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Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS): In Brief

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Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS): Background and Funding Nathan James Analyst in Crime Policy June 2, 2011May 14, 2013 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL33308 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS): Background and Funding Summary The Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) program was created by Title I of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (P.L. 103-322). The mission of the COPS program is to advance community policing in all jurisdictions across the United States. The Violence Against Women and Department of Justice Reauthorization Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-162) reauthorized the COPS program through FY2009 and changed it from a multi-grant program to a single-grant program. Between FY1995 and FY1996, the annual appropriation for the COPS program averaged more than $1.4 billion. The relatively high levels of funding during this time period were largely the result of Congress’s and the Clinton Administration’s efforts to place 100,000 new law enforcement officers on the street. Appropriations for the program started to wane in FY2002 before increasing again for the four-year period between FY2007 and FY2010. Congress started to reduce funding for the COPS program as it moved away from providing funding for hiring new law enforcement officers and changed COPS into a conduit for providing federal assistance to support local law enforcement agencies. Starting in FY1998, an increasing portion of the annual appropriation for COPS was dedicated to programs to help law enforcement agencies purchase new equipment, combat methamphetamine production, upgrade criminal records, and improve forensic sciences. One issue Congress might consider is the appropriate funding level for COPS, especially in light of concerns about federal spending and possible reductions to appropriations for the Department of JusticeFunding for the COPS program decreased in both FY2011 and FY2012, which can be attributed to reduced funding for the COPS Hiring Program, the congressional earmark ban, and Congress moving appropriations for programs that were traditionally funded under the COPS account to other accounts. Funding for the COPS program did increase slightly in FY2013, even after sequestration. One issue Congress might consider is whether the federal government should continue to provide grants to state and local law enforcement agencies to hire additional officers at a time of historically low crime rates. Congressional Research Service Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS): Background and Funding Contents Background ...................................................................................................................................... 1 COPS Funding ................................................................................................................................. 3 Figures Figure 1. COPS Funding, FY1995-FY2011 FY2013 .................................................................................... 4 Figure 2. Funding for the COPS Hiring Program, FY1995-FY2013Hiring Programs, FY1995-FY2011............................................................ 5 Tables Table A-1. COPS’ Requested Funding, Total Enacted Funding, Funding for Hiring Programs, and Authorized Appropriation, FY1995-FY2011FY2013......................................................7.. 7 Table A-2. COPS Funding, by Program, FY2004-FY2013 ............................................................. 9 Appendixes Appendix. COPS Funding History .................................................................................................. 7 Contacts Author Contact Information ...........................................................................................................8 11 Congressional Research Service Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS): Background and Funding Background The Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) program was created by Title I of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 19941 (the ‘94 Crime Act). The mission of the COPS program is to advance community policing in all jurisdictions across the United States.2 The COPS program awards grants to state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies throughout the United States so they can hire and train law enforcement officers to participate in community policing, purchase and deploy new crime-fighting technologies, and develop and test new and innovative policing strategies.3 COPS grants are managed by the COPS Office, which was created in 1994 by Department of Justice (DOJ) to oversee the COPS program. According to the COPS Office, it has awarded more than $11.4 billion to over 13,000 law enforcement agencies across the United States since it started awarding grants in 1994.4 The COPS Office also reported that it has funded more than 117,000 community policing officers throughout the United States as of the end of FY2004.5 Authorized funding for the COPS program expired in FY2009. Legislation to reauthorize the COPS program was introduced in both the 110th and 111th Congresses and has been reintroduced in the current Congress (see below)Authorized funding for the COPS program expired in FY2009. There are several issues Congress might consider as it debatesif it chooses to consider legislation to reauthorize the program. These issues are the subject of another CRS report.64 Another issue Congress might consider is the appropriate funding level for COPS, especially in light of concerns about federal spending and possible reductions to appropriations for DOJ. As originally authorized under Title I of the ‘94 Crime Act, the COPS program had three separate grant programs. Under the first program, the Attorney General was authorized to make grants to states, units of local government, Indian tribal governments, other public and private entities, and multi-jurisdictional or regional consortia to increase the number of police officers and focus the officers’ efforts on community policing. Grant funds under this program could have been used to • hire new police officers; • rehire police officers who have been laid off; and • obtain equipment or support systems and provide overtime pay, if it results in an increase of the number of officers deployed in community-oriented policing. Grant funds under a second program could have been used to hire former members of the armed services to serve as career law enforcement officers engaged in community policing. Grant funds under a third program could have also been used for other non-hiring purposes such as • training law enforcement officers in crime prevention and community policing techniques; • developing technologies that emphasize crime prevention; 1 P.L. 103-322; 42 U.S.C. §3796dd. While there are different definitions of “community policing” the COPS Office defines “community policing” as “ ... a philosophy that promotes organizational strategies, which support the systematic use of partnerships and problemsolving techniques, to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime.” U.S. Department of Justice, Community Oriented Policing Services Office, Community Policing Defined, http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/default.asp?Item=36. 3 U.S. Department of Justice, Community Oriented Policing Services Office, About Community Oriented Policing Services Office, http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/Default.asp?Item=35. 4 Carl Peed, “Message from the Director,” http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/Default.asp?Item=37. 2 5 U.S. Department of Justice, Community Oriented Policing Services Office, About Community Oriented Policing Services Office, http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/Default.asp?Item=35. 6 See CRS Report R40709, Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS): Current Legislative Issues, by Nathan James. 2 Congressional Research Service 1 Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS): Background and Funding Grant funds under a second program could have been used to hire former members of the armed services to serve as career law enforcement officers engaged in community policing. Grant funds under a third program could have also been used for other non-hiring purposes such as • training law enforcement officers in crime prevention and community policing techniques; • developing technologies that emphasize crime prevention; • linking community organizations and residents with law enforcement; • supporting the purchase of weapons for police officers; • decreasing the amount of time police must spend away from the community while awaiting court appearances; and • facilitating the establishment of community-oriented policing as an organizationwide philosophy. 75 In 1998, P.L. 105-302 amended the ‘94 Crime Act to allow COPS funding to be used for school resource officers. In 2003, P.L. 108-218216 also amended the ‘94 Crime Act to allow COPS funding to be used for assisting states to enforce sex offender registration laws.97 The ‘94 Crime Act authorized funding for the COPS program through FY2000. Debate on Title I of the ‘94 Crime Act focused on whether the COPS program would be able to meet its goal of putting 100,000 new police officers on the beat by the end of FY2000. 108 Starting in 1999, Congress turned its attention to reauthorizing the COPS program. There was support from some Members of Congress for continuing the COPS program. 119 During this period, Congress 7 discussed using COPS hiring programs to put another 50,000 police officers on the streets.10 After COPS 5 This list represents the types of activities that were originally authorized in P.L. 103-322, which also included (1) hiring programs such as Universal Hiring Program and Making Officer Redeployment Effective (MORE), and (2) other activities such as Police Corps, methamphetamine “hot spot” clean-up, law enforcement technology, and tribal law enforcement grants. 86 See §341 of the Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to End the Exploitation of Children Today Act (PROTECT) of 2003 (P.L. 108-21). 97 For additional information on sex offender registering laws, see CRS Report RL32800, Sex Offender Registration and Community Notification Law: Recent Legislation and Issues, by Garrine P. Laney (available upon request). 8. 10 See Senate debate, “Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994—Conference Report,” Congressional Record, vol. 140 (August 25, 1994), pp. S12496-S12557; Rep. Manzullo, “Examining the Centerpiece of the Crime Bill,” Congressional Record, vol. 140 (August 18, 1994), pp. H8691-H8694; Sen. Orrin Hatch, “The Signing of the Crime Bill,” Congressional Record, vol. 140 (September 13, 1994), p. S12799; Rep. William J. Coyne, “The Right Tools for Fighting Crime—Extension of Remarks,” Congressional Record, vol. 140 (August 26, 1994), p. E1808; Senate debate, “The Crime Bill,” Congressional Record, vol. 140 (August 22, 1994), pp. S12285-S12288; Senate debate, “Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994,” Congressional Record, vol. 140 (August 22, 1994), pp. S12250-S12284. 119 See Senate debate, “Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary and Related Agencies Appropriation Act,” Congressional Record, vol. 145 (July 22, 1999), pp. S8988-S9014; Rep. Bart Stupak, “COPS Program Good for Communities,” Congressional Record, vol. 145 (May 12, 1999), p. H3070; Rep. Rush Holt, “Reauthorize COPS Program,” Congressional Record, vol. 145 (May 12, 1999), p. H3003; Senate debate, “Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for Fiscal Year 2000,” Congressional Record, vol. 145 (March 24, 1999) pp. S3301-S3308; Senate debate, “Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2000,” Congressional Record, vol. 145 (July 21, 1999), pp. S8940-S8947. Congressional Research Service 2 Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS): Background and Funding discussed using COPS hiring programs to put another 50,000 police officers on the streets.12 After COPS 10 See U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime and Drugs, Making America’s Streets Safer: The Future of the COPS Program, 107th Cong., 1st sess., December 5, 2001 (Washington: GPO, 2002); Senate debate, “Statement on Introduced Bills and Joint Resolutions,” Congressional Record, vol. 145 (January 19, 1999), pp. S345-S470; House debate, “Democratic Legislative Agenda Held Hostage by Do-nothing/Do-wrong Republican Congress,” Congressional Record, vol. 145 (November 3, 1999) pp. H11452-H11459; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, Fiscal Year 2001, report to accompany H.R. 4690, 106th Cong., 2nd sess., H.Rept. 106680 (Washington, GPO, 2000), p. 8; House debate, “Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2002,” Congressional Record, vol. 147 (July 18, 2001), pp. H4167-H4202; Senate debate, “Statement on Introduced Bills and Joint Resolutions,” Congressional Record, vol. 145 (March 25, 1999), pp. S3440-S3457; Sen. Orrin Hatch, “Hatch Amendment No. 246,” Congressional Record, vol. 145 (April 12, 1999), p. S3600. Congressional Research Service 2 Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS): Background and Funding initial authorization expired, several bills were introduced in Congress that would have reauthorized the COPS program; however, Congress continued to appropriate funding for the program through FY2006, when reauthorizing legislation was enacted (see discussion below). On January 5, 2006, the Violence Against Women and Department of Justice Reauthorization Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-162) was signed into law. The act reauthorized the COPS program through FY2009. Along with reauthorizing the COPS program, the act amended current law13law11 to change the COPS program into a single-grant program. When Congress reauthorized COPS, it took many of the purposes for which COPS grants could be awarded (see above) and made them program purpose areas under the new single grant program. As currently authorized, state or local law enforcement agencies may apply for a “COPS grant,” which could be used to hire or re-hire community policing officers or fund non-hiring programs. 1412 COPS Funding This section of the report only discusses the new budget authority enacted for the COPS program in the annual appropriation bills. Between FY1998 and FY2002, Congress directed the COPS Office to use unobligated balances from previous fiscal years to fund grant programs, which included grants for hiring, school safety, law enforcement technology, combating methamphetamine, armor vests for law enforcement officers, improving tribal law enforcement, and combating domestic violence. As shown in Figure 1, between FY1995 and FY1996, the annual appropriation for the COPS program averaged more than $1.4 billion. The relatively high levels of funding during this time period were largely the result of Congress’s and the Clinton Administration’s efforts to place 100,000 new law enforcement officers on the street. Appropriations for the program started to wane in FY2002 (the average annual appropriation for COPS between FY2002 and FY2006 was $780.4 million) before increasing again for the four-year period between FY2007 and FY2010. Congress started to reduce funding for the COPS program as it moved away from providing funding for hiring new law enforcement officers and changed COPS into a conduit for providing federal assistance to support local law enforcement agencies. Starting in FY1998, an increasing portion of the annual appropriation for COPS was dedicated to programs to help law enforcement 12 See U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime and Drugs, Making America’s Streets Safer: The Future of the COPS Program, 107th Cong., 1st sess., December 5, 2001 (Washington: GPO, 2002); Senate debate, “Statement on Introduced Bills and Joint Resolutions,” Congressional Record, vol. 145 (January 19, 1999), pp. S345-S470; House debate, “Democratic Legislative Agenda Held Hostage by Do-nothing/Do-wrong Republican Congress,” Congressional Record, vol. 145 (November 3, 1999) pp. H11452-H11459; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, Fiscal Year 2001, report to accompany H.R. 4690, 106th Cong., 2nd sess., H.Rept. 106680 (Washington, GPO, 2000), p. 8; House debate, “Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2002,” Congressional Record, vol. 147 (July 18, 2001), pp. H4167-H4202; Senate debate, “Statement on Introduced Bills and Joint Resolutions,” Congressional Record, vol. 145 (March 25, 1999), pp. S3440-S3457; Sen. Orrin Hatch, “Hatch Amendment No. 246,” Congressional Record, vol. 145 (April 12, 1999), p. S3600. 13 42 U.S.C. §3796dd(d). 14 agencies purchase new equipment, combat methamphetamine production, upgrade criminal records, and improve forensic sciences. As shown below, the reduction in overall COPS funding between FY2002 and FY2006 roughly coincides with reduced funding for the COPS Hiring Program (CHP). On the other hand, overall funding for COPS increased in both FY2009 and FY2010 when Congress started to provide funding for the CHP. Funding for the COPS program decreased in both FY2011 and FY2012, which again coincided with decreased funding for the CHP. However, decreases in overall funding for COPS can also be attributed to two trends: the congressional earmark ban and Congress restructuring the COPS account (see Table A-2). Congress implemented a ban on earmarks starting with appropriations 11 42 U.S.C. §3796dd(d). Even though current law states that law enforcement agencies that receive a COPS grant could use the funding for hiring or re-hiring law enforcement officers, the authority for the Attorney General to make grants for hiring or rehiring law enforcement officer ended on September 13, 2000 (42 U.S.C. §3796dd(i)). 12 Congressional Research Service 3 Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS): Background and Funding agencies purchase new equipment, combat methamphetamine production, upgrade criminal records, and improve forensic sciences. As shown below, the reduction in overall COPS funding between FY2002 and FY2006 roughly coincides with reduced funding for hiring programs. On the other hand, overall funding for COPS increased in both FY2009 and FY2010 when Congress started to provide funding for hiring programs again. Figure 1. COPS Funding, FY1995-FY2011 $1,800 Appropriation (in millions of $) $1,600 $1,400 $1,200 $1,000 $800 $600 $400 $200 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 $0 Fiscal Year Appropriations Caryover ARRA Source: FY1995 through FY2010 enacted amounts provided by U.S. Department of Justice, Community Oriented Policing Services; FY2011 amount based on a CRS analysis of P.L. 112-10for FY2011. This ban substantially decreased funding for the Law Enforcement Technology and the Methamphetamine Clean-up programs. By FY2012, Congress did not appropriate any funding for the Law Enforcement Technology program and the only funding remaining for the Methamphetamine Clean-up program was transferred to the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) to assist with the clean-up of clandestine methamphetamine laboratories. Between FY2010 and FY2012, Congress moved appropriations for programs that were traditionally funded under the COPS account—such as Project Safe Neighborhoods, DNA backlog reduction initiatives, Paul Coverdell grants, offender reentry programs, the National Criminal History Improvement program, and the Bulletproof Vest Grant program—to the State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance (S&LLEA) account. As shown in Table A-2, appropriations for programs that were moved to the S&LLEA account starting in FY2010 were traditionally transferred to the Office of Justice Programs. In a reversal of recent trends, now that Congress has restructured the funding of the COPS account by moving appropriations for several programs to the S&LLEA account, funds for the hiring program now comprise a large proportion of the total appropriation for the COPS account. Appropriations for the COPS account increased slightly in FY2013, which was the result of Congress appropriating additional funding for the CHP. Figure 1. COPS Funding, FY1995-FY2013 Appropriations in millions of dollars 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 Fiscal Year Appropriations Carryover ARRA Source: FY1995 through FY2011 enacted amounts provided by the U.S. Department of Justice, Community Oriented Policing Services; FY2012 enacted amount was taken from H.Rept. 112-284; FY2013 enacted amount provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Congressional Research Service 4 Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS): Background and Funding Notes: “ARRA” is the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (P.L. 111-5). The FY2013 enacted amount includes a rescission of 1.877% rescission per section 3001 of P.L. 113-6 and a 0.2% rescission ordered by the Office of Management and Budget per section 3004 of P.L. 113-6. The FY2013 enacted amount also includes the amount sequestered per the Budget Control Act of 2011(P.L. 112-25). In the early years of the COPS program, a majority of the program’s enacted appropriations went to grant programs specifically aimed at hiring more police officers (see Figure 2). Beginning in FY1998, however, enacted appropriations for COPS hiring grantsthe CHP began to decline, whereas nonhiring non-hiring grants started to see an increase in appropriations. Congress has traditionally specified what what amounts of the COPS appropriation each fiscal year are to be used for hiring grants and non-hiring nonhiring grants. In FY2008, Congress appropriated $20 million for hiring grantsthe CHP; this was the first time Congress appropriated funding for hiring grants since FY2005. As discussed above, the ARRAThe American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (P.L. 111-5) included $1 billion for COPS hiring grantsthe CHP, the most funding Congress appropriated for hiring grants since FY1999. For FY2010, Congress included $298 million for COPS hiring programsthe CHP as a part of the annual COPS appropriation. Congress continued its support for COPS hiring programs for the CHP, albeit at a reduced rate, by appropriating $247 million for FY2011 and $141 million for FY2012. Appropriations for the CHP increased slightly in FY2013 to $178.7 million. Appropriations for hiring programs in FY2009, FY2010, and FY2011-FY2012 were the result of Congress’s efforts to help local law enforcement agencies facing budget cuts as a result of the recession either hire new law enforcement officers or retain officers they might have to layoff. Congressional Research Service 4 Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS): Background and Funding Figure 2. Funding for the COPS Hiring Program, FY1995-FY2013 Appropriations in millions of dollars 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 Hiring Programs, FY1995-FY2011 $1,600 Appropriation (in millions of $) $1,400 $1,200 $1,000 $800 $600 $400 $200 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 $0 Fiscal Year Annual Appropriation ARRA Source: Appropriations for the COPS Hiring ProgramHiring appropriation for FY1995 to FY2010 amountsFY2011 were provided by the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, Congressional Affairs Office; FY2011 hiring amount is based on a CRS analysis of P.L. 112-10. Recently, debate in Congress regarding annual appropriations has focused on the need to reduce federal spending as a means of reining-in budget deficits. In general, non-defense discretionary spending has been the most frequently discussed target for budget cuts. For FY2011, Congress reduced funding for COPS by 17%. In addition, COPS funding was subject to a 0.2% across-theboard rescission of non-defense discretionary spending. It appears unlikely that debate over discretionary spending levels will subside in the near future. In addition, it appears that grant funding will be the most likely target for reductions if further cuts are made to DOJ’s budget. Under the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10), Congress made a total of $1.02 billion in cuts to several DOJ accounts, of which $883.1 million (87%) were to grant accounts.15 As Congress moves forward with deliberations on appropriations for DOJ generally, and DOJ grant programs specifically, it might consider what the appropriate funding level for COPS is. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services; FY2012 appropriation for the hiring program was taken from H.Rept. 112-284; the FY2013 appropriation for the hiring program was provided the U.S. Department of Justice. Congressional Research Service 5 Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS): Background and Funding Notes: “ARRA” is the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (P.L. 111-5). The FY2013 enacted amount includes a rescission of 1.877% rescission per section 3001 of P.L. 113-6 and a 0.2% rescission ordered by the Office of Management and Budget per section 3004 of P.L. 113-6. The FY2013 enacted amount also includes the amount sequestered per the Budget Control Act of 2011(P.L. 112-25). One potential question facing Congress as it considers the annual appropriation for the COPS program is whether the federal government should continue to provide grants to state and local law enforcement agencies to hire additional officers at a time of historically low crime rates. Opponents of the program stress that state and local governments, not the federal government, should be responsible for providing funding for police forces.16 They also argue that the purported 15 Under P.L. 112-10, Congress increased FY2011 funding for the Office of the Federal Detention Trustee, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the Bureau of Prisons, resulting in a $796.4 million reduction in FY2011 appropriations for DOJ. 16 U.S. Congress, House Committee on the Judiciary, Markup of H.R. 1139, the “COPS Improvement Act of 2009,” and H.R. 985, the “Free Flow of Information Act of 2009,” 111th Cong., 1st sess., March 25, 2009, pp. 20-21, hereafter (continued...) Congressional Research Service 5 Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS): Background and Funding 13 They also argue that the purported effect of COPS hiring grants on crime rates in the 1990s is questionable.1714 They maintain that it is not prudent to increase funding for the program at a time when crime is decreasing and the federal government is facing annual deficits.1815 Proponents of the COPS program assert that COPS hiring grants contributed to the decreasing crime rate in the 1990s.1916 They contend that the federal government might need to provide temporary aid to local government because law enforcement agencies might have to lay off officers due to the recession. Proponents believe that the federal government has a role to play in supporting local law enforcement because it is the federal government’s responsibility to provide for the security of U.S. citizens, which means protecting citizens from crime. 2017 They also maintain that the federal government should support local law enforcement because it has become more involved in homeland security and immigration enforcement.21 (...continued) “March 25 Markup of H.R. 1139.” 1718 13 U.S. Congress, House Committee on the Judiciary, Markup of H.R. 1139, the “COPS Improvement Act of 2009,” and H.R. 985, the “Free Flow of Information Act of 2009,” 111th Cong., 1st sess., March 25, 2009, pp. 20-21, hereafter “March 25 Markup of H.R. 1139.” 14 March 25 Markup of H.R. 1139, pp. 7-9. U.S. Congress, House Committee on the Judiciary, Markup of: H.R. 1107, to Enact Certain Laws Relating to Public Contracts as Title 41, United States Code, “Public Contracts;” H.R. 1139, the “COPS Improvement Act of 2009;” and H.R. 1575, the “The End GREED Act,” 111th Cong., 1st sess., March 18, 2009, p. 47, hereafter “March 18 Markup of H.R. 1139.” 1815 Ibid. 1916 Rep. Conyers et al., “COPS Improvement Act of 2007,” House Debate, Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 153 (May 15, 2007), pp. H4985-H4995. 2017 March 18 Markup of H.R. 1139, p. 52. 2118 Rep. Conyers et al., “COPS Improvement Act of 2007,” House Debate, Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 153 (May 15, 2007), pp. H4985-H4995. March 25 Markup of H.R. 1139, p. 7 Congressional Research Service 6 Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS): Background and Funding Appendix. COPS Funding History Table A-1. COPS’ Requested Funding,Total Enacted Funding, Funding for Hiring Programs, and Authorized Appropriation, FY1995-FY2011 (InFY2013 Amounts in millions of dollars) Fiscal Year President’s Request New Budget Authority Carryover (from prior fiscal years) Total Hiring Programs Authorized 1995 $1,720 $1,300 $— $1,300 $1,057 $1,332 1996 1,903 1,400 — 1,400 1,128 1,850 1997 1,976 1,420 — 1,420 1,339 1,950 1998 1,545 1,430 203 1,633 1,338 1,700 1999 1,420 1,430 90 1,520 1,201 1,700 2000 1,275 595 318 913 481 268 2001 1,335 1,037 5 1,042 408 — 2002 855 1,050 55 1,105 385 — 2003 1,382 978a — 978 199 — 2004 164b 748c — 748 114 — 2005 97d 598e — 598 10 — 2006 118f 472g — 472 — 1,047 2007 102h 542i — 542 — 1,047 2008 32j 587k — 587 20 1,047 2009 —l 551m — 551 1,000n 1,047 2010 760 792o761o 792p — 792 298 — 2011 690 495 — 495 247 —690q 495r — 495 247 — 2012 670s 199t — 199 141 — 2013 290u 210v — 210 155 — Fiscal Year Source: CRS presentation of the Administration’s budget requests for the respective years. FY1995-FY2010FY2011 appropriations provided by the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, Congressional Affairs Office; FY2011 appropriation based on a CRS analysis of P.L. 112-10. Authorized funding ; FY2012 appropriation taken from H.Rept. 112-284; FY2013 appropriation provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Authorized funding taken from P.L. 103-322 and P.L. 109-162. a. Includes a $929 million appropriation and a $55 million supplemental appropriation. b. The Administration proposed a $6.4 million rescission of unobligated balances. c. Does not include a $6.4 million rescission imposed by Congress on all COPSof unobligated balances. d. The Administration proposed a $53.5 million rescission of unobligated balances. e. Does not include a $99 million rescission imposed by Congress on all COPSof unobligated balances. f. The Administration request proposed a $99.5 million rescission of unobligated balances. g. Does not include a $86.5 million rescission imposed by Congress on all COPSof unobligated balances. h. The Administration proposed a $127.5 million rescission of unobligated balances. Congressional Research Service 7 Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS): Background and Funding i. Does not include an across-the-board rescission of 0.5% to OJP and COPS programs to fund the Office of Audit, Assessment and Management (OAAM). j. The Administration proposed a $87.5 million rescission of unobligated balances. Congressional Research Service 7 Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS): Background and Funding k. Does not include a k. Does not include $87.5 million rescission imposed by Congress on all COPSof unobligated balances, or a $10.3 million rescission imposed by Congress on of appropriations for the COPS program that were appropriated from the Violent Crime Reduction Trust Fund. l. For FY2009, the Administration did not request funding for any specific COPS grant program. Rather, the Administration requested $4 million for community police training and technical assistance under the State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance account in the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies appropriations bill. m. Does not include $100 million rescission imposed by Congress on all COPSof unobligated balances. n. The $1 billion COPS received for hiring grants for FY2009 was appropriated under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (P.L. 111-5). o. Does not include $40 million rescission imposed by Congress on all COPS unobligated balances. Author Contact Information Nathan James Analyst in Crime Policy njames@crs.loc.gov, 7-0264 Congressional Research Service 8The Administration proposed $40 million rescission of unobligated balances. p. Does not include $40 million rescission of unobligated balances. q. The Administration proposed $10.2 million rescission of unobligated balances. r. Does not include $10.2 million rescission of unobligated balances. s. The Administration proposed $10.2 million rescission of unobligated balances. t. Does not include $23.6 million rescission of unobligated balances. u. The Administration proposed $12.2 million rescission of unobligated balances. v. The FY2013 enacted amount includes a 1.877% rescission per section 3001 of P.L. 113-6 and a 0.2% rescission ordered by the Office of Management and Budget per section 3004 of P.L. 113-6. The FY2013 enacted amount also includes the amount sequestered per the Budget Control Act of 2011(P.L. 112-25). The FY2013 appropriation does not include a $12.2 million rescission of unobligated balances. Congressional Research Service 8 Table A-2. COPS Funding, by Program, FY2004-FY2013 Click here and type the subtitle, or delete this paragraph FY2004 FY2005 FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 FY2009 FY2010 FY2011 FY2012 FY2013a $156,740 $136,764 $128,245 $166,145 $205,366 $187,000 $170,223 $1,243 — — 4,947 14,800 3,949 9,546 3,760 4,000 12,000 9,940 10,000 9,405 Tribal Law Enforcement Programs 24,737 19,733 14,808 15,808 15,040 20,000 40,000 33,134 35,000b 32,914c Methamphetamine Enforcement and Clean-up 53,481 51,854 62,778 70,000 61,187 39,500 40,385 12,425 12,500 12,241 113,790 9,866 — — 20,000 — 298,000 246,845 141,000 155,170 — — — — — 1,000,000 — — — — Interoperable Communications Technology 74,620 98,664 9,872 — — — — — — — COPS Management & Administration 29,684 29,599 — 1,541 28,200 — — — — — Police Integrity Program 9,895 7,399 — — — — — — — — School Safety Initiatives/ Secure Our Schools Act 4,552 4,267 — — — 16,000 16,000 13,253 — — Child Sexual Predator Elimination/Sex Offender Management — — — — 15,608 18,000 24,000 19,880 — — Sex Offender Management — — — — (4,162) (5,000) (11,000) (9,112) — — National Sex Offender Registry — — — — (850) (1,000) (1,000) (828) — — Bullet-proof Vest Program 24,737 24,666 29,617 29,617 25,850 25,000 30,000 24,850 — — Crime Identification Technology Programs 23,971 28,070 28,407 28,407 — — — — — National Criminal History Improvement Program 29,684 24,666 9,872 9,872 9,400 10,000 — — — — — — — — — 10,000 — — — — 98,948 108,531 107,145 112,145 152,272 156,000 161,000 133,363 — — — — — — — — — — — — Law Enforcement Technology Program Community Policing Development/Training and Technical Assistance COPS Hiring Program COPS Hiring Recovery Program NICS Improvement DNA Backlog Reduction Programs Crime Lab Improvement Grants CRS-9 FY2004 Coverdell Forensic Science Grants FY2005 FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 FY2009 FY2010 FY2011 FY2012 FY2013a 9,895 14,780 18,264 18,264 18,800 25,000 — — — — Project Safe Neighborhoods 59,369 — 14,808 20,613 20,000 15,000 — — — — Offender Re-entry Program 4,947 9,866 4,936 14,879 11,750 25,000 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 14,842 14,800 — — — — — — — — — — 39,489 45,000 — — — — — — 748,325 598,346 472,191 541,838 587,233 1,550,500 791,608 494,933 198,500 209,730 Project Sentry Police Corps Anti-gang Program Total Source: FY2004-FY2011 appropriations provided by the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services; FY2012 appropriation taken from H.Rept. 112-284; FY2013 appropriation provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Notes: Amounts in bold were transferred to the Office of Justice Programs. a. The FY2013 enacted amount includes a 1.877% rescission per section 3001 of P.L. 113-6 and a 0.2% rescission ordered by the Office of Management and Budget per section 3004 of P.L. 113-6. The FY2013 enacted amount also includes the amount sequestered per the Budget Control Act of 2011(P.L. 112-25). b. This amount includes $15.0 million that was transferred from the appropriation for the COPS Hiring Program. c. This amount includes $14.1 million that was transferred from the appropriation for the COPS Hiring Program. CRS-10 Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS): Background and Funding Author Contact Information Nathan James Analyst in Crime Policy njames@crs.loc.gov, 7-0264 Congressional Research Service 11