FY2017 Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations: In Brief

Changes from March 31, 2016 to April 29, 2016

This page shows textual changes in the document between the two versions indicated in the dates above. Textual matter removed in the later version is indicated with ~~red strikethrough~~ and textual matter added in the later version is indicated with blue.

FY2017 Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations: In Brief

~~March 31~~April 29, 2016 (R44441)

Action on FY2017 Agriculture Appropriations

The House Appropriations Committee passed its FY2017 Agriculture appropriations bill (H.R. 5054, H.Rept. 114-531) on April 19, 2016, the earliest action on Agriculture appropriations in over two decades (Figure 1; Appendix). The discretionary total of the House-reported bill and its "302(b)" allocation¹ is $21.299 billion, which would be $451 million less than enacted in FY2016 (-2.1%). The bill also carries mandatory spending totaling $126.4 billion, bringing the overall total to $147.7 billion (Table 1). The Senate Appropriations Committee has not yet marked up an Agriculture appropriations bill. But it adopted a "302(b)" discretionary allocation for the Agriculture subcommittee of $21.250 billion, which would be $250 million less than FY2016 (-1.2%). After adjusting for jurisdiction differences between the House and the Senate Agriculture appropriations subcommittees regarding the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC),² the Senate's FY2017 Agriculture allocation would allow $201 million more than the House bill.

The Senate's discretionary caps are set so as not to trigger sequestration under limits established by the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 (P.L. 114-74). The House has not yet passed a budget and the Appropriations Committee has not made allocations for all of its subcommittees.³

The White House released its FY2017 budget request on February 9, 2016.⁴ The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) concurrently released its detailed budget justification.⁵ The Administration's request is for $21.556 billion of discretionary budget authority by agencies in the House Agriculture appropriations jurisdiction, $257 million more than the House bill.

Scope of Agriculture Appropriations

The Agriculture appropriations act funds all of USDA, except for the U.S. Forest Service. It also funds the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the Department of Health and Human Services. In even-numbered fiscal years, the enacted Agriculture bill carries CFTC funding under the compromise for jurisdictional differences between the House and Senate (see footnote 2).

Agriculture appropriations include both mandatory and discretionary spending, but discretionary amounts are the primary focus during the bill's development, since mandatory amounts are generally set by authorizing laws such as the farm bill. The scope of the appropriation can be shown by the major allocations in the FY2016 appropriation (Figure 2). The largest discretionary spending items are domestic nutrition, agricultural research, rural development, FDA, foreign food aid, farm assistance programs, food safety inspection, conservation, and animal and plant health. The main mandatory spending items are the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, child nutrition, crop insurance, and the Commodity Credit Corporation (which pays for the farm commodity, conservation, and other mandatory USDA programs).

Figure 1. Timeline of Action on Agriculture Appropriations, FY1997-F2017

Source: CRS.

Figure 2. Scope of~~, 2016 (R44441)~~

The White House released its FY2017 budget request on February 9, 2016.¹ The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) concurrently released its budget summary and congressional justification (budget explanatory notes) with more programmatic details.² In Congress, the Agriculture and Related Agencies subcommittees of the House and Senate Appropriations Committees have begun hearings with agency officials. They are expected to mark up bills after they receive allocations from the full committees.³

The Administration's Budget Request for FY2017

Although the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) has not yet released an official re-estimate of the President's budget request and compiled it on the basis of subcommittee jurisdiction, the discretionary total of accounts in the FY2017 Agriculture appropriations bill is likely to be about $21.77 billion⁴ (on a House jurisdiction basis that includes the Commodity Futures Trading Commission [CFTC]).⁵ This is basically on par with the FY2016 enacted total (+0.1% on a comparable House-basis, or -0.3% on a Senate-basis excluding CFTC; see ~~Table 1~~).

Mandatory spending that is carried in the Agriculture appropriation—set by eligibility formulas in authorizing laws—is likely about $128.6 billion, up about $9.5 billion from FY2016 due to higher farm commodity payments under the 2014 farm bill and rising nutrition program costs. Thus, the total of mandatory and discretionary spending is about $150 billion in the FY2017 request.

The Administration is requesting funding increases for most agencies in the Agriculture bill. The total of the increases for agencies that would see their discretionary budget authority rise would be an increase of $514 million and can mostly be summarized as follows (~~Table 2~~):

Food and Nutrition Service: +$117 million, including increases in commodity assistance programs and administration.

Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC): +$80 million, to implement regulatory reforms.

Agricultural research agencies: +$79 million, including $17 million for the Agricultural Research Service and $47 million for the National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Also, $325 million of new mandatory funds requested for grants.

USDA administration: +$75 million, mostly for technology support, modernization of headquarters facilities, and outreach to underserved farmers.

Rural development: +$66 million, mostly for rental assistance grants, a child poverty initiative, and the Rural Energy for America Program.

Farm Service Agency: +$18 million, mostly to increase the farm loan program.

Food Safety Inspection Service: +$16 million, for inspection improvements.

Foreign assistance: $15 million for local and regional food aid procurement.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA): +$13 million, largely for food safety.

Conservation: +$9.5 million for Conservation Operations.
The Administration also proposes decreases of $492 million in programming or budget authority compared to last year that would offset some of the increases above, including
Foreign Assistance: -$136 million, including $116 million less for Food for Peace Title II grants and $20 million less for McGovern-Dole Food for Education.

Agricultural Research Service: -$117 million for its buildings and facilities account, which would still receive $94 million in the FY2017 request.

Risk Management Agency: -$8.2 million, though paired with a request to transfer $20 million of mandatory funds into the agency, resulting in a net increase.
General provisions and scorekeeping adjustments: -$209 million net, including $273 million less for disaster programs and $281 million less in supplemental funding for food aid and other programs. Conversely, more budget authority is needed because there is no disaster declaration as was used in FY2016, and because some mandatory programs would be allowed to spend more of their authorization than last year (instead of being reduced as a budget offset).

Scope of Agriculture Appropriations

~~Figure 1.~~ Agriculture Appropriations

(FY2016 budget authority in billions of dollars)

Source: CRS. Does not show some agencies under $0.5 billion that, together, are offset by reductions~~; excludes Commodity Futures Trading Commission~~.

Notes: SNAP = Supplemental Nutrition Assistance ~~Program~~Prog.; CCC = Commodity Credit Corp.; FCIC = Federal Crop Insurance Corp.; WIC = Special Supplemental Nutrition ~~Program~~Prog. for Women, Infants, and Children; CSFP = Commodity Supplemental Food ~~Program~~Prog.; FDA = Food and Drug Admin.; FSA = Farm Service Agency; RMA = Risk ~~Management~~Mgt. Agency; FSIS = Food Safety and Inspection Service; APHIS = Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.

The Agriculture appropriations act funds all of USDA, except for the U.S. Forest Service. It also funds FDA, and, in even-numbered fiscal years, the enacted bill carries the CFTC.

Agriculture appropriations include both mandatory and discretionary spending, but discretionary amounts are the primary focus during the bill's development, since mandatory amounts are generally set by authorizing laws such as the farm bill.

~~The scope of the appropriation can be shown by the major allocations in the FY2016 appropriation (Figure 1~~). The largest discretionary spending items are domestic nutrition, agricultural research, rural development, FDA, foreign food aid, farm assistance programs, food safety inspection, conservation, and animal and plant health.

The main mandatory spending items are the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, child nutrition, crop insurance, and the Commodity Credit Corporation (which pays for the farm commodity, conservation, and other mandatory USDA programs)Differences in the FY2017 Bill The House-reported bill is officially $451 million smaller in discretionary appropriations than FY2016 (the reduction in the "302(b)" allocation). The bill achieves this primarily by increasing offsets by $617 million over the FY2016 level through greater rescissions of prior-appropriations, CHIMPS (changes in mandatory program spending), and scorekeeping adjustments. However, the budget authority provided for agencies in the major titles of the bill actually increases by $166 million over FY2016 (the top of the shaded bars in Figure 3). Budgetary changes for agencies in the House-reported bill that are over $10 million include the following (Table 2):

Rural Development: +$86 million, mostly for rural broadband grants, rural water and waste disposal programs, rural housing and rental assistance, rural business enterprise grants, and community facilities grants.
Food and Nutrition Service: +$42 million, mostly for commodity assistance.
Food and Drug Administration: +$36 million, largely for food safety activities.
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service: +$36 million, primarily for increases in emergency preparedness and response, specialty crop pests, and the National Veterinary Stockpile, while maintaining recent avian health increases.
USDA administration: +$20 million to modernize headquarters facilities.
Food Safety Inspection Service: +$16 million for inspection improvements.
Farm Service Agency: +$12 million for greater farm loan program authority.
Agricultural research agencies: -$89 million, comprised primarily of $25 million more for Agriculture and Food Research Initiative (AFRI) grants, offset by $112 million less for Agricultural Research Service buildings and facilities.

The House-reported bill does not provide any increase for CFTC, as requested by the Administration.

Recent Trends in Agriculture Appropriations

Over time, changes by title of the Agriculture appropriations bill have generally been proportionate to changes in the bill's total discretionary limit, though some activities have sustained relative increases and decreases. Nominal Agriculture appropriations peaked in FY2010 and declined through FY2013. Since then, total Agriculture appropriations have increased since FY2014 (Figure 23). However, whether that increase returns the appropriation to various historical benchmarks depends upon inflation adjustments and other factors.

The stacked bars in Figure 23 represent the discretionary spending authorized for each title in the 10 years since FY2008. The total of the positive stacked bars is the budget authority authorized in Titles I-VI. It is higher than the official "302(b)" discretionary spending limit (the line) because of the budgetary offset from negative amounts in Title VII General Provisions and other scorekeeping adjustments. General Provisions are negative mostly because of limits placed on mandatory programs, which are scored as savings and referred to as "Changes in Mandatory Program Spending (CHIMPS)." See Title VII, General Provisions, in Table 2 for examples.

For example, in the FY2017 House-reported bill, budget authority for the primary agencies in the bill (Titles I-VI) increases $166 million (the top of the stacked bars in Figure 3) even though the official discretionary spending allocation decreases $451 million (the line and dots in Figure 3).

Figure 23. Discretionary Agriculture Appropriations, by Title, Since FY2008

Source: CRS. ~~FY2017 amounts are unofficial CRS estimates based on OMB and USDA data.~~

Notes: Fiscal year budget authority. Includes only regular annual appropriations. Includes CFTC regardless of jurisdiction.

Increases in the use of CHIMPS and other tools to offset discretionary appropriations ameliorated reductions in discretionary budget authority in FY2011 and succeeding years. For example, the official "302(b)" discretionary total for the bill was given credit for declining 13.6% in FY2011, while the total of Titles I-VI declined only 6.4% that year (Figure 23). The effect is less pronounced in FY2016, since the offset was smaller, in part because of additional spending in General Provisions for foreign food aid and emergency programs.

Some areas have sustained real increases, while others have declined (apart from the peak in 2010). Agencies with sustained real increases (that is, inflation-adjusted; Figure 34) since FY2008 include FDA and CFTC (Related Agencies) and, to a lesser extent, foreign food assistance. Areas with real decreases in discretionary spending since 2008 include conservation, general agricultural programs, and domestic nutrition programs. Rural development also had a real decrease over the same period, though FY2016 may have reversed that trend.

On an inflation-adjusted basis, total FY2016 Agriculture appropriations (especially the cumulative total of Title I-VI) remain below the FY2009-FY2011 amounts (Figure 34), as opposed to showing an increase in the nominal amount (Figure 23). Since FY2014, the inflation-adjusted Agricultural appropriation has been roughly constant. It is also on par with FY2012 and is in between the amounts for FY2008 and FY2009.

Figure 34. Inflation-Adjusted Discretionary Agriculture Appropriations Since FY2008

Source: CRS. ~~FY2017 amounts are unofficial CRS estimates based on OMB and USDA data.~~

Notes: Fiscal year budget authority, adjusted for inflation by CRS using the gross domestic product price deflator. Includes only regular appropriations. Includes CFTC regardless of jurisdiction.

Table 1. Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations, by Title, FY2016-FY2017

(budget authority in millions of dollars)

	FY2016	FY2017				Change: FY2016 to FY2017 ~~Request~~ House
Title of Agriculture Appropriations Act	P.L. 114-113	Admin. Request^a	House H.R. 5054	Senate	Enacted
I. Agricultural Programs: Discretionary	7,020.3	7,091.1	— 7,015.7	—	—	~~+70.8~~ -4.6
Mandatory (M)^b a	16,~~154~~032.6	23,~~763.5~~ 638.4	— 23,638.4	—	—	+7,~~608.9~~ 605.8
Subtotal	23,~~174~~052.9	30,~~854.6~~ 729.5	— 30,654.1	—	—	+7,~~679.7~~ 601.2
II. Conservation Programs	863.8	861.3	— 868.2	—	—	~~-2.5~~ +4.4
III. Rural Development	2,950.0	3,015.9	— 3,036.4	—	—	+~~65.9~~ 86.4
IV. Domestic Food Programs: Discretionary	6,838.9	6,~~956~~932.4	— 6,880.5	—	—	+~~117.5~~ 41.6
Mandatory (M)	102,958.1	104,~~806~~830.9	— 102,803.0	—	—	~~+1,848.8~~ -155.2
Subtotal	109,797.0	111,763.3	— 109,683.4	—	—	~~+1,966.3~~ -113.6
V. Foreign Assistance	1,868.5 ^b	1,~~754.7~~ 752.3	— 1,870.9	—	—	~~-113.8~~ +2.4
VI. Food and Drug Administration	2,729.6	2,742.7	— 2,765.6	—	—	+~~13.1~~ 36.0
Commodity Futures Trading Commission	250.0	330.0	— 250.0	—	—	+800.0
VII. General Provisions: CHIMPS^c & rescissions	-865.0	-645.3 7	— -914.7	—	—	~~+219~~-49.7
Disaster/Emergency programs	273.0	0.0	— 5.0	—	—	-~~273~~268.0
Other appropriations	283.1 ^b	0.0	— 45.5	—	—	-~~283.1~~ 237.6
Scorekeeping adjustments^d	-332.0	-~~335~~524.0	— -524.0	—	—	-3192.0
Subtract disaster declaration in this bill	-130.0	—	—	—	—	+130.0
Totals
Discretionary: Senate basis w/o CFTC	[21,500.0]	21,~~441.7~~ 225.9	— [21,049.0]	— 21,250.0	—	-~~58.3~~ 451.0
Discretionary: House basis w/ CFTC	21,750.0	21,~~771.7~~ 555.9	—	— 21,299.0 [21,500.0]	—	~~+21.7~~ -451.0
Mandatory (M)	~~119,112~~118,990.7	128,~~570.4~~ 469.3	— 126,441.4	—	—	+~~9,457~~7,450.7
Total: House basis w/ CFTC	140,~~862~~740.7	150,~~342.1~~ 025.3	— 147,740.4	—	—	+~~9,479.4~~ 6,999.7

Source: CRS, using referenced appropriations text and report tables, and unpublished Congressional Budget Office (CBO) tables. ~~Amounts for the FY2017 Request are an unofficial compilation of Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and USDA data~~FY2017 House committee bill and report are available at http://appropriations.house.gov. FY2017 Senate subcommittee allocation is available at http://www.appropriations.senate.gov/hearings.

Notes: Amounts are nominal budget authority in millions of dollars. Amounts are discretionary authority unless labeled otherwise. ~~Amounts do not include supplemental appropriations that were enacted outside the annual appropriation.~~ Bracketed amounts are not in the official totals due to differing House-Senate jurisdiction for the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC).

a. Amounts for the FY2017 Administration Request are an unofficial CRS compilation from the OMB Budget Appendix and USDA Budget and Explanatory Notes. Estimates may change when CBO releases its official re-estimate of the budget request, particularly for certain mandatory programs, the discretionary portion of nutrition programs, limitations in the General Provisions, and scorekeeping adjustments.

b. ~~Includes some mandatory funding from other titles, particularly mandatory conservation programs~~Includes some mandatory funding from other titles, particularly mandatory conservation programs. b. In addition to the FY2016 appropriation in Title V, an extra $250 million for Food for Peace Title II grants was appropriated under General Provisions. The effective total for Title V is $2.118 billion for FY2016.

c. Changes in Mandatory Program Spending (CHIMPS) are reductions made to mandatory programs.

d. "Scorekeeping adjustments" are not necessarily appropriated items and may not be shown in appropriations committee tables but are part of the official CBO score (accounting) of the bill. They predominantly include "negative subsidies" in loan program accounts and adjustments for disaster designations in the bill.

Table 2. Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations, by Agency, FY2014-FY2017

(budget authority in millions of dollars)

	FY2014	FY2015	FY2016	FY2017
Agency or Major Program	P.L. 113-76	P.L. 113-235	P.L. 114-113	Admin. Request^a	House H.R. 5054	Senate	Enacted	Change from FY2016 to FY2017 ~~Request~~ House
Title I. Agricultural Programs
Departmental Administration	526.1	364.5	373.2	448.7	— 392.4	—	—	+~~75.5~~ 19.2	+~~20.2~~5.1%
Research, Education and Economics
Agricultural Research Service	1,122.5	1,177.6	1,355.9	1,255.8	— 1,251.4	—	—	-~~100.1~~ 104.5	-7.47%
National Institute of Food & Agriculture	1,277.1	1,289.5	1,326.5	1,374.0	— 1,341.2	—	—	+~~47.5~~ 14.7	+~~3.6~~1.1%
National Agricultural Statistics Service	161.2	172.4	168.4	176.6	— 168.4	—	—	+~~8.2~~ 0.0	+~~4.9~~0.0%
Economic Research Service	78.1	85.4	85.4	91.3	— 86.0	—	—	+~~5.9~~ 0.6	+~~6.9~~0.7%
Under Secretary, Research, Education, Econ.	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9	— 0.9	—	—	+0.0	+0.90%
Marketing and Regulatory Programs
Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service	824.9	874.5	897.6	904.4	— 934.0	—	—	+~~6.8~~ 36.4	+~~0.8~~4.1%
Agricultural Marketing Service	81.3	82.4	82.5	83.2	— 83.5	—	—	+~~0.7~~ 1.0	+~~0.9~~1.2%
Section 32 (M)	1,107.0	1,284.0	1,~~425~~303.0	1,~~447~~322.0	— 1,322.0	—	—	+2219.0	+1.5%
Grain Inspection, Packers, Stockyards Admin.	40.3	43.0	43.1	43.5	— 43.1	—	—	+0.4 0	+10.0%
Under Secretary, Marketing and Regulatory	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9	— 0.9	—	—	+0.0	+0.90%
Food Safety
Food Safety & Inspection Service	1,010.7	1,016.5	1,014.9	1,030.4	— 1,030.4	—	—	+15.5	+1.5%
Under Secretary, Food Safety	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	— 0.8	—	—	+0.0	+0.40%
Farm and Commodity Programs
Farm Service Agency^b a	1,592.2	1,603.3	1,595.1	1,613.6	— 1,607.5	—	—	+~~18.5~~ 12.4	+~~1.2~~0.8%
FSA Farm Loans: Loan Authority^c b	5,527.3	6,402.1	6,402.1	6,655.1	— 6,667.1	—	—	+~~252.9~~ 265.0	+4.01%
Risk Management Agency Salaries & Exp.	71.5	74.8	74.8	66.6	— 74.8	—	—	~~-8.2~~ +0.0	~~-11~~+0.0%
Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (M)	9,502.9	8,930.5	7,858.0	8,839.0 1	— 8,839.1	—	—	+981.0 1	+12.5%
Commodity Credit Corporation (M)	12,538.9	13,444.7	6,871.1	13,~~477.0~~ 476.9	— 13,476.9	—	—	+6,605.9 7	+96.1%
Under Secretary, Farm and Foreign Agr.	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9	— 0.9	—	—	+0.0	+0.30%
Subtotal
Discretionary	6,789.0	6,786.9	7,020.3	7,091.1	— 7,015.7	—	—	~~+70.8~~ -4.6	~~+1.0~~-0.1%
Mandatory (M)	23,149.1	23,659.7	16,~~154~~032.6	23,~~763.5~~ 638.4	— 23,638.4	—	—	+7,~~608.9~~ 605.8	+47.14%
Subtotal	29,938.1	30,446.6	23,~~174~~052.9	30,~~854.6~~ 729.5	— 30,654.1	—	—	+7,~~679.7~~ 601.2	+33.10%
Title II. Conservation Programs
Conservation Operations	812.9	846.4	850.9	860.4	— 855.3	—	—	+~~9.5~~ 4.4	+~~1.1~~0.5%
Watershed Rehabilitation Program	12.0	12.0	12.0	~~0.0~~ —	— 12.0	—	—	~~-12~~+0.0	~~-100~~+0.0%
Under Secretary, Natural Resources	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9	— 0.9	—	—	+0.0	+0.30%
Subtotal	825.8	859.3	863.8	861.3	— 868.2	—	—	~~-2.5~~ +4.4	~~-0.3~~+0.5%
Title III. Rural Development
Salaries and Expenses (including transfers)^d c	657.4	678.2	682.9	698.5	— 672.8	—	—	~~+15.7~~ -10.0	~~+2.3~~-1.5%
Rural Housing Service	1,279.6	1,298.4	1,616.4	1,616.9	— 1,653.5	—	—	+~~0.5~~ 37.0	+~~0.0~~2.3%
RHS Loan Authority^c b	27,408.1	27,421.5	27,496.8	27,433.2	— 27,653.4	—	—	~~-63~~+156.6	~~-0.2~~+0.6%
Rural Business-Cooperative Service^e d	130.2	103.2	90.5	149.5	— 110.4	—	—	+~~59.0~~ 19.9	+~~65.3~~22.0%
RBCS Loan Authority^c b	1,022.8	984.5	979.3	1,~~115.7~~ 116.0	— 998.7	—	—	+~~136.4~~ 19.3	+~~13.9~~2.0%
Rural Utilities Service	501.6	501.7	559.3	550.1	— 598.8	—	—	~~-9.2~~ +39.5	~~-1.7~~+7.1%
RUS Loan Authority^c b	7,514.5	7,464.1	8,210.6	7,~~994.0~~ 993.8	— 8,210.0	—	—	-~~216~~0.6	-~~2.6~~0.0%
Under Secretary, Rural Development	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9	— 0.9	—	—	+0.0	+0.30%
Subtotal	2,569.7	2,582.4	2,950.0	3,015.9	— 3,036.4	—	—	+~~65.9~~ 86.4	+2.29%
Subtotal, RD Loan Authority^c b	35,945.4	35,870.1	36,686.7	36,~~542.9~~ 543.0	— 36,862.1	—	—	~~-143.8~~ +175.4	~~-0.4~~+0.5%
Title IV. Domestic Food Programs
Child Nutrition Programs (M)	19,288.0	21,300.2	22,149.7	23,230.7	— 23,175.7	—	—	+1,~~081.0~~ 025.9	+4.96%
WIC Program	6,715.8	6,623.0	6,350.0	6,350.0	— 6,350.0	—	—	+0.0	+0.0%
SNAP, Food & Nutrition Act Programs (M)	82,169.9	81,837.6	80,849.4	81,689.2	— 79,673.3	—	—	~~+839.8~~ -1,176.1	~~+1.0~~-1.5%
Commodity Assistance Programs	269.7	278.5	296.2	313.1	— 315.1	—	—	+1618.9	+~~5.7~~6.4%
Nutrition Programs Administration	141.3	150.8	150.8	179.4	— 168.5	—	—	+~~28.6~~ 17.7	+~~19.0~~11.7%
Under Secretary, Food, Nutrition & Consumer	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	— 0.8	—	—	+0.0	+0.40%
Subtotal
Discretionary	7,152.7	7,094.1	6,838.9	6,~~956~~932.4	— 6,880.5	—	—	+~~117.5~~ 41.6	+~~1.7~~0.6%
Mandatory (M)	101,432.9	103,096.7	102,958.1	104,~~806~~830.9	— 102,803.0	—	—	~~+1,848.8~~ -155.2	~~+1.8~~-0.2%
Subtotal	108,585.6	110,190.9	109,797.0	111,763.3	— 109,683.4	—	—	~~+1,966.3~~ -113.6	~~+1.8~~-0.1%
Title V. Foreign Assistance
Foreign Agricultural Service	177.9	181.4	191.6	196.6	— 194.6	—	—	+53.0	+21.6%
Food for Peace Title II, and admin. expenses	1,468.7	1,468.5	1,468.5f e	1,~~352.5~~ 350.1	— 1,466.1	—	—	-~~116.0~~ 2.4	-~~7.9~~0.2%
Local and regional food procurement	—	—	—	15.0	—	—	—	+150.0	~~+0.0%~~ —
McGovern-Dole Food for Education	185.1	191.6	201.6	182.0	— 201.6	—	—	~~-19.6~~ +0.0	~~-9.7~~+0.0%
CCC Export Loan Salaries	6.7	6.7	6.7	8.5	— 8.5	—	—	+1.8	+26.5%
Subtotal	1,838.5	1,848.3	1,868.5^f e	1,~~754.7~~ 752.3	— 1,870.9	—	—	~~-113.8~~ +2.4	-6+0.1%
Title VI. Related Agencies
Food and Drug Administration	2,560.7	2,597.3	2,729.6	2,742.7	— 2,765.6	—	—	+~~13.1~~ 36.0	+~~0.5~~1.3%
Commodity Futures Trading Commission^g f	215.0	[250.0]	250.0	330.0	— 250.0	—	—	+800.0	+320.0%
Subtotal	2,775.7	2,597.3	2,979.6	3,072.7	— 3,015.6	—	—	+~~93.1~~ 36.0	+~~3.1~~1.2%
Title VII. General Provisions
Reductions in Mandatory Programs^h g
a. Environmental Quality Incentives Program	-272.0	-136.0	-209.0	—	— -209.0	—	—	+~~209~~0.0	~~-100~~+0.0%
b. Watershed Rehabilitation Program	-153.0	-69.0	-68.0	-54.0	— -54.0	—	—	+14.0	-20.6%
c. Conservation Stewardship Program	—	-7.0	—	—	— -5.0	—	—	+0-5.0	~~+0.0%~~ —
d. Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program	-119.0	-122.0	-125.0	-125.0	— -125.0	—	—	+0.0	+0.0%
e. Biorefinery Assistance Program	-40.7	-16.0	-19.0	—	— -30.0	—	—	~~+19~~-11.0	~~-100.0~~+57.9%
f. Biomass Crop Assistance Program	—	-2.0	-20.0	—	— -20.0	—	—	+200.0	~~-100~~+0.0%
g. ~~Rural Energy for America~~The Emergency Food Assistance Program	—	—	—	—	— +19.0	—	—	+019.0	~~+0.0%~~ —
h. Cushion of Credit (Rural Development)	-172.0	-179.0	-179.0	-151.5	— -151.5	—	—	+27.5	-15.4%
i. Section 32	-189.0	-121.0	-216.0	-311.0	— -231.0	—	—	-9515.0	+~~44.0~~6.9%
j. Other CHIMPS and rescissions	-8.0	-133.0	+5.0	+0.0	— -4.0	—	—	-59.0	-~~100~~180.0%
Subtotal, CHIMPS	-953.7	-785.0	-831.0	-641.5	— -810.5	—	—	+~~189~~20.5	-~~22.8~~2.5%
Rescissions (discretionary)	-33.3	-17.0	-34.0	-~~3.8~~ 4.2	— -104.2	—	—	~~+30~~-70.2	~~-88.8~~+206.5%
Other appropriations
a. Disaster/emergency programs	—	116.0	273.0	—	— 5.0	—	—	-~~273~~268.0	-~~100.0~~98.2%
b. Other appropriations	106.6	6.6	283.1f e	—	— 45.5	—	—	-~~283.1~~ 237.6	-~~100.0~~83.9%
Subtotal, Other appropriations	106.6	122.6	556.1	—	— 50.5	—	—	-~~556.1~~ 505.6	-~~100.0~~90.9%
Total, General Provisions	-880.4	-679.4	-308.9	-645.3 7	— -864.2	—	—	-~~336.4~~ 555.3	+~~108.9~~179.8%
Scorekeeping Adjustmentsⁱ h
Disaster declaration in this bill	—	-116.0	-130.0	—	—	—	—	+130.0	-100.0%
Other scorekeeping adjustments	-191.0	-398.0	-332.0	-~~335~~524.0	— -524.0	—	—	-3192.0	+~~0.9~~57.8%
Subtotal	-191.0	-514.0	-462.0	-~~335~~524.0	— -524.0	—	—	~~+127~~-62.0	~~-27.5~~+13.4%
Totals
Discretionary: Senate basis w/o CFTC	[20,665.0]	20,575.0	[21,500.0]	21,~~441.7~~ 225.9	— [21,049.0]	— 21,250.0	—	-~~58.3~~ 451.0	-~~0.3~~2.1%
Discretionary: House basis w/ CFTC	20,880.0	[20,825.0]	21,750.0	21,~~771.7~~ 555.9	— 21,299.0	— [21,500.0]	—	~~+21.7~~ -451.0	+0-2.1%
Mandatory (M)	124,582.0	126,756.5	~~119,112~~118,990.7	128,~~570.4~~ 469.3	— 126,441.4	—	—	+~~9,457~~7,450.7	+~~7.9~~6.3%
Total: House basis w/ CFTC	145,462.0	147,581.5	140,~~862~~740.7	150,~~342.1~~ 025.3	— 147,740.4	—	—	+~~9,479.4~~ 6,999.7	+~~6.7~~5.0%

Source: CRS, using referenced appropriations text and report tables, and unpublished Congressional Budget Office (CBO) tables~~, and Office of Management and Budget (OMB) data~~. FY2017 Senate subcommittee allocation is available at http://www.appropriations.senate.gov/hearings.

Notes: Amounts are nominal budget authority in millions of dollars. Amounts ~~do not include supplemental appropriations outside the annual appropriation. Amounts~~ are discretionary authority unless labeled otherwise; (M) indicates that the account is mandatory authority (or primarily mandatory authority). Bracketed amounts are not in the official totals due to differing House-Senate jurisdiction for CFTC but are shown for comparison.

b. Includes regular FSA salaries and expenses, plus transfers for farm loan program salaries and administrative expenses. Also includes farm loan program loan subsidy, State Mediation Grants, Dairy Indemnity Program (mandatory funding), and Grassroots Source Water Protection Program. Does not include appropriations to the Foreign Agricultural Service for export loans and P.L. 480 administration that are transferred to FSA.

cb. Loan authority is the amount of loans that can be made or guaranteed with a loan subsidy. It is not added in the budget authority subtotals or totals.

dc. Includes Rural Development salaries and expenses and transfers from the three rural development agencies for salaries and expenses. Amounts for the agencies thus reflect program funds for loans and grants.

ed. Amounts for the Rural Business-Cooperative Service (RBCS) are before the rescission in the Cushion of Credit account, unlike in Appropriations committee tables. The rescission is included with the changes in mandatory program spending (CHIMPS) as classified by CBO, which allows the RBCS subtotal to remain positive.

fe. In addition to the FY2016 appropriation for Food for Peace Title II grants in Title V ($1.466 billion), an extra $250 million was appropriated under General Provisions. The combined total for Food for Peace Title II grants is therefore $1.716 billion, and the effective Title V total is $2.118 billion for FY2016.

gf. Jurisdiction for CFTC is in the House agriculture appropriations subcommittee and the Senate financial services appropriations subcommittee. After FY2008, CFTC is carried in enacted Agriculture appropriations in even-numbered fiscal years, always in House Agriculture markup and never in Senate Agriculture markup. Bracketed amounts are not in the official totals due to differing House-Senate jurisdiction for CFTC but are shown for comparison (e.g., to S. 1910 in FY2016).

hg. Includes reductions (limitations and rescissions) to mandatory programs that may also be known as Changes in Mandatory Program Spending (CHIMPS).

ih. "Scorekeeping adjustments" are not necessarily appropriated items and may not be shown in appropriations committee tables but are part of the official CBO score (accounting) of the bill. They predominantly include "negative subsidies" in loan program accounts and adjustments for disaster designations in the bill.

Appendix. Action on Agriculture Appropriations

Table 3A-1. Congressional Action on Agriculture Appropriations Since FY1995

R44441

House Action

Senate Action

Final Appropriation

Fiscal Year

Subcmte.

Cmte.

Floor

Subcmte.

Cmte.

Floor

Enacted^a

Public Law

CRS Report

1995

5/26/1994

6/9/1994

6/17/1994

6/22/1994

6/23/1994

7/20/1994

9/30/1994

P.L. 103-330

IB94011

1996

6/14/1995

6/27/1995

7/21/1995

9/13/1995

9/14/1995

9/20/1995

10/21/1995

P.L. 104-37

95-624

1997

5/30/1996

6/6/1996

6/12/1996

7/10/1996

7/11/1996

7/24/1996

8/6/1996

P.L. 104-180

IB96015

1998

6/25/1997

7/14/1997

7/24/1997

7/15/1997

7/17/1997

7/24/1997

11/18/1997

P.L. 105-86

97-201

1999

6/10/1998

6/16/1998

6/24/1998

6/9/1998

6/11/1998

7/16/1998

10/21/1998

P.L. 105-277

98-201

2000

5/13/1999

5/24/1999

6/8/1999

6/15/1999

6/17/1999

8/4/1999

10/22/1999

P.L. 106-78

RL30201

2001

5/4/2000

5/16/2000

7/11/2000

5/4/2000

5/10/2000

7/20/2000

10/28/2000

P.L. 106-387

RL30501

2002

6/6/2001

6/27/2001

7/11/2001

Polled out^b

7/18/2001

10/25/2001

11/28/2001

P.L. 107-76

RL31001

2003

6/26/2002

7/26/2002

—

7/23/2002

7/25/2002

—

2/20/2003

P.L. 108-7

RL31301

2004

6/17/2003

7/9/2003

7/14/2003

7/17/2003

11/6/2003

1/23/2004

P.L. 108-199

RL31801

2005

6/14/2004

7/7/2004

7/13/2004

9/8/2004

9/14/2004

—

12/8/2004

P.L. 108-447

RL32301

2006

5/16/2005

6/2/2005

6/8/2005

6/21/2005

6/27/2005

9/22/2005

11/10/2005

P.L. 109-97

RL32904

2007

5/3/2006

5/9/2006

5/23/2006

6/20/2006

6/22/2006

—

2/15/2007

P.L. 110-5

RL33412

2008

7/12/2007

7/19/2007

8/2/2007

7/17/2007

7/19/2007

—

12/26/2007

P.L. 110-161

RL34132

2009

6/19/2008

—

Polled out^b

7/17/2008

—

3/11/2009

P.L. 111-8

R40000

2010

6/11/2009

6/18/2009

7/9/2009

Polled out^b

7/7/2009

8/4/2009

10/21/2009

P.L. 111-80

R40721

2011

6/30/2010

—

Polled out^b

7/15/2010

—

4/15/2011

P.L. 112-10

R41475

2012

5/24/2011

5/31/2011

6/16/2011

Polled out^b

9/7/2011

11/1/2011

11/18/2011

P.L. 112-55

R41964

2013

6/6/2012

6/19/2012

—

Polled out^b

4/26/2012

—

3/26/2013

P.L. 113-6

R43110

2014

6/5/2013

6/13/2013

—

6/18/2013

6/20/2013

—

1/17/2014

P.L. 113-76

R43110

2015

5/20/2014

5/29/2014

—

5/20/2014

5/22/2014

—

12/16/2014

P.L. 113-235

R43669

2016

6/18/2015

7/8/2015

—

7/14/2015

7/16/2015

—

12/18/2015

P.L. 114-113

R44240

2017

4/13/2016

Draft^c

Voice vote

4/19/2016

H.R. 5054

H.Rept. 114-531

Voice vote

—

Source: CRS.

a. E = Enacted as standalone appropriation (9 times over 22 years); O = Omnibus appropriation (11 times); Y = Year-long continuing resolution (two times).

b. A procedure that permits a Senate subcommittee to transmit a bill to its full committee without a formal markup session. See CRS Report RS22952, Proxy Voting and Polling in Senate Committee.

c. The House Agriculture appropriations subcommittee draft is available at http://appropriations.house.gov/UploadedFiles/BILLS-114HR-SC-AP-FY2017-Agriculture-SubcommitteeDraft.pdf.

Author Contact Information

[author name scrubbed], Acting Section Research Manager ([email address scrubbed], [phone number scrubbed])

Key Policy Staff

Area of Expertise	Name	Phone	Email
Agricultural appropriations generally	[author name scrubbed]	[phone number scrubbed]	[email address scrubbed]
Agricultural research	[author name scrubbed]	[phone number scrubbed]	[email address scrubbed]
Agricultural Marketing Service	[author name scrubbed]	[phone number scrubbed]	[email address scrubbed]
Agricultural trade	[author name scrubbed]	[phone number scrubbed]	[email address scrubbed]
Animal and Plant Health Inspection	[author name scrubbed]	[phone number scrubbed]	[email address scrubbed]
Commodity Futures Trading Commission	Rena Miller	[phone number scrubbed]	[email address scrubbed]
Conservation	[author name scrubbed]	[phone number scrubbed]	[email address scrubbed]
Dietary guidelines	[author name scrubbed]	[phone number scrubbed]	[email address scrubbed]
Disaster programs	[author name scrubbed]	[phone number scrubbed]	[email address scrubbed]
Domestic food assistance	[author name scrubbed]	[phone number scrubbed]	[email address scrubbed]
Farm Service Agency, CCC	[author name scrubbed]	[phone number scrubbed]	[email address scrubbed]
Food and Drug Administration	[author name scrubbed]	[phone number scrubbed]	[email address scrubbed]
Food Safety Modernization Act/FDA	[author name scrubbed]	[phone number scrubbed]	[email address scrubbed]
Food safety: FSIS/meat and poultry inspection	[author name scrubbed]	[phone number scrubbed]	[email address scrubbed]
Foreign food aid	[author name scrubbed]	[phone number scrubbed]	[email address scrubbed]
Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Admin.	[author name scrubbed]	[phone number scrubbed]	[email address scrubbed]
Rural development	[author name scrubbed]	[phone number scrubbed]	[email address scrubbed]

Footnotes

USDA, FY2017 USDA Budget Summary; and USDA, 2017 Budget Explanatory Notes, http://www.obpa.usda.gov.

1.	~~Office of Management and Budget (OMB), FY2017 Budget of the U.S. Government, especially in the Appendix, at http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Appendix.~~
2.	USDA, FY2017 USDA Budget Summary; and USDA, 2017 Budget Explanatory Notes, http://www.obpa.usda.gov.
3.	See, The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction.
4.	This is an unofficial compilation by CRS that may change after CBO provides official scores, particularly for limitations on mandatory programs, scorekeeping adjustments, and the discretionary portion of certain nutrition programs. The standard deviation of this estimated total for discretionary budget authority is likely within 0.5%See CRS Report R42388, The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction.
52.	Jurisdiction for CFTC appropriations differs between the chambers. Since FY2008, CFTC is marked up in the Agriculture subcommittee of the House Appropriations Committee, and in the Financial Services and General Government subcommittee of the Senate Appropriations Committee. The enacted CFTC appropriation is carried in the Agriculture ~~appropriation~~bill in even-numbered fiscal years, and in the Financial Services ~~portion~~bill in odd-numbered ~~years~~fiscal years.
3.	See CRS Report R44428, The Federal Budget: Overview and Issues for FY2017 and Beyond
4.	Office of Management and Budget (OMB), FY2017 Budget of the U.S. Government, especially in the Appendix, at http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Appendix.
5.