Renewable Energy R&D Funding History: A
Comparison with Funding for Nuclear Energy,
Fossil Energy, and Energy Efficiency R&D
Fred Sissine
Specialist in Energy Policy
January 26, 2011March 7, 2012
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
RS22858
CRS Report for Congress
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress
Renewable Energy R&D Funding History: A Comparison
Summary
Energy-related research and development (R&D) intended to advance technology —on coal-based synthetic petroleum and on
atomic power—played an important
role in the successful outcome of World War II. In the post-warpostwar era, the federal government
conducted R&D on fossil fuel and nuclear energy sources to
support peacetime economic growth.
The energy crises of the 1970s spurred the government to
broaden the focus to include renewable
energy and energy efficiency. Over the 3335-year period
from the Department of Energy’s inception
at the beginning of fiscal Yearyear (FY) 1978 through FY2010
FY2012, federal spendingfunding for renewable energy
R&D amounted to about 1617% of the energy R&D
total, compared with 1415% for energy efficiency,
26 25% for fossil, and 37% for nuclear. For the 63-year65year period from 1948 through 20102012, nearly 12%
went to renewables, compared with 910% for
efficiency, 25% for fossil, and 5049% for nuclear.
Congressional Research Service
Renewable Energy R&D Funding History: A Comparison
Contents
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1
Guide to Tables and Charts ..........................................................................................................1
Background .... 1
Background...................................................................................................................................... 1
Evolution of the Department of Energy..................................................................................... 1
Evolution of Energy Technology R&D Funding...............................................1........................ 2
Figures
Figure 1. DOE Energy Technology Share of Funding, FY2001-FY2010FY2003-FY2012 ......................................3. 4
Figure 2. DOE Energy Technology Share of Funding, FY1978-FY2010 FY2012 .......................................4 5
Figure 3. DOE Energy Technology Share of Funding, FY1948-FY2010FY2012 ......................................5. 6
Figure 4. DOE Energy Technology Share of Funding, Comparison over Three Periods ................6 7
Tables
Table 1. DOE Energy Technology Cumulative Funding Totals.....................................................2.. 3
Table 2. DOE Energy Technology Share of Funding....................................................................2... 3
Contacts
Author Contact Information .............................................................................................................6 7
Congressional Research Service
Renewable Energy R&D Funding History: A Comparison
Introduction
This report provides a cumulative history of Department of Energy (DOE) funding for renewable
energy compared with funding for the other energy technologies—nuclear energy, fossil energy,
and energy efficiency. Specifically, it provides a comparison that covers cumulative funding over
the past 10 years (FY2001-FY2010FY2003-FY2012), a second comparison that covers the 3335-year period since
DOE was established at the beginning of fiscal year 1978 (FY1978-FY2010FY2012), and a third
comparison that covers a 6365-year funding history (FY1948-FY2010)FY2012) for DOE and predecessor
agencies.
Guide to Tables and Charts
Table 1 shows the cumulative funding totals in real terms for the past 10 years (first column), 3335
years (second column), and 6365 years (third column). Table 2 converts the data from Table 1 into
relative shares of spending for each technology, expressed as a percentage of total spending for
each period.
Figure 1 displays the data from the first column of Table 2 as a pie chart. That chart shows the
relative shares of cumulative DOE spending for each technology over the 10 years from FY2001FY2003
through FY2010FY2012. Figure 2 provides a similar chart for the period from FY1978 through FY2010FY2012.
Figure 3 shows a chart for FY1948 through FY2010FY2012.
Background
Evolution of the Department of Energy
The availability of energy—especially gasoline and other liquid fuels—played a critical role in
World War II.1 Another energy-related factor was the application of research and development
(R&D) to the atomic bomb (Manhattan Project) and other military technologies. During the post
World War II era, the
federal government began to apply R&D to the peacetime development of
energy sources to
support economic growth. At that time, the primary R&D focus was on fossil
fuels and new forms
of energy derived from nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
of energy derived from nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
The Atomic Energy Act of 1946 established the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), which
inherited all of the Manhattan Project’s R&D activities.2 A major focus of the AEC was research
on “atoms for peace,” the use of nuclear energy for civilian electric power production. Prompted
by the Arab Oil Embargo of 1973, the Federal Energy Administration was established in mid1974. In early 1975, the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) was
1
Regarding coal-based synthetic petroleum production—before, during, and after World War II—see DOE’s
discussion at http://fossil.energy.gov/aboutus/history/syntheticfuels_history.html.
2
DOE, Origins of the U.S. Department of Energy, (DOE/HR-0098, draft), p. 8. Also, see DOE, A History of the
Atomic Energy Commission, (DOE/ES-0003/ 1; by Alice L. Buck) July 1983 http://www.atomictraveler.com/
HistoryofAEC.pdf.
Congressional Research Service
1
Renewable Energy R&D Funding History: A Comparison
established, incorporating the AEC and several energy programs that had been operating under
the Department of the Interior and other federal agencies.3
The Department of Energy (DOE) was established by law in 1977,4 incorporating activities of the
FEA and ERDA. All of the energy R&D programs—fossil, nuclear, renewable, and energy
efficiency—were brought under its administration. DOE also undertook a small program in
energy storage and electricity system R&D that supports the four main energy technology
programs.5
Evolution of Energy Technology R&D Funding
From FY1948 through FY1977 the federal government provided an extensive amount of R&D
support for fossil energy and nuclear power technologies.16 Total spending on fossil energy
technologies over that period amounted to about $15.716.2 billion, in constant FY2010FY2011 dollars. The
federal government spent about $47.548.8 billion (in constant FY2010FY2011 dollars) during that period for
nuclear fission and nuclear fusion energy R&D.27
The energy crises of the 1970s spurred the federal government to expand its R&D programs to
include renewable (wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, hydro) energy and energy efficiency
technologies. Modest efforts to support renewable energy and energy efficiency began during the
early 1970s. From FY1973 through FY1977 the federal government spent about $1.6 billion (in
1
DOE. Pacific Northwest Laboratory. An Analysis of Federal Incentives Used to Stimulate Energy Production. 1980.
The spending for fossil energy included coal, oil, and natural gas technologies.
2
DOE (Pacific Northwest Laboratory), An Analysis of Federal Incentives Used to Stimulate Energy Production, 1980.
Congressional Research Service
1
Renewable Energy R&D Funding History: A Comparison
constant FY2010 dollars) on renewable energy R&D, $143 million on energy efficiency R&D,
and $173 million on electric systems R&D.3
The Department of Energy was established by law in 1977. All of the energy R&D programs—
fossil, nuclear, renewable, and energy efficiency—were brought under its administration. DOE
also undertook a small program in energy storage and electricity system R&D that supports the
four main energy technology programs.4 DOE’s funding support for those technologies began in
FY1978. Funding for all four of the main technologies skyrocketed initially, and then fell
dramatically in the early 1980s.
Table 1. DOE Energy Technology Cumulative Funding Totals
(billions of 2010 dollars)
Period
Technology
FY2001-FY2010
(10 years)
Renewable Energy
FY1978-FY2010
(33 years)
FY1948-FY2010
(63 years)
$ 6.42
$ 19.50
$ 21.06
6.50
16.87
17.02
10.55
30.87
46.61
Nuclear Energy
8.85
43.63
91.12
Electric Systems
5.78
7.92
8.09
$38.10
$118.79
$183.91
Energy Efficiency
Fossil Energy
Total
Sources: DOE Budget Authority History Table by Appropriation, May 2007; DOE Congressional Budget
Requests (several years); DOE (Pacific Northwest Laboratory), An Analysis of Federal Incentives Used to
Stimulate Energy Production, 1980. Deflator Source: The Budget for Fiscal Year 2011. Historical Tables. Table
10.1. Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables, 1940-2015.
Table 2. DOE Energy Technology Share of Funding
(percent; derived from Table 1)
Technology
Period
FY2001-FY2010
(10 years)
FY1978-FY2010
(33 years)
FY1948-FY2010
(63 years)
Renewable Energy
16.8%
16.4%
11.5%
Energy Efficiency
17.1%
14.2%
9.3%
Fossil Energy
27.7%
26.0%
25.3%
Nuclear Energy
23.2%
36.7%
49.5%
Electric Systems
15.2%
6.7%
4.4%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
Total
3
DOE Conservation and Renewable Energy Base Table. February 1990.
This program includes R&D on advanced batteries to store electricity and transmission equipment to transfer
electricity with less heat loss (i.e. at higher levels of energy efficiency).
4
Congressional Research Service
2
Renewable Energy R&D Funding History: A Comparison
Sources: DOE Budget Authority History Table by Appropriation, May 2007; DOE Congressional Budget
Requests (several years); DOE (Pacific Northwest Laboratory), An Analysis of Federal Incentives Used to
Stimulate Energy Production, 1980; DOE Conservation and Renewable Energy Base Table. February 1990.
Deflator Source: The Budget for Fiscal Year 2011. Historical Tables. Table 10.1. Gross Domestic Product and
Deflators Used in the Historical Tables, 1940-2015.
Figure 1. DOE Energy Technology Share of Funding, FY2001-FY2010
15.2%
16.8%
Renewables
Energy Efficiency
17.1%
Fossil Energy
Nuclear Energy
23.2%
Electric Systems
27.7%
Sources: DOE Budget Authority History Table by Appropriation, May 2007; DOE Congressional Budget Requests
(several years); Deflator Source: The Budget for Fiscal Year 2011. Historical Tables. Table 10.1. Gross Domestic
Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables, 1940-2015.
Congressional Research Service
3
Renewable Energy R&D Funding History: A Comparison
Figure 2. DOE Energy Technology Share of Funding, FY1978-FY2010
6.7%
16.4%
Renewables
14.2%
36.7%
Energy Efficiency
Fossil Energy
Nuclear Energy
Electric Systems
26.0%
Sources: DOE Budget Authority History Table by Appropriation, May 2007; DOE Congressional Budget Requests
(several years); Deflator Source: The Budget for Fiscal Year 2011. Historical Tables. Table 10.1. Gross Domestic
Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables, 1940-2015.
Congressional Research Service
4
Renewable Energy R&D Funding History: A Comparison
Figure 3. DOE Energy Technology Share of Funding, FY1948-FY2010
4.4%
11.5%
9.3%
Renewables
Energy Efficiency
Fossil Energy
Nuclear Energy
Electric Systems
49.5%
25.3%
Sources: DOE Budget Authority History Table by Appropriation, May 2007; DOE Congressional Budget
Requests (several years); DOE (Pacific Northwest Laboratory), An Analysis of Federal Incentives Used to
Stimulate Energy Production, 1980; DOE Conservation and Renewable Energy Base Table. Feb. 1990. Deflator
Source: The Budget for Fiscal Year 2011. Historical Tables. Table 10.1.
Congressional Research Service
5
Renewable Energy R&D Funding History: A Comparison
Figure 4. DOE Energy Technology Share of Funding, Comparison over Three Periods
100%
11.5%
16.4%
90%
16.8%
9.3%
80%
4.4%
14.2%
17.1%
70%
6.7%
60%
15.2%
Renewables
Energy Efficiency
50%
49.5%
Electric Systems
Nuclear Energy
36.7%
40%
Fossil Energy
23.2%
30%
20%
25.3%
26.0%
27.7%
FY1948FY2010
FY1978FY2010
FY2001FY2010
10%
0%
Sources: DOE Budget Authority History Table by Appropriation, May 2007; DOE Congressional Budget
Requests (several years); DOE (Pacific Northwest Laboratory), An Analysis of Federal Incentives Used to
Stimulate Energy Production, 1980; DOE Conservation and Renewable Energy Base Table. Feb. 1990. Deflator
Source: The Budget for Fiscal Year 2011. Historical Tables. Table 10.1.
Note: Column to far left shows shares for the period FY1948-FY2010; middle column shows shares for period
from FY1978-FY2010; and far right column shows shares for period from FY2001-FY2010.
Author Contact Information
Fred Sissine
Specialist in Energy Policy
fsissine@crs.loc.gov, 7-7039
Congressional Research Service
6
constant FY2011 dollars) on renewable energy R&D, $147 million on energy efficiency R&D,
and $178 million on electric systems R&D.8 Since FY1978, DOE has been the main supplier of
energy R&D funding.9
In real (constant dollar) terms, funding support for all four of the main energy technologies
skyrocketed during the 1970s to a combined peak in FY1979 at about $8 billion (2011 constant
dollars). Funding then dropped steadily, reaching a plateau of about $2 billion (2011 dollars) per
year during the late 1990s. Since then, funding has increased gradually—except that the Recovery
Act provided a one-year spike up to about $12 billion (2011 dollars) in FY2009. For FY2012,
DOE energy R&D funding stands at about $3.3 billion (2011 dollars).
3
DOE, Department of Energy 1977-1994, p. 17-22, (DOE/HR-0098) http://energy.gov/downloads/summaryhistorypdf.
The Department of Energy Organization Act, P.L. 95-91, was enacted on August 4, 1977.
5
This program includes R&D on advanced batteries to store electricity and transmission equipment to transfer
electricity with less heat loss (i.e. at higher levels of energy efficiency).
6
DOE. Pacific Northwest Laboratory. An Analysis of Federal Incentives Used to Stimulate Energy Production. 1980.
The spending for fossil energy included coal, oil, and natural gas technologies.
7
Ibid.
8
DOE Conservation and Renewable Energy Base Table. February 1990.
9
There has been some energy R&D funding—on a much smaller scale—provided by the Department of Defense and
other agencies. Coverage of that funding is beyond the scope of this report.
4
Congressional Research Service
2
Renewable Energy R&D Funding History: A Comparison
Table 1. DOE Energy Technology Cumulative Funding Totals
(billions of 2011 dollars)
Period
Technology
FY2003-FY2012
(10 years)
Renewable Energy
FY1978-FY2012
(35 years)
FY1948-FY2012
(65 years)
$ 6.83
$ 20.94
$ 22.55
6.54
18.64
18.79
Fossil Energy
10.12
32.23
48.41
Nuclear Energy
10.32
46.87
95.69
Electric Systems
6.03
8.35
8.53
$39.85
$127.03
$193.97
Energy Efficiency
Total
Sources: DOE Budget Authority History Table by Appropriation, May 2007; DOE Congressional Budget Requests
(several years); DOE (Pacific Northwest Laboratory), An Analysis of Federal Incentives Used to Stimulate Energy
Production, 1980. Deflator Source: The Budget for Fiscal Year 2013. Historical Tables. Table 10.1. Gross Domestic
Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables, 1940-2017.
Table 2. DOE Energy Technology Share of Funding
(percent; derived from Table 1)
Technology
Period
FY2003-FY2012
(10 years)
FY1978-FY2012
(35 years)
FY1948-FY2012
(65 years)
Renewable Energy
17.1%
16.5%
11.6%
Energy Efficiency
16.4%
14.7%
9.7%
Fossil Energy
25.4%
25.4%
25.0%
Nuclear Energy
25.9%
36.9%
49.3%
Electric Systems
15.1%
6.6%
4.4%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
Total
Sources: DOE Budget Authority History Table by Appropriation, May 2007; DOE Congressional Budget Requests
(several years); DOE (Pacific Northwest Laboratory), An Analysis of Federal Incentives Used to Stimulate Energy
Production, 1980; DOE Conservation and Renewable Energy Base Table. February 1990. Deflator Source: The Budget
for Fiscal Year 2013. Historical Tables. Table 10.1. Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical
Tables, 1940-2017.
Congressional Research Service
3
Renewable Energy R&D Funding History: A Comparison
Figure 1. DOE Energy Technology Share of Funding, FY2003-FY2012
15.1%
17.1%
16.4%
25.9%
Renewables
Energy Efficiency
Fossil Energy
Nuclear Energy
Electric Systems
25.4%
Source: DOE Budget Authority History Table by Appropriation, May 2007; DOE Congressional Budget Requests (several
years); Deflator Source: The Budget for Fiscal Year 2013. Historical Tables. Table 10.1. Gross Domestic Product
and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables, 1940-2017.
Congressional Research Service
4
Renewable Energy R&D Funding History: A Comparison
Figure 2. DOE Energy Technology Share of Funding, FY1978-FY2012
6.6%
16.5%
14.7%
36.9%
Renewables
Energy Efficiency
Fossil Energy
Nuclear Energy
Electric Systems
25.4%
Sources: DOE Budget Authority History Table by Appropriation, May 2007; DOE Congressional Budget Requests
(several years); Deflator Source: The Budget for Fiscal Year 2013. Historical Tables. Table 10.1. Gross Domestic
Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables, 1940-2017.
Congressional Research Service
5
Renewable Energy R&D Funding History: A Comparison
Figure 3. DOE Energy Technology Share of Funding, FY1948-FY2012
4.4%
11.6%
9.7%
Renewables
Energy Efficiency
Fossil Energy
Nuclear Energy
Electric Systems
49.3%
25.0%
Sources: DOE Budget Authority History Table by Appropriation, May 2007; DOE Congressional Budget Requests
(several years); DOE (Pacific Northwest Laboratory), An Analysis of Federal Incentives Used to Stimulate Energy
Production, 1980; DOE Conservation and Renewable Energy Base Table. Feb. 1990. Deflator Source: The Budget for
Fiscal Year 2013. Historical Tables. Table 10.1.
Congressional Research Service
6
Renewable Energy R&D Funding History: A Comparison
Figure 4. DOE Energy Technology Share of Funding, Comparison over Three Periods
100%
11.6%
16.5%
90%
17.1%
9.7%
80%
4.4%
14.7%
16.4%
70%
6.6%
60%
50%
15.1%
49.3%
36.9%
40%
25.9%
Renewables
Energy Efficiency
Electric Systems
Nuclear Energy
Fossil Energy
30%
20%
10%
25.0%
25.4%
25.4%
FY1948-FY2012
FY1978-FY2012
FY2003-FY2012
0%
Sources: DOE Budget Authority History Table by Appropriation, May 2007; DOE Congressional Budget Requests
(several years); DOE (Pacific Northwest Laboratory), An Analysis of Federal Incentives Used to Stimulate Energy
Production, 1980; DOE Conservation and Renewable Energy Base Table. Feb. 1990. Deflator Source: The Budget for
Fiscal Year 2013. Historical Tables. Table 10.1.
Note: Column to far left shows shares for the period FY1948-FY2012; middle column shows shares for period
from FY1978-FY2012; and far right column shows shares for period from FY2003-FY2012.
Author Contact Information
Fred Sissine
Specialist in Energy Policy
fsissine@crs.loc.gov, 7-7039
Congressional Research Service
7