Contents

• Introduction
• Cumulative Funding History
• FY2014 and FY2015FY2017 and FY2018 Appropriations
• Guide to Tables and Charts
• Background
• Evolution of the Department of Energy
• Evolution of Energy Technology R&D Funding

Summary

Energy-related research and development (R&D)—on coal-based synthetic petroleum and on atomic powerbombs—played an important role in the successful outcome of World War II. In the post-warpostwar era, the federal government conducted R&D on fossil and nuclear energy sources to support peacetime economic growth. The energy crises of the 1970s spurred the government to broaden the focus to include renewable energy and energy efficiency. Over the 3841-year period from the Department of Energy's (DOE's) inception at the beginning of fiscal year (FY) 1978FY1978 through FY2015FY2018, federal funding for renewable energy R&D amounted to about 1718% of the energy R&D total, compared with 156% for electric systems, 16% for energy efficiency, 2524% for fossil, and 37% for nuclear. For the 6871-year period from 1948 through 20152018, nearly 1213% went to renewables, compared with 10% for efficiency, 25nearly 5% for electric systems, 11% for energy efficiency, 24% for fossil, and 49% for nuclear.

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Introduction

Cumulative Funding History

This report provides a cumulative history of Department of Energy (DOE) funding for renewable energy compared with funding for the other energy technologies—nuclear energy, fossil energy, and energy efficiency, and electric systems. Specifically, it provides a comparison that covers cumulative funding over the past 10 years (FY2006-FY2015FY2009-FY2018), a second comparison that covers the 3841-year period since DOE was established at the beginning of fiscal year 1978 (FY1978-FY2015)FY1978 through FY2018, and a third comparison that covers a 6871-year funding history (FY1948-FY2015FY2018) for DOE and predecessor agencies.

FY2014 and FY2015FY2017 and FY2018 Appropriations

The final amount of FY2014FY2017 Energy and Water Development appropriations for DOE energy technologies was established on January 17, 2014, by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 20142017 (P.L. 113-76), which115-31), which was signed by the President on May 5, 2017. The act contained appropriations for all FY2014FY2017 appropriations bills, including Energy and Water Development programs (Division D).¹

Final funding for FY2015 was set on December 16, 2014, FY2018 was set by the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 20152018 (P.L. 113-235), which contained appropriations for all FY2015 appropriations bills, including115-141), which was signed by the President on May 23, 2018. Funding levels for DOE are included in Energy and Water Development programs (Division D).²

Guide to Tables and Charts

Figure 1 presents the fiscal year funding totals for DOE in real terms (2016 dollars) since 1978 for each technology or energy source. Table 1 shows the cumulative funding totals in real terms (20142016 dollars) for the past 10 years (first column), 3841 years (second column), and 6871 years (third column). Table 2 converts the data from Table 1 into relative shares of spending for each technology or energy source, expressed as a percentage of total spending for each period.

Figure 12 displays the data from the first column of Table 2 as a pie chart. That chart shows the relative shares of cumulative DOE spending for each technology or energy source over the 10 years from FY2006FY2009 through FY2015FY2018. Figure 23 provides a similar chart for the period from FY1978 through FY2015FY2018. Figure 34 shows a chart for FY1948 through FY2015FY2018.

Background

Evolution of the Department of Energy

The availability of energy—especially gasoline and other liquid fuels—played a critical role in World War II.³ Another energy-related factor was the application of research and development (R&D) to the atomic bomb (Manhattan Project) and other military technologies. During the post-World War II era, the federal government began to apply R&D to the peacetime development of energy sources to support economic growth. At that time, the primary R&D focus was on fossil fuels and new forms of energy derived from nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

The Atomic Energy Act of 1946 established the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), which inherited all of the Manhattan Project's R&D activities and placed nuclear weapon development and nuclear power management under civilian control.⁴ A major focus of the AEC was research on "atoms for peace," the use of nuclear energy for civilian electric power production.⁵ Prompted by the Arab Oil Embargo ofoil embargo declared by the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries in 1973, the Federal Energy Administration was established in mid-1974.⁶ In early 1975, the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) was established, incorporating the AEC and several energy programs that had been operating under the Department of the Interior and other federal agencies.⁵

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The Department of Energy (DOE) was established by law in 1977,⁶8 incorporating activities of the FEA and ERDA. All of the energy R&D programs—fossil, nuclear, renewable, and energy efficiency—were brought under its administration. DOE also undertook a small program in energy storage and electricity system R&D that supports the four main energy technology programs.⁷

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Evolution of Energy Technology R&D Funding

From FY1948 through FY1977, the majority of federal government support for energy R&D focused on the federal government provided an extensive amount of R&D support for fossil energy and nuclear power technologies.⁸10 Total spending on fossil energy technologies over that period amounted to about $16.617.1 billion, in constant FY2014FY2016 dollars. The federal government spent about $50.251.6 billion (in constant FY2014FY2016 dollars) during that period for nuclear fission and nuclear fusion energy R&D.⁹energy R&D (in all the tables and figures in this report, the "nuclear" category includes both fission and fusion).¹¹

The energy crises of the 1970s spurred the federal government to expand its R&D programs to include renewable (wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, hydro) energy and energy efficiency technologies. ModestComparatively modest efforts to support renewable energy and energy efficiency began during the early 1970s. From FY1973 through FY1977 the federal government spent about $2.5 billion (in constant FY2014 dollars) on renewable energy R&D, $900 million on energy efficiency R&D, and $185 million on electric systems R&D.¹⁰12 Since FY1978, DOE has been the main supplier of energy R&D funding compared to other federal agencies.¹³.¹¹

In real (constant dollar) terms, funding support for all four of the main energy technologies skyrocketed during the 1970s to a combined peak in FY1979 at about $8.6 billion (20142016 constant dollars). Funding then dropped steadily, reaching a bottom ofto about $2.0 billion (20142016 dollars) per year during the late 1990s. Since then, funding has increased gradually—except that the American Recovery Actand Reinvestment Act of 2009 (P.L. 111-5) provided a one-year spike up to nearlyof $13 billion (20142016 dollars) in FY2009. For FY2015FY2018, DOE energy R&D funding stood at nearly $3.74.5 billion (20142016 dollars).

Figure 1. Fiscal Year R&D Funding of DOE Energy Technologies

(billions of 2016 dollars)

Source: DOE Budget Authority History Table by Appropriation, May 2007; DOE Congressional Budget Requests (several years); Deflator Source: The Budget for Fiscal Year 2019. Historical Tables. Table 10.1. Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables, 1940-2023.

Notes: Column for FY2009 includes funding provided in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (P.L. 111-5).

dollars).

Figure 12. DOE Energy Technology Share of Funding, FY2006-FY2015 FY2009-FY2018

Source: DOE Budget Authority History Table by Appropriation, May 2007; DOE Congressional Budget Requests (several years); Deflator Source: The Budget for Fiscal Year 20169. Historical Tables. Table 10.1. Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables, 1940-20202023.

Figure 23. DOE Energy Technology Share of Funding, FY1978-FY2015 FY2018

Sources: DOE Budget Authority History Table by Appropriation, May 2007; DOE Congressional Budget Requests (several years); Deflator Source: The Budget for Fiscal Year 20192016. Historical Tables. Table 10.1. Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables, 1940-20202023.

Figure 34. DOE Energy Technology Share of Funding, FY1948-FY2015 FY2018

Sources: DOE Budget Authority History Table by Appropriation, May 2007; DOE Congressional Budget Requests (several years); DOE (Pacific Northwest Laboratory), An Analysis of Federal Incentives Used to Stimulate Energy Production, 1980; DOE Conservation and Renewable Energy Base Table. Feb. 1990. Deflator Source: The Budget for Fiscal Year 20169. Historical Tables. Table 10.1, Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables, 1940-2023.

Figure 45. DOE Energy Technology Share of Funding, Comparison over Three Periods

Source: DOE Budget Authority History Table by Appropriation, May 2007; DOE Congressional Budget Requests (several years); DOE (Pacific Northwest Laboratory), An Analysis of Federal Incentives Used to Stimulate Energy Production, 1980; DOE Conservation and Renewable Energy Base Table. Feb. 1990. Deflator Source: The Budget for Fiscal Year 20169. Historical Tables. Table 10.1, Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables, 1940-2023. Notes: Column to far left shows shares for the period FY1948-FY2015FY2018; middle column shows shares for period from FY1978-FY2015FY2018; and far right column shows shares for period from FY2006-FY2015FY2009-FY2018.

Author Contact Information

Footnotes

See Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-438). Terrence R. Fehner and Jack M. Holl, Department of Energy 1977-1994: A Summary History, DOE, DOE/HR-0098, November 1994, p. 18, https://www.energy.gov/management/downloads/fehner-and-holl-department-energy-1977-1994-summary-history, Department of Energy 1977-1994, p. 17-22, (DOE/HR-0098) http://energy.gov/downloads/summaryhistorypdf.

1.	For more details, see CRS Report R43121R44465, Energy and Water Development: FY2014FY2017 Appropriations, coordinated by [author name scrubbed]by Mark Holt.
2.	For more details, see CRS Report R43567R44895, Energy and Water Development: FY2015FY2018 Appropriations, coordinated by [author name scrubbed]by Mark Holt and Corrie E. Clark.
3.	Regarding coal-based synthetic petroleum production—before, during, and after World War II—see DOE's discussion at http://fossil.energy.gov/aboutus/history/syntheticfuels_history.html.
4.	DOE, Origins of the U.S. Department of Energy, (DOE/HR-0098, draft), p. 8. Also, see DOE, A History of the Atomic Energy Commission, (DOE/ES-0003/ 1; by Alice L. Buck) July 1983 http://www.atomictraveler.com/HistoryofAEC.pdf.
5.	DOEthe discussion by DOE's National Energy Technology Laboratory at https://www.netl.doe.gov/research/coal/energy-systems/gasification/gasifipedia/history-liquid-fuels.
4.	Alice L. Buck, A History of the Atomic Energy Commission, DOE, July 1983, p. 1, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb507/docs/doc%2012%20%2083.07%20Buck%20AEC%20history.pdf.
5.	Ibid., p. 3.
6.	See Federal Energy Administration Act (P.L. 93-275). Terrence R. Fehner and Jack M. Holl, Department of Energy 1977-1994: A Summary History, DOE, DOE/HR-0098, November 1994, p. 17, https://www.energy.gov/management/downloads/fehner-and-holl-department-energy-1977-1994-summary-history.
7.
68.	The Department of Energy Organization Act, P.L. 95-91, was enacted on August 4, 1977.
79.	This program includes R&D on advanced batteries to store electricity and transmission equipment to transfer electricity with less heat loss (i.e., at higher levels of energy efficiency).
810.	DOE. Pacific Northwest Laboratory. An Analysis of Federal Incentives Used to Stimulate Energy Production. 1980. The spending for fossil energy included coal, oil, and natural gas technologies.
911.	Ibid.
1012.	According to data compiled from DOE'sDOE Conservation and Renewable Energy Base Table. February 1990.
11, February 1990, from FY1973 through FY1977, the federal government spent about $1.7 billion (in constant FY2016 dollars) on renewable energy R&D, $413 million on energy efficiency R&D, and $246 million on electric systems R&D. 13.	There has been some energy R&D funding—on a much smaller scale—provided by the Department of Defense and other agencies. Coverage of that funding is beyond the scope of this report.