reduction. The 2018 Act also requires the Commission to transfer any excess collections in FY2019 and in subsequent years to the General Fund of the U.S. Treasury for the sole purpose of deficit reduction. On October 1, 2018, the Commission transferred over $9 million in excess collections from FY2018 as well as approximately $112 million in excess collections from FY2017 and prior years to the General Fund of the U.S. Treasury.
For FY2020FY2021, the FCC has requested $335,660343,070,000 in budget authority from regulatory fee offsetting collections. This is $3,950,000 less than the authorization level of $339,610,000 included in the 2018 FCC Reauthorization in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018. The FY2020 FCC request also represents a decrease of $3,340,000, or about 1.0%, from the FY2019collections. This request represents an increase of $4,070,000, or 1.2%, from the FY2020 appropriated level of $339,000,000.12
The FCC also requested $132,538,680134,495,000 in budget authority for the spectrum auctions program. For FY2019, Congress appropriated a cap of $130,284,000 for the spectrum auctions program, which included additional funds to implement the requirements of the 2018 Act that mandated significant additional work for the FCC related to the TV Broadcaster Relocation Fund. The Commission's FY2020 budget request of $132,538,680 for this program would beThis request represents an increase of $2,254,6801,956,000, or 1.7%, over the FY2019 appropriation. This level of funding is intended to enable the Commission to continue its efforts to: reimburse full power and Class A stations, multichannel video programming distributors, Low Power TV, TV translator, and FM stations for reasonable costs incurred as a result of the Commission's incentive auction; make more spectrum available for 5G; and educate consumers affected by the reorganization of broadcast television spectrum. To date, the Commission5%, from the FY2020 appropriated level of $132,539,000. To date, the FCC's spectrum auctions program has generated over $114.6117 billion for government use; at the same time, the total cost of the auctions program has been less than $2.01 billion, or less than 1.7% of the total auctions' revenue.
Through the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (P.L. 115-141), the FCC was reauthorized for the first time since 1990 (FCC Authorization Act of 1990, P.L. 101-396).
The FCC publishes four periodic reports for Congress.
All of these reports are available on the FCC website, https://www.fcc.gov/about/strategic-plans-budget.
One FCC-relatedfocused hearing has been held in the 116th Congress. On April 3, 2019, the House Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government held a hearing on the FY2020 FCC budget. The hearing addressed issues including 5G deployment, federal preemption of state and local tower siting requirements, merger reviews, robocalls, and net neutrality. No bills that would affect the operation of the FCC have been introduced in the 116th Congress.
The FCC operates under a public interest mandate first laid out in the 1927 Radio Act (P.L. 632, 69th Congress), but how this mandate is applied depends on which of two regulatory philosophies is relied upon to interpret it. The first seeks to protect and benefit the public at large through regulation, while the second seeks to achieve the same goals through the promotion of market efficiency.14 Additionally, Congress granted the FCC wide latitude and flexibility to revise its interpretation of the public interest standard to reflect changing circumstances, and the agency has not defined it in more concrete terms.15 These circumstances, paired with changes in FCC leadership, have led to significant changes over time in how the FCC regulates the broadcast and telecommunications industries. This evolution can be illustrated in changes to the agency's strategic goals under former Chairman Tom Wheeler to current Chairman Ajit Pai, which, in turn, led to the repeal in 2017 of the FCC's 2015 net neutrality rules and to changes in the agency's structure in 2019.
The FCC's strategic goals are set forth in its quadrennial Strategic Plan. How these goals change from one plan to the next can illustrate how the priorities of the commission change over time, especially when there is a change in the political majority of the commission and therefore, the political party of the chairman. Table 1 outlines the strategic goals of Chairman Wheeler in the FY2015-FY2018 Strategic Plan compared to those of Chairman Pai in the FY2018-FY2022 Strategic Plan.16
Chairman Wheeler was a proponent of protecting and benefitting the public through regulation. His support of this regulatory philosophy can be seen in the language used in the strategic goals, such as the "rights of users" and the "responsibilities of network providers." Another example can be seen in the following language: "The FCC has a responsibility to promote the expansion of these networks and to ensure they have the incentive and the ability to compete fairly with one another in providing broadband services."
On the other hand, Chairman Pai speaks about protecting and benefitting the public through the promotion of market incentives and efficiency. His support of this regulatory philosophy can be seen in the language used in the strategic goals, such as "reducing regulatory burdens" and ensuring that "regulations reflect the realities of the current marketplace, promote entrepreneurship, expand economic opportunity, and remove barriers to entry and investment."
The use of this particular language may seem somewhat vague, but within the context of the net neutrality debate, discussed below, and the replacement of the Office of Strategic Planning and Policy Analysis with the Office of Economics and Analytics, those words take on more specific meaning, each intending to support the policy agenda of the Chairman.
Chairman Wheeler, 2015-2018 |
Chairman Pai, 2018-2022 |
1. Promoting Economic Growth and National Leadership Telecommunications networks are a vital component of technological innovation and economic growth, helping to ensure that our nation remains a leader in providing its citizens opportunities for economic and educational development. Competition drives these networks to develop improved transmission technologies and to offer new services at competitive prices, and consumers can benefit from these fruits of competition. The FCC has a responsibility to promote the expansion of these networks and to ensure they have the incentive and the ability to compete fairly with one another in providing broadband services. |
1. Promoting Innovation A key priority for the FCC is to foster a competitive, dynamic, and innovative market for communications services through polices that promote the introduction of new technologies and services. We will ensure that the FCC's actions and regulations reflect the realities of the current marketplace, promote entrepreneurship, expand economic opportunity, and remove barriers to entry and investment. |
2a. Protecting Public Interest Goals A change in technology may require us to review and revise our rules, but it does not change the rights of users or the responsibilities of network providers. This civil bond between network providers and users includes consumer protection, competition, universal service, public safety and national security. The FCC must protect and promote this Network Compact. |
2a. Protecting Consumers and Public Safety The FCC's core mission has always been to serve the broader public interest, and that means protecting consumers and keeping the public safe. We will work to combat unwanted and unlawful robocalls, which intrude into consumers' lives, and to make communications accessible for people with disabilities. We will also protect public safety, and in particular, take steps to assist and safeguard the communications of our nation's law enforcement officers and first responders. |
2b. Making Networks Work for Everyone Because broadband networks are essential to our national wellbeing, it is not enough for the FCC simply to promote their development. We must also ensure that all Americans can take advantage of the services they provide to enjoy 21st century educational systems, health care, communication capabilities for our first responders, and accessibility for Americans with disabilities, and to assure innovation without artificial impediments. |
2b. Closing the Digital Divide High-speed Internet access, or broadband, is critical to economic opportunity. But there are too many parts of the country where broadband is unavailable or unaffordable. The FCC has tools it can use to help close this digital divide, bring down the cost of deploying broadband, and create incentives for providers to connect consumers in hard-to-serve areas. |
3. Promoting Operational Excellence The FCC should be a model for excellence in government by effectively managing its resources and maintaining a commitment to transparent and responsive processes that encourage public involvement and decisionmaking that best serves the public interest. |
3. Reforming the FCC's Processes As Chairman, I have made it a priority to implement process reforms to make the work of the FCC more transparent, open, and accountable to the American people. We will modernize and streamline the FCC's operations and programs to improve decision-making, build consensus, reduce regulatory burdens, and simplify the public's interactions with the Commission. |
Net neutrality17 is arguably the highest profile issue illustrating the two regulatory philosophies described above. Chairman Pai had long maintained that the FCC under Chairman Wheeler had overstepped its bounds, expressing confidence that the 2015 Wheeler-era net neutrality rules would be undone, calling them "unnecessary regulations that hold back investment and innovation."18
Although the net neutrality debate originated in 2005, the 2015 Open Internet Order, implemented under the leadership of Chairman Wheeler, and the 2017 Order overturning those rules, promulgated under Chairman Pai, are the most recent. These two orders can be used to illustrate the contrast between the regulatory philosophies of the two chairmen:
Some policymakers contend that more proscriptive regulations, such as those contained in the FCC's 2015 Open Internet Order (2015 Order), are necessary to protect the marketplace from potential abuses which could threaten the net neutrality concept. Others contend that existing laws and the current, less restrictive approach, contained in the FCC's 2017 Restoring Internet Freedom Order (2017 Order), provide a more suitable framework.19
Net neutrality continues to be a highly politicized issue, with most FCC action being approved along party lines.
In January 2019, the FCC voted along party lines to eliminate the Office of Strategic Planning and Policy Analysis and replace it with a new Office of Economics and Analytics. The Office of Strategic Planning and Policy Analysis (OSP) was created in 2005, replacing the Office of Plans and Policy. OSP had been charged with "providing advice to the chairman, commissioners, bureaus, and offices; developing strategic plans; identifying the agency's policy objectives; and providing research, advice, and analysis of advanced, novel, and nontraditional communications issues." It had also been the home of the Chief Economist and Chief Technologist.
The new Office of Economics and Analytics is "responsible for expanding and deepening the use of economic analysis into FCC policy making, for enhancing the development and use of auctions, and for implementing consistent and effective agency-wide data practices and policies." This new office reflects the goals in the current strategic plan:
We will modernize and streamline the FCC's operations and programs to … reduce regulatory burdens…. A key priority [is to] … ensure that the FCC's actions and regulations reflect the realities of the current marketplace … and remove barriers to entry and investment.
As the FCC continues to conduct its business into the future, the changing regulatory philosophies of the FCC chairmen may continue to drive how the FCC defines its long-term, strategic goals. This, in turn, may affect how the agency structures (and restructures) itself and how it decides regulatory questions, including a continued review of net neutrality. Congress may determine that the public interest standard should remain more static, rather than fluctuating dramatically depending on the regulatory philosophy of the chairman. No legislation on this topic has been introduced in Congress, signaling to some observers that it intends to continue allowing the FCC to define it.
Table A-1. Senate and House hearings in the 115th Congress regarding the operation of the FCC are detailed in Table A-2 and Table A-3, respectively. Links to individual hearing pages are included in these tables.
Introduced |
Bill # |
Bill Short Title |
Sponsor |
Brief Summary |
Committee |
Bill Status |
1/17/17 |
FCC Commission Consolidated Reporting Act |
Sens. Dean Heller and Brian Schatz |
Amend the Communications Act of 1934 to consolidate the reporting obligations of the FCC to improve congressional oversight and reduce reporting burdens. |
S. Commerce, Science, and Transportation |
8/3/17: Passed Senate; 8/4/17: Received in the House and held at the desk. |
|
1/17/17 |
No short title |
Rep. Marsha Blackburn |
Direct the FCC to revoke certain changes to the ownership reporting requirements for noncommercial educational broadcast stations. |
H. Energy and Commerce |
1/17/17: Referred to committee. |
|
1/4/17 |
FCC Process Reform Act |
Rep. Greg Walden |
Amend the Communications Act of 1934 to provide for greater transparency and efficiency in the procedures followed by the FCC. |
H. Energy and Commerce |
1/23/17: Passed House; 1/24/17: Referred to Senate committee. |
|
1/23/17 |
FCC Consolidated Reporting Act |
Rep. Steve Scalise |
Combine eight congressionally mandated previous reports on the communications industry into one biennial report, while eliminating four other reports. |
H. Energy and Commerce |
1/23/17: Passed House; 1/24/17: Referred to Senate committee. |
|
1/13/17 |
FCC "ABCs" Act of 2017 |
Rep. Robert Latta |
Amend the Communications Act of 1934 to reform the FCC by requiring an analysis of benefits and costs during the rulemaking process, among other goals. |
H. Energy and Commerce |
1/13/17: Referred to committee. |
|
5/18/17 |
FCC CIO Parity Act |
Rep. Mimi Walters |
Require FCC to ensure that its Chief Information Officer has a significant role in information technology responsibilities. |
H. Energy and Commerce |
5/19/17: Referred to the Subcommittee on Communications and Technology. |
|
5/24/17 |
No short title |
Rep. Bill Johnson |
To establish an independent inspector general for the FCC. |
H. Committee on Oversight and Government Reform |
5/24/17: Referred to committee. |
|
2/8/18 |
Repack Airwaves Yielding Better Access for Users of Modern Services Act of 2018 (RAY BAUM'S Act) |
Rep. Marsha Blackburn |
Among other purposes, authorized the FCC for FY2019 and FY2020, and consolidated reporting to Congress |
H. Energy and Commerce |
3/23/18: Became P.L. 115-141 as part of H.R. 1625, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018. |
|
Source: CRS.
Commerce, Science, and Transportation |
|
Date |
Title |
7/19/17 |
FCC Nominations Hearing https://www.commerce.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2017/7/nomination-hearing-fcc |
3/8/17 |
Oversight of the Federal Communications Commission |
Source: CRS.
Energy and Commerce |
|
Date |
Title |
7/25/18 |
Oversight of the Federal Communications Commission https://energycommerce.house.gov/hearings/oversight-of-the-federal-communications-commission/ |
7/25/17 |
Oversight and Reauthorization of the Federal Communications Commission Draft legislation released: http://docs.house.gov/meetings/IF/IF16/20170725/106312/BILLS-115pih-FCCReauthorization.pdf |
Source: CRS.
Author Contact Information
1. |
The Communications Act of 1934, 47 U.S.C. §151 et seq., has been amended numerous times, most significantly in the past 25 years by the Telecommunications Act of 1996, P.L. 104-104, 110 Stat. 56 (1996). References in this report are to the 1934 Act, as amended, unless indicated. |
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2. |
See "About the FCC," at http://www.fcc.gov/aboutus.html. |
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3. |
47 U.S.C. §151. |
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4. |
When Congress established the FCC in 1934, it merged responsibilities previously assigned to the Federal Radio Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission, and the Postmaster General into a single agency, divided into three bureaus, Broadcast, Telegraph, and Telephone. |
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5. |
For information about the FCC rulemaking process, see https://www.fcc.gov/general/fcc-rulemaking. Detailed information about the rulemaking process at federal regulatory agencies can be found in CRS In Focus IF10003, An Overview of Federal Regulations and the Rulemaking Process, by Maeve P. Carey, and CRS Report RL32240, The Federal Rulemaking Process: An Overview, coordinated by Maeve P. Carey. |
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6. |
FCC Fact Sheet, http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/aboutfcc.html. |
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7. |
Except those involving satellite communications broadcasting, including licensing, enforcement, and regulatory functions. These functions are handled by the International Bureau. |
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8. |
The Office of Strategic Planning and Policy Analysis had been charged with providing advice to the chairman, commissioners, bureaus, and offices; developing strategic plans; identifying agency's policy objectives; and providing research, advice, and analysis of advanced, novel, and nontraditional communications issues. |
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9. |
Federal Communications Commission, Strategic Plan 2018-2022, February 12, 2018, https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-349143A1.pdf. |
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10. |
This requirement was included in the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (P.L. 103-66, 47 U.S.C. §159). |
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11. |
https://www.fcc.gov/document/ | |
12. |
|
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13. |
OMB Circular A-136 allows agencies the option of producing (1) two separate reports, an Agency Financial Report and an Annual Performance Report, or (2) a consolidated Performance and Accountability Report. The same information is provided to Congress in either case. The FCC elected the first option for FY2011. Also, in addition to the reports it submits to Congress, the FCC publishes an annual Summary of Performance and Financial Information, which is a citizen-focused summary of the FCC's yearly activities. |
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14. |
"The Value of the FCC's Public Interest Mandate in Empowering Community Voices," New America Foundation, December 14, 2017, https://www.newamerica.org/millennials/dm/value-fccs-public-interest-mandate-empowering-community-voices/. |
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15. |
"90 Years Later, the Broadcast Public Interest Standard Remains Ill-Defined," The Brookings Institute, March 23, 2017, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2017/03/23/90-years-later-the-broadcast-public-interest-standard-remains-ill-defined/. |
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16. |
The goals have been reorganized to allow a better comparison between goals in each plan. The FCC's strategic plans are available at https://www.fcc.gov/about/strategic-plans-budget. |
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17. |
For a discussion of the net neutrality issue, please refer to CRS Report R40616, The Net Neutrality Debate: Access to Broadband Networks, by Angele A. Gilroy. |
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18. |
"Trump Picks Net Neutrality Critic Ajit Pai to Be Next FCC Chairman," Associated Press, January 24, 2017, https://www.inc.com/associated-press/trump-picks-net-neutrality-critic-ajit-pai-fcc-chairman.html. |
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19. |
CRS In Focus IF10955, Access to Broadband Networks: Net Neutrality, by Angele A. Gilroy. |