FY2015 State Grants Under Title I-A of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)

Summary

Under current law, the U.S. Department of Education (ED) determines Title I-A grants to local educational agencies (LEAs) based on four separate funding formulas: Basic Grants, Concentration Grants, Targeted Grants, and Education Finance Incentive Grants (EFIG). The four Title I-A formulas have somewhat distinct allocation patterns, providing varying shares of allocated funds to different types of states. Thus, for some states, certain formulas are more favorable than others.

This report provides final FY2015 state grant amounts under each of the four formulas used to determine Title I-A grants. Overall, California received the largest FY2015 Title I-A grant amount ($1.7 billion or 11.81% of total Title I-A grants). Wyoming received the smallest FY2015 Title I-A grant amount ($33.1 million or 0.23% of total Title I-A grants).

Introduction

The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) is the primary source of federal aid to K-12 education. Title I-A is the largest program in the ESEA, funded at $14.4 billion for FY2015. Title I-A is designed to provide supplementary educational and related services to low-achieving and other students attending pre-kindergarten through grade 12 schools with relatively high concentrations of students from low-income families. The U.S. Department of Education (ED) determines Title I-A grants to local educational agencies (LEAs) based on four separate funding formulas: Basic Grants, Concentration Grants, Targeted Grants, and Education Finance Incentive Grants (EFIG).

The ESEA was comprehensively reauthorized by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA; P.L. 114-95) on December 10, 2015.¹ The ESSA made few changes to the Title I-A formulas. Changes to the Title I-A formulas under the ESSA will take effect beginning in FY2017.²

This report provides final FY2015 state grant amounts under each of the four formulas used to determine Title I-A grants. For a general overview of the Title I-A formulas see CRS Report R44164, ESEA Title I-A Formulas: In Brief, by [author name scrubbed]. For a more detailed discussion of the Title I-A formulas, see CRS Report RL34721, Elementary and Secondary Education Act: An Analytical Review of the Allocation Formulas, by [author name scrubbed].

Under Title I-A, funds are allocated to LEAs via state educational agencies (SEAs) using four different allocation formulas specified in statute: Basic Grants, Concentration Grants, Targeted Grants, and Education Finance Incentive Grants (EFIG). Annual appropriations bills specify portions of each year's Title I-A appropriation to be allocated to LEAs and states under each of these formulas. In FY2015, about 45% of Title I-A appropriations were allocated through the Basic Grants formula, 9% through the Concentration Grants formula, and 23% through each of the Targeted Grants and EFIG formulas. Once funds reach LEAs, the amounts allocated under the four formulas are combined and used jointly.

For each formula, a maximum grant is calculated by multiplying a "formula child count," consisting primarily of estimated numbers of school-age children in poor families, by an "expenditure factor" based on state average per pupil expenditures for public K-12 education. In some formulas, additional factors are multiplied by the formula child count and expenditure factor. These maximum grants are then reduced to equal the level of available appropriations for each formula, taking into account a variety of state and LEA minimum grant provisions. In general, LEAs must have a minimum number of formula children and/or a minimum formula child rate to be eligible to receive a grant under a specific Title I-A formula. Some LEAs may qualify for a grant under only one formula, while other LEAs may be eligible to receive grants under multiple formulas.

Under three of the formulas—Basic, Concentration, and Targeted Grants—funds are initially calculated at the LEA level. State grants are the total of allocations for all LEAs in the state, adjusted for state minimum grant provisions. Under EFIG, grants are first calculated for each state overall and then are subsequently suballocated to LEAs within the state using a different formula.

Final FY2015 grants included in this report were calculated by the U.S. Department of Education (ED). The percentage share of funds allocated under each of the Title I-A formulas was calculated by CRS for each state by dividing the total grant received by the total amount allocated under each respective formula.

Dollars in thousands

Basic Grants

Concentration Grants

Targeted Grants

EFIG

Total Title I-A Grants

State

Grant Amount

Percentage Share of Total Allocation

Grant Amount

Percentage Share of Total Allocation

Grant Amount

Percentage Share of Total Allocation

Grant Amount

Percentage Share of Total Allocation

Grant Amount

Percentage Share of Total Allocation

Total, U.S.

$6,390,863

100%

$1,348,678

100%

$3,261,110

100%

$3,261,110

100%

$14,261,760

100%

Alabama

$99,019

1.55%

$22,275

1.65%

$48,654

1.49%

$51,769

1.59%

$221,717

1.55%

Alaska

$16,123*

0.25%

$2,378

0.18%

$9,424*

0.29%

$9,410*

0.29%

$37,335

0.26%

Arizona

$145,066

2.27%

$31,453

2.33%

$77,018

2.36%

$69,361

2.13%

$322,898

2.26%

Arkansas

$69,408

1.09%

$15,774

1.17%

$32,541

1.00%

$36,724

1.13%

$154,447

1.08%

California

$754,864

11.81%

$162,782

12.07%

$405,606

12.44%

$361,434

11.08%

$1,684,686

11.81%

Colorado

$69,630

1.09%

$12,375

0.92%

$32,709

1.00%

$35,363

1.08%

$150,078

1.05%

Connecticut

$56,616

0.89%

$8,736

0.65%

$21,502

0.66%

$29,167

0.89%

$116,022

0.81%

Delaware

$17,882

0.28%

$4,292

0.32%

$11,107*

0.34%

$11,072*

0.34%

$44,353

0.31%

District of Columbia

$17,744*

0.28%

$3,994

0.30%

$10,557*

0.32%

$10,525*

0.32%

$42,820

0.30%

Florida

$321,477

5.03%

$75,295

5.58%

$201,637

6.18%

$177,144

5.43%

$775,554

5.44%

Georgia

$217,854

3.41%

$50,035

3.71%

$116,825

3.58%

$114,489

3.51%

$499,203

3.50%

Hawaii

$19,490

0.30%

$4,588

0.34%

$11,414*

0.35%

$11,624

0.36%

$47,116

0.33%

Idaho

$27,277

0.43%

$5,862

0.43%

$11,414*

0.35%

$12,763

0.39%

$57,316

0.40%

Illinois

$305,173

4.78%

$60,453

4.48%

$155,200

4.76%

$143,157

4.39%

$663,984

4.66%

Indiana

$120,236

1.88%

$24,892

1.85%

$51,372

1.58%

$61,877

1.90%

$258,377

1.81%

Iowa

$44,774

0.70%

$7,731

0.57%

$15,854

0.49%

$22,879

0.70%

$91,238

0.64%

Kansas

$49,545

0.78%

$9,384

0.70%

$20,494

0.63%

$24,683

0.76%

$104,106

0.73%

Kentucky

$94,540

1.48%

$21,504

1.59%

$45,836

1.41%

$49,965

1.53%

$211,846

1.49%

Louisiana

$124,799

1.95%

$29,677

2.20%

$65,125

2.00%

$64,564

1.98%

$284,165

1.99%

Maine

$22,798

0.36%

$4,467

0.33%

$11,414*

0.35%

$11,414*

0.35%

$50,093

0.35%

Maryland

$86,104

1.35%

$16,806

1.25%

$46,210

1.42%

$46,772

1.43%

$195,893

1.37%

Massachusetts

$111,685

1.75%

$18,959

1.41%

$46,028

1.41%

$55,131

1.69%

$231,804

1.63%

Michigan

$225,457

3.53%

$46,813

3.47%

$113,378

3.48%

$113,027

3.47%

$498,675

3.50%

Minnesota

$73,946

1.16%

$10,297

0.76%

$28,304

0.87%

$36,067

1.11%

$148,615

1.04%

Mississippi

$83,683

1.31%

$19,720

1.46%

$44,462

1.36%

$42,829

1.31%

$190,695

1.34%

Missouri

$112,722

1.76%

$23,710

1.76%

$49,417

1.52%

$54,911

1.68%

$240,760

1.69%

Montana

$18,499

0.29%

$4,142

0.31%

$11,414*

0.35%

$11,414*

0.35%

$45,469

0.32%

Nebraska

$32,348

0.51%

$6,196

0.46%

$13,472

0.41%

$16,837

0.52%

$68,852

0.48%

Nevada

$47,967

0.75%

$11,108

0.82%

$32,648

1.00%

$24,998

0.77%

$116,721

0.82%

New Hampshire

$17,187*

0.27%

$2,994

0.22%

$9,571*

0.29%

$9,975*

0.31%

$39,727

0.28%

New Jersey

$159,208

2.49%

$25,966

1.93%

$64,624

1.98%

$80,559

2.47%

$330,357

2.32%

New Mexico

$50,218

0.79%

$11,635

0.86%

$26,894

0.82%

$27,482

0.84%

$116,229

0.81%

New York

$477,496

7.47%

$102,036

7.57%

$286,454

8.78%

$238,454

7.31%

$1,104,439

7.74%

North Carolina

$182,689

2.86%

$42,431

3.15%

$94,050

2.88%

$97,918

3.00%

$417,089

2.92%

North Dakota

$14,385*

0.23%

$2,037*

0.15%

$8,519*

0.26%

$8,546*

0.26%

$33,486

0.23%

Ohio

$256,815

4.02%

$52,373

3.88%

$117,355

3.60%

$131,778

4.04%

$558,321

3.91%

Oklahoma

$71,486

1.12%

$15,347

1.14%

$32,210

0.99%

$37,252

1.14%

$156,295

1.10%

Oregon

$64,801

1.01%

$14,365

1.07%

$27,737

0.85%

$33,421

1.02%

$140,325

0.98%

Pennsylvania

$253,202

3.96%

$48,010

3.56%

$117,513

3.60%

$125,398

3.85%

$544,123

3.82%

Puerto Rico

$184,398

2.89%

$46,822

3.47%

$95,001

2.91%

$92,274

2.83%

$418,495

2.93%

Rhode Island

$22,228

0.35%

$4,240

0.31%

$11,414*

0.35%

$11,463

0.35%

$49,345

0.35%

South Carolina

$99,851

1.56%

$23,333

1.73%

$49,144

1.51%

$53,437

1.64%

$225,766

1.58%

South Dakota

$17,744*

0.28%

$3,327*

0.25%

$11,199*

0.34%

$11,200*

0.34%

$43,470

0.30%

Tennessee

$124,544

1.95%

$28,386

2.10%

$64,427

1.98%

$66,353

2.03%

$283,710

1.99%

Texas

$577,049

9.03%

$128,452

9.52%

$313,846

9.62%

$301,385

9.24%

$1,320,732

9.26%

Utah

$40,408

0.63%

$7,005

0.52%

$18,722

0.57%

$21,077

0.65%

$87,212

0.61%

Vermont

$14,036*

0.22%

$2,450*

0.18%

$8,307*

0.25%

$8,403*

0.26%

$33,196

0.23%

Virginia

$116,984

1.83%

$21,977

1.63%

$50,668

1.55%

$53,950

1.65%

$243,580

1.71%

Washington

$108,606

1.70%

$21,311

1.58%

$45,356

1.39%

$54,975

1.69%

$230,248

1.61%

West Virginia

$40,630

0.64%

$9,180

0.68%

$16,801

0.52%

$22,629

0.69%

$89,240

0.63%

Wisconsin

$96,016

1.50%

$17,207

1.28%

$41,850

1.28%

$53,404

1.64%

$208,477

1.46%

Wyoming

$14,154*

0.22%

$2,092

0.16%

$8,410*

0.26%

$8,403*

0.26%

$33,060

0.23%

Source: Table prepared by CRS based on unpublished data provided by the U.S. Department of Education (ED), Budget Service. FY2015 Title I-A grant amounts were calculated by ED. Percentage shares of FY2015 allocation amounts were calculated by CRS.

Author Contact Information

Acknowledgments

[author name scrubbed], Research Assistant at CRS, and Elizabeth Crowe, former Research Assistant at CRS, also contributed to this report.