The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses Owned and Controlled by the Socially and Economically Disadvantaged: Legal Requirements and Issues

. The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses Owned and Controlled by the Socially and Economically Disadvantaged: Legal Requirements and Issues John R. LuckeyKate M. Manuel Legislative Attorney Kate M. ManuelJohn R. Luckey Legislative Attorney March 18, 2010October 12, 2012 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R40744 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress c11173008 . The "“8(a) Program"” for Small Businesses Summary This report provides an overview of the Small Business Administration’s (SBA’s)Commonly known as the “8(a) Program,” the Minority Small Business and Capital Ownership Development Program. Based upon authorities given to the SBA by Sections 7(j) and 8(a) of the Small Business Act of 1958, as amended, this program is commonly known as the “8(a) Program.” The Development Program is one of several federal contracting programs for small businesses. The 8(a) Program provides participating small businesses with training, technical assistance, and contracting opportunities in the form of setasidesset-asides and sole-source awards. A “set-aside” is an acquisition in which only certain contractors may compete, while a sole-source award is a contract awarded, or proposed for award, without competition. competition. In FY2011, the federal government spent $16.7 billion on contracts and subcontracts with 8(a) firms. Other programs provide similar assistance to other types of small businesses (e.g., women-owned, HUBZone). Eligibility for the 8(a) Program is generally limited to small businesses “unconditionally owned and controlled by one or more socially and economically disadvantaged individuals who are of good character and citizens of the United States” that demonstrate “potential for success.” However, small businesses owned by Indian tribes, Alaska Native Corporations (ANCs), Native Hawaiian Organizations (NHOs), and Community Development Corporations (CDCs) are eligible for the 8(a) Program under somewhat different terms. In FY2008, 9,462 firms participated in the 8(a) Program, and the federal government spent $6.3 billion on contracts with 8(a) firms. The report surveys the historical development of the 8(a) Program, as well as the legal requirements presently governing (1) eligibility for the 8(a) Program, (2) set-asides and solesource awards under Section 8(a), and (3) related matters. It also discusses potential developments in the 8(a) Program in light of recently proposed legislation, changes in executive branch policies, and legal challenges and decisions. It includes the changes that SBA proposed to the regulations governing the 8(a) Program on October 28, 2009. The 111th Congress is considering several bills that would modify various aspects of the 8(a) Program or otherwise promote contracting with 8(a) firms (e.g., H.R. 456, H.R. 2200, H.R. 2299, H.R. 2682, H.R. 3326, H.R. 3771, H.R. 4220, H.R. 4253, H.R. 4818, S. 1167, S. 2862). Congressional Research Service . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................1 History of the 8(a) Program.........................................................................................................1 Origins of the 8(a) Program...................................................................................................1 Federal Programs for Small Businesses: The Origins of the SBA’s Subcontracting Authority .....................................................................................................................2 Federal Programs for Minorities Merge with the SBA’s Subcontracting Authority: Executive Branch Policy and Administrative Regulations.............................................2 The 1978 Amendments to the Small Business Act and Subsequent Regulatory Developments ..............................................................................................................3 Expansion of the 8(a) Program to Include Small Businesses Owned by “Disadvantaged” Groups....................................................................................................5 8(a) Program at Present: Legal Requirements ..............................................................................6 Requirements In General.......................................................................................................7 Eligibility for the 8(a) Program .......................................................................................7 Set-Asides and Sole-Source Awards Under Section 8(a) ................................................ 11 Other Requirements ...................................................................................................... 14 Requirements for Tribally, ANC-, NHO-, and CDC-Owned Firms....................................... 15 Eligibility for the 8(a) Program ..................................................................................... 16 Set-Asides and Sole-Source Awards .............................................................................. 19 Other Requirements ...................................................................................................... 19 Future of the 8(a) Program? ...................................................................................................... 20 Proposed Legislation........................................................................................................... 21 110th Congress .............................................................................................................. 22 111th Congress............................................................................................................... 23 Changes in Executive Branch Policies................................................................................. 24 Proposed Changes in SBA Regulations................................................................................ 25 Legal Decisions and Challenges .......................................................................................... 28 Constitutionality of 8(a) Program .................................................................................. 28 “Precedence” of HUBZone Set-Asides over 8(a) Set-Asides ......................................... 29 Figures Figure 1. Acquisition Methods at Various Price Thresholds........................................................ 13 Tables Table 1. Groups Presumed to Be Socially Disadvantaged ............................................................5 Table 2. Trends in 8(a) Participation .......................................................................................... 20 Table 3. Key Changes to the 8(a) Regulations Proposed by the SBA in October 2009 ................ 25 Congressional Research Service . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses Appendixes Appendix. Comparison of the Requirements Pertaining to 8(a) Businesses Generally, Tribally Owned Businesses, ANC-Owned Businesses, and Others .......................................... 33 Contacts Author Contact Information ...................................................................................................... 38 Congressional Research Service . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses Introduction This report provides an overview of the Small Business Administration’s (SBA’s) Minority Small Business and Capital Ownership Development Program. Based upon authorities given to the SBA by Sections 7(j) and 8(a) of the Small Business Act of 1958, as amended, this program is commonly known as the “8(a) Program.” The 8(a) Program provides participating small businesses with training, technical assistance, and contracting opportunities in the form of setasides and sole-source awards. A “set-aside” is an acquisition in which only certain contractors may compete, while a sole-source award is a contract awarded, or proposed for award, without competition. Eligibility for the 8(a) Program is generally limited to small businesses “unconditionally owned and controlled by one or more socially and economically disadvantaged individuals who are of good character and citizens of the United States” that demonstrate “potential for success.” However, small businesses owned by Indian tribes, Alaska Native Corporations (ANCs), Native Hawaiian Organizations (NHOs), and Community Development Corporations (CDCs) are eligible for the 8(a) Program under somewhat different terms. In FY2008, 9,462 firms participated in the 8(a) Program, and the federal government spent $6.3 billion on contracts with 8(a) firms. 1 The report surveys the historical development of the 8(a) Program, as well as the legal requirements presently governing (1) eligibility for the 8(a) Program, (2) set-asides and solesource awards under Section 8(a), and (3) related matters. It also discusses potential developments in the 8(a) Program in light of recently proposed legislation, changes in executive branch policies, and legal challenges and decisions. It includes the changes that SBA proposed to the regulations governing the 8(a) Program on October 28, 2009. The 111th Congress is considering several bills that would modify various aspects of the 8(a) Program or otherwise promote contracting with 8(a) firms (e.g., H.R. 456, H.R. 2200, H.R. 2299, H.R. 2682, H.R. 3326, H.R. 3771, H.R. 4220, H.R. 4253, H.R. 4818, S. 1167, S. 2862). History of the 8(a) Program Origins of the 8(a) Program The current 8(a) Program resulted from the merger of two distinct types of federal programs: those seeking to assist small businesses in general and those seeking to assist racial and ethnic minorities. This merger first occurred, as a matter of executive branch practice, in 1967 and was given a statutory basis in 1978. 1 Small Bus. Admin., Office of Business Development, FY2008 Annual Report to Congress, available at http://www.sba.gov/idc/groups/public/documents/sba_program_office/8abd_408_fy2008report.pdf. Congressional Research Service 1 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses Federal Programs for Small Businesses: The Origins of the SBA’s Subcontracting Authority Congress first authorized a federal agency to enter into prime contracts with other agencies and subcontract with small businesses for the performance of these contracts in 1942.2 The agency was the Smaller War Plants Corporation (SWPC), which was created partly for this purpose, and Congress gave it these powers in order to ameliorate small businesses’ financial difficulties while also “mobiliz[ing] the productive facilities of small business in the interest of successful prosecution of the war.”3 The SWPC’s subcontracting authority expired along with the SWPC at the end of the World War II, but Congress created the Small Defense Plants Administration (SDPA), which was generally given the same powers that the SWPC had exercised, in 1951 at the start of the Korean War.4 Two years later, in 1953, Congress transferred the SDPA’s subcontracting authority, among others, to the newly created Small Business Administration,5 with the intent that the SBA would exercise these powers in peacetime, as well as in wartime. 6 When the Small Business Act of 1958 transformed the SBA into a permanent independent agency, this subcontracting authority was included in Section 8(a) of the act.7 At its inception, the SBA’s subcontracting authority was not limited to small businesses owned and controlled by the socially and economically disadvantaged. Under the original Section 8(a), the SBA could contract with any “small-business concerns or others,”8 but the SBA seldom, if ever, employed this subcontracting authority, focusing instead upon its loan programs and other programs. 9 Federal Programs for Minorities Merge with the SBA’s Subcontracting Authority: Executive Branch Policy and Administrative Regulations Federal programs for minorities began developing at approximately the same time as those for small businesses, although there was initially no explicit overlap between them. The earliest programs were created by executive orders, beginning with President Franklin Roosevelt’s order on June 25, 1941, requiring that all federal agencies include a clause in defense-related contracts prohibiting contractors from discriminating on the basis of race, creed, color, or national origin.10 2 Small Business Mobilization Act, P.L. 77-603, § 4(f), 56 Stat. 351 (June 11, 1942). Id. 4 Act of July 31, 1951, P.L. 82-96, § 110, 65 Stat. 131. 5 P.L. 83-163, § 207(c)-(d), 67 Stat. 230 (July 30, 1953). 6 See, e.g., H.Rept. 494, 83d Cong., 1st Sess., at 2 (1953) (stating that the SBA would “continue many of the functions of the [SDPA] in the present mobilization period and in addition would be given powers and duties to encourage and assist small-business enterprises in peacetime as well as in any future war or mobilization period”); S. Rep. No. 1714, 85th Cong., 2d Sess., at 9-10 (1958) (stating that the act would “put[] the procurement assistance program on a peacetime basis”). 7 P.L. 85-536, § 8(a)(1)-(2), 72 Stat. 384 (July 18, 1958). 8 Id. 9 Thomas Jefferson Hasty, III, Minority Business Enterprise Development and the Small Business Administration’s 8(a) Program: Past, Present, and (Is There a) Future? 145 Mil. L. Rev. 1, 8 (1994) (“[B]ecause the SBA believed that the efforts to start and operate an 8(a) program would not be worthwhile in terms of developing small business, the SBA’s power to contract with other government agencies essentially went unused. The program actually lay dormant for about fifteen years until the racial atmosphere of the 1960s provided the impetus to wrestle the SBA’s 8(a) authority from its dormant state.”). 10 Exec. Order No. 8802, 6 Fed. Reg. 3,109 (June 25, 1941). Similar requirements were later imposed on non-defense contracts. See Exec. Order No. 9346, 8 Fed. Reg. 7,182 (May 29, 1943). 3 Congressional Research Service 2 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses Subsequent Presidents followed Roosevelt’s example, issuing a number of executive orders seeking to improve the employment opportunities of “Negroes, Spanish-Americans, Orientals, Indians, Jews, Puerto Ricans, etc.”11 These executive branch initiatives took on new importance after the Kerner Commission’s report on the causes of the urban riots of 1966 concluded that African Americans would need “special encouragement” to enter the economic mainstream.12 Presidents Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon laid the foundations for the present 8(a) Program in the hope of providing such “encouragement.” Johnson created the President’s Test Cities Program (PTCP), which involved a small-scale use of the SBA’s authority under Section 8(a) to award contracts to firms willing to locate in urban areas and hire unemployed individuals, largely African Americans, or sponsor minority-owned businesses by providing capital or management assistance. 13 Under the PTCP, small businesses did not have to be minority-owned to receive subcontracts under Section 8(a), though. 14 Nixon’s program was larger and focused more specifically on minority-owned small businesses.15 Under Nixon, the SBA promulgated its earliest regulations for the 8(a) Program. In 1970, the first of these regulations articulated the SBA’s policy of using Section 8(a) to “assist small concerns owned by disadvantaged persons to become self-sufficient, viable businesses capable of competing effectively in the market place.”16 A later regulation, promulgated in 1973, defined “disadvantaged persons” as including, but not limited to, “black Americans, Spanish-Americans, oriental Americans, Eskimos, and Aleuts.”17 However, the SBA lacked explicit statutory authority for focusing its 8(a) Program on minorityowned businesses. 18 The 1978 Amendments to the Small Business Act and Subsequent Regulatory Developments In 1978, Congress amended the Small Business Act of 1958 to give the SBA statutory authority for its 8(a) Program for minority-owned businesses. 19 Under the 1978 amendments, SBA can only subcontract under Section 8(a) with “socially and economically disadvantaged small business concerns,”20 or businesses which are least 51% owned by one or more socially and economically 11 See, e.g., Exec. Order No. 10308, 16 Fed. Reg. 12,303 (Dec. 3, 1951) (Truman); Exec. Order No. 10557, 19 Fed. Reg. 5,655 (Sept. 3, 1954) (Eisenhower); Exec. Order No. 10925, 26 Fed. Reg. 1,977 (Mar. 6, 1961) (Kennedy); Exec. Order No. 11458, 34 Fed. Reg. 4,937 (Mar. 7, 1969) (Nixon). 12 Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders 21 (1968). 13 See, e.g., Hasty, supra note 9, at 11-12. 14 See, e.g., Jonathan J. Bean, Big Government and Affirmative Action: The Scandalous History of the Small Business Administration 66 (2001). 15 See Exec. Order No. 1625, 36 Fed. Reg. 19,967 (Oct. 13, 1971). 16 13 C.F.R. § 124.8-1(b) (1970). 17 13 C.F.R. § 124.8(c) (1973). 18 S. Rep. No. 95-1070, 95th Cong., 2d Sess., at 14 (1978) (“One of the underlying reasons for the failure of this effort is that the program has no legislative basis.”); H.Rept. 95-949, 95th Cong., 2d Sess., at 4 (1978) (“Congress has never extended legislative control over the activities of the 8(a) program, save through indirect appropriations, thereby permitting program operations. … [The] program is not as successful as it could be.”). 19 P.L. 95-507, 92 Stat. 1757 (Oct. 24, 1978). 20 Id. at § 202. Congressional Research Service 3 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses disadvantaged individuals and whose management and daily operations are controlled by such individual(s). 21 The 1978 amendments established a basic definition of “socially disadvantaged individuals,” which included those who have been “subjected to racial or ethnic prejudice or cultural bias because of their identity as a member of a group without regard to their individual qualities.”22 They also included congressional findings that “Black Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, and other minorities” are socially disadvantaged.23 Thus, if an individual was a member of one of these groups, he or she was presumed to be socially disadvantaged. Otherwise, the amendments granted the SBA broad discretion to recognize additional groups or individuals as socially disadvantaged based upon criteria promulgated in regulations. 24 Under these regulations, which include a three-part test for determining whether minority groups not mentioned in the amendment’s findings are disadvantaged, 25 the SBA recognized the racial or ethnic groups listed in Table 1 as socially disadvantaged for purposes of the 8(a) Program.26 The 21 Id. (codified at 15 U.S.C. § 637(a)(4)(A)-(B)). Firms that are owned and controlled by Indian tribes, ANCs, or NHOs were later included within the definition of a “socially and economically disadvantaged small business concern.” See infra notes 29 to 36 and accompanying text. 22 Id. (codified at 15 U.S.C. § 637(a)(5)). 23 Id. at § 201 (codified at 15 U.S.C. § 631(f)(1)(C)). The meaning of “socially disadvantaged individuals” was the subject of much debate at the time of the 1978 amendments. Some Members of Congress, perhaps focusing on the SBA’s use of its authority under Section 8(a) in 1968-1970, viewed the 8(a) Program as a program for African Americans and would have defined “social disadvantage” accordingly. See, e.g., Parren J. Mitchell, Federal Affirmative Action for MBE’s: An Historical Analysis, 1 Nat’l Bar Ass’n Mag. 46 (1983). Mitchell was a Member of the U.S. House of Representatives and leader of the Black Caucus when the 1978 amendments were enacted. Others favored a somewhat broader view, including both African Americans and Native Americans on the grounds that only those who did not come to the United States seeking the “American dream” should be deemed socially disadvantaged. See, e.g., Testimony Before the House Comm. on Small Bus., Subcomm. on General Oversight & Minority Enter., Task Force on Minority Enter., 96th Cong., at 21 (1979). Yet others suggested that groups that are not racial or ethnic minorities should be able to qualify as “socially disadvantaged,” or that individuals ought to be able to prove they are personally socially disadvantaged even if they are not racial or ethnic minorities. See, e.g., H.Rept. 95-949, 95th Cong., 2d Sess., at 9 (1978) (“[T]he committee intends that the SBA give most serious consideration to, among others, women business owners” when determining which groups are socially disadvantaged. ... [T]he bill does recognize that persons falling outside of the racial and ethnic groups presumed to be disadvantaged, may nevertheless be disadvantaged.”). Ultimately, the bill that passed the House defined “socially disadvantaged individuals,” in part, by establishing a rebuttable presumption that African Americans and Hispanic Americans are socially disadvantaged, while the bill that passed the Senate did not reference any racial or ethnic groups in defining “social disadvantage.” See, e.g., H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 95-1714, 95th Cong., 2d Sess., at 20 (1978); S.Rept. 95-1070, 95th Cong., 2d Sess., at 13-16 (1978). The conference committee reconciling the House and Senate versions ultimately arrived at a definition of “socially disadvantaged individuals” that was broader than the definition used in the SBA’s 1973 regulation and included “those who have been subjected to racial or ethic prejudice or cultural bias because of their identity as a member of a group.” P.L. 95-507, at § 202. This definition did not incorporate the rebuttable presumption that members of certain groups are socially disadvantaged included in the House bill. However, the conference bill included congressional findings that “Black Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, and other minorities” are socially disadvantaged, thereby arguably achieving similar effect. Id. at § 201. 24 P.L. 95-507, at § 202 (granting the SBA’s Associate Administrator for Minority Small Business and Capital Ownership Development authority to make determinations regarding which other groups are socially disadvantaged); H.Rept. 95-949, supra note 23, at 9 (expressing the view that Sections 201 and 202 of the bill provide “sufficient discretion … to allow SBA to designate any other additional minority group or persons it believes should be afforded the presumption of social … disadvantage”). 25 See 13 C.F.R. § 124.103(d)(2)(i)-(iii)(1980). 26 13 C.F.R. § 124.103(b)(2009). Different groups are sometimes recognized as socially disadvantaged for purposes of other programs, such as those of the Department of Commerce’s Minority Business Development Agency (MBDA). See 15 C.F.R. § 1400.1(a). The SBA has rejected petitions from certain groups, including Hasidic Jews, women, disabled veterans, and Iranian-Americans. See, e.g., George R. La Noue & John C. Sullivan, Gross Presumptions: (continued...) Congressional Research Service 4 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses regulations also established standards of evidence to be met by individuals demonstrating personal disadvantage and procedures for rebutting the presumption of social disadvantage accorded to members of recognized minority groups.27 Table 1. Groups Presumed to Be Socially Disadvantaged Group Countries of Origin Included Within Group Black Americans n/a Hispanic Americans n/a Native Americans (including American Indians, Eskimos, Aleuts, Native Hawaiians) n/a Asian Pacific Americans Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, Japan, China (including Hong Kong), Taiwan, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Korea, The Philippines, U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Republic of Palau), Republic of the Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, Samoa, Macao, Fiji, Tonga, Kiribati, Tuvalu, Nauru Subcontinent Asian Americans India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, the Maldives Islands, Nepal Source: Congressional Research Service, based on 13 C.F.R. § 124.103(b) (2009). The 1978 amendments also defined “economically disadvantaged individuals,” for purposes of the 8(a) Program, as “those socially disadvantaged individuals whose ability to compete in the free enterprise system has been impaired … as compared to others in the same business area who are not socially disadvantaged.”28 Later, the SBA established by regulation that personal net worth of less than $250,000 at the time of entry into the 8(a) Program ($750,000 for continuing eligibility) constitutes economic disadvantage. 29 Expansion of the 8(a) Program to Include Small Businesses Owned by “Disadvantaged” Groups Originally the 8(a) Program was set up exclusively for the benefit of disadvantaged individuals. However, in the 1980’s Congress expanded the program to include small businesses owned by four “disadvantaged” owner-groups. The first owner-group included was Community Development Corporations (CDCs). A CDC is (...continued) Determining Group Eligibility for Federal Procurement Preferences, 41 Santa Clara L. Rev. 103, 127-29 (2000). Hasidic Jews are, however, eligible to receive assistance from the MDBA. See 15 C.F.R. § 1400.1(c) (2009). 27 13 C.F.R. § 124.103(c)(2) (2009) (standards of evidence for showing personal disadvantage); 13 C.F.R. § 124.103(b)(3) (2009) (mechanisms for rebutting the presumption of social disadvantage). 28 P.L. 95-507, § 202. 29 13 C.F.R. § 124.104(c)(2). Some commentators estimate that 80 to 90% of Americans are economically disadvantaged under the SBA’s net-worth requirements. See, e.g., La Noue & Sullivan, supra note 26, at 108. Congressional Research Service 5 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses … a nonprofit organization responsible to residents of the area it serves which is receiving financial assistance under part 1 [42 USCS §§ 9805 et seq.] and any organization more than 50 percent of which is owned by such an organization, or otherwise controlled by such an organization, or designated by such an organization for the purpose of this subchapter [42 USCS §§ 9801 et seq.].30 Congress created CDCs with the Community Development Act of 198131 and instructed the SBA to issue regulations ensuring that CDCs could participate in the 8(a) Program.32 In 1986, two additional owner-groups, Indian tribes and Alaska Native Corporations, became eligible for the 8(a) Program when Congress passed legislation providing that firms owned by Indian tribes, which included Alaskan Native Corporations (ANCs),33 were to be deemed “socially disadvantaged” for purposes of the 8(a) Program.34 In 1992, ANCs were further deemed to be “economically disadvantaged.”35 The last owner-group, that of Native Hawaiian Organizations (NHOs), was recognized in 1988.36 An NHO was defined as … any community service organization serving Native Hawaiians in the State of Hawaii which—(A) is a nonprofit corporation that has filed articles of incorporation with the director (or the designee thereof) of the Hawaii Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs, or any successor agency, (B) is controlled by Native Hawaiians, and (C) whose 37 business activities will principally benefit such Native Hawaiians. 8(a) Program at Present: Legal Requirements Under the current 8(a) Program, participating firms are eligible for set-asides or sole-source awards of federal contracts, as well as training and technical assistance from SBA. Detailed 30 Id. at § 613, codified at 42 U.S.C. § 9802. P.L. 97-35, Ch. 8, Subch. A, 95 Stat. 489 (1981) (codified at 42 U.S.C. §§ 9801 et seq.). 32 Id. at § 626, 95 Stat. 496 (codified at 42 U.S.C. § 9815). 33 P.L. 99-272, § 18015, 100 Stat. 370 (1986) (codified at 15 U.S.C.§ 637(a)(13)) (defining “Indian tribe” to include “any Indian tribe, band, nation, or other organized group or community of Indians, including any Alaska Native village or regional or village corporation (within the meaning of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (43 U.S.C.§ 1606)) which—(A)is recognized as eligible for the special programs and services provided by the United States to Indians because of their status as Indians, or (B) is recognized as such by the State in which such tribe, band, nation, group, or community resides.”). 34 Id. (codified at 15 U.S.C. § 637(a)(4)). An “Indian Tribe” includes any “Indian tribe, band, nation, or other organized group or community of Indians, including any ANC, which is recognized as eligible for the special programs and services provided by the United States to Indians because of their status as Indians, or is recognized as such by the State in which the tribe, band, nation, group, or community resides.” 13 C.F.R. § 124.3. An Alaska Native Corporation is “any Regional Corporation, Village Corporation, Urban Corporation or Group Corporation organized under laws of Alaska in accordance with the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act.” Id. An Alaska Native is any “citizen of U.S. who is person one-fourth degree or more Alaskan Indian, Eskimo, Aleut blood, of combination thereof. In absence of proof of minimum bloodlines, it is any citizen whom a Native village or Native groups regards as such provided their father or mother is regarded as an Alaska Native.” Id. 35 P.L. 102-415, § 10, 106 Stat. 2115 (1992) (codified at 43 U.S.C. §1626(e)). 36 P.L. 100-656, § 207, 102 Stat. 3861 (1988) (codified at 15 U.S.C. § 637(a)(4)). 37 Id. (codified at 15 U.S.C. § 637(a)(15)). A “Native Hawaiian” is “any individual whose ancestors were natives, prior to 1778, of [the] area which now comprises [the] state of Hawaii.” 13 C.F.R. § 124.3. 31 Congressional Research Service 6 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses statutory and regulatory requirements govern eligibility for the Program; set-asides and solesource awards to 8(a) firms; and related issues. These requirements are generally the same for all participants in the 8(a) Program, although there are instances where there are “special rules” for 8(a) firms owned by groups. 38 The Appendix highlights commonalities and differences in the requirements for various types of 8(a) firms. Requirements In General Eligibility for the 8(a) Program Key among the requirements is that eligibility for the 8(a) Program is limited to “small business[es] which [are] unconditionally owned and controlled by one or more socially and economically disadvantaged individuals who are of good character and citizens of the United States, and which demonstrate[] potential for success.”39 Each of these terms is further defined by the Small Business Act; regulations that the SBA has promulgated to implement Section 8(a); or judicial or administrative decisions.40 The eligibility requirements are the same at the time of entry into the 8(a) Program and throughout the Program unless otherwise noted.41 “Small” A business is “small” if it is independently owned and operated; is not dominant in its field of operations; and meets any definitions or standards established by the Administrator of the SBA.42 These standards focus primarily upon the size of the business as measured by the number of employees or its gross income, but they also take into account the size of other businesses within the same industry.43 For example, businesses in the field of “scheduled passenger air transportation” are “small” if they have fewer than 1,500 employees, while those in the data processing field are “small” if they have a gross income of less than $25 million.44 Affiliations between businesses, or relationships allowing one party control or the power of control over another,45 generally count in size determinations, with the SBA considering “the receipts, employees, or other measure of size of the concern whose size is at issue and all of its 38 See, e.g., 13 C.F.R. § 124.109(a) (“Special rules for ANCs: Small business concerns owned and controlled by ANCs are eligible for participation in the 8(a) program and must meet the eligibility criteria set forth in § 124.112 to the extent the criteria are not inconsistent with this section.”). 39 13 C.F.R. § 124.101. 40 The SBA’s Office of Hearings and Appeals has, for example, developed a seven-part test for determining whether a small business is “unusually reliant” on a contractor that is used in determining affliations. See Valenzuela Eng’g, Inc. & Curry Contracting Co., Inc., SBA-4151 (1996). 41 See 13 C.F.R. § 124.112 (a) (“In order for a concern ... to remain eligible for 8(a) ... program participation, it must continue to meet all eligibility criteria contained in [Section] 124.101 through [Section] 124.108.”). 42 15 U.S.C. § 632(a)(1)-(2)(A). 43 13 C.F.R. §§ 121.101-121.108. The number of employees is the average of each pay period for the preceding twelve calendar months. Gross income is based on the average for the last three completed fiscal years. It includes all revenues, not just those from the firm’s primary industry. See IMDT, Inc., SBA-4121 (1995). 44 13 C.F.R. § 121.201. 45 13 C.F.R. § 121.103(a)(1). Control or the power of control need only exist. It need not be exercised for affiliation to be found. Congressional Research Service 7 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses domestic and foreign affiliates, regardless of whether the affiliates are organized for profit.”46 Businesses can thus be determined to be other than small because of their involvement in joint ventures, 47 subcontracting arrangements, 48 or franchise or license agreements,49 among other things, provided that their personnel numbers or income, plus those of their affiliate(s), are over the pertinent size threshold. “Business” Except for small agricultural cooperatives, a “business” is a for-profit entity that has a place of business located in the United States and operates primarily within the United States or makes a significant contribution to the U.S. economy by paying taxes or using American products, materials, or labor.50 For purposes of the 8(a) Program, businesses may take the form of individual proprietorships, partnerships, limited liability corporations, corporations, joint ventures, associations, trusts, or cooperatives.51 “Unconditionally owned and controlled” Participants in the 8(a) Program must be “at least 51% unconditionally and directly owned by one or more disadvantaged individuals who are citizens of the United States” unless they are owned by an Indian tribe, ANC, NHO, or CDC.52 Ownership is “unconditional” when it is not subject to any conditions precedent or subsequent, executory agreements, voting trusts, restrictions on voting rights, or other arrangements that could cause the benefits of ownership to go to another entity. 53 Ownership is “direct” when the disadvantaged individuals own the business in their own right and not through an intermediary (e.g., ownership by another business entity or by a trust that is owned and controlled by one or more disadvantaged individuals).54 Non-disadvantaged individuals and non-participant businesses that own at least 10% of an 8(a) business may own no more than 10 to 20% of any other 8(a) firm.55 Non-participant businesses that earn the majority of their revenue in the same or similar line of business are similarly barred from owning more than 10 to 20% of another 8(a) firm. 56 46 13 C.F.R. § 121.103(a)(6). 13 C.F.R. § 121.103(h) (“[T]he joint venture entity cannot submit more than three offers over a two year period, starting from the date of the submission of the first offer.”). 48 13 C.F.R. § 121.103(h)(4) (“A contractor and its ostensible subcontractor are treated as joint venturers, and therefore affiliates, for size determination purposes. An ostensible subcontractor is a subcontractor that performs primary and vital requirements of a contract ... or a subcontractor upon which the prime contractor is unusually reliant.”). 49 13 C.F.R. § 121.103(i) (“Affiliation may arise ... through ... common ownership, common management or excessive restrictions on the sale of the franchise interest.”). 47 50 13 C.F.R. § 121.105(a)(1). “Business” is separately defined for small agricultural cooperatives. See 13 C.F.R. § 121.105(a)(2). 51 13 C.F.R. § 121.105(b). 52 15 U.S.C. § 637(a)(4)(A)(i)-(ii) (requiring at least 51% unconditional ownership);13 C.F.R. § 124.105. 53 13 C.F.R. § 124.3. 54 13 C.F.R. § 124.105(a). 55 13 C.F.R. § 124.105(h)(1). Ownership is limited to 10% when the 8(a) firm in is the “developmental stage” of the 8(a) Program and 20% when it is in the “transitional stage.” Id. The developmental stage consists of the first four years of the 8(a) Program, while the transitional stage consists of the last five years. Firms in the transitional stage must earn ever increasing percentages of their revenue from non-8(a) sources, as discussed below. 56 13 C.F.R. § 124.105(h)(2). Congressional Research Service 8 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses Participants must also be controlled by one or more disadvantaged individuals.57 “Control is not the same as ownership” and includes both strategic policy setting and day-to-day management and administration of business operations. 58 Management and daily business operations must also be conducted by one or more disadvantaged individuals unless the 8(a) business is owned by an Indian tribe, ANC, NHO, or CDC.59 These individuals must have managerial experience “of the extent and complexity needed to run the concern” and generally must devote themselves full-time to the business “during the normal working hours of firms in the same or similar line of business.”60 A disadvantaged individual must hold the highest officer position within the business. 61 Non-disadvantaged individuals may otherwise be involved in the management of an 8(a) business, or may be stockholders, partners, limited liability members, officers, or directors of an 8(a) business.62 However, they may not exercise actual control or have power to control, or receive compensation greater than that of highest officer without SBA approval.63 “Socially disadvantaged individual” Socially disadvantaged individuals are “those who have been subjected to racial or ethnic prejudice or cultural bias within American society because of their identities as members of groups and without regard to their individual qualities.”64 Members of designated groups, listed in Table 1, are entitled to a rebuttable presumption of social disadvantage for purposes of the 8(a) Program,65 although this presumption can be overcome with “credible evidence to the contrary.”66 Individuals who are not members of designated groups must prove they are socially disadvantaged by a preponderance of the evidence. 67 Such individuals must show: (1) at least one objective distinguishing feature that has contributed to social disadvantage (e.g., race, ethnic origin, gender, physical handicap, long-term residence in an environment isolated from mainstream American society); (2) personal experiences of substantial and chronic social disadvantage in American society; and (3) negative impact on entry into or advancement in the business world.68 In assessing the third factor, the SBA will consider all relevant evidence produced by the applicant, but must consider the applicant’s education, employment, and business history to see if the totality of the circumstances shows disadvantage. 69 Other groups not included 57 15 U.S.C. § 637(a)(4)(A)(i)-(ii) (requiring control of management and daily business operations); 13 C.F.R. § 124.106. 58 Id. 59 Id. 60 13 C.F.R. § 124.106(a)(3). 61 13 C.F.R. § 124.106(a)(2). 62 13 C.F.R. § 124.106(e). 63 13 C.F.R. § 124.106(e)(1) & (3). 64 15 U.S.C. § 637(a)(5); 13 C.F.R. § 124.103(a). 65 13 C.F.R. § 124.103(b)(1). If required by the SBA, individuals claiming membership in these groups must demonstrate that they held themselves out and are recognized by others as members of the designated group(s). 13 C.F.R. § 124.103(b)(2). 66 13 C.F.R. § 124.103(b)(3). 67 13 C.F.R. § 124.103(c)(1). 68 13 C.F.R. § 124.103(c)(2)(i)-(iii). 69 13 C.F.R. § 124.103(c)(2)(iii). Congressional Research Service 9 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses in Table 1 may obtain listing by demonstrating disadvantage by a preponderance of the evidence. 70 “Economically disadvantaged individual” Economically disadvantaged individuals are “socially disadvantaged individuals whose ability to compete in the free enterprise system has been impaired due to diminished financial capital and credit opportunities as compared to others in the same or similar line of business who are not socially disadvantaged.”71 Individuals claiming economic disadvantage must describe it in a personal statement and submit financial documentation.72 The SBA will examine their personal income for the past two years, their personal net worth, and the fair market value of the assets they own, as well as financial profiles of small businesses in the same primary industry or similar line of business. 73 However, principal ownership in a prospective or current 8(a) business is excluded when calculating net worth, as is equity in individuals’ primary residence.74 For initial eligibility, applicants to the 8(a) Program must have a net worth of less than $250,000.75 For continued eligibility, net worth must be less than $750,000.76 “Good character” In determining whether an applicant to or participant in the 8(a) Program possesses “good character,” the SBA looks for criminal conduct, violations of SBA regulations, or current debarment or suspension from government contracting. 77 “Demonstrated potential for success” For a firm to have demonstrated potential for success, it generally must have been in business in the field of its primary industry classification for at least two full years immediately prior to the date of its application to the 8(a) Program.78 However, the SBA may grant a waiver allowing firms that have been in business for less than two years to enter the 8(a) Program when (1) the disadvantaged individuals upon whom eligibility is based have substantial business management experience; (2) the business has demonstrated the technical experience necessary to carry out its business plan with a substantial likelihood of success; (3) the firm has adequate capital to sustain its operations and carry out its business plan; (4) the firm has a record of successful performance 70 13 C.F.R. § 124.103(d)(4). Groups petitioning for recognition as socially disadvantaged do not always obtain it. Over the years, the SBA has rejected petitions from Hasidic Jews, women, disabled veterans, and Iranian-Americans. See supra note 26. 71 15 U.S.C. § 637(a)(6)(A); 13 C.F.R. § 124.104(a). 72 13 C.F.R. § 124.104(b)(1). 73 15 U.S.C. § 637(a)(6)(E)(i)-(ii); 13 C.F.R. § 124.104(c). 74 13 C.F.R. § 124.104(c)(2)(ii). 75 Id. 76 Id. 77 13 C.F.R. § 124.108(a). For more on debarment and suspension, see CRS Report RL34753, Debarment and Suspension of Government Contractors: An Overview of the Law Including Recently Enacted and Proposed Amendments, by Kate M. Manuel. 78 13 C.F.R. § 124.107. Specifically, “[i]ncome tax returns for each of the two previous tax years must show operating revenues in the primary industry in which the applicant is seeking 8(a) ... certification.” 13 C.F.R. § 124.107(a). Congressional Research Service 10 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses on contracts in its primary field of operations; and (5) the firm presently has, or can demonstrate its ability to timely obtain, the personnel, facilities, equipment, and other resources necessary to perform contracts under Section 8(a).79 Set-Asides and Sole-Source Awards Under Section 8(a) Section 8(a) of the Small Business Act authorizes agencies to award contracts for goods or services, or to perform construction work, to the SBA for subcontracting to small businesses participating in the 8(a) Program.80 A “set-aside” is an acquisition in which only certain contractors may compete, while a sole-source award is a contract awarded, or proposed for award, without competition. 81 Although the Competition in Contracting Act (CICA) generally requires “full and open competition” for government procurement contracts, set-asides and solesource awards are both permissible under CICA. In fact, an 8(a) set-aside is a recognized competitive procedure.82 Agencies are effectively encouraged to subcontract through the 8(a) Program because there are government-wide and agency-specific goals regarding the percentage of procurement dollars awarded to “small disadvantaged businesses,” among others.83 Awards made via set-asides or on a sole-source basis count toward these goals, 84 and businesses participating in the 8(a) Program are considered small disadvantaged businesses. 85 79 15 U.S.C. § 637(a)(7)(A) (“reasonable prospects for success”); 13 C.F.R. § 124.107(b)(i)-(v). SBA may delegate the function of executing contracts to the procuring agencies and often does so. See 13 C.F.R. § 124.501(a). 81 An acquisition is a procurement. Set-asides may be total or partial. See 48 C.F.R. § 19.502-3(a). The federal government presently has several other programs authorizing set-asides and sole-source awards for various subcategories of small businesses. See generally CRS Report R40591, Set-Asides for Small Businesses: Recent Developments in the Law Regarding Precedence Among the Set-Aside Programs and Set-Asides Under IndefiniteDelivery/Indefinite-Quantity Contracts, by Kate M. Manuel. 82 15 U.S.C. § 644(a) (describing when set-asides for small businesses are permissible); 41 U.S.C. § 253(b)(2) (CICA provision authorizing set-asides for small businesses); 48 C.F.R. §§ 6.203-6.206 (authorizing set-asides for small business generally, 8(a) small businesses, Historically Underutilized Business Zone (HUBZone) small businesses, and service-disabled veteran-owned small businesses). CICA authorizes competitions excluding all sources other than small businesses when such competitions assure that a “fair proportion of the total purchases and contracts for property and services for the Government in each industry category are placed with small-business concerns.” 41 U.S.C. § 253(b)(1); 41 U.S.C. § 259(b). CICA also authorizes sole-source awards when, among other things, the property or services needed by a government agency are available from only one responsible source and no other type of property or service will satisfy the agency’s needs. 10 U.S.C. § 2304(c)(1) (defense agency procurements) & 41 U.S.C. § 253(c)(1) (civilian agency procurements). For more on competition in federal contracting, see CRS Report R40516, Competition in Federal Contracting: An Overview of the Legal Requirements, by Kate M. Manuel. 83 15 U.S.C. § 644(g)(1)-(2). 80 84 They also count toward a separate goal for the percentage of federal procurement dollars awarded to small businesses generally. Currently, the government-wide goal is that 5% of all federal contract dollars be spent with small disadvantaged businesses, including 8(a) businesses, while agency-specific goals range from 1.6% (Department of Energy) to 5%. Small Bus. Admin., FY2006-FY2008 Goals and Achievements, available at http://www.sba.gov/ aboutsba/sbaprograms/goals/index.html. The government-wide goal was met in FY2008, the most recent year for which information is available. Small Bus. Admin., FY2008 Government-Wide Score Card, available at http://www.sba.gov/idc/groups/public/documents/sba_homepage/goals_08_gov_wide.pdf. Agency performance varies, with some agencies under, some agencies at, and some agencies exceeding their goals. Small Bus. Admin., FY2008 Goals and Achievements, available at http://www.sba.gov/idc/groups/public/documents/sba_homepage/ fy2008goals_and_achievements.html. 85 See 13 C.F.R. § 124.1002 (defining “small disadvantaged business”). Congressional Research Service 11 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses Discretion to Subcontract Through the 8(a) Program There are few limits on agency discretion to subcontract through the 8(a) Program.86 By regulation, the SBA is prohibited from accepting procurements for award under Section 8(a) when 1. the procuring agency issued a solicitation for or otherwise expressed publicly a clear intent to reserve the procurement as a small business set-aside prior to offering the requirement to SBA for award as an 8(a) contract;87 2. the procuring agency competed the requirement among 8(a) firms prior to offering the requirement to SBA and receiving SBA’s formal acceptance of it; 3. the SBA makes a written determination that “acceptance of the procurement for 8(a) award would have an adverse impact on an individual small business, a group of small businesses located in a specific geographical location, or other small business programs.”88 SBA is also barred from awarding an 8(a) contract, either via a set-aside or on a sole-source basis, “if the price of the contract results in a cost to the contracting agency which exceeds a fair market price.”89 Otherwise, agency officials may offer contracts to the SBA “in [their] discretion,” and the SBA may accept requirements for the 8(a) Program “whenever it determines such action is necessary or appropriate.”90 Moreover, the Government Accountability Office will generally not hear protests of agencies’ determinations to procure, or not to procure, under the 8(a) Program absent a showing that the regulations may have been violated or that government officials acted in bad faith.91 86 See, e.g., AHNTECH, Inc., B-401092, Comp. Gen. Dec. (Apr. 22, 2009) (“The [Small Business] Act affords the SBA and contracting agencies broad discretion in selecting procurements for the 8(a) program.”). 87 Even in this situation, SBA may accept the requirement under “extraordinary circumstances.” 13 C.F.R. § 124.504(a); Madison Servs., Inc., B-400615 (Comp. Gen. Dec., Dec. 11, 2008) (finding that extraordinary circumstances existed when the agency’s initial small business set-aside was erroneous and did not reflect its intentions). 88 13 C.F.R. § 124.504(a)-(c). The third provision applies only to preexisting requirements. It does not apply to new contracts, follow-on or renewal contracts, or procurements under $100,000. Id. Also under its regulations, SBA must presume an adverse impact when (A) The small business concern has performed the specific requirement for at least 24 months; (B) The small business is performing the requirement at the time it is offered to the 8(a) ... program, or its performance of the requirement ended within 30 days of the procuring activity’s offer of the requirement to the 8(a) ... program; and (C) The dollar value of the requirement that the small business is or was performing is 25 percent or more of its most recent annual gross sales (including those of its affiliates). 13 C.F.R. § 124.504(c)(1)(A)-(C). 89 15 U.S.C. § 637(a)(1)(A); 48 C.F.R. § 19.806(b). Fair market price is estimated by looking at recent prices for similar items or work, in the case of repeat purchases, or by considering commercial prices for similar products or services, available in-house cost estimates, cost or pricing data submitted by the contractor, or data from other government agencies, in the case of new purchases. 15 U.S.C. § 637(a)(3)(B)(i)-(iii); 48 C.F.R. § 19.807(b) & (c). 90 15 U.S.C. § 637(a)(1)(A). See also Totolo v. United States, 2009 U.S. Claims LEXIS 221, at *42-*43 (June 15, 2009) (“The manner in which [an agency] assesses its needs is a business judgment and lies within its own discretionary domain.”); JT Constr. Co., B-254257 (Comp. Gen. Dec. 6, 1993) (stating that it is a business judgment, within the contracting officer’s discretion, to decide not to set aside a competition for small businesses). 91 4 C.F.R. § 21.5(b)(3); Rothe Computer Solutions, LLC, B-299452, Comp. Gen. Dec. (May 9, 2007). Congressional Research Service 12 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses Monetary Thresholds and Subcontracting Mechanism Under 8(a) Once the SBA has accepted a contract for the 8(a) Program, the contract is awarded either through a set-aside or on a sole-source basis, with the amount of the contract generally determining the acquisition method used. When the anticipated total value of the contract, including any options, is less than $3.5 million ($5.5 million for manufacturing contracts), the contract is normally awarded without competition.92 However, agencies can make competitive awards for contracts whose anticipated value is less than $3.5 million ($5.5 million for manufacturing contracts) provided that the SBA’s Associate Administrator for 8(a) Business Development approves the agency’s request to do so. 93 In contrast, when the anticipated value of the contract exceeds $3.5 million ($5.5 million for manufacturing contracts), the contract generally must be awarded via a set-aside with competition limited to 8(a) firms so long as there is a reasonable expectation that at least two eligible and responsible 8(a) firms will submit offers and the award can be made at fair market price.94 Sole-source awards of contracts valued at $3.5 million or more ($5.5 million or more for manufacturing contracts) may only be made when (1) there is not a reasonable expectation that at least two eligible and responsible 8(a) firms will submit offers at a fair market price or (2) the SBA accepts the requirement on behalf of an 8(a) firm owned by an Indian tribe, an ANC or, in the case of Department of Defense contracts, an NHO.95 Agencies may not divide acquisitions valued at more than $3.5 million ($5.5 million for manufacturing contracts) into several acquisitions at lesser amounts in order to make sole-source awards.96 Figure 1. Acquisition Methods at Various Price Thresholds Source: Congressional Research Service. 92 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(16)(A). A noncompetitive award may be made under this authority so long as (1) the firm is determined to be a responsible contractor for performance of the contract; (2) the award of the contract would be consistent with the firm’s business plan; and (3) award of the contract would not result in the firm exceeding the percentage of revenue from 8(a) sources forecast in its annual business plan. 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(16)(A)(i)-(iii). 93 15 U.S.C. § 637(a)(1)(D)(ii); 48 C.F.R. § 19.805-1(d). 94 15 U.S.C. § 637(a)(1)(D)(i)(I)-(II); 48 C.F.R. § 19.805-1(a)(1)-(2). 95 48 C.F.R. § 19.805-1(b)(1)-(2) (sole-source awards to tribally or ANC-owned firms); 48 C.F.R. § 219.8051(b)(2)(A)-(B) (sole-source awards to NHO-owned firms). If an agency makes a sole-source award in reliance on the first exception, it must issue a justification for doing so and have that justification approved by the contracting officer’s superiors. 10 U.S.C. § 2304(f)(1)(A)-(B) (defense agency procurements) & 41 U.S.C. § 253(f)(1)(A)-(B) (civilian agency procurements). No justification or approval is required when the second exception is used, however. 96 48 C.F.R. § 19.805-1(c). Congressional Research Service 13 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses Other Requirements Other key requirements of the 8(a) Program include the following: • Inability to protest an 8(a) firm’s eligibility for an award: When the SBA makes or proposes an award to an 8(a) firm, that firm’s eligibility for the award cannot be challenged or protested as part of the solicitation or proposed contract award. Instead, information concerning a firm’s eligibility for the 8(a) Program must be submitted to SBA in accordance with separate requirements contained in 13 C.F.R. § 124.517.97 • Maximum of nine years in the 8(a) Program: Firms may participate in the 8(a) Program for no more than nine years from the date of their admission into the Program, although they may be terminated or graduate from the program before nine years have passed.98 • One-time eligibility for the 8(a) Program: Once a firm or a disadvantaged individual upon whom a firm’s eligibility was based has exited from the 8(a) Program after participating in it for any length of time, neither the firm nor the individual is eligible to participate in the 8(a) Program again. 99 When at least 50% of the assets of one firm are the same as those of another firm, the firms are considered identical for purposes of eligibility for the 8(a) Program. 100 • Limits on majority ownership in 8(a) firms: Individuals who have been determined to be disadvantaged for purposes of one 8(a) firm, their immediate family members, and 8(a) firms themselves may generally not own more than 20% of any other 8(a) firm. 101 • Limits on the amount of 8(a) contracts that a firm may receive: 8(a) firms may generally not receive additional sole-source awards once they have received a combined total of competitive and sole-source awards in excess of $100 million, in the case of firms whose size is based on their number of employees, or in excess of an amount equivalent to the lesser of (1) $100 million or (2) five times the size standard for the industry, in the case of firms whose size is based on their revenues.102 Additionally, 8(a) firms in either the “developmental stage,” or the first four years of participation in the 8(a) Program, or the “transitional stage,” or the last five years of participation, must achieve annual targets for the amount of 97 48 C.F.R. § 19.805-2(d). 15 U.S.C. § 636(j)(10)(C)(i) (nine-year term); 15 U.S.C. § 637(a)(9) (termination and early graduation); 13 C.F.R. § 124.301 (exiting the 8(a) Program); 13 C.F.R. § 124.302 (early graduation); 13 C.F.R. § 124.303 (termination from the Program). 99 15 U.S.C. § 636(j)(11)(B)-(C); 13 C.F.R. § 124.108(b). 100 13 C.F.R. § 124.108(b)(4). 101 13 C.F.R. § 124.105(g). 102 13 C.F.R. § 124.519(a)(1)-(2). Contracts less than $100,000 are not counted in determining whether a firm has reached the applicable limit. 13 C.F.R. § 124.519(a)(3). The Administrator of the SBA may waive this requirement if the head of the procuring agency determines that a sole-source award to a firm is necessary “to achieve significant interests of the Government.” 13 C.F.R. § 124.519(f). Even after they have received a combined total of competitive and sole-source awards in excess of $100 million, or other applicable amount, firms may still receive competitive contracts under the 8(a) Program. 13 C.F.R. § 124.519(b). 98 Congressional Research Service 14 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses revenues they receive from non-8(a) sources.103 These targets increase over time, with firms required to attain 15% of their revenue from non-8(a) sources in the fifth year; 25% in the sixth year; 35% in the seventh year; 45% in the eight year; and 55% in the ninth year.104 Firms that do not display the relevant percentages of revenue from non-8(a) sources are ineligible for sole-source 8(a) contracts “unless and until” they correct the situation. 105 • Limitations on subcontracting: Although not only under the authority of Section 8(a) of the Small Business Act or applicable only to 8(a) businesses, limitations on subcontracting require that small businesses receiving contracts under a setaside perform minimum percentages of the contract work.106 These percentages vary depending upon the type of the contract, with employees of the small business required to perform (1) at least 50% of the personnel costs of service contracts; (2) at least 50% of the costs of manufacturing (excluding materials) in supply contacts; (3) at least 15% of the costs of construction (excluding materials) in general construction contracts; and (4) at least 25% of the costs of construction (excluding materials) in “special trade” construction contracts.107 Requirements for Tribally, ANC-, NHO-, and CDC-Owned Firms Tribes, ANCs, NHOs or CDCs themselves generally do not participate in the 8(a) Program. Rather, businesses that are at least 51% owned by such entities participate in the 8(a) Program,108 although the rules governing their participation are, in places, somewhat different from those for the 8(a) Program generally. 109 103 104 15 U.S.C. § 636(j)(10)(I)(i)-(iii); 13 C.F.R. § 124.509(b)(1). 13 C.F.R. § 124.509(b)(2). 105 13 C.F.R. § 124.509(d)(1). This prohibition may be waived when the Director of the Office of Business Development finds that denial of a sole-source contract would cause severe economic hardship for the firm, potentially jeopardizing its survival, or extenuating circumstances beyond the firm’s control caused it to miss its target. Id. 106 15 U.S.C. 637(a)(14)(A)-(B); 15 U.S.C. § 644(o); 13 C.F.R. § 125.6; 48 C.F.R. § 52.219-14. 107 13 C.F.R. § 124.510 (limits on subcontracting for 8(a) firms); 13 C.F.R. § 125.6(a)(1)-(4) (limits on subcontracting for small businesses generally). The Government Accountability Office has criticized the SBA for poor monitoring of the percentage of work performed by subcontractors on 8(a) contracts with ANC-owned firms, and some commentators have criticized ANC-owned firms for subcontracting with companies that are themselves ineligible for the 8(a) program. See Gov’t Accountability Office, Increased Used of Alaska Native Corporations’ Special 8(a) Provisions Calls for Tailored Oversight, GAO-06-399, at 6 (Apr. 2006); Michael Scherer, Little Big Companies: How Did Corporations Like Halliburton Get Millions in Government Contracts Designated for Small Minority Businesses?, Mother Jones Mag., Jan./Feb. 2005, available at http://www.motherjones.com/commentary/notebook/2005/01/ 11_400.html. However, any 8(a) firm may subcontract with a “large business” provided that the subcontracting relationship is not such as to result in affiliation and the 8(a) firm directly performs the required percentage of the contract costs with its own personnel. 108 13 C.F.R. § 124.109(c)(3)(i) (tribally and ANC-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. § 124.111(c) (CDC-owned firms). 109 13 C.F.R. §§ 124.109-124.111. Congressional Research Service 15 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses Eligibility for the 8(a) Program “Small” Firms owned by Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, and CDCs must be “small” under the SBA’s size standards.110 However, certain affiliations with the owning entity or other business enterprises of that entity are excluded in size determinations unless the Administrator of the SBA determines that, because of such exclusions, a small business owned by an Indian tribe, ANC, NHO, or CDC “[has] obtained, or [is] likely to obtain, a substantial unfair competitive advantage within an industry category.”111 Other affiliations of small businesses owned by Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, or CDCs can count in size determinations, and ANC-owned firms, in particular, have been subjected to early graduation from the 8(a) Program because they exceeded the size standards.112 “Business” Firms owned by Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, and CDCs must be “businesses” under the SBA’s definition. 113 Although ANCs themselves may be for-profit or non-profit, ANC-owned businesses must be for-profit to participate in the 8(a) Program.114 “Unconditionally owned and controlled” Firms owned by Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, and CDCs must be unconditionally owned and substantially controlled by the tribe, ANC, NHO, or CDC, respectively.115 However, under SBA regulations, tribally or ANC-owned firms may be managed by individuals who are not members of the tribe or Alaska Natives if the SBA determines 110 13 C.F.R. § 124.109(c)(2)(i) (tribally and ANC-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. § 124.110(b) (NHO-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. § 124.111(c) (CDC-owned firms). 111 13 C.F.R. § 124.109(c)(2)(iii) (tribally and ANC-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. § 124.110(b) (NHO-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. § 124.111(c) (CDC-owned firms). The language here, stating that “any other business enterprise owned by [an organization]” shall be excluded from the size determination, seems somewhat contrary to that in 13 C.F.R. § 121.103(2)(ii), which suggests that businesses owned and controlled by organizations could be found to be affiliates of the organization for reasons other than common ownership or management, or performance of common administrative services. According to the GAO, some agency contracting officers reported not knowing how to determine what constitutes a “substantial unfair competitive advantage” when making size determinations for ANC-owned firms in particular. See Increased Used of Alaska Native Corporations’ Special 8(a) Provisions, supra note 107, at 37. 112 See, e.g., Valenzuela Eng’g, Inc. & Curry Contracting Co., Inc., SBA-4151 (1996) (rejecting a challenge to the size of an ANC-owned firm because its subcontractor performed less than 25% of the work on the contract and was not its affiliate); Increased Used of Alaska Native Corporations’ Special 8(a) Provisions, supra note 107, at 29 (describing “early graduation” of ANC-owned 8(a) firms). 113 13 C.F.R. § 124.109(a) & (b) (requiring tribally and ANC-owned firms to comply with the general eligibility requirements where they are not contrary to or inconsistent with the special requirements for these entities); 13 C.F.R. § 124.110(a) (similar provision for NHO-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. § 124.111(a) (similar provision for CDC-owned firms). 114 13 C.F.R. § 124.109(a)(3). 115 13 C.F.R. § 124.109(a) & (b) (requiring tribally and ANC-owned firms to comply with the general eligibility requirements where they are not contrary to or inconsistent with the special requirements for these entities); 13 C.F.R. § 124.110(a) (similar provision for NHO-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. § 124.111(a) (similar provision for CDC-owned firms). Congressional Research Service 16 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses … that such management is required to assist the [firm’s] development, that the tribe will retain control of all management decisions common to boards of directors, including strategic planning, budget approval, and the employment and compensation of officers, and that a written management plan exists which shows how disadvantaged tribal members will develop managerial skills sufficient to manage the concern or similar tribally-owned concerns in the future.116 The rules governing NHO-owned firms do not address this issue,117 and although the general rules apply where no “special rules” exist,118 it seems unlikely that NHO-owned firms are treated differently from tribally or ANC-owned firms in this regard. CDCs are to be managed and have their daily operations conducted by individuals with “managerial experience of an extent and complexity needed to run the [firm].”119 “Socially disadvantaged” As owners of prospective or current 8(a) firms, Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, and CDCs are all presumed to be socially disadvantaged. 120 “Economically disadvantaged” By statute, ANCs are deemed to be economically disadvantaged, 121 and by regulation, CDCs are similarly presumed to be economically disadvantaged. 122 Indian tribes and NHOs, in contrast, must establish economic disadvantage at least once. Indian tribes must present data on, among other things the number of tribe members; the tribal unemployment rate; the per capita income of tribe members; the percentage of the local Indian population above the poverty level; the tribe’s assets as disclosed in current financial statements; and all businesses wholly or partially owned by 116 13 C.F.R. § 124.109(c)(4)(B). See 13 C.F.R. § 124.110. 118 Id. (“Concerns owned by economically disadvantaged Native Hawaiian Organizations, as defined in [Section] 124.3, are eligible for participation in the 8(a) program and other federal programs requiring SBA to determine social and economic disadvantage as a condition of eligibility. Such concerns must meet all eligibility criteria set forth in [Section] 124.101 through 124.108 and [Section] 124.112 to the extent that they are not inconsistent with this section.”). 119 13 C.F.R. § 124.111(b). 117 120 13 C.F.R. § 124.109(b)(1) (tribally and ANC-owned firms); 15 U.S.C. § 637(a)(4)(A)(i)(II) (NHO-owned firms); See Small Disadvantaged Business Certification Application: Community Development Corporation (CDC) Owned Concern, OMB Approval No. 3245-0317 (“A Community Development Corporation (CDC) is considered to be a socially and economically disadvantaged entity if the parent CDC is a nonprofit organization responsible to residents of the area it serves which has received financial assistance under 42 U.S.C. 9805, et seq.”). SBA’s authority to designate CDCs as socially and economically disadvantaged derives from 42 U.S.C. § 9815(a)(2), although the SBA does not currently have regulations addressing this issue. See 42 U.S.C. § 9815(a)(2) (“Not later than 90 days after August 13, 1981, the Administrator of the Small Business Administration, after consultation with the Secretary, shall promulgate regulations to ensure the availability to community development corporations of such programs as shall further the purposes of this subchapter, including programs under section 637(a) of title 15.”). 121 43 U.S.C. § 1626(e)(1) (“For all purposes of Federal law, a Native Corporation shall be considered to be a corporation owned and controlled by Natives and a minority and economically disadvantaged business enterprise if the Settlement Common Stock of the corporation and other stock of the corporation held by holders of Settlement Common Stock and by Natives and descendants of Natives, represents a majority of both the total equity of the corporation and the total voting power of the corporation for the purposes of electing directors.”); 13 C.F.R. § 124.109(a)(2) (same). 122 See Small Disadvantaged Business Certification Application, supra note 120. Congressional Research Service 17 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses tribal enterprises or affiliates, as well as their primary industry classification.123 However, once a tribe has established that it is economically disadvantaged for purposes of one 8(a) business, it need not reestablish economic disadvantage in order to have other businesses certified for the 8(a) Program unless the Director of the Office of Business Development requires it to do so. 124 The rules governing NHO-owned firms do not address this issue,125 and although the general rules apply where no “special rules” exist,126 it seems unlikely that NHO-owned firms are treated differently from tribally owned firms in this regard. “Good character” When an organization owns an actual or prospective 8(a) firm, all members, officers, or employees of that organization are generally not required to show good character. The regulations governing tribally and ANC-owned firms explicitly address the issue, stating that the “good character” requirement applies only to officers or directors of the firm, or shareholders owning more than a 20% interest.127 However, NHO-owned firms may be subject to the same requirements in practice.128 With CDC-owned firms, the firm itself and “all of its principals” must have good character.129 “Demonstrated potential for success” Firms owned by Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, and CDCs must either show demonstrated potential for success by having been in business in their primary industry for at least two full years immediately prior to the date of their application to the 8(a) Program or receive a waiver from the SBA. 130 Waivers are based on three criteria where firms owned by Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, and CDCs are involved: (1) the technical and managerial experience and competency of the individuals who will manage and control the firm’s daily operations; (2) the firm’s financial capacity; and (3) the firm’s record of performance on prior federal or other contracts in its primary industry.131 These criteria differ in their number and wording from the waiver criteria for other 8(a) firms.132 However, these differences are unlikely to result in group-owned firms receiving waivers where other 8(a) firms would not because the criteria are analogous. 123 15 U.S.C. § 637(a)(6)(A); 13 C.F.R. § 124.109(b)(2)(i)-(vii). 13 C.F.R. § 124.109(b). 125 See 13 C.F.R. § 124.110. 126 Id. (“Concerns owned by economically disadvantaged Native Hawaiian Organizations, as defined in [Section] 124.3, are eligible for participation in the 8(a) program and other federal programs requiring SBA to determine social and economic disadvantage as a condition of eligibility. Such concerns must meet all eligibility criteria set forth in [Section] 124.101 through 124.108 and [Section] 124.112 to the extent that they are not inconsistent with this section.”). 127 13 C.F.R. § 124.109(b)(7)(ii). 128 See supra note 126 and accompanying text. 129 13 C.F.R. § 124.111(g). 130 13 C.F.R. § 124.109(c)(6) (tribally and ANC-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. § 124.110(e) (NHO-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. § 124.111(f)(2)(i)-(iii) (CDC-owned firms). 124 131 13 C.F.R. § 124.109(c)(6)(ii)(A)-(C) (tribally and ANC-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. § 124.110(e)(2)(i)-(iii) (NHOowned firms); 13 C.F.R. § 124.111(f) (CDC-owned firms). 132 See 13 C.F.R. § 124.107(b)(i)-(v). Congressional Research Service 18 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses Set-Asides and Sole-Source Awards Like other participants in the 8(a) Program, firms owned by Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, and CDCs are eligible for 8(a) set-asides and may receive sole-source awards valued at less than $3.5 million ($5.5 million for manufacturing contracts). However, firms owned by Indian tribes and ANCs can also receive sole-source awards in excess of $3.5 million ($5.5 million for manufacturing contracts) even when contracting officers reasonably expect that that at least two eligible and responsible 8(a) firms will submit offers and the award can be made at fair market price.133 NHO-owned firms may receive sole-source awards from the Department of Defense under the same conditions.134 Other Requirements Firms owned by Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, and CDCs are governed by the same regulations as other 8(a) firms where certain of the “other requirements” are involved, including (1) inability to protest an 8(a) firm’s eligibility for an award;135 (2) maximum of nine years in the 8(a) Program (for individual firms);136 and (3) limits on subcontracting. 137 However, the requirements for such firms differ somewhat from those for other 8(a) firms where one-time eligibility for the 8(a) Program; limits on majority ownership of 8(a) firms; and limits on the amount of 8(a) contracts that a firm may receive are involved. Firms owned by Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, and CDCs may participate in the 8(a) Program only one time. 138 However, unlike the disadvantaged individuals upon whom other firms’ eligibility for the 8(a) Program is based, Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, and CDCs may confer eligibility for the 8(a) Program upon firms on multiple occasions and for an indefinite period. 139 Additionally, although Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, and CDCs may not own 51% or more of a firm obtaining the majority of its revenues from the same “primary” industry in which another firm they own or owned currently operates or has operated within the past two years, there are no limits on the number of firms they may own that operate in other primary industries.140 Moreover, Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, and CDCs may own multiple firms 133 An Act To Amend the Small Business Act To Reform the Capital Ownership Development Program, and for Other Purposes; P.L. 100-656, § 602(a), 102 Stat. 3887-88 (Nov. 15, 1988) (codified at 15 U.S.C. § 637 note); 48 C.F.R. § 19.805-1(b)(2). 134 The authority for DOD to make sole-source awards to NHO-owned firms of contracts valued at more than $3.5 million ($5.5 million for manufacturing contracts) even if contracting officers reasonably expect that offers will be received from at least two responsible small businesses existed on a temporary basis in 2004-2006 and became permanent in 2006. See Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act of 2006, P.L. 109-148, § 8020, 119 Stat. 2702-03 (Dec. 30, 2005) (“[Provided] [t]hat, during the current fiscal year and hereafter, businesses certified as 8(a) by the Small Business Administration pursuant to section 8(a)(15) of Public Law 85-536, as amended, shall have the same status as other program participants under section 602 of P.L. 100-656 ... for purposes of contracting with agencies of the Department of Defense.”); 48 C.F.R. § 219.805-1(b)(2)(A)-(B). 135 See supra note 97. 136 13 C.F.R. § 124.109(a) & (b) (requiring tribally and ANC-owned firms to comply with the general eligibility requirements where they are not contrary to or inconsistent with special requirements for these entities); 13 C.F.R. § 124.110(a) (similar provision for NHO-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. § 124.111(a) (similar provision for CDC-owned firms). 137 15 U.S.C. § 644(o); 13 C.F.R. § 125.6; 48 C.F.R. § 52.219-14. 138 Id. 139 Id.; 15 U.S.C. § 636(j)(11)(B)-(C). 140 13 C.F.R. § 124.109(c)(3)(ii) (tribally and ANC-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. § 124.110(c) (NHO-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. § 124.111(d) (CDC-owned firms). GAO has also faulted agencies’ tracking of the industries in which 8(a) firms (continued...) Congressional Research Service 19 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses that earn less than 50% of their revenue in the same “secondary” industries.141 Finally, firms owned by Indian tribes or ANCs may continue to receive additional sole-source awards even after they have received awards valued at $100 million, or other applicable amount, although firms owned by NHOs and CDCs may not.142 However, firms owned by any of these four types of entities are subject to the same requirements regarding the percentages of revenue received from non-8(a) sources at various stages of their participation in the 8(a) Program as other 8(a) firms are.143 Future of the 8(a) Program? Although the 8(a) Program has expanded fairly consistently since FY2000, as Table 2 illustrates, and the SBA credited it with helping firms to make “significant contributions to the Federal, state and local tax base and contribute[ing] an estimated 191,973 jobs to the Nation’s economy” in FY2008,144 the Program is not static. Rather, it continues to evolve as the result of legislation, changes in executive branch policies, and legal challenges and decisions. This section provides an overview of emerging developments that may shape the future of the 8(a) Program. Table 2.Trends in 8(a) Participation FY2000-FY2008 Fiscal Year Number of 8(a) Firms Total Revenue Firms Received under 8(a) Percentage of Firms’ Revenue Received from 8(a) FY2000 6383 3.78 billion 28.2% FY2001 6942 4.66 billion 26.01% FY2002 7585 4.4 billion 29.4% FY2003 8431 5.4 billion 27.5% FY2004 8900 5.6 billion 27.58% FY2005 9470 7.0 billion 30.91% FY2006 9667 7.1 billion 30.2% FY2007 9423 6.7 billion 30.4% FY2008 9462 6.3 billion 61.2% (...continued) have contracts to ensure compliance with this rule. See Northern Lights and Procurement Plights: The Effects of the ANC Program on Federal Procurement and Alaska Native Corporations, Joint Hearing Before the Comm. on Gov. Reform & the Comm. on Small Bus., House of Representatives, 109th Cong., 2d Sess., at 134-35 (June 21, 2006) (statement of David Cooper, Director, Acquisition and Sourcing Management, GAO). 141 13 C.F.R. § 124.109(c)(3)(ii) (tribally and ANC-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. § 124.110(c) (NHO-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. § 124.111(d) (CDC-owned firms). 142 13 C.F.R. § 124.519(a). 143 13 C.F.R. § 124.509. 144 Small Bus. Admin., Office of Business Development, 2008 Report to Congress, at 6, available at http://www.sba.gov/idc/groups/public/documents/sba_program_office/8abd_408_fy2008report.pdf. Congressional Research Service 20 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses Source: Congressional Research Service, based on data in Office of Business Development, Annual Report to Congress, 2000-2008. Proposed Legislation Recent Congresses have considered several bills that would modify the 8(a) Program. These proposed modifications often reflect concerns that Members or commentators have about the program, such as: (1) whether the Program’s eligibility requirements exclude certain small businesses that could benefit from the Program; 145 (2) whether the Program adequately serves participating businesses;146 (3) whether the federal government awards too few of its procurement dollars to small disadvantaged businesses;147 (4) fraud by businesses participating in the Program;148 and (5) whether SBA and/or contracting agencies adequately oversee 8(a) contracts.149 Recently, sole-source awards to ANC-owned firms under the authority of Section 8(a) have been a particular concern.150 Some worry that the increase in the percentage of federal contract dollars awarded to ANC-owned firms under Section 8(a), which reportedly went from $1.1 billion in FY2004 to $3.9 billion in FY2008, diminishes the percentage of contract dollars available for other small businesses or 8(a) firms.151 They also fear that that agencies improperly use sole-source awards to ANC-owned firms,152 sole-source awards to ANC-owned firms cost too much,153 or SBA and/or other federal agencies do not properly administer sole-source contracts to ANC-owned firms.154 However, others desire to preserve, if not expand, the contracting programs for ANCs because of the benefits they provide to Alaska Natives.155 Bills introduced in the 110th and 111th Congress took various approaches to the 8(a) Program, as described below. 145 See, e.g., Federal Contracting: Removing Hurdles for Minority-Owned Small Businesses, Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Gov’t Mgmt., Org. & Procurement of the Comm. on Oversight & Gov’t Reform, U.S. House of Representatives, 110th Cong., 1st Sess., at 68 (Sept. 26, 2007) (statement of Michael I. Barrera, President & CEO of the United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce) (advocating removal of the net worth requirement for ongoing eligibility in the 8(a) Program). 146 See, e.g., Gov’t Accountability Office, SBA Could Better Focus Its 8(a) Program to Help Firms Obtain Contracts, GAO RCED 00-196 (reporting that 8(a) firms expect SBA to help them obtain contracts, while SBA focuses on business development activities). 147 See, e.g., Minority Small Business Enhancement Act of 2009, H.R. 2299, § 5 (proposing to increase the goals for contracting with small disadvantaged businesses, among others). 148 See, e.g., Gov’t Accountability Office, Agency Should Assess Resources Devoted to Contracting and Improve Several Processes in the 8(a) Program, GAO RCED-00-196 (noting widespread fraud in the 8(a) Program). 149 See, e.g., id. (noting that SBA lacks personnel to perform effective monitoring of contracts); Gov’t Accountability Office, SBA’s 8(a) Information System Is Flawed and Does Not Support the Program’s Mission, GAO RCED-00-197. 150 See, e.g., Robert Brodsky, Senate Panel to Probe Alaska Native Contracting Preferences, Gov’t Exec., May, 15, 2009, available at http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0509/051509rb2.htm (describing plans for the July 16, 2009 hearing). 151 See, e.g., ANCs Receiving Disproportionate Share of SBA 8(a) Program Awards, Panel Told, 92 Fed. Contr. Rep. 50 (July 21, 2009). 152 See, e.g., Increased Used of Alaska Native Corporations’ Special 8(a) Provisions, supra note 107, at 22 (noting agencies’ use of contracts with ANCs to “pass through” work to particular subcontractors). 153 See, e.g., Northern Lights and Procurement Plights, supra note 140, at 9 (statement of Representative Henry A. Waxman). 154 See, e.g., id. at 120 (statement of Representative Nydia Velázquez) (noting SBA’s “sheer lack of attention to the [8(a)] program”); id. at 134 (statement of David Cooper, Director of Acquisition Sourcing and Management, GAO) (“[F]ederal agency contracting officials need to do a better job of complying with certain requirements that are intended to preclude abuses of the 8(a) program.”). 155 See, e.g., id. at 121-23 (statement of Representative Don Young); Native American Contracting Under Section 8(a) (continued...) Congressional Research Service 21 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses 110th Congress Several bills in the 110th Congress would have expanded eligibility for the 8(a) Program by allowing individuals with higher levels of net worth to qualify as economically disadvantaged for initial entry into, or continuing participation in, the Program, or by excluding certain properties from consideration when the SBA calculates net worth.156 However, one bill would have narrowed eligibility in an attempt to combat fraud by requiring background checks of owners and officers of prospective 8(a) firms and creating a presumption that criminal convictions indicate a lack of business integrity. 157 Other bills would have made additional categories of small businesses (e.g., veteran-owned, women-owned) eligible for the 8(a) Program, or eligible for benefits like those provided under 8(a) or provided to 8(a) businesses under other federal programs. 158 Yet other bills would have restructured the 8(a) Program by (1) increasing the number of years that firms can participate in it;159 (2) creating a pre-8(a) Program, which firms must generally complete prior to entering the 8(a) Program and eligibility for which cannot be based on several factors that SBA currently uses in determining eligibility for the 8(a) Program (e.g., potential for success, technical and managerial experience);160 and (3) restricting set-asides to industries in which the Secretary of Commerce has determined that firms owned and controlled by socially and economically disadvantaged individuals are underrepresented. 161 Additional legislation would have increased the government-wide or agency-specific goals for contracting (...continued) of the Small Business Act: Economic, Social, and Cultural Impacts, Oct. 2007, available at http://www.nativecontractors.org/media/pdf/TAYLOR-REPORT.pdf (noting that ANCs paid $413 million in wages to employees and $32 million in dividends to shareholders in FY2005 as a result of federal contracting). Some commentators have expressed concern about the relatively low number of ANC shareholders or Alaska Natives employed by ANC-owned 8(a) firms. See, e.g., Jenny J. Yang, Rising Giant: Policies and Costs of Section 8(a) Contracting Preferences for Alaska Native Corporations, 23 Alaska L. Rev. 315, 346-47 (2006). However, there is no requirement that 8(a) firms employ certain percentages of socially disadvantaged individuals. 156 See, e.g., 8(a) Modernization Act, H.R. 1611, § 3 (requiring the Administrator of the SBA to establish thresholds for maximum net worth for economic disadvantage based on industry classifications, with consideration of the capital needs of various industries); Minority-Owned Venture Empowerment Act, H.R. 2532, § 202 (raising the net worth for initial eligibility to $750,000); Small Business Contracting Program Improvements Act, H.R. 3867, § 501 (raising the net worth threshold for economic disadvantage to $550,000; providing that investments in other small businesses are excluded except when comparing firms to others in the same field owned by socially disadvantaged individuals; and allowing individuals who are determined to be economically disadvantaged at time of entry into the 8(a) Program to be deemed economically disadvantaged for the duration of the Program). 157 See, e.g., Small Business Contracting Program Improvements Act, H.R. 3867, § 201, 110th Cong. 158 See, e.g., Disabled Veteran Small Business Eligibility Expansion Act, H.R. 109, § 2 (making service-disabled veteran-owned small businesses eligible for the 8(a) Program and redefining “socially and economically disadvantaged small business concern” to include service-disabled veteran-owned small businesses); Service-Disabled VeteranOwned Small Business Equity Act, H.R. 1265, § 2 (same); Coast Guard appropriation act for FY2008, H.R. 2830, § 219 (deeming women to be socially and economically disadvantaged for purposes of contracts awarded under the Coast Guard’s Disadvantaged Business Enterprise Program); Small Business Contracting Program Improvements Act, H.R. 3867, § 505 (requiring the Administrator of SBA to review the list of groups whose members are presumed to be socially disadvantaged and “consider whether the list should be updated to include additional groups”); An Act to Amend the Small Business Act to Establish a Mentorship Program Designed to Help Minority and Women-Owned Small Businesses Build Their Capacities and Access to Contracting Opportunities in the Construction Industry, H.R. 7087, § 1 (making women-owned small businesses eligible for the same mentorship opportunities under the act as 8(a) businesses are eligible for). 159 See, e.g., Small Business Contracting Program Improvements Act, H.R. 3867, § 502. 160 See, e.g., Minority-Owned Venture Empowerment Act, H.R. 2532, §§ 102 and 202. 161 Id. at § 303. Congressional Research Service 22 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses with small disadvantaged businesses, which include 8(a) firms;162 allowed noncompetitive awards at higher values;163 required agencies to develop plans to minimize the number of sole-source awards, including sole-source awards under Section 8(a);164 and allowed protests of firms’ eligibility for 8(a) awards.165 111th Congress The 111th Congress is considering several bills that would make similar changes to the 8(a) Program, including • allowing individuals with higher personal net worth to be eligible for the 8(a) Program;166 • requiring the SBA to periodically adjust the net-worth thresholds for inflation; 167 • extending the length of the 8(a) Program and the developmental phase within the Program;168 • exempting businesses that have not completed an 8(a) contract from time limits on participation in the 8(a) Program;169 • extending the maximum term of participation in the 8(a) Program for individuals called to “active duty” in the U.S. military for more than 30 days;170 • increasing the government-wide goal for contracting with small businesses generally to 25% and that for contracting with small disadvantaged businesses to 10%;171 • specifying that individual small businesses may count toward government contracting goals in no more than two of the following categories: small business, service-disabled veteran-owned small business, Historically 162 See, e.g., A Bill to Enact Title 51 of the United States Code, “National and Commercial Space Programs,” as Positive Law, H.R. 4780, § 30304 (requiring the Administrator of NASA to annually establish a goal that at least 8% of NASA contract dollars be awarded to small disadvantaged businesses). 163 Small Business Contracting Program Improvements Act, H.R. 3867, § 204 (increasing the “competitive threshold” for nonmanufacturing contracts to $5.1 million); Minority-Owned Venture Empowerment Act, H.R. 2532, § 202 (raising the competitive threshold to $6 million for nonmanufacturing contracts and $10 million for manufacturing contracts); 8(a) Modernization Act, H.R. 1611, § 3 (raising the competitive thresholds to $10 for nonmanufacturing contracts and $12 million for manufacturing contracts). 164 Accountability in Contracting Act, H.R. 1362, § 102. 165 Small Business Contracting Program Improvements Act, H.R. 3867, § 205. 166 Minority Small Business Enhancement Act of 2009, H.R. 2299, § 2; An Act to Amend the Small Business Act to Change the Net Worth Amount Under the Small Business Program for Socially and Economically Disadvantaged Individuals from $750,000 to $978,722, H.R. 4253, § 1(a); Small Business Reform Act of 2010, H.R. 4818, § 3(b). 167 H.R. 4253, at § 1(a) (requiring annual adjustments). 168 H.R. 4818, at § 3(a). 169 H.R. 2299, at § 2. 170 Promoting Jobs for Veterans Act of 2009, H.R. 4220, § 104. As used here, “active duty” has the same meaning it has under 10 U.S.C. § 101(d)(2). 171 H.R. 2299, at § 5. Congressional Research Service 23 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses Underutilized Business Zone (HUBZone) small business, woman-owned small business, and small disadvantaged business;172 and • making service-disabled veteran-owned small businesses eligible for contracts under Section 8(a) by, among other things, including service-disabled veterans within the definition of “disadvantaged owner” and including service-disabled veteran-owned small businesses within the definition of “disadvantaged business.”173 Other proposals would promote contracting with 8(a) firms by establishing new programs to increase their involvement in foreign trade and the construction industry;174 allowing the Department of Defense to convert functions to performance by certain 8(a) firms without conducting the public-private competitions normally under OMB Circular A-76 when outsourcing;175 and requiring that contractors holding Transportation Security Administration contracts in excess of $300 million “implement”176 their plans for contracting with small disadvantaged businesses (including 8(a) firms).177 None of the bills introduced in the 110th Congress was enacted, and only one bill introduced in the 111th Congress—allowing the Department of Defense to convert functions to performance by certain 8(a) firms without conducting the public-private competitions normally under OMB Circular A-76—has been enacted to date.178 However, the 8(a) Program will probably remain a topic of interest to Members, in part because of the changes in executive branch policies and legal developments affecting the program that are discussed in the following sections. Changes in Executive Branch Policies While proposed legislation in the 110th and 111th Congresses has focused upon the 8(a) Program generally, executive branch agencies have recently made or proposed changes to the Program focused upon contracting with ANC-owned firms specifically. First, in June, 2007, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) issued “Guidance on the Use of 8(a) Firms Owned by Indian Tribes/Alaska Native Corporations,” in which agency contracting officials were instructed to “be judicious” and rely on “appropriate safeguards” when entering sole-source contracts with tribally or ANC-owned firms. This guidance document called for DHS contracting officers to 172 Id. Disabled Veteran Small Business Eligibility Expansion Act of 2009, H.R. 456, § 2. 174 Freedom from Government Competition Act, S. 1167, § 4 and H.R. 2682, § 4. 175 Small Business Export Enhancement and International Trade Act of 2009, S. 2862 (establishing a three-year pilot program to make grants to states to carry out export programs that assist 8(a) firms, among others); An Act to Amend the Small Business Act to Establish Mentorship and Assistance Programs Designed to Help Minority, Veteran-Owned, and Women-Owned Small Business Operate in the Construction Industry, H.R. 3771, § 2 (requiring the SBA to establish a mentorship program to assist 8(a) firms, among others, in gaining the “specialized knowledge” and “professional services” necessary to operate businesses in the construction industry). 176 The focus upon implementation here potentially distinguishes this provision from existing law. Currently, contractors are required to make good faith efforts to comply with their subcontracting plans, but can be excused from implementing them in certain circumstances. See 15 U.S.C. § 637(d)(2)(F)(ii). 177 Transportation Security Administration Authorization Act, H.R. 2200, § 103. H.R. 2200 would also require TSA to report annually to the House and Senate committees of jurisdiction on contractors’ performance in subcontracting with small disadvantaged businesses. 178 P.L. 111-118, § 8016,—Stat.—(Dec. 19, 2009). 173 Congressional Research Service 24 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses ensure that the firm has the technical ability to perform the work, the firm will perform the required percentage of the work, and the award is in the best interest of the government.179 Later, in April 2008, the Air Force issued “Sole Source Actions Over $550K.” This document notes that there is “scrutiny involved with using sole source contracts simply as a means to reach particular subcontractors” and requires that all sole-source awards over $550,000 be justified in writing and approved by the Command Competition Advocate.180 The SBA also reports having recently trained its 8(a) Program specialists on handling ANC-owned firms and its field staff on compliance with the 8(a) regulations.181 Proposed Changes in SBA Regulations On October 28, 2009, SBA issued a proposed rule that would change certain eligibility and other requirements pertaining to the 8(a) Program.182 Table 3 summarizes the key, program-wide changes that SBA proposes. Table 3. Key Changes to the 8(a) Regulations Proposed by the SBA in October 2009 Requirement Economic disadvantage (13 C.F.R. § 124.104) Proposed Changes • Community property laws will not be taken into account when the SBA determines economic disadvantage, but the financial situation of individuals’ spouses will be considered when determining individuals’ access to credit and capital. (74 Fed. Reg. at 55698) • Funds in Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) and other official retirement accounts are exempted from the calculation of net worth provided that the funds cannot be withdrawn from the account prior to retirement age without a “significant penalty.” (74 Fed. Reg. at 55698) • Income from S Corporations is exempted from the calculation of both income and net worth to the extent that such income is reinvested in the firm or used to pay taxes arising from the normal course of operations of an S corporation. (74 Fed. Reg. at • Individuals are presumed not to be economically disadvantaged if their adjusted gross 55698-99) 179 See DHS Acquisition Alert 07/15, available at http://www.nativecontractors.org/media/pdf/DHS-Agency-Guidanceon-8(a)-firms.pdf. 180 See ACC Policy Letter 08-01, available at http://www.nativecontractors.org/media/pdf/ Air%20Force%20Sole%20Source%20Policy%20April%202008.pdf. 181 Testimony of Darryl Hairston, Acting Administrator, U.S. Small Business Administration, Before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Small Business, March 25, 2009, available at http://www.house.gov/smbiz/hearings/ hearing-3-25-09-SBA-oversight/Hairston.pdf. 182 See Small Business Admin., Small Business Size Regulations; 8(a) Business Development/Small Disadvantaged Business Status Determinations, 74 Fed. Reg. 55694 (Oct. 28, 2009). The SBA also proposes changes to the regulations governing the size standards for small businesses. Among other things, these changes would clarify that (1) protégés in other agencies’ mentor/protégé programs are generally not exempt from SBA’s size affiliation rules; (2) any joint venture that seeks to use 8(a) mentor/protégé status as grounds for an exemption to the affiliation requirements must follow the 8(a) requirements; (3) procurements for supplies cannot be classified under a North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code for retail trade; and (4) the “nonmanufacturer rule”—requiring that firms that are not themselves the manufacturer of the end products being procured provide the products of small businesses—applies only when the procuring agency has classified the procurement under a manufacturing NAICS code. Id. at 55694-97. The proposed rule would also grant SBA’s Office of Inspector General authority to request formal size determinations and make clear that certain requirements for the 8(a) Program do not apply to small disadvantaged businesses. Id. at 55697, 55710. Congressional Research Service 25 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses Requirement Proposed Changes income averaged over the past two years exceeds $200,000, but they can rebut this presumption by showing that their income does not indicate a lack of economic disadvantage. (74 Fed. Reg. at 55699) • Individuals are not economically disadvantaged if the fair market value of their assets exceeds $3 million at the time of application to the 8(a) Program or $4 million thereafter. (74 Fed. Reg. at 55699) Ownership (13 C.F.R. § 124.105) • Firms are not automatically disqualified from the 8(a) Program because the individual seeking to qualify the firm has an immediate family member already participating in the 8(a) Program. SBA will make determinations regarding eligibility on a case-by-case basis, potentially allowing such firms to qualify when (1) there are no or negligible connections between the two firms and (2) the individuals seeking to use their disadvantaged status to qualify the firm can demonstrate sufficient management and technical experience to operate the firm. (74 Fed. Reg. at 55700) Control (13 C.F.R. § 124.106) • Disadvantaged managers of 8(a) firms must reside in the United States and spend part of every month physically present at the firm’s primary offices. (74 Fed. Reg. at 55700) • Reserve members who are called to active duty in the U.S. military may either (1) designate one or more individuals to control daily business operations of their 8(a) firm during the time that they are gone or (2) suspend their participation in the 8(a) program during their active duty call-up period. (74 Fed. Reg. at 55700-01) Credit toward contracting goals (13 C.F.R. § 124.503) • Agencies may receive 8(a) credit for orders placed with 8(a) firms under indefinitequantity/indefinite-delivery (ID/IQ) contracts not set aside for 8(a) firms so long as the order is offered to and accepted for the 8(a) Program and competed exclusively among eligible 8(a) firms, and the limitations on subcontracting apply to the individual order. (74 Fed. Reg. at 55704) Acceptance and release of requirements (13 C.F.R. § 124.504) • SBA may not accept requirements for the 8(a) Program when the procuring agency has expressed a clear intent to make HUBZone or SDVOSB awards. (74 Fed. Reg. at 55705) • Follow-on or repetitive 8(a) procurements must remain in the 8(a) Program unless SBA consents to release them for non-8(a) competition. (74 Fed. Reg. at 55705) • Procuring agencies exercising authority delegated to them by the SBA must track firms’ compliance with the limitations on subcontracting. (74 Fed. Reg. at 55706-07) • When agencies’ contracting officers modify contracts or exercise options under them, they must submit copies thereof to the SBA within 10 business days. (74 Fed. Reg. at 55706-07) • SBA may conduct periodic on-site reviews of other agencies’ contract files to determine compliance with Program requirements. (74 Fed. Reg. at 55706-07) • 8(a) participants to 8(a) joint ventures must receive profits from the joint venture commensurate with the work they perform, and they must perform at least 40% of the work performed by the joint venture. (74 Fed. Reg. at 55707) • Each 8(a) firm that performs an 8(a) contract through a joint venture must report to the SBA on how these requirements regarding the performance of work were met. (74 Fed. Reg. at 55707) • SBA must approve any joint venture agreement prior to the award of an 8(a) contract to the joint venture. (74 Fed. Reg. at 55707) • Assistance provided through the mentor/protégé relationship must be tied to the protégé firm’s SBA-approved business plan. (74 Fed. Reg. at 55707-08) • One mentor may have no more than three protégés. SBA may approve a second mentor for an 8(a) firm in certain circumstances. (74 Fed. Reg. at 55707-09) Delegation of contract administration (13 C.F.R. § 124.512) Joint ventures involving 8(a) firms (13 C.F.R. § 124.513) Mentor/protégé program (13 C.F.R. § 124.520) Congressional Research Service 26 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses Requirement Proposed Changes • SBA may not approve mentor/protégé agreements when the protégé has less than 1 year left in the 8(a) Program. (74 Fed. Reg. at 55709) • Joint ventures between mentors and protégés qualify as “small” for purposes of federal subcontracts, as well as for federal prime contracts. (74 Fed. Reg. at 55709) • The mentor/protégé agreement must be approved by SBA prior to the submission of the bid or offer to take advantage of the exception to the size requirements. (74 Fed. Reg. at 55710) • Mentors that fail to provide the agreed upon assistance to their protégés are subject to sanctions, including stoppage of work on the contract, termination from the 8(a) Program and debarment from federal contracting. (74 Fed. Reg. at 55710) Source: Congressional Research Service Several other proposed changes pertain only to group-owned 8(a) firms. One proposed rule specifies that … a newly certified tribally-owned [or ANC-owned] Participant cannot receive an 8(a) contract in a secondary NAICS code that is the primary NAICS code of another Participant (or former participant that has left the program within two years of the date of application) owned by the tribe for a period of two years from the date of admission to the program.183 Other proposed rules would (1) remove the requirement that tribe members prove personal economic disadvantage in order to participate in the management of tribally owned firms;184 (2) allow tribally and ANC-owned firms to be found to have potential for success if the tribe or ANC pledges to use its resources to support the firm and to not allow the firm to cease operations;185 (3) require Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, and CDCs to submit information to the SBA annually showing how their participation in the 8(a) Program has benefited members of the group;186 (4) change the location for SBA’s initial review of ANC-owned firms’ applications from the Anchorage District Office to the San Francisco Division of Program Certification and Eligibility;187 (5) and prohibit non-8(a)firms that form joint ventures with 8(a) firms to perform sole-source contracts in excess of $3.5 million ($5.5 million for manufacturing contracts) from serving as subcontractors on the contract.188 SBA also seeks comments on, among other things, whether a “bright-line test” based on assets or net worth, or some other method, is best for determining whether an Indian tribe is economically disadvantaged; the implications of requiring Indian tribes to prove economic disadvantage only once to qualify firms for the 8(a) Program; and whether managers of tribally owned firms must be members of that tribe, or whether they need only be members of an Indian tribe.189 183 74 Fed. Reg. at 55702. Id. 185 Id. 186 Id. 187 Id. at 55703. 188 Id. at 55705-06. 189 Id. at 55701. 184 Congressional Research Service 27 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses The comment period on SBA’s proposed rule ended on December 28, 2009,190 and SBA has yet to promulgate a final rule. Legal Decisions and Challenges The 8(a) Program has also been the subject of legal challenges or decisions that could influence its future development. A lawsuit is currently pending that challenges the constitutionality of the 8(a) Program because of its presumption that minorities are socially disadvantaged, while a March 2, 2010, decision by the U.S. Court of Federal Claims held that set-asides for Historically Underutilized Business zone (HUBZone) small businesses take precedence over set-asides for 8(a) small businesses. Constitutionality of 8(a) Program In Dynalantic Corporation v. U.S. Department of Defense, a lawsuit currently pending in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, the plaintiff corporation alleges, among other things, that the 8(a) Program unconstitutionally deprives it of equal protection because of the Program’s presumption that racial minorities are socially disadvantaged. 191 This presumption would probably constitute a racial classification subject to “strict scrutiny” when reviewed by the courts,192 and a Department of Defense (DOD) contracting program incorporating a similar presumption was recently found unconstitutional because Congress did not have a “strong basis in evidence” for determining that minorities had been discriminated against it enacted the program. 193 Under strict scrutiny, the government must show that challenged programs are necessary to further a compelling government interest.194 The 8(a) Program is potentially distinguishable from the DOD program in that the DOD program included both a goal for contracting with disadvantaged businesses and a mechanism for meeting that goal (i.e., a 10% price evaluation preference),195 while there are no goals for the percentage 190 Id. at 55694. Dynalatic Corp. v. U.S. Dep’t of Defense, Civil Action No. 95-2301 (EGS) (D.D.C.). 192 See, e.g., Rothe Dev. Corp. v. Dep’t of Defense, 545 F.3d 1023 (Fed. Cir. 2008). In Rothe, DOD did not contest whether the presumption regarding race and disadvantage incorporated in the challenged program constituted a racial classification subjecting the program to strict scrutiny. However, some courts had previously denied firms or individuals standing to challenge programs with racial presumptions like that in DOD’s program on the grounds that the would-be plaintiffs were denied the contract because of inability to demonstrate social and economic disadvantage, not because of race. See, e.g., Interstate Traffic Control v. Beverage, 101 F. Supp. 2d 445 (S.D. W. Va. 2000); Ellsworth Assocs. v. United States, 926 F. Supp. 207 (D.D.C. 1996). For more on the Rothe Development Corporation decision, see CRS Report R40440, Rothe Development Corporation v. Department of Defense: The Constitutionality of Federal Contracting Programs for Minority-Owned and Other Small Businesses, by Jody Feder and Kate M. Manuel. 193 Rothe Dev. Corp., 545 F.3d at 1049. 194 See, e.g., Shaw v. Hunt, 517 U.S. 899, 909-10 (1996); Concrete Works of Colorado, Inc. v. City & County of Denver, 321 F.3d 950, 958 (10th Cir. 2003). 191 195 P.L. 99-661, § 1207, 100 Stat. 3816, 3973-75 (Nov. 14, 1986) (codified at 10 U.S.C. § 2323). A price evaluation adjustment works as follows: when comparing a bid or offer from a small disadvantaged business with one submitted by another business, the agency can subtract up to 10% of the price from the bid or offer submitted by the small disadvantaged business in determining which bid or offer has the lowest price or represents the best value. For example, if a business that is not a small disadvantaged business bids $100,000 and a small disadvantaged business bids $110,000, the small disadvantaged business would win because it is the lower bidder after its price is reduced by 10% ($110,000-$11,000=$99,000). Congressional Research Service 28 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses of federal contract dollars awarded to 8(a) firms. 196 Alternatively, a court might find that Congress had a strong basis in evidence when amending Section 8(a) of the Small Business Act in 1978 to allow SBA to subcontract only with “socially and economically disadvantaged small business concerns.”197 However, the plaintiff’s case in Dynalantic survived DOD’s initial motion for summary judgment in 2007,198 and the parties have apparently not settled this litigation. If the 8(a) Program as it presently exists, with its presumption that minorities are socially disadvantaged, were found unconstitutional, the 8(a) Program could potentially be reconstituted without the presumption. Such a program might require proof of actual social disadvantage from all applicants to the 8(a) Program, perhaps using the same three criteria currently used by individual applicants demonstrating personal social disadvantage. 199 This program could be similar to the HUBZone program, which currently provides set-asides for small businesses located in low-income areas that are often also socially disadvantaged. However, unlike with the HUBZone program, individuals who are socially and economically disadvantaged and in an area with average or above average employment and income could be eligible. 200 Alternatively, the 8(a) Program could continue as a program for small businesses owned by Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, or CDCs because tribes and other entities are not racial groups.201 The presumption of social and/or economic disadvantage accorded to these groups would thus not implicate a racial classification and would probably be subject only to “rational basis” review. Rational basis review is characterized by deference to legislative judgment, and the party challenging a government program must show that it is not rationally related to a legitimate government interest.202 “Precedence” of HUBZone Set-Asides over 8(a) Set-Asides In its March 2, 2010, decision in Mission Critical Solutions v. United States, the Court of Federal Claims held that set-asides for HUBZone small businesses take precedence over those for 8(a) small businesses. 203 Mission Critical Solutions was a bid protest filed with the court after the contracting agency, the U.S. Department of the Army, indicated that it would not comply with the recommendations that the GAO made in an earlier bid protest.204 The GAO had recommended that the Army abandon its proposed sole-source award to an 8(a) firm in favor of a HUBZone setaside because “mandatory” agency actions take precedence over “discretionary” ones, and it 196 There are, however, goals for the percentage of contracts awarded to small disadvantaged businesses, which includes 8(a) businesses, under 15 U.S.C. § 644(g)(1)-(2). 197 The legislative history of the 8(a) Program is arguably more extensive than that for the DOD program, although it is unclear whether this legislative history includes congressional findings based upon methodologically rigorous empirical studies that were current, nationwide in scope, and properly before Congress, such as were required in Rothe. See Rothe Dev. Corp., 545 F.3d at 1039-46. 198 Dynalantic Corp. v. U.S. Dep’t of Defense, 503 F. Supp. 2d 262 (D.D.C. 2007). 199 See 13 C.F.R. § 124.103(c)(2) (standards of evidence for showing personal disadvantage). 200 See 15 U.S.C. § 657a (describing the HUBZone program); 48 C.F.R. § 19.1305 (same). 201 Although the classification of individuals as “Native Americans” might seem like a racial one, courts have found that it is not. See, e.g., Morton v. Mancari, 417 U.S. 535, 548 (1973). Native Americans are generally viewed as a political class, and programs targeting them are generally found to be programs “reasonably designed to further the cause of Indian self-government.” Id. at 548. 202 See Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190, 197 (1976). 203 Mission Critical Solutions v. United States, 2010 U.S. Claims LEXIS 36 (Mar. 2, 2010). 204 Id. at *7-*11. Congressional Research Service 29 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses construed the HUBZone Act as requiring HUBZone set-asides whenever at least two HUBZone firms are expected to submit offers and Section 8(a) as allowing 8(a) set-asides whenever agency officials “determine[] such action is necessary or appropriate.”205 The Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) at the Department of Justice disagreed, finding that the provisions of the Small Business Act regarding the set-aside programs are ambiguous and the SBA regulations providing for parity among the set-aside programs constitute reasonable interpretations of the governing statute.206 OLC instructed agencies that its decisions are “binding on all Executive Branch agencies, notwithstanding any GAO decisions to the contrary,”207 and the Army proposed proceeding with the contested award.208 Mission Critical Solutions then filed suit in the Court of Federal Claims to enjoin this award.209 Like the GAO, the Court of Federal Claims relied upon the text of the Small Business Act and principles of statutory interpretation to find that HUBZone set-asides have precedence over 8(a) set-asides. Three provisions of the Small Business Act—two in the HUBZone Act and one in Section 8(a)—were key to the court’s decision. First, the court construed language in the HUBZone Act regarding set-asides “[n]otwithstanding any other provision of law” to mean that the “provisions of the ‘notwithstanding’ section override conflicting provisions of any other section,” including those regarding 8(a) set-asides. 210 In so finding, the court rejected the government’s argument that the phrase “notwithstanding any other provision of law” need not be construed literally. 211 It did so because it found that the cases the government relied upon in support of this argument involved statutes which clearly indicated that certain provisions were to be excluded from the application of the “notwithstanding” provisions and were thus 205 Mission Critical Solutions, 2009 U.S. Comp. Gen. LEXIS 86, at *15 (May 4, 2009). The GAO specifically contrasted the language of 15 U.S.C. § 657a(b)(2), which states that “[n]otwithstanding any other provision of law … a contract opportunity shall be awarded pursuant to this section on the basis of competition restricted to qualified HUBZone small business concerns if the contracting officer has a reasonable expectation that not less than 2 qualified HUBZone small business concerns will submit offers and that the award can be made at a fair market price,” with that of 15 U.S.C. § 637(a)(1)(A), which states that: … [i]t shall be duty of the [SBA] and it is hereby empowered, whenever it determines such action is necessary or appropriate … to enter into contracts with the United States Government and any department, agency, or officer thereof having procurement powers obligating the [SBA] to furnish articles, equipment, supplies, services, or materials to the Government or to perform construction work for the Government. In any case in which the [SBA] certifies to any officer of the Government having procurement powers that the [SBA] is competent and responsible to perform any specific Government procurement contract to be let by any such officer, such officer shall be authorized in his discretion to let such procurement contract to the [SBA] upon such terms and conditions as may be agreed upon between the [SBA] and the procurement officer. 206 Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice, Permissibility of Small Business Administration Regulations Implementing the Historically Underutilized Business Zone, 8(a) Business Development, and Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business Concern Programs, Aug. 21, 2009, available at http://www.usdoj.gov/olc/2009/sbahubzone-opinion082109.pdf. 207 Id. at 13-14. The Office of Management and Budget had previously directed agencies to maintain parity among the set-aside programs pending an “Executive Branch review of the legal basis underlying the GAO’s decisions.” Executive Office of the President, Office of Mgmt. & Budget, Recent Government Accountability Office Decisions Concerning Small Business Programs, July 10, 2009, available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/assets/ memoranda_fy2009/m09-23.pdf. 208 Mission Critical Solutions, 2010 U.S. Claims LEXIS at *8. 209 Id. at *10-*11. 210 Id. at *48-*49 (quoting Cisneros v. Alpine Ridge Group, 508 U.S. 10, 18 (1993)). 211 Id. at *27 (relying on Or. Natural Res. Council v. Thomas, 92 F.3d 792, 796-97 (9th Cir. 1996) and In re Glacier Bay, 944 F.2d 577, 582 (9th Cir. 1991)). Congressional Research Service 30 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses distinguishable from the Small Business Act.212 The court also found that language in 15 U.S.C. § 657a(b)(4) regarding the relationship between the HUBZone program and the Federal Prison Industries and Javits-Wagner-O’Day programs indicated that “if Congress wished to establish the relationship of the HUBZone program to another contracting preference program, it knew how to do so.”213 Second, the court construed the use of “shall” in the HUBZone Act to indicate mandatory agency actions, and its absence in Section 8(a) to indicate discretionary agency actions.214 It rejected the government’s argument that HUBZone set-asides are only mandatory in comparison to HUBZone sole-source awards and that, notwithstanding the use of “shall” or “may” in a statute, the court may consider “indications of legislative intent to the contrary or obvious inferences from the structure or purpose of the statute.”215 Finally, the court construed the language in Section 8(a) about contracts “offered for award pursuant to this section” as further indicating that 8(a) awards are discretionary.216 It found similar language—and discretion— lacking in the HUBZone Act.217 The court gave no weight to the alleged parity accorded to the various set-aside programs under 15 U.S.C. § 637(d) and 15 U.S.C. § 644(g), which, respectively, require certain prime contractors to agree to plans for subcontracting with small businesses and establish government-wide and agency-specific goals for the percentage of federal contract and subcontract dollars awarded to small businesses. 218 The court was not persuaded by the government’s argument that the lack of mention of precedence among the set-aside programs in these sections indicated parity.219 The court also gave no weight to those aspects of the legislative history that the government claimed indicated that Congress intended there to be parity among the set-aside programs.220 It noted that examination of the legislative history is not necessary when the statutory language is clear because “[t]he language of the statute is the best indication of Congress’s intent.”221 However, it also noted that key evidence in the government’s resort to legislative history did not necessarily carry the significance that the government attributed to it.222 Further, the court gave no deference to SBA regulations providing for parity among the set-aside programs because it found these regulations were not entitled to deference under Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.223 According to the court, because the statute’s plain meaning is apparent 212 Id. at *28-*29. Id. at *36. 214 Id. at *51-*56. 215 Id. at *52. The government specifically relied upon Ky., Educ. Cabinet, Dep’t for the Blind v. United States, 424 F.3d 1222, 1227 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (“Congress’s use of the two terms ‘may’ or ‘shall’ does not end the analysis. … [The Court may consider] indications of legislative intent to the contrary or [] obvious inferences from the structure and purpose of the statute.”). 216 Id. at *56-*64. 217 Id. 218 Id. at *23-*26. 219 Id. at *25. 220 Id. at *64-*77. 213 221 Id. at *76 (quoting Shoshone Indian Tribe of Wind River Reservation v. United States, 364 F.3d 1339, 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2004). 222 For example, the court said that deletion of proposed language regarding parity among the set-aside programs from the HUBZone Act when it was enacted could have meant that Congress did not intend for the set-aside programs to have parity. Id. at *72-73. Its deletion did not necessarily mean that Congress construed the statute as providing for parity, in the court’s view. Id. at *72. 223 Id. at *78-*86. Congressional Research Service 31 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses and “Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue,” the SBA’s interpretation of the statute is given no deference, especially when it is at variance with the statutory language. 224 If not reversed on appeal, the Court of Federal Claim’s decision could lead to HUBZone small businesses receiving a greater percentage of federal contract dollars while 8(a) firms receive less.225 Currently, the government-wide goal is that 3% of federal contract dollars go to HUBZone small businesses, while 5% of federal contract and subcontract dollars go to 8(a) small businesses. 226 Achieving the 8(a) goal, in particular, could be difficult if agencies must use a HUBZone set-aside whenever the contract officer reasonably expects that at least two qualified HUBZone small businesses will submit offers and the award can be made at a fair market price. Two Members of the 111th Congress have introduced legislation (H.R. 3729, S. 1489) that could make HUBZone set-asides discretionary and remove the basis upon which the Court of Federal Claims and GAO found that HUBZone set-asides have precedence over 8(a) set-asides. 224 Id. at *86. The Court also rejected the argument that Congress “acquiesced to the SBA’s parity regulations, and has affirmatively adopted the OLC legal opinion” because of language included in the conference report on the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for FY2010. The version of the NDAA passed by the Senate would have substituted “may” for “shall” in the HUBZone Act. See S. 1390, § 838, as engrossed. However, this language was omitted by the conferees because … the Department of Justice has concluded that no change to the Small Business Act is required to ensure that contracting officers of the Department of Defense and other federal agencies have the discretion whether or not to award contracts pursuant to the HUBZone program. The conferees direct the Secretary of Defense to continue to administer the HUBZone program in a manner consistent with the Department of Justice opinion. H.R. Rep. No. 111-288, at 789 (2009). The court did not find this purported “acquiescence” determinative. Instead, it noted that congressional statements about the proper interpretation of a statute made subsequent to its enactment are “of little persuasive authority.” Mission Critical Solutions, 2010 U.S. Claims LEXIS at *75. 225 Commentators made this point regarding the earlier GAO decisions recommending that HUBZone set-asides have precedence over set-asides for 8(a) and service-disabled veteran-owned small businesses. See, e.g., HUBZone Council, GAO Gives HUBZone Program Priority over Service Disabled Veteran Owned Firms, Nov. 6, 2008, available at http://www.ppi-timezero.com/resource-documents/hubzonerelease.pdf (hailing the decision’s potential impact on HUBZone small businesses); SBA Warns of Turmoil without Parity Rule, Entrepreneur.com, Nov. 7, 2008, available at http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/189159380.html (warning that HUBZone companies “could receive a disproportionate share of set-aside contracts, squeezing out other groups”). 226 15 U.S.C. § 644(g)(1). There are also agency-specific goals, which tend to be set at 3% and 5% of contract dollars for HUBZone and 8(a) small businesses, respectively. See U.S. Small Bus. Admin., FY2008 Goals and Achievements, available at http://www.sba.gov/idc/groups/public/documents/sba_homepage/fy2008goals_and_achievements.html. Congressional Research Service 32 . Appendix. Comparison of the Requirements Pertaining to 8(a) Businesses Generally, Tribally Owned Businesses, ANC-Owned Businesses, and Others Requirements “Small” 8(a) Businesses Generally Tribally Owned 8(a) Businesses ANC-Owned 8(a) Businesses NHO-Owned 8(a) Businesses CDC-Owned 8(a) Businesses Independently owned and operated; not dominant in field of operation; meets size standards (15 U.S.C. § 631(a)) Independently owned and operated; not dominant in field of operation; meets size standards (15 U.S.C. § 631(a)) Independently owned and operated; not dominant in field of operation; meets size standards (15 U.S.C. § 631(a)) Affiliations based on the tribe or tribal ownership, among others, do not count (13 C.F.R. § 124.109(c)(2)) Affiliations based on the ANC or ownership by the ANC, among others, do not count (13 C.F.R. § 124.109(c)(2)) Independently owned and operated; not dominant in field of operation; meets size standards (15 U.S.C. § 631(a)) For-profit entity with its place of business in the United States; operates primarily within the United States or makes a significant contribution to the U.S. economy (13 C.F.R. § 121.105(a)(1)) For-profit entity with its place of business in the United States; operates primarily within the United States or makes a significant contribution to the U.S. economy (13 C.F.R. § 121.105(a)(1)) For-profit entity with its place of business in the United States; operates primarily within the United States or makes a significant contribution to the U.S. economy (13 C.F.R. § 121.105(a)(1)) At least 51% unconditionally and directly owned by one or more disadvantaged individuals who are U.S. citizens (13 C.F.R. § 124.105) At least 51% tribally owned (13 C.F.R. § 124.109(b)) At least 51% ANC-owned (13 C.F.R. § 124.109(a)(3)) Management may be conducted by individuals who are not members of the tribe provided that the SBA determines that such management is necessary to Management may be conducted by individuals who are not Alaska Natives provided that the SBA determines that such management is necessary to Independently owned and operated; not dominant in field of operation; meets size standards (15 U.S.C. § 631(a)) All affiliations count (13 C.F.R. § 121.103) “Business” “Unconditionally owned and controlled” Management and daily CRS-33 Although ANC may be nonprofit, ANC-owned firms must be for-profit to be eligible for 8(a) Program (13 C.F.R. § 124.109(a)(3)) Affiliations based on the NHO or ownership by the NHO, among others, do not count (13 C.F.R. § 124.110(c)) Affiliations based on the CDC or ownership by the CDC, among others, do not count (13 C.F.R. § 124.111(c)) For-profit entity with its place of business in the United States; operates primarily within the United States or makes a significant contribution to the U.S. economy (13 C.F.R. § 121.105(a)(1)) For-profit entity with its place of business in the United States; operates primarily within the United States or makes a significant contribution to the U.S. economy (13 C.F.R. § 121.105(a)(1)) At least 51% NHOowned (13 C.F.R. § 124.110(a)) At least 51% CDC-owned (13 C.F.R. § 124.111(a)) Not explicitly addressed in regulationa Management and daily business operations to be conducted by individuals having managerial experience of an extent and complexity needed to run the firm (13 C.F.R. § 124.111(b)) . Requirements 8(a) Businesses Generally Tribally Owned 8(a) Businesses ANC-Owned 8(a) Businesses NHO-Owned 8(a) Businesses CDC-Owned 8(a) Businesses business operations must be conducted by one or more disadvantaged individuals (13 C.F.R. § 124.106) assist the business’s development, among other things (13 C.F.R. § 124.109(c)(4)(B)) assist the business’s development, among other things (13 C.F.R. § 124.109(c)(4)(B)) “Socially disadvantaged individual” Members of designated groups presumed to be socially disadvantaged; other individuals may prove personal disadvantage by a preponderance of the evidence (13 C.F.R. § 124.103) Indian tribes presumed to be socially disadvantaged (13 C.F.R. § 124.109(b)(1)) ANCs presumed to be socially disadvantaged (13 C.F.R. § 124.109(b)(1)) NHOs presumed to be socially disadvantaged (13 C.F.R. § 124.109(b)(1)) CDCs presumed to be socially disadvantaged (42 U.S.C. § 9815(a)(2)) “Economically disadvantaged individual” Financial information (e.g., personal income, personal net worth, fair market value of assets) must show diminished financial capital and credit opportunities (13 C.F.R. § 124.104) Tribe must prove economic disadvantage the first time a tribally owned firm applies to the 8(a) Program; thereafter, a tribe need only prove economic disadvantage at the request of the SBA (13 C.F.R. § 124.109(b)(2)) Deemed to be economically disadvantaged (13 C.F.R. § 124.109(a)(2)) Not explicitly addressed in regulationa CDCs presumed to be economically disadvantaged (42 U.S.C. § 9815(a)(2)) “Good character” No criminal conduct or violations of SBA regulations; cannot be debarred or suspended from government contracting (13 C.F.R. § 124.108(a)) No criminal conduct or violations of SBA regulations; cannot be debarred or suspended from government contracting (13 C.F.R. § 124.108(a)) No criminal conduct or violations of SBA regulations; cannot be debarred or suspended from government contracting (13 C.F.R. § 124.108(a)) No criminal conduct or violations of SBA regulations; cannot be debarred or suspended from government contracting (13 C.F.R. § 124.108(a)) Requirement applies only to officers, directors, and shareholders owning more than a 20% interest in the business, not to all members of the tribe (13 C.F.R. § 124.109(c)(7)(B)(ii)) Requirement applies only to officers, directors, and shareholders owning more than a 20% interest in the business, not to all ANC shareholders (13 C.F.R. § 124.109(c)(7)(B)(ii)) No criminal conduct or violations of SBA regulations; cannot be debarred or suspended from government contracting (13 C.F.R. § 124.108(a)) Firm must generally have been in business in primary industry Firm must generally have been in business in primary industry “Demonstrated potential for success” CRS-34 Firm must generally have been in business in Requirements apply to the firm and “all its principals” (13 C.F.R. § 124.111(g)) Regulations do not address to whom requirements applya Firm must generally have been in business Firm must generally have been in business in primary industry for at . Requirements Sole-source awards 8(a) Businesses Generally Tribally Owned 8(a) Businesses ANC-Owned 8(a) Businesses NHO-Owned 8(a) Businesses CDC-Owned 8(a) Businesses primary industry for at least two full years prior to date of application to 8(a) Program unless SBA grants a waiver; waiver based on 5 conditionsb (13 C.F.R. § 124.107) for at least two full years prior to date of application to 8(a) Program unless SBA grants a waiver; waiver based on 3 conditionsc (13 C.F.R. § 124.109(c)(6)) for at least two full years prior to date of application to 8(a) Program unless SBA grants a waiver; waiver based on 3 conditionsc (13 C.F.R. § 124.109(c)(6)) in primary industry for at least two full years prior to date of application to 8(a) Program unless SBA grants a waiver; waiver based on 3 conditionsc (13 C.F.R. § 124.110(e)) least two full years prior to date of application to 8(a) Program unless SBA grants a waiver; waiver based on 3 conditionsc (13 C.F.R. § 124.111(f) With contracts valued at over $3.5 million ($5.5 million for manufacturing contracts), sole-source awards permissible only if there is not a reasonable expectation that at least two eligible 8(a) firms will submit offers and the award can be made at fair market price (48 C.F.R. § 19.805-1(b)(1)-(2)) Can be made with contracts valued at over $3.5 million ($5.5 million for manufacturing contracts) even if there is a reasonable expectation that at least two eligible 8(a) firms will submit offers and the award can be made at fair market price (48 C.F.R. § 19.8051(b)(1)-(2)) Can be made with contracts valued at over $3.5 million ($5.5 million for manufacturing contracts) even if there is a reasonable expectation that at least two eligible 8(a) firms will submit offers and the award can be made at fair market price (48 C.F.R. § 19.8051(b)(1)-(2)) Can be made with Department of Defense contracts valued at over $3.5 million ($5.5 million for manufacturing contracts) even if there is a reasonable expectation that at least two eligible 8(a) firms will submit offers and the award can be made at fair market price (48 C.F.R. § 219.805-1(b)(2)(A)(B)). With contracts valued at over $3.5 million ($5.5 million for manufacturing)contracts, sole-source awards permissible only if there is not a reasonable expectation that at least two eligible 8(a) firms will submit offers and the award can be made at fair market price (48 C.F.R. § 19.8051(b)(1)-(2)) Otherwise cannot be made unless there is not a reasonable expectation that at least two eligible 8(a) firms will submit offers and the award can be made at fair market price (48 C.F.R. § 19.805-1(b)(1)-(2)) Inability to protest eligibility for award CRS-35 Firm’s eligibility for award cannot be challenged or protested as part of the solicitation or proposed Firm’s eligibility for award cannot be challenged or protested as part of the solicitation or proposed contract award (48 C.F.R. § Firm’s eligibility for award cannot be challenged or protested as part of the solicitation or proposed contract award (48 C.F.R. § Firm’s eligibility for award cannot be challenged or protested as part of the solicitation or Firm’s eligibility for award cannot be challenged or protested as part of the solicitation or proposed contract award (48 C.F.R. § 19.805-2(d)) . Requirements 8(a) Businesses Generally Tribally Owned 8(a) Businesses ANC-Owned 8(a) Businesses NHO-Owned 8(a) Businesses CDC-Owned 8(a) Businesses contract award (48 C.F.R. § 19.805-2(d)) 19.805-2(d)) 19.805-2(d)) proposed contract award (48 C.F.R. § 19.805-2(d)) Maximum of nine years in the 8(a) Program Firm receives “a program term of nine years” but could be terminated or graduated early (13 C.F.R. § 124.2) Firm receives “a program term of nine years” but could be terminated or graduated early (13 C.F.R. § 124.2) Firm receives “a program term of nine years” but could be terminated or graduated early (13 C.F.R. § 124.2) Firm receives “a program term of nine years” but could be terminated or graduated early (13 C.F.R. § 124.2) Firm receives “a program term of nine years” but could be terminated or graduated early (13 C.F.R. § 124.2) One-time eligibility for 8(a) Program Applies to both disadvantaged owners and firms (13 C.F.R. § 124.108(b)) Applies only to tribally owned firms, not tribes (15 U.S.C. § 636(j)(11)(B)-(C)) Applies only to ANC-owned firms, not ANCs (15 U.S.C. § 636(j)(11)(B)-(C)) Applies only to NHOowned firms, not NHOs (15 U.S.C. § 636(j)(11)(B)-(C)) Applies only to CDC-owned firms, not CDCs (15 U.S.C. § 636(j)(11)(B)(C)) Limits on majority ownership in 8(a) firms Individuals determined to be disadvantaged for purposes of 8(a), their immediate family members, and 8(a) firms themselves may own no more than 20% in any other 8(a) firm (13 C.F.R. § 124.105(g)) May not own 51% or more of a firm obtaining the majority of its revenues from the same primary industry in which another tribally owned firm currently operates or has operated within the past two years; otherwise, no limit on the number of tribally owned firms that operate in other primary industries or on the ownership of multiple firms in the same secondary industry (13 C.F.R. § 124.109(c)(3)(ii)) May not own 51% or more of a firm obtaining the majority of its revenues from the same primary industry in which another ANC-owned firm currently operates or has operated within the past two years; otherwise, no limit on the number of ANC-owned firms that operate in other primary industries or on the ownership of multiple firms in the same secondary industry (13 C.F.R. § 124.109(c)(3)(ii)) May not own 51% or more of a firm obtaining the majority of its revenues from the same primary industry in which another NHO-owned firm currently operates or has operated within the past two years; otherwise, no limit on the number of NHOowned firms that operate in other primary industries or on the ownership of multiple firms in the same secondary industry (13 C.F.R. § 124.110(c)) May not own 51% or more of a firm obtaining the majority of its revenues from the same primary industry in which another CDC-owned firm currently operates or has operated within the past two years; otherwise, no limit on the number of CDCowned firms that operate in other primary industries or on the ownership of multiple firms in the same secondary industry 13 C.F.R. § 124.111(d)) Limits on the amount of 8(a) contracts that a firm may receive No source awards possible once the firm has received a total of $100 million, or other applicable value, in 8(a) Can make sole-source awards even when a firm has received a total of $100 million, or other applicable value, in 8(a) contracts (13 C.F.R. § Can make sole-source awards even when a firm has received a total of $100 million, or other applicable value, in 8(a) contracts (13 C.F.R. § No source awards possible once the firm has received a total of $100 million, or other applicable value, in No source awards possible once the firm has received a total of $100 million, or other applicable value, in 8(a) contracts (13 C.F.R. § 124.519(a)(1)-(2)) CRS-36 . Requirements 8(a) Businesses Generally contracts (13 C.F.R. § 124.519(a)(1)-(2)) Firms must receive an increasing percentage of revenue from non8(a) sources throughout their participation in the 8(a) Program (13 C.F.R. § 124.509(b)) Tribally Owned 8(a) Businesses ANC-Owned 8(a) Businesses 124.519(a)(1)-(2)) 124.519(a)(1)-(2)) Firms must receive an increasing percentage of revenue from non-8(a) sources throughout their participation in the 8(a) Program (13 C.F.R. § 124.509(b)) Firms must receive an increasing percentage of revenue from non-8(a) sources throughout their participation in the 8(a) Program (13 C.F.R. § 124.509(b)) NHO-Owned 8(a) Businesses CDC-Owned 8(a) Businesses 8(a) contracts (13 C.F.R. § 124.519(a)(1)(2)) Firms must receive an increasing percentage of revenue from non-8(a) sources throughout their participation in the 8(a) Program (13 C.F.R. § 124.509(b)) Firms must receive an increasing percentage of revenue from non8(a) sources throughout their participation in the 8(a) Program (13 C.F.R. § 124.509(b)) Source: Congressional Research Service. a. The rules governing NHO- and/or CDC-owned firms do not address this issue, and although the general rules apply where no “special rules” exist, it seems unlikely that NHO- and/or CDC-owned firms are treated differently than tribally or ANC-owned firms in this regard. b. These criteria include (1) the management experience of the disadvantaged individual(s) upon whom eligibility is based; (2) the business’s technical experience; (3) the firm’s capital; (4) the firm’s performance record on prior federal or other contracts in its primary field of operations; and (5) whether the firm presently has, or can demonstrate its ability to timely obtain, the personnel, facilities, equipment, and other resources necessary to perform contracts under Section 8(a). c. These criteria include (1) the technical and managerial experience and competency of the individuals who will manage and control the daily operation of the concern; (2) the financial capacity of the concern; and (3) the concern’s performance record on prior federal or other contracts in the firm’s primary industry. CRS-37 . The "8(a) Program" for Small Businesses Author Contact Information John R. Luckey Legislative Attorney jluckey@crs.loc.gov, 7-7897 Congressional Research Service Kate M. Manuel Legislative Attorney kmanuel@crs.loc.gov, 7-4477 38Each of these terms is further defined by the Small Business Act, regulations promulgated by the Small Business Administration (SBA), and judicial and administrative decisions. A “business” is generally a for-profit entity that has a place of business located in the United States and operates primarily within the United States or makes a significant contribution to the U.S. economy by paying taxes or using American products, materials, or labor. A business is “small” if it is independently owned and operated; is not dominant in its field of operations; and meets any definitions or standards established by the Administrator of Small Business. Ownership is “unconditional” when it is not subject to any conditions precedent or subsequent, executory agreements, or similar limitations. “Control” is not the same as ownership and includes both strategic policy setting and day-to-day administration of business operations. Members of certain racial and ethnic groups are presumed to be socially disadvantaged, although individuals who do not belong to these groups may prove they are also socially disadvantaged. To be economically disadvantaged, an individual must have a net worth of less than $250,000 (excluding ownership in the 8(a) firm and equity in one’s primary residence) at the time of entry into the 8(a) Program. This amount increases to $750,000 for continuing eligibility. In determining whether an applicant has good character, SBA looks for criminal conduct, violations of SBA regulations, or current debarment or suspension from federal contracting. For a firm to have demonstrated “potential for success,” it generally must have been in business in the field of its primary industry classification for at least two years immediately prior to applying to the 8(a) Program. However, small businesses owned by Indian tribes, Alaska Native Corporations (ANCs), Native Hawaiian Organizations (NHOs), and Community Development Corporations (CDCs) are eligible for the 8(a) Program under somewhat different terms. The 8(a) Program has periodically been challenged on the grounds that the presumption that members of certain racial and ethnic groups are disadvantaged violates the constitutional guarantee of equal protection. The outcomes in early challenges to the program varied, with some courts finding that plaintiffs lacked standing because they were not economically disadvantaged. Most recently, a federal district court found that the program is not unconstitutional on its face because “breaking down barriers to minority business development created by discrimination” constituted a compelling government interest, and the government had a strong basis in evidence for concluding that race-based action was necessary to further this interest. However, the court found that the program was unconstitutional as applied in the military simulation and training industry because there was no evidence of public- or private-sector discrimination in this industry. Congressional Research Service The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses Contents Introduction...................................................................................................................................... 1 Historical Development ................................................................................................................... 2 Origins of the 8(a) Program....................................................................................................... 2 Federal Programs for Small Businesses .............................................................................. 2 Federal Programs for Minorities ......................................................................................... 3 1978 Amendments to the Small Business Act and Subsequent Regulations....................... 4 Expansion of the 8(a) Program to Include “Disadvantaged” Groups........................................ 6 Current Requirements...................................................................................................................... 7 Requirements In General ........................................................................................................... 7 Eligibility for the 8(a) Program........................................................................................... 7 Set-Asides and Sole-Source Awards Under Section 8(a) .................................................. 11 Other Requirements........................................................................................................... 14 Requirements for Tribally, ANC-, NHO-, and CDC-Owned Firms ........................................ 16 Eligibility for the 8(a) Program......................................................................................... 16 Set-Asides and Sole-Source Awards ................................................................................. 20 Other Requirements........................................................................................................... 20 Constitutionality of the 8(a) Program ............................................................................................ 21 Figures Figure 1. Acquisition Methods at Various Price Thresholds.......................................................... 14 Tables Table 1. Groups Presumed to Be Socially Disadvantaged............................................................... 5 Appendixes Appendix. Comparison of the Requirements Pertaining to 8(a) Businesses Generally, Tribally Owned Businesses, ANC-Owned Businesses, and Others............................................ 25 Contacts Author Contact Information........................................................................................................... 30 Congressional Research Service The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses Introduction Commonly known as the “8(a) Program,” the Minority Small Business and Capital Ownership Development Program is one of several federal contracting programs for small businesses.1 The 8(a) Program provides participating small businesses with training, technical assistance, and contracting opportunities in the form of set-asides and sole-source awards. A “set-aside” is an acquisition in which only certain contractors may compete, while a sole-source award is a contract awarded, or proposed for award, without competition. Eligibility for the 8(a) Program is generally limited to small businesses “unconditionally owned and controlled by one or more socially and economically disadvantaged individuals who are of good character and citizens of the United States” that demonstrate “potential for success.” However, small businesses owned by Indian tribes, Alaska Native Corporations (ANCs), Native Hawaiian Organizations (NHOs), and Community Development Corporations (CDCs) are eligible for the 8(a) Program under somewhat different terms. In FY2011, the federal government spent $16.7 billion on contracts and subcontracts with 8(a) firms.2 Other programs provide similar assistance to other types of small businesses (e.g., women-owned, HUBZone). The 8(a) and other programs for small businesses are of perennial interest to Congress, given that: It is the declared policy of the Congress that the Government should aid, counsel, assist, and protect, insofar as is possible, the interests of small-business concerns in order to preserve free competitive enterprise, to insure that a fair proportion of the total purchases and contracts or subcontracts for property and services for the Government (including but not limited to contracts or subcontracts for maintenance, repair, and construction) be placed with small-business enterprises, to insure that a fair proportion of the total sales of Government property be made to such enterprises, and to maintain and strengthen the overall economy of the Nation.3 However, recent Congresses have had particular interest in the 8(a) Program because of the recession of 2007-2009,4 its effects on minority-owned small businesses,5 and small businesses’ role in job creation.6 1 See generally CRS Report R41945, Small Business Set-Aside Programs: An Overview and Recent Developments in the Law, by Kate M. Manuel and Erika K. Lunder. The 8(a) Program takes its name from one of the sections of the Small Business Act that authorizes it. The program is also governed by Section 7(j) of the act. 2 See Small Business Goaling Report: Fiscal Year 2011, available at https://www.fpds.gov/downloads/top_requests/ FPDSNG_SB_Goaling_FY_2011.pdf. The report on FY2012 has not yet been compiled. 3 Small Business Act of 1958, P.L. 85-536, §2(a), 72 Stat. 384 (July 18, 1958) (codified at 15 U.S.C. §631(a)). 4 See, e.g., Phil Izzo, Recession Over in June 2009, Wall Street J., September 20, 2010, available at http://blogs.wsj.com/ economics/2010/09/20/nber-recession-ended-in-june-2009/ (discussing the recession of 20072009). 5 See, e.g., Small Bus. Admin., The Small Business Economy: A Report to the President 3 (2009), available at http://www.sba.gov/ADVO/research/sb_econ2009.pdf (“The credit freeze in the short-term funding market had a devastating effect on the economy and small firms.”); John Rosenthal, Tough Times Often Even Tougher on Minority Biz, Chicago Business, November 30, 2009, available at http://www.chicagobusiness.com/cgibin/mag/article.pl? articleId=32738&seenIt=1. 6 See, e.g., Mark Trumbull, Why Obama Job Creation Plan Focuses on Small Business, The Christian Science Monitor, December 8, 2009, available at http://features.csmonitor.com/politics/2009/12/08/why-obama-job-creation-planfocuses-on-small-business (noting that small businesses are reported to have created 65% of all new jobs in the United States over the past 15 years). Congressional Research Service 1 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses This report provides a brief history of the 8(a) Program, summarizes key requirements, and discusses legal challenges alleging that the program’s presumption that members of certain racial and ethnic groups are socially disadvantaged violates the constitutional guarantee of equal protection. A separate report, CRS Report R42390, Federal Contracting and Subcontracting with Small Businesses: Issues in the 112th Congress, by Kate M. Manuel and Erika K. Lunder, discusses recently enacted or introduced legislation regarding the 8(a) Program. Historical Development Origins of the 8(a) Program The current 8(a) Program resulted from the merger of two distinct types of federal programs: those seeking to assist small businesses in general and those seeking to assist racial and ethnic minorities. This merger first occurred, as a matter of executive branch practice, in 1967 and was given a statutory basis in 1978. Federal Programs for Small Businesses Congress first authorized a federal agency to enter into prime contracts with other agencies and subcontract with small businesses for the performance of these contracts in 1942. The agency was the Smaller War Plants Corporation (SWPC), which was created partly for this purpose, and Congress gave it these powers in order to ameliorate small businesses’ financial difficulties while also “mobiliz[ing] the productive facilities of small business in the interest of successful prosecution of the war.”7 The SWPC’s subcontracting authority expired along with the SWPC at the end of the World War II. However, in 1951, at the start of the Korean War, Congress created the Small Defense Plants Administration (SDPA), which was generally given the same powers that the SWPC had exercised.8 Two years later, in 1953, Congress transferred the SDPA’s subcontracting authorities, among others, to the newly created Small Business Administration,9 with the intent that the SBA would exercise these powers in peacetime, as well as in wartime.10 When the Small Business Act of 1958 transformed the SBA into a permanent independent agency, this subcontracting authority was included in Section 8(a) of the act.11 At its inception, the SBA’s subcontracting authority was not limited to small businesses owned and controlled by the socially and economically disadvantaged. Under the original Section 8(a), the SBA could contract with any “small-business concerns or others,”12 but the SBA seldom, if ever, employed this subcontracting authority, focusing instead upon its loan and other programs.13 7 Small Business Mobilization Act, P.L. 77-603, §4(f), 56 Stat. 351 (June 11, 1942). Act of July 31, 1951, P.L. 82-96, §110, 65 Stat. 131. 9 P.L. 83-163, §207(c)-(d), 67 Stat. 230 (July 30, 1953). 10 See, e.g., H.Rept. 494, 83rd Cong., 1st sess., at 2 (1953) (stating that the SBA would “continue many of the functions of the [SDPA] in the present mobilization period and in addition would be given powers and duties to encourage and assist small-business enterprises in peacetime as well as in any future war or mobilization period”); S.Rept. 1714, 85th Cong., 2nd sess., at 9-10 (1958) (stating that the act would “put[] the procurement assistance program on a peacetime basis”). 11 P.L. 85-536, §8(a)(1)-(2), 72 Stat. 384 (July 18, 1958). 12 Id. 13 Thomas Jefferson Hasty, III, Minority Business Enterprise Development and the Small Business Administration’s (continued...) 8 Congressional Research Service 2 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses Federal Programs for Minorities Federal programs for minorities began developing at approximately the same time as those for small businesses, although there was initially no explicit overlap between them. The earliest programs were created by executive orders, beginning with President Franklin Roosevelt’s order on June 25, 1941, requiring that all federal agencies include a clause in defense-related contracts prohibiting contractors from discriminating on the basis of race, creed, color, or national origin.14 Subsequent Presidents followed Roosevelt’s example, issuing a number of executive orders seeking to improve the employment opportunities of “Negroes, Spanish-Americans, Orientals, Indians, Jews, Puerto Ricans, etc.”15 These executive branch initiatives took on new importance after the Kerner Commission’s report on the causes of the urban riots of 1966 concluded that African Americans would need “special encouragement” to enter the economic mainstream.16 Presidents Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon laid the foundations for the present 8(a) Program in the hope of providing such “encouragement.” Johnson created the President’s Test Cities Program (PTCP), which involved a small-scale use of the SBA’s authority under Section 8(a) to award contracts to firms willing to locate in urban areas and hire unemployed individuals, largely African Americans, or sponsor minority-owned businesses by providing capital or management assistance.17 However, under the PTCP, small businesses did not have to be minority-owned to receive subcontracts under Section 8(a).18 Nixon’s program was larger and focused more specifically on minority-owned small businesses.19 During the Nixon Administration, the SBA promulgated its earliest regulations for the 8(a) Program. In 1970, the first of these regulations articulated the SBA’s policy of using Section 8(a) to “assist small concerns owned by disadvantaged persons to become self-sufficient, viable businesses capable of competing effectively in the market place.”20 A later regulation, promulgated in 1973, defined “disadvantaged persons” as including, but not limited to, “black Americans, Spanish-Americans, oriental Americans, Eskimos, and Aleuts.”21 However, the SBA lacked explicit statutory authority for focusing its 8(a) Program on minority-owned businesses until 1978,22 although courts (...continued) 8(a) Program: Past, Present, and (Is There a) Future? 145 Mil. L. Rev. 1, 8 (1994) (“[B]ecause the SBA believed that the efforts to start and operate an 8(a) program would not be worthwhile in terms of developing small business, the SBA’s power to contract with other government agencies essentially went unused. The program actually lay dormant for about fifteen years until the racial atmosphere of the 1960s provided the impetus to wrestle the SBA’s 8(a) authority from its dormant state.”). 14 Exec. Order No. 8802, 6 Federal Register 3,109 (June 25, 1941). Similar requirements were later imposed on nondefense contracts. See Exec. Order No. 9346, 8 Federal Register 7,182 (May 29, 1943). 15 See, e.g., Exec. Order No. 10308, 16 Federal Register 12,303 (December 3, 1951) (Truman); Exec. Order No. 10557, 19 Federal Register 5,655 (September 3, 1954) (Eisenhower); Exec. Order No. 10925, 26 Federal Register 1,977 (March 6, 1961) (Kennedy); Exec. Order No. 11458, 34 Federal Register 4,937 (March 7, 1969) (Nixon). 16 Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders 21 (1968). 17 See, e.g., Hasty, supra note 13, at 11-12. 18 See, e.g., Jonathan J. Bean, Big Government and Affirmative Action: The Scandalous History of the Small Business Administration 66 (2001). 19 See Exec. Order No. 1625, 36 Federal Register 19,967 (October 13, 1971). 20 13 C.F.R. §124.8-1(b) (1970). 21 13 C.F.R. §124.8(c) (1973). 22 S. Rep. No. 95-1070, 95th Cong., 2nd sess., at 14 (1978) (“One of the underlying reasons for the failure of this effort is that the program has no legislative basis.”); H.Rept. 95-949, 95th Cong., 2nd sess., at 4 (1978) (“Congress has never extended legislative control over the activities of the 8(a) program, save through indirect appropriations, thereby permitting program operations.… [The] program is not as successful as it could be.”). Congressional Research Service 3 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses generally rejected challenges alleging that SBA’s implementation of the program was unauthorized because it was “not specifically mentioned in statute.”23 1978 Amendments to the Small Business Act and Subsequent Regulations In 1978, Congress amended the Small Business Act to give the SBA statutory authority for its 8(a) Program for minority-owned businesses.24 Under the 1978 amendments, SBA can only subcontract under Section 8(a) with “socially and economically disadvantaged small business concerns,”25 or businesses which are least 51% owned by one or more socially and economically disadvantaged individuals and whose management and daily operations are controlled by such individual(s).26 The 1978 amendments established a basic definition of “socially disadvantaged individuals,” which included those who have been “subjected to racial or ethnic prejudice or cultural bias because of their identity as a member of a group without regard to their individual qualities.”27 They also included congressional findings that “Black Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, and other minorities” are socially disadvantaged.28 Thus, if an individual was a 23 See, e.g., Ray Billie Trash Hauling, Inc. v. Kleppe, 477 F.2d 696, 703-04 (5th Cir. 1973). In this case, the court particularly noted that the SBA’s program was supported by congressional and presidential mandates issued after enactment of the Small Business Act in 1958. Id. at 705. 24 P.L. 95-507, 92 Stat. 1757 (October 24, 1978). 25 Id. at §202. 26 Id. (codified at 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(4)(A)-(B)). Firms that are owned and controlled by Indian tribes, ANCs, or NHOs were later included within the definition of a “socially and economically disadvantaged small business concern.” See infra notes 36-43 and accompanying text. 27 Id. (codified at 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(5)). 28 Id. at §201 (codified at 15 U.S.C. §631(f)(1)(C)). The meaning of “socially disadvantaged individuals” was the subject of much debate at the time of the 1978 amendments. Some Members of Congress, perhaps focusing on the SBA’s use of its authority under §8(a) in 1968-1970, viewed the 8(a) Program as a program for African Americans and would have defined “social disadvantage” accordingly. See, e.g., Parren J. Mitchell, Federal Affirmative Action for MBE’s: An Historical Analysis, 1 Nat’l Bar Ass’n Mag. 46 (1983). Mitchell was a Member of the U.S. House of Representatives and leader of the Black Caucus when the 1978 amendments were enacted. Others favored a somewhat broader view, including both African Americans and Native Americans on the grounds that only those who did not come to the United States seeking the “American dream” should be deemed socially disadvantaged. See, e.g., Testimony Before the House Comm. on Small Bus., Subcomm. on General Oversight & Minority Enter., Task Force on Minority Enter., 96th Cong., at 21 (1979). Yet others suggested that groups that are not racial or ethnic minorities should be able to qualify as “socially disadvantaged,” or that individuals ought to be able to prove they are personally socially disadvantaged even if they are not racial or ethnic minorities. See, e.g., H.Rept. 95-949, 95th Cong., 2nd sess., at 9 (1978) (“[T]he committee intends that the SBA give most serious consideration to, among others, women business owners” when determining which groups are socially disadvantaged.... [T]he bill does recognize that persons falling outside of the racial and ethnic groups presumed to be disadvantaged, may nevertheless be disadvantaged.”). The bill that passed the House defined “socially disadvantaged individuals,” in part, by establishing a rebuttable presumption that African Americans and Hispanic Americans are socially disadvantaged, while the bill that passed the Senate did not reference any racial or ethnic groups in defining “social disadvantage.” See, e.g., H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 95-1714, 95th Cong., 2nd sess., at 20 (1978); S.Rept. 95-1070, 95th Cong., 2nd sess., at 13-16 (1978). The conference committee reconciling the House and Senate versions ultimately arrived at a definition of “socially disadvantaged individuals” that was broader than the definition used in the SBA’s 1973 regulation and included “those who have been subjected to racial or ethic prejudice or cultural bias because of their identity as a member of a group.” P.L. 95-507, at §202. This definition did not incorporate the rebuttable presumption that members of certain groups are socially disadvantaged included in the House bill. However, the conference bill included congressional findings that “Black Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, and other minorities” are socially disadvantaged, thereby arguably achieving similar effect. Id. at §201. Congressional Research Service 4 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses member of one of these groups, he or she was presumed to be socially disadvantaged. Otherwise, the amendments granted the SBA broad discretion to recognize additional groups or individuals as socially disadvantaged based upon criteria promulgated in regulations.29 Under these regulations, which include a three-part test for determining whether minority groups not mentioned in the amendment’s findings are disadvantaged,30 the SBA recognized the racial or ethnic groups listed in Table 1 as socially disadvantaged for purposes of the 8(a) Program.31 The regulations also established standards of evidence to be met by individuals demonstrating personal disadvantage and procedures for rebutting the presumption of social disadvantage accorded to members of recognized minority groups.32 Table 1. Groups Presumed to Be Socially Disadvantaged Group Countries of Origin Included Within Group Black Americans n/a Hispanic Americans n/a Native Americans (including American Indians, Eskimos, Aleuts, Native Hawaiians) n/a Asian Pacific Americans Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, Japan, China (including Hong Kong), Taiwan, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Korea, The Philippines, U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Republic of Palau), Republic of the Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, Samoa, Macao, Fiji, Tonga, Kiribati, Tuvalu, Nauru Subcontinent Asian Americans India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, the Maldives Islands, Nepal Source: Congressional Research Service, based on 13 C.F.R. §124.103(b). The 1978 amendments also defined “economically disadvantaged individuals,” for purposes of the 8(a) Program, as “those socially disadvantaged individuals whose ability to compete in the free enterprise system has been impaired … as compared to others in the same business area who 29 P.L. 95-507, at §202 (granting the SBA’s Associate Administrator for Minority Small Business and Capital Ownership Development authority to make determinations regarding which other groups are socially disadvantaged); H.Rept. 95-949, supra note 28, at 9 (expressing the view that Sections 201 and 202 of the bill provide “sufficient discretion … to allow SBA to designate any other additional minority group or persons it believes should be afforded the presumption of social … disadvantage”). 30 See 13 C.F.R. §124.103(d)(2)(i)-(iii)(1980). 31 13 C.F.R. §124.103(b). Different groups are sometimes recognized as socially disadvantaged for purposes of other programs, such as those of the Department of Commerce’s Minority Business Development Agency (MBDA). See 15 C.F.R. §1400.1(a). The SBA has rejected petitions from certain groups, including Hasidic Jews, women, disabled veterans, and Iranian-Americans. See, e.g., George R. La Noue & John C. Sullivan, Gross Presumptions: Determining Group Eligibility for Federal Procurement Preferences, 41 Santa Clara L. Rev. 103, 127-29 (2000). However, Hasidic Jews are eligible to receive assistance from the MBDA, while women are deemed to be disadvantaged for purposes of the Department of Transportation’s Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE) program. See 49 U.S.C. §47113(a)(2) (DBE program); 15 C.F.R. §1400.1(c) (MBDA program). 32 13 C.F.R. §124.103(c)(2) (standards of evidence for showing personal disadvantage); 13 C.F.R. §124.103(b)(3) (mechanisms for rebutting the presumption of social disadvantage). Congressional Research Service 5 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses are not socially disadvantaged.”33 Later, the SBA established by regulation that personal net worth of less than $250,000 at the time of entry into the 8(a) Program ($750,000 for continuing eligibility) constitutes economic disadvantage.34 Expansion of the 8(a) Program to Include “Disadvantaged” Groups Although the 8(a) Program was originally established for the benefit of disadvantaged individuals, in the 1980s, Congress expanded the program to include small businesses owned by four “disadvantaged” groups. The first owner-group to be included was Community Development Corporations (CDCs). A CDC is: a nonprofit organization responsible to residents of the area it serves which is receiving financial assistance under part 1 [42 USCS §§9805 et seq.] and any organization more than 50 percent of which is owned by such an organization, or otherwise controlled by such an organization, or designated by such an organization for the purpose of this subchapter [42 USCS §§9801 et seq.].35 Congress created CDCs with the Community Development Act of 198136 and instructed the SBA to issue regulations ensuring that CDCs could participate in the 8(a) Program.37 In 1986, two additional owner-groups, Indian tribes and Alaska Native Corporations, became eligible for the 8(a) Program when Congress passed legislation providing that firms owned by Indian tribes, which included Alaskan Native Corporations (ANCs),38 were to be deemed “socially disadvantaged” for purposes of the 8(a) Program.39 In 1992, ANCs were further deemed to be “economically disadvantaged.”40 33 P.L. 95-507, §202. 13 C.F.R. §124.104(c)(2). Some commentators estimate that 80 to 90% of Americans are economically disadvantaged under the SBA’s net-worth requirements. See, e.g., La Noue & Sullivan, supra note 31, at 108. 35 42 U.S.C. §9802. 36 P.L. 97-35, Ch. 8, Subch. A, 95 Stat. 489 (1981) (codified at 42 U.S.C. §§9801 et seq.). 37 Id. at §626, 95 Stat. 496 (codified at 42 U.S.C. §9815). 38 P.L. 99-272, §18015, 100 Stat. 370 (1986) (codified at 15 U.S.C.§637(a)(13)) (defining “Indian tribe” to include “any Indian tribe, band, nation, or other organized group or community of Indians, including any Alaska Native village or regional or village corporation (within the meaning of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (43 U.S.C.§1606)) which—(A) is recognized as eligible for the special programs and services provided by the United States to Indians because of their status as Indians, or (B) is recognized as such by the State in which such tribe, band, nation, group, or community resides.”). An Alaska Native Corporation is “any Regional Corporation, Village Corporation, Urban Corporation or Group Corporation organized under laws of Alaska in accordance with the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act.” 13 C.F.R. §124.3. An Alaska Native is any “citizen of the United States who is a person of one-fourth degree or more Alaskan Indian …, Eskimo, Aleut blood, or a combination of those bloodlines. The term includes, in the absence of proof of a minimum blood quantum, any citizen whom a Native village or Native group regards as an Alaska Native if their father or mother is regarded as an Alaska Native.” 13 C.F.R. §124.3. 39 P.L. 99-272, §18015, 100 Stat. 370 (codified at 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(4)). 40 P.L. 102-415, §10, 106 Stat. 2115 (1992) (codified at 43 U.S.C. §1626(e)). 34 Congressional Research Service 6 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses The final owner-group, that of Native Hawaiian Organizations (NHOs), was recognized in 1988.41 An NHO was defined as: any community service organization serving Native Hawaiians in the State of Hawaii which—(A) is a nonprofit corporation that has filed articles of incorporation with the director (or the designee thereof) of the Hawaii Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs, or any successor agency, (B) is controlled by Native Hawaiians, and (C) whose business activities will principally benefit such Native Hawaiians.42 Current Requirements Under the current 8(a) Program, participating firms are eligible for set-asides or sole-source awards of federal contracts, as well as training and technical assistance from SBA. Detailed statutory and regulatory requirements govern eligibility for the Program; set-asides and solesource awards to 8(a) firms; and related issues. These requirements are generally the same for all participants in the 8(a) Program, although there are instances where there are “special rules” for 8(a) firms owned by groups.43 An Appendix compares the requirements applicable to individual owners of 8(a) firms to those applicable to groups owning 8(a) firms (i.e., Alaska Native Corporations, Indian tribes, Native Hawaiian Organizations, and Community Development Corporations).44 Requirements In General Eligibility for the 8(a) Program Eligibility for the 8(a) Program is limited to “small business[es] which [are] unconditionally owned and controlled by one or more socially and economically disadvantaged individuals who are of good character and citizens of and residing in the United States, and which demonstrate[] potential for success.”45 Each of these terms is further defined by the Small Business Act; regulations that the SBA has promulgated to implement Section 8(a); and judicial and administrative decisions.46 The eligibility requirements are the same at the time of entry into the 8(a) Program and throughout the Program unless otherwise noted.47 41 P.L. 100-656, §207, 102 Stat. 3861 (1988) (codified at 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(4)). Id. (codified at 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(15)). A “Native Hawaiian” is “any individual whose ancestors were natives, prior to 1778, of the area which now comprises the state of Hawaii.” 13 C.F.R. §124.3. 43 See, e.g., 13 C.F.R. §124.109(a) (“Special rules for ANCs. Small business concerns owned and controlled by ANCs are eligible for participation in the 8(a) program and must meet the eligibility criteria set forth in §124.112 to the extent the criteria are not inconsistent with this section.”) (emphasis in original). 44 See also CRS Report R40855, Contracting Programs for Alaska Native Corporations: Historical Development and Legal Authorities, by Kate M. Manuel, John R. Luckey, and Jane M. Smith (discussing contracting with ANC-owned firms through the 8(a) Program and other programs). 45 13 C.F.R. §124.101. The Office of Legal Counsel at the Department of Justice has opined that SBA regulations limiting eligibility for the 8(a) Program to citizens do not deprive resident aliens of due process in violation of the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. See U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel, Constitutionality of 13 C.F.R. §124.103 Establishing Citizenship Requirement for Participation in 8(a) Program, March 4, 1996, available at http://www.justice.gov/olc/sba8.htm. 46 The SBA’s Office of Hearings and Appeals has, for example, developed a seven-part test for determining whether a (continued...) 42 Congressional Research Service 7 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses “Business” Except for small agricultural cooperatives, a “business” is a for-profit entity that has a place of business located in the United States and operates primarily within the United States or makes a significant contribution to the U.S. economy by paying taxes or using American products, materials, or labor.48 For purposes of the 8(a) Program, businesses may take the form of individual proprietorships, partnerships, limited liability companies, corporations, joint ventures, associations, trusts, or cooperatives.49 “Small” A business is “small” if it is independently owned and operated; is not dominant in its field of operations; and meets any definitions or standards established by the Administrator of the SBA.50 These standards focus primarily upon the size of the business as measured by the number of employees or its gross income, but they also take into account the size of other businesses within the same industry.51 For example, businesses in the field of “scheduled passenger air transportation” are “small” if they have fewer than 1,500 employees, while those in the data processing field are “small” if they have a gross income of less than $25 million.52 Affiliations between businesses, or relationships allowing one party control or the power of control over another,53 generally count in size determinations, with the SBA considering “the receipts, employees, or other measure of size of the concern whose size is at issue and all of its domestic and foreign affiliates, regardless of whether the affiliates are organized for profit.”54 Businesses can thus be determined to be other than small because of their involvement in joint ventures,55 subcontracting arrangements,56 or franchise or license agreements,57 among other (...continued) small business is “unusually reliant” on a contractor that is used in determining affiliation. See Valenzuela Eng’g, Inc. & Curry Contracting Co., Inc., SBA-4151 (1996). 47 See 13 C.F.R. §124.112 (a) (“In order for a concern ... to remain eligible for 8(a) ... program participation, it must continue to meet all eligibility criteria contained in [Section] 124.101 through [Section] 124.108.”). 48 13 C.F.R. §121.105(a)(1). “Business” is separately defined for small agricultural cooperatives. See 13 C.F.R. §121.105(a)(2). 49 13 C.F.R. §121.105(b). 50 15 U.S.C. §632(a)(1)-(2)(A). 51 13 C.F.R. §§121.101-121.108. The number of employees is the average of each pay period for the preceding twelve calendar months. Gross income is based on the average for the last three completed fiscal years. It includes all revenues, not just those from the firm’s primary industry. See IMDT, Inc., SBA-4121 (1995). 52 13 C.F.R. §121.201. 53 13 C.F.R. §121.103(a)(1). Control, or the power of control, need only exist. It need not be exercised for affiliation to be found. 54 13 C.F.R. §121.103(a)(6). 55 13 C.F.R. §121.103(h) (“[A] specific joint venture entity generally may not be awarded more than three contracts over a two year period, starting from the date of the award of the first contract, without the partners to the joint venture being deemed affiliated for all purposes.”). 56 13 C.F.R. §121.103(h)(4) (“A contractor and its ostensible subcontractor are treated as joint venturers, and therefore affiliates, for size determination purposes. An ostensible subcontractor is a subcontractor that performs primary and vital requirements of a contract, or of an order under a multiple award schedule contract, or a subcontractor upon which the prime contractor is unusually reliant.”). 57 13 C.F.R. §121.103(i) (“Affiliation may arise ... through ... common ownership, common management or excessive (continued...) Congressional Research Service 8 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses things, provided that their income or personnel numbers, plus those of their affiliate(s), are over the pertinent size threshold. “Unconditionally owned and controlled” Participants in the 8(a) Program must be “at least 51% unconditionally and directly owned by one or more socially and economically disadvantaged individuals who are citizens of the United States” unless they are owned by an Indian tribe, Alaska Native Corporation (ANC), Native Hawaiian Organization (NHO), or Community Development Corporation (CDC).58 Ownership is “unconditional” when it is not subject to any conditions precedent or subsequent, executory agreements, voting trusts, restrictions on assignment of voting rights, or other arrangements that could cause the benefits of ownership to go to another entity.59 Ownership is “direct” when the disadvantaged individuals own the business in their own right and not through an intermediary (e.g., ownership by another business entity or by a trust that is owned and controlled by one or more disadvantaged individuals).60 Non-disadvantaged individuals and non-participant businesses that own at least 10% of an 8(a) business may generally own no more than 10 to 20% of any other 8(a) firm.61 Non-participant businesses that earn the majority of their revenue in the same or similar line of business are likewise barred from owning more than 10 to 20% of another 8(a) firm.62 Participants must also be controlled by one or more disadvantaged individuals.63 “Control is not the same as ownership” and includes both strategic policy setting and day-to-day management and administration of business operations.64 Management and daily business operations must also be conducted by one or more disadvantaged individuals unless the 8(a) business is owned by an Indian tribe, ANC, NHO, or CDC.65 These individuals must have managerial experience “of the extent and complexity needed to run the concern” and generally must devote themselves full-time to the business “during the normal working hours of firms in the same or similar line of business.”66 A disadvantaged individual must hold the highest officer position within the business.67 Non-disadvantaged individuals may otherwise be involved in the management of an 8(a) business, or may be stockholders, partners, limited liability members, officers, or directors of (...continued) restrictions on the sale of the franchise interest.”). 58 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(4)(A)(i)-(ii) (requiring at least 51% unconditional ownership); 13 C.F.R. §124.105. 59 13 C.F.R. §124.3. 60 13 C.F.R. §124.105(a). 61 13 C.F.R. §124.105(h)(1). Ownership is limited to 10% when the 8(a) firm in is the “developmental stage” of the 8(a) Program and 20% when it is in the “transitional stage.” Id. For more on the developmental and transitional stages, see infra notes 109-111 and accompanying text. 62 13 C.F.R. §124.105(h)(2). 63 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(4)(A)(i)-(ii) (requiring control of management and daily business operations); 13 C.F.R. §124.106. 64 13 C.F.R. §124.106. 65 Id. 66 13 C.F.R. §124.106(a)(3). 67 13 C.F.R. §124.106(a)(2). Congressional Research Service 9 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses an 8(a) business.68 However, they may not exercise actual control or have power to control, or receive compensation greater than that of the highest-paid officer without SBA approval.69 “Socially disadvantaged individual” Socially disadvantaged individuals are “those who have been subjected to racial or ethnic prejudice or cultural bias within American society because of their identities as members of groups and without regard to their individual qualities.”70 Members of designated groups, listed in Table 1, are entitled to a rebuttable presumption of social disadvantage for purposes of the 8(a) Program,71 although this presumption can be overcome with “credible evidence to the contrary.”72 Individuals who are not members of designated groups must prove they are socially disadvantaged by a preponderance of the evidence.73 Such individuals must show (1) at least one objective distinguishing feature that has contributed to social disadvantage (e.g., race, ethnic origin, gender, physical handicap, long-term residence in an environment isolated from mainstream American society); (2) personal experiences of substantial and chronic social disadvantage in American society; and (3) negative impact on entry into or advancement in the business world.74 In assessing the third factor, the SBA will consider all relevant evidence produced by the applicant, but must consider the applicant’s education, employment, and business history to see if the totality of the circumstances shows disadvantage.75 Groups not included in Table 1 may obtain listing by demonstrating disadvantage by a preponderance of the evidence.76 “Economically disadvantaged individual” Economically disadvantaged individuals are “socially disadvantaged individuals whose ability to compete in the free enterprise system has been impaired due to diminished financial capital and credit opportunities as compared to others in the same or similar line of business who are not socially disadvantaged.”77 Individuals claiming economic disadvantage must describe it in a personal statement and submit financial documentation.78 The SBA will examine their personal income for the past three years, their personal net worth, and the fair market value of the assets they own.79 However, principal ownership in a prospective or current 8(a) business is generally 68 13 C.F.R. §124.106(e). 13 C.F.R. §124.106(e)(1) & (3). 70 13 C.F.R. §124.103(a). See also 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(5). 71 13 C.F.R. §124.103(b)(1). If required by the SBA, individuals claiming membership in these groups must demonstrate that they held themselves out and are recognized by others as members of the designated group(s). 13 C.F.R. §124.103(b)(2). 72 13 C.F.R. §124.103(b)(3). 73 13 C.F.R. §124.103(c)(1). 74 13 C.F.R. §124.103(c)(2)(i)-(iii). 75 13 C.F.R. §124.103(c)(2)(iii). 76 13 C.F.R. §124.103(d)(4). Groups petitioning for recognition as socially disadvantaged do not always obtain it. Over the years, the SBA has rejected petitions from Hasidic Jews, women, disabled veterans, and Iranian-Americans. See supra note 31. 77 13 C.F.R. §124.104(a). See also 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(6)(A). 78 13 C.F.R. §124.104(b)(1). 79 13 C.F.R. §124.104(c). See also 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(6)(E)(i)-(ii). 69 Congressional Research Service 10 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses excluded when calculating net worth, as is equity in individuals’ primary residence.80 For initial eligibility, applicants to the 8(a) Program must have a net worth of less than $250,000.81 For continued eligibility, net worth must be less than $750,000.82 “Good character” In determining whether an applicant to, or participant in, the 8(a) Program possesses “good character,” the SBA looks for criminal conduct; violations of SBA regulations; current debarment or suspension from government contracting; managers or key employees who lack business integrity; and the knowing submission of false information to the SBA.83 “Demonstrated potential for success” For a firm to have demonstrated potential for success, it generally must have been in business in the field of its primary industry classification for at least two full years immediately prior to the date of its application to the 8(a) Program.84 However, the SBA may grant a waiver allowing firms that have been in business for less than two years to enter the 8(a) Program when (1) the disadvantaged individuals upon whom eligibility is based have substantial business management experience; (2) the business has demonstrated the technical experience necessary to carry out its business plan with a substantial likelihood of success; (3) the firm has adequate capital to sustain its operations and carry out its business plan; (4) the firm has a record of successful performance on contracts in its primary field of operations; and (5) the firm presently has, or can demonstrate its ability to timely obtain, the personnel, facilities, equipment, and other resources necessary to perform contracts under Section 8(a).85 Set-Asides and Sole-Source Awards Under Section 8(a) Section 8(a) of the Small Business Act authorizes agencies to award contracts for goods or services, or to perform construction work, to the SBA for subcontracting to small businesses participating in the 8(a) Program.86 A “set-aside” is an acquisition in which only certain contractors may compete, while a sole-source award is a contract awarded, or proposed for award, without competition.87 Although the Competition in Contracting Act (CICA) generally requires that agencies obtain “full and open competition through the use of competitive procedures” when procuring goods or services, set-asides and sole-source awards are both 80 13 C.F.R. §124.104(c)(2). Id. 82 Id. 83 13 C.F.R. §124.108(a)(1)-(5). For more on debarment and suspension, see CRS Report RL34753, Debarment and Suspension of Government Contractors: An Overview of the Law Including Recently Enacted and Proposed Amendments, by Kate M. Manuel. 84 13 C.F.R. §124.107. Specifically, “[i]ncome tax returns for each of the two previous tax years must show operating revenues in the primary industry in which the applicant is seeking 8(a) ... certification.” 13 C.F.R. §124.107(a). 85 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(7)(A) (“reasonable prospects for success”); 13 C.F.R. §124.107(b)(1)(i)-(v). 86 SBA may delegate the function of executing contracts to the procuring agencies and often does so. See 13 C.F.R. §124.501(a). 87 Set-asides may be total or partial. See 48 C.F.R. §19.502-3(a). 81 Congressional Research Service 11 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses permissible under CICA. In fact, an 8(a) set-aside is a recognized competitive procedure.88 Agencies are effectively encouraged to subcontract through the 8(a) Program because there are government-wide and agency-specific goals regarding the percentage of procurement dollars awarded to “small disadvantaged businesses,” among others.89 Awards made via set-asides or on a sole-source basis count toward these goals,90 and businesses participating in the 8(a) Program are considered small disadvantaged businesses.91 Discretion to Subcontract Through the 8(a) Program There are few limits on agency discretion to subcontract through the 8(a) Program.92 However, the SBA is prohibited by regulation from accepting procurements for award under Section 8(a) when 1. the procuring agency issued a solicitation for or otherwise expressed publicly a clear intent to reserve the procurement as a set-aside for small businesses not participating in the 8(a) Program prior to offering the requirement to SBA for award as an 8(a) contract;93 2. the procuring agency competed the requirement among 8(a) firms prior to offering the requirement to SBA and receiving SBA’s acceptance of it;94 or 3. the SBA makes a written determination that “acceptance of the procurement for 8(a) award would have an adverse impact on an individual small business, a 88 15 U.S.C. §644(a) (describing when set-asides for small businesses are permissible); 41 U.S.C. §3303(b) (CICA provision authorizing set-asides for small businesses); 48 C.F.R. §§6.203-6.206 (set-asides for small business generally, 8(a) small businesses, Historically Underutilized Business Zone (HUBZone) small businesses, and servicedisabled veteran-owned small businesses). CICA authorizes competitions excluding all sources other than small businesses when such competitions assure that a “fair proportion of the total purchases and contracts for property and services for the Federal Government shall be placed with small business concerns.” 41 U.S.C. §3104. CICA also permits sole-source awards when such awards are made pursuant to a procedure expressly authorized by statute, or when special circumstances exist (e.g., urgent and compelling circumstances). See 10 U.S.C. §2304(c)(1) (defense agency procurements) & 41 U.S.C. §§3301 & 3304(a)(3)(A) (civilian agency procurements). For more on competition in federal contracting, see CRS Report R40516, Competition in Federal Contracting: An Overview of the Legal Requirements, by Kate M. Manuel. 89 15 U.S.C. §644(g)(1)-(2). 90 They also count toward a separate goal for the percentage of federal procurement dollars awarded to small businesses generally. Currently, the government-wide goal is that 5% of all federal contract and subcontract dollars be spent with small disadvantaged businesses, including 8(a) businesses. Most agencies also have a 5% goal. See Small Business Goaling Report, supra note 7. The government-wide goal was met in FY2011, the most recent year for which information is available, when 7.67% of all federal procurement dollars was spent with small disadvantaged businesses. Id. Performance by the large procuring agencies varies, from 1.9% (Department of Energy) to 47.4% (SBA). Id. 91 See 13 C.F.R. §124.1002 (defining “small disadvantaged business”). 92 See, e.g., AHNTECH, Inc., B-401092 (April 22, 2009) (“The [Small Business] Act affords the SBA and contracting agencies broad discretion in selecting procurements for the 8(a) program.”). 93 Even in this situation, SBA may accept the requirement under “extraordinary circumstances.” 13 C.F.R. §124.504(a); Madison Servs., Inc., B-400615 (December 11, 2008) (finding that extraordinary circumstances existed when the agency’s initial small business set-aside was erroneous and did not reflect its intentions). 94 However, offers of requirements below the simplified acquisition threshold (generally $150,000) are “assume[d]” to have been accepted at the time they are made, and the agency may proceed with the award if it does not receive a reply from SBA within two days of sending the offer. 13 C.F.R. §124.503(a)(4)(i). See also Eagle Collaborative Computing Servs., Inc., B-401043.3 (January 28, 2011) (finding that an agency properly awarded a sole-source contract valued below the simplified acquisition threshold even though SBA never accepted the requirements). Congressional Research Service 12 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses group of small businesses located in a specific geographical location, or other small business programs.”95 Additionally, SBA is barred from awarding an 8(a) contract, either via a set-aside or on a solesource basis, “if the price of the contract results in a cost to the contracting agency which exceeds a fair market price.”96 Otherwise, agency officials may offer contracts to the SBA “in [their] discretion,” and the SBA may accept requirements for the 8(a) Program “whenever it determines such action is necessary or appropriate.”97 The courts and the Government Accountability Office (GAO) will generally not hear protests of agencies’ determinations regarding whether to procure specific requirements through the 8(a) Program unless it can be shown that government officials acted in bad faith or contrary to federal law.98 Monetary Thresholds and Subcontracting Mechanism Under 8(a) Once the SBA has accepted a contract for the 8(a) Program, the contract is awarded either through a set-aside or on a sole-source basis, with the amount of the contract generally determining the acquisition method used, as Figure 1 illustrates. When the anticipated total value of the contract, including any options, is less than $4 million ($6.5 million for manufacturing contracts), the contract is normally awarded without competition.99 In contrast, when the anticipated value of the contract exceeds $4 million ($6.5 million for manufacturing contracts), 95 13 C.F.R. §124.504(a)-(c). The third provision applies only to preexisting requirements. It does not apply to new contracts, follow-on or renewal contracts, or procurements under $150,000. Id. Also, under its regulations, SBA must presume an adverse impact when: (A) The small business concern has performed the specific requirement for at least 24 months; (B) The small business is performing the requirement at the time it is offered to the 8(a) ... program, or its performance of the requirement ended within 30 days of the procuring activity’s offer of the requirement to the 8(a) ... program; and (C) The dollar value of the requirement that the small business is or was performing is 25 percent or more of its most recent annual gross sales (including those of its affiliates). 13 C.F.R. §124.504(c)(1)(i)(A)-(C). 96 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(1)(A); 48 C.F.R. §19.806(b). Fair market price is estimated by looking at recent prices for similar items or work, in the case of repeat purchases, or by considering commercial prices for similar products or services, available in-house cost estimates, cost or pricing data submitted by the contractor, or data from other government agencies, in the case of new purchases. 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(3)(B)(i)-(iii); 48 C.F.R. §19.807(b) & (c). 97 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(1)(A). See also Totolo v. United States, 87 Fed. Cl. 680, 695 (2009) (“The manner in which [an agency] assesses its needs is a business judgment and lies within its own discretionary domain.”); JT Constr. Co., B254257 (December 6, 1993) (stating that it is a business judgment, within the contracting officer’s discretion, to decide not to set aside a competition for small businesses). For a time in 2008-2010, the federal courts and the Government Accountability Office (GAO) found that set-asides for Historically Underutilized Business Zone (HUBZone) small businesses had “precedence” over set-asides for 8(a) firms. See generally CRS Report R40591, Set-Asides for Small Businesses: Recent Developments in the Law Regarding Precedence Among the Set-Aside Programs and Set-Asides Under Indefinite-Delivery/Indefinite-Quantity Contracts, by Kate M. Manuel. However, the Small Business Act was amended on September 27, 2010, to remove the language that formed the basis for these decisions. Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, P.L. 111-240, §1347,124 Stat. 2546-47 (September 27, 2010). 98 See, e.g., Rothe Computer Solutions, LLC, B-299452 (May 9, 2007). 99 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(16)(A). A noncompetitive award may be made under this authority so long as (1) the firm is determined to be a responsible contractor for performance of the contract; (2) the award of the contract would be consistent with the firm’s business plan; and (3) award of the contract would not result in the firm exceeding the percentage of revenue from 8(a) sources forecast in its annual business plan. 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(16)(A)(i)-(iii). Congressional Research Service 13 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses the contract generally must be awarded via a set-aside with competition limited to 8(a) firms so long as there is a reasonable expectation that at least two eligible and responsible 8(a) firms will submit offers and the award can be made at fair market price.100 Sole-source awards of contracts valued at $4 million ($6.5 million or more for manufacturing contracts) may only be made when (1) there is not a reasonable expectation that at least two eligible and responsible 8(a) firms will submit offers at a fair market price, or (2) the SBA accepts the requirement on behalf of an 8(a) firm owned by an Indian tribe, an ANC or, in the case of Department of Defense contracts, an NHO.101 Requirements valued at more than $4 million ($6.5 million for manufacturing contracts) cannot be divided into several acquisitions at lesser amounts in order to make sole-source awards.102 Figure 1. Acquisition Methods at Various Price Thresholds Source: Congressional Research Service. Other Requirements Other key requirements of the 8(a) Program include the following: • Inability to protest an 8(a) firm’s eligibility for an award: When the SBA makes or proposes an award to an 8(a) firm, that firm’s eligibility for the award cannot be challenged or protested as part of the solicitation or proposed contract award. Instead, information concerning a firm’s eligibility for the 8(a) Program must be submitted to SBA in accordance with separate requirements contained in 13 C.F.R. §124.517.103 • Maximum of nine years in the 8(a) Program: Firms may participate in the 8(a) Program for no more than nine years from the date of their admission into the 100 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(1)(D)(ii); 48 C.F.R. §19.805-1(d). However, competitive awards for contracts whose anticipated value is less than $4 million ($6.5 million for manufacturing contracts) can be made with the approval of the SBA’s Associate Administrator for 8(a) Business Development. 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(1)(D)(i)(I)-(II); 48 C.F.R. §19.805-1(d). 101 48 C.F.R. §19.805-1(b)(1)-(2) (sole-source awards to tribally or ANC-owned firms); 48 C.F.R. §219.8051(b)(2)(A)-(B) (sole-source awards to NHO-owned firms). Prior to enactment of the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for FY2010, contracting officers making sole-source awards in reliance on the second exception did not have to justify such awards or obtain approval of them from higher-level agency officials. The NDAA changed this by requiring justifications, approvals, and notices for sole-source contracts in excess of $20 million awarded under the authority of §8(a) similar to those required for sole-source contracts awarded under the general contracting authorities. Compare P.L. 111-84, §811, 123 Stat. 2405-06 (October 28, 2009) with 10 U.S.C. §2304(c) & (f) (procurements of defense agencies); 41 U.S.C. §3304(a) & (e) (procurements of civilian agencies). 102 48 C.F.R. §19.805-1(c). 103 48 C.F.R. §19.805-2(d). Congressional Research Service 14 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses Program, although they may be terminated or graduate from the program before nine years have passed.104 • One-time eligibility for the 8(a) Program: Once a firm or a disadvantaged individual upon whom a firm’s eligibility was based has exited the 8(a) Program after participating in it for any length of time, neither the firm nor the individual is generally eligible to participate in the 8(a) Program again.105 When at least 50% of the assets of one firm are the same as those of another firm, the firms are considered identical for purposes of eligibility for the 8(a) Program.106 • Limits on ownership of 8(a) firms by family members of current or former 8(a) firm owners: Individuals generally may not use their disadvantaged status to qualify a firm for the 8(a) Program if the individual has an immediate family member who is using, or has used, his or her disadvantaged status to qualify a firm for the 8(a) Program.107 • Limits on the amount of 8(a) contracts that a firm may receive: 8(a) firms may generally not receive additional sole-source awards once they have received a combined total of competitive and sole-source awards “in excess of the dollar amount set forth in this section during its participation in the 8(a) … program.”108 Additionally, 8(a) firms in the “transitional stage,” or the last five years of participation, must achieve annual targets for the amount of revenues they receive from non-8(a) sources.109 These targets increase over time, with firms required to attain 15% of their revenue from non-8(a) sources in the fifth year; 25% in the sixth year; 35% in the seventh year; 45% in the eight year; and 55% in the ninth year.110 Firms that do not display the relevant percentages of revenue from non-8(a) sources are ineligible for sole-source 8(a) contracts “unless and until” they correct the situation.111 104 15 U.S.C. §636(j)(10)(C)(i) (nine-year term); 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(9) (termination and early graduation); 13 C.F.R. §124.301 (exiting the 8(a) Program); 13 C.F.R. §124.302 (early graduation); 13 C.F.R. §124.303 (termination from the Program). 105 15 U.S.C. §636(j)(11)(B)-(C); 13 C.F.R. §124.108(b). 106 13 C.F.R. §124.108(b)(4). 107 13 C.F.R. §124.105(g)(1). SBA may waive this prohibition if the firms have no connections in terms of ownership, control, or contractual relationships. Id. 108 13 C.F.R. §124.519(a). Currently, this section does not specify an amount. However, prior to being amended in 2011, Subsections 124.519(a)(1) and (2) specified the applicable amounts as $100 million, in the case of firms whose size is based on their number of employees, or an amount equivalent to the lesser of (1) $100 million or (2) five times the size standard for the industry, in the case of firms whose size is based on their revenues. 13 C.F.R. §124.519(a)(1)(2) (2010). The Administrator of the SBA may waive this requirement if the head of the procuring agency represents that a sole-source award to a firm is necessary “to achieve significant interests of the Government.” 13 C.F.R. §124.519(e). Even after they have received a combined total of competitive and sole-source awards in excess of $100 million, or other applicable amount, firms may still receive competitive contracts under the 8(a) Program. 13 C.F.R. §124.519(b). 109 15 U.S.C. §636(j)(10)(I)(i)-(iii); 13 C.F.R. §124.509(b)(1). 110 13 C.F.R. §124.509(b)(2). 111 13 C.F.R. §124.509(d)(1). This prohibition may be waived when the Director of the Office of Business Development finds that denial of a sole-source contract would cause severe economic hardship for the firm, potentially jeopardizing its survival, or when extenuating circumstances beyond the firm’s control caused it to miss its target. 13 C.F.R. §125.509(e). Congressional Research Service 15 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses • Limitations on subcontracting: Although not only under the authority of Section 8(a) of the Small Business Act or applicable only to 8(a) businesses, limitations on subcontracting require that small businesses receiving contracts under a setaside perform minimum percentages of the contract work.112 These percentages vary depending upon the type of the contract, with employees of the small business required to perform (1) at least 50% of the personnel costs of service contracts; (2) at least 50% of the costs of manufacturing (excluding materials) in supply contacts; (3) at least 15% of the costs of construction (excluding materials) in general construction contracts; and (4) at least 25% of the costs of construction (excluding materials) in “special trade” construction contracts.113 Requirements for Tribally, ANC-, NHO-, and CDC-Owned Firms Tribes, ANCs, NHOs or CDCs themselves generally do not participate in the 8(a) Program. Rather, businesses that are at least 51% owned by such entities participate in the 8(a) Program,114 although the rules governing their participation are somewhat different from those for the 8(a) Program generally.115 Eligibility for the 8(a) Program “Small” Firms owned by Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, and CDCs must be “small” under the SBA’s size standards.116 However, certain affiliations with the owning entity or other business enterprises of that entity are excluded in size determinations unless the Administrator of Small Business determines that a small business owned by an Indian tribe, ANC, NHO, or CDC “[has] obtained, or [is] likely to obtain, a substantial unfair competitive advantage within an industry category” because of such exclusions.117 Other affiliations of small businesses owned by Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, or CDCs can count in size determinations, and ANC-owned firms, in particular, have been subjected to early graduation from the 8(a) Program because they exceeded the size standards.118 112 15 U.S.C. 637(a)(14)(A)-(B); 15 U.S.C. §644(o); 13 C.F.R. §125.6; 48 C.F.R. §52.219-14. 13 C.F.R. §124.510 (limits on subcontracting for 8(a) firms); 13 C.F.R. §125.6(a)(1)-(4) (limits on subcontracting for small businesses generally). 114 13 C.F.R. §124.109(c)(3)(i) (tribally and ANC-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. §124.110 (b) (NHO-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. §124.111(c) (CDC-owned firms). 115 13 C.F.R. §§124.109-124.111. 116 13 C.F.R. §124.109(c)(2)(i) (tribally and ANC-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. §124.110(b) (NHO-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. §124.111(c) (CDC-owned firms). 117 13 C.F.R. §124.109(c)(2)(iii) (tribally and ANC-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. §124.110(b) (NHO-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. §124.111(c) (CDC-owned firms). It is unclear how the language here, stating that “any other business enterprise owned by [an organization]” shall be excluded from the size determination, is to be reconciled with that in 13 C.F.R. §121.103(b)(2)(ii), which suggests that businesses owned and controlled by organizations could be found to be affiliates of the organization for reasons other than common ownership or management, or performance of common administrative services. 118 See, e.g., Valenzuela Eng’g, Inc. & Curry Contracting Co., Inc., SBA-4151 (1996) (rejecting a challenge to the size of an ANC-owned firm because its subcontractor performed less than 25% of the work on the contract and was not its affiliate); Gov’t Accountability Office, Increased Used of Alaska Native Corporations’ Special 8(a) Provisions Calls (continued...) 113 Congressional Research Service 16 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses “Business” Firms owned by Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, and CDCs must be “businesses” under the SBA’s definition.119 Although ANCs themselves may be for-profit or non-profit, ANC-owned businesses must be for-profit to participate in the 8(a) Program.120 “Unconditionally owned and controlled” Firms owned by Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, and CDCs must be unconditionally owned and substantially controlled by the tribe, ANC, NHO, or CDC, respectively.121 However, under SBA regulations, tribally or ANC-owned firms may be managed by individuals who are not members of the tribe or Alaska Natives if the firm can demonstrate: that the Tribe can hire and fire those individuals, that it will retain control of all management decisions common to boards of directors, including strategic planning, budget approval, and the employment and compensation of officers, and that a written management development plan exists which shows how Tribal members will develop managerial skills sufficient to manage the concern or similar Tribally-owned concerns in the future.122 The rules governing NHO-owned firms do not address management of NHO-owned firms by persons who are not Native Hawaiians,123 and although the general rules apply where no “special rules” exist,124 it seems unlikely that NHO-owned firms are treated differently from tribally or ANC-owned firms in this regard. CDCs are to be managed and have their daily operations conducted by individuals with “managerial experience of an extent and complexity needed to run the [firm].”125 (...continued) for Tailored Oversight, GAO-06-399, at 29 (April 2006) (describing “early graduation” of ANC-owned 8(a) firms). 119 13 C.F.R. §124.109(a) & (b) (requiring tribally and ANC-owned firms to comply with the general eligibility requirements where they are not contrary to or inconsistent with the special requirements for these entities); 13 C.F.R. §124.110(a) (similar provision for NHO-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. §124.111(a) (similar provision for CDC-owned firms). 120 13 C.F.R. §124.109(a)(3). 121 13 C.F.R. §124.109(a) & (b) (requiring tribally and ANC-owned firms to comply with the general eligibility requirements where they are not contrary to or inconsistent with the special requirements for these entities); 13 C.F.R. §124.110(a) (similar provision for NHO-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. §124.111(a) (similar provision for CDC-owned firms). 122 13 C.F.R. §124.109(c)(4)(B). 123 See 13 C.F.R. §124.110(d) (stating only that “[a]n individual responsible for the day-to-day management of an NHO-owned firm need not establish personal social and economic disadvantage”). 124 13 C.F.R. §124.110(a) (“Concerns owned by economically disadvantaged Native Hawaiian Organizations, as defined in [Section] 124.3, are eligible for participation in the 8(a) program and other federal programs requiring SBA to determine social and economic disadvantage as a condition of eligibility. Such concerns must meet all eligibility criteria set forth in [Section] 124.101 through 124.108 and [Section] 124.112 to the extent that they are not inconsistent with this section.”). 125 13 C.F.R. §124.111(b). Congressional Research Service 17 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses “Socially disadvantaged” As owners of prospective or current 8(a) firms, Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, and CDCs are all presumed to be socially disadvantaged.126 “Economically disadvantaged” By statute, ANCs are deemed to be economically disadvantaged,127 and CDCs are similarly presumed to be economically disadvantaged.128 Indian tribes and NHOs, in contrast, must establish economic disadvantage at least once. Indian tribes must present data on, among other things, the number of tribe members; the tribal unemployment rate; the per capita income of tribe members; the percentage of the local Indian population above the poverty level; the tribe’s access to capital; the tribe’s assets as disclosed in current financial statements; and all businesses wholly or partially owned by tribal enterprises or affiliates, as well as their primary industry classification.129 However, once a tribe has established that it is economically disadvantaged for purposes of one 8(a) business, it need not reestablish economic disadvantage in order to have other businesses certified for the 8(a) Program unless the Director of the Office of Business Development requires it to do so.130 When determining whether an NHO is economically disadvantaged, SBA will consider “the individual economic status of NHO’s members,” the majority of whom “must meet the same initial eligibility economic disadvantaged thresholds as individually-owned 8(a) applicants.”131 Specifically: For the first 8(a) applicant owned by a particular NHO, individual NHO members must meet the same initial eligibility economic disadvantage thresholds as individually-owned 8(a) applicants. For any additional 8(a) applicant owned by the NHO, individual NHO members must meet the economic disadvantage thresholds for continued 8(a) eligibility.132 126 13 C.F.R. §124.109(b)(1) (tribally and ANC-owned firms); 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(4)(A)(i)(II) (NHO-owned firms); Small Disadvantaged Business Certification Application: Community Development Corporation (CDC) Owned Concern, OMB Approval No. 3245-0317 (“A Community Development Corporation (CDC) is considered to be a socially and economically disadvantaged entity if the parent CDC is a nonprofit organization responsible to residents of the area it serves which has received financial assistance under 42 U.S.C. 9805, et seq.”). SBA’s authority to designate CDCs as socially and economically disadvantaged derives from 42 U.S.C. §9815(a)(2). See 42 U.S.C. §9815(a)(2) (“Not later than 90 days after August 13, 1981, the Administrator of the Small Business Administration, after consultation with the Secretary, shall promulgate regulations to ensure the availability to community development corporations of such programs as shall further the purposes of this subchapter, including programs under §637(a) of title 15.”). 127 43 U.S.C. §1626(e)(1) (“For all purposes of Federal law, a Native Corporation shall be considered to be a corporation owned and controlled by Natives and a minority and economically disadvantaged business enterprise if the Settlement Common Stock of the corporation and other stock of the corporation held by holders of Settlement Common Stock and by Natives and descendants of Natives, represents a majority of both the total equity of the corporation and the total voting power of the corporation for the purposes of electing directors.”); 13 C.F.R. §124.109(a)(2) (same). 128 See Small Disadvantaged Business Certification Application, supra note 125. 129 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(6)(A); 13 C.F.R. §124.109(b)(2)(i)-(vii). 130 13 C.F.R. §124.109(b). 131 13 C.F.R. §124.110(c)(1). 132 Id. If the NHO has no members, then a majority of the members of the board of directors must qualify as economically disadvantaged. Congressional Research Service 18 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses “Good character” When an organization owns an actual or prospective 8(a) firm, all members, officers, or employees of that organization are generally not required to show good character. The regulations governing tribally and ANC-owned firms explicitly address the issue, stating that the “good character” requirement applies only to officers or directors of the firm, or shareholders owning more than a 20% interest.133 NHO-owned firms may be subject to the same requirements in practice.134 With CDC-owned firms, the firm itself and “all of its principals” must have good character.135 “Demonstrated potential for success” Firms owned by ANCs, Indian tribes, NHOs, and CDCs may evidence “potential for success” in several ways, including by demonstrating that: 1. the firm has been in business for at least two years, as shown by individual or consolidated income tax returns for each of the two previous tax years showing operating revenues in the primary industry in which the firm seeks certification; 2. the individuals who will manage and control the daily operations of the firm have substantial technical and management experience; the firm has a record of successful performance on government or other contracts in its primary industry category; and the firm has adequate capital to sustain its operations and carry out its business plan; or 3. the owner-group has made a firm written commitment to support the operations of the firm and has the financial ability to do so.136 The first of these ways for demonstrating potential for success is the same for individually owned firms,137 and the second arguably corresponds to the circumstances in which SBA may waive the requirement that individually owned firms have been in business for at least two years.138 There is no equivalent to the third way for individually owned firms, and some commentators have suggested that this provision could “benefit ANCs by allowing more expeditious and effortless access to 8(a) contracts for new concerns without having to staff new subsidiaries with experienced management.”139 133 13 C.F.R. §124.109(c)(7)(ii). See supra note 120 and accompanying text. 135 13 C.F.R. §124.111(g). 136 13 C.F.R. §124.109(c)(6)(i)-(iii) (ANC- and tribally-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. §124.110(g)(1)-(3) (NHO-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. §124.111(f)(1)-(3) (CDC-owned firms). 137 See supra note 84 and accompanying text. 138 See supra note 85 and accompanying text. 139 Daniel K. Oakes, Inching Toward Balance: Reaching Proper Reform of the Alaska Native Corporations’ 8(a) Contracting Preferences, 40 Pub. Cont. L.J. 777 (2011). 134 Congressional Research Service 19 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses Report of Benefits for Firms Owned By ANCs, Indian Tribes, NHOs, and CDCs Although implementation of this requirement has been delayed,140 8(a) firms owned by ANCs, Indian tribes, NHOs, and CDCs must submit information annually to the SBA showing: how the Tribe, ANC, NHO or CDC has provided benefits to the Tribal or native members and/or the Tribal, native or other community due to the Tribe’s/ANC’s/NHO’s/CDC’s participation in the 8(a) … program through one or more firms. This data includes information relating to funding cultural programs, employment assistance, jobs, scholarships, internships, subsistence activities, and other services provided by the Tribe, ANC, NHO or CDC to the affected community.141 Set-Asides and Sole-Source Awards Like other participants in the 8(a) Program, firms owned by Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, and CDCs are eligible for 8(a) set-asides and may receive sole-source awards valued at less than $4 million ($6.5 million for manufacturing contracts). However, firms owned by Indian tribes and ANCs can also receive sole-source awards in excess of $4 million ($6.5 million for manufacturing contracts) even when contracting officers reasonably expect that that at least two eligible and responsible 8(a) firms will submit offers and the award can be made at fair market price.142 NHO-owned firms may receive sole-source awards from the Department of Defense under the same conditions.143 Other Requirements Firms owned by Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, and CDCs are governed by the same regulations as other 8(a) firms where certain of the “other requirements” are involved, including (1) inability to protest an 8(a) firm’s eligibility for an award;144 (2) maximum of nine years in the 8(a) Program 140 Regulations promulgated by SBA in February 2011 provided that this reporting requirement would be effective “as of September 9, 2011, unless SBA further delays implementation through a Notice in the Federal Register.” Small Bus. Admin., Small Business Size Regulations; 8(a) Business Development/Small Disadvantaged Business Status Determinations: Final Rule, 76 Federal Register 8222 (February 11, 2011). SBA appears to have delayed reporting through three such notices, two announcing tribal consultations about the reporting requirements, and a third announcing SBA’s intent to request approval of an information collection in accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995. See Small Bus. Admin., 60 Day Notice and Request for Comments, 76 Federal Register 63983 (October 14, 2011); Small Bus. Admin., Notice of Tribal Consultations, 76 Federal Register 27859 (May 13, 2011); Small Bus. Admin., Notice of Tribal Consultations, 76 Federal Register 12273 (March 7, 2011). 141 13 C.F.R. §124.604. 142 An Act To Amend the Small Business Act To Reform the Capital Ownership Development Program, and for Other Purposes; P.L. 100-656, §602(a), 102 Stat. 3887-88 (November 15, 1988) (codified at 15 U.S.C. §637 note); 48 C.F.R. §19.805-1(b)(2). 143 The authority for DOD to make sole-source awards to NHO-owned firms of contracts valued at more than $4 million ($6.5 million for manufacturing contracts) even if contracting officers reasonably expect that offers will be received from at least two responsible small businesses existed on a temporary basis in 2004-2006 and became permanent in 2006. See Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act of 2006, P.L. 109-148, §8020, 119 Stat. 2702-03 (December 30, 2005) (“[Provided] [t]hat, during the current fiscal year and hereafter, businesses certified as 8(a) by the Small Business Administration pursuant to section 8(a)(15) of Public Law 85-536, as amended, shall have the same status as other program participants under section 602 of P.L. 100-656 ... for purposes of contracting with agencies of the Department of Defense.”); 48 C.F.R. §219.805-1(b)(2)(A)-(B). 144 See supra note 102. Congressional Research Service 20 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses (for individual firms);145 and (3) limits on subcontracting.146 However, the requirements for such firms differ somewhat from those for other 8(a) firms where one-time eligibility for the 8(a) Program; limits on majority ownership of 8(a) firms; and limits on the amount of 8(a) contracts that a firm may receive are involved. Firms owned by Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, and CDCs may participate in the 8(a) Program only one time.147 However, unlike the disadvantaged individuals upon whom other firms’ eligibility for the 8(a) Program is based, Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, and CDCs may confer eligibility for the 8(a) Program upon firms on multiple occasions and for an indefinite period.148 Additionally, although Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, and CDCs may not own 51% or more of a firm obtaining the majority of its revenues from the same “primary” industry in which another firm they own or owned currently operates or has operated within the past two years, there are no limits on the number of firms they may own that operate in other primary industries.149 Moreover, Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, and CDCs may own multiple firms that earn less than 50% of their revenue in the same “secondary” industries.150 Finally, firms owned by Indian tribes, ANCs, and NHOs may continue to receive additional sole-source awards even after they have received a combined total of competitive and sole-source 8(a) contracts in excess of the dollar amount set forth in 13 C.F.R. Section 124.519, while individually owned firms may not.151 However, firms owned by any of these four types of entities are subject to the same requirements regarding the percentages of revenue received from non-8(a) sources at various stages of their participation in the 8(a) Program as other 8(a) firms.152 Constitutionality of the 8(a) Program The 8(a) Program has periodically been challenged on the grounds that the presumption that members of certain racial and ethnic groups are disadvantaged violates the constitutional guarantee of equal protection. The outcomes in early challenges to the program varied, with some courts finding that the plaintiffs lacked standing to bring such challenges because they were not economically disadvantaged, or were otherwise ineligible for the program;153 and other courts 145 13 C.F.R. §124.109(a) & (b) (requiring tribally and ANC-owned firms to comply with the general eligibility requirements where they are not contrary to or inconsistent with special requirements for these entities); 13 C.F.R. §124.110(a) (similar provision for NHO-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. §124.111(a) (similar provision for CDC-owned firms). 146 15 U.S.C. §644(o); 13 C.F.R. §125.6; 48 C.F.R. §52.219-14. 147 13 C.F.R. §124.109(a) & (b) (ANC- and tribally-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. §124.110(a) (NHO-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. §124.111(a) (CDC-owned firms). 148 Id.; 15 U.S.C. §636(j)(11)(B)-(C). 149 13 C.F.R. §124.109(c)(3)(ii) (tribally and ANC-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. §124.110(e) (NHO-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. §124.111(d) (CDC-owned firms). These regulations also provide that an 8(a) firm owned by an ANC, Indian tribe, NHO, or CDC may not, within its first two years in the 8(a) Program, receive a sole-source contract that is a follow-on to an 8(a) contract currently performed by an 8(a) firm owned by that entity, or previously performed by an 8(a) firm owned by that entity that left the program within the past two years. Id. In addition, there are restrictions on the percentage of work that may be performed by any non-8(a) venturer(s) in joint ventures involving 8(a) firms. See generally 13 C.F.R. §124.513. 150 13 C.F.R. §124.109(c)(3)(ii) (tribally and ANC-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. §124.110(e) (NHO-owned firms); 13 C.F.R. §124.111(d) (CDC-owned firms). 151 13 C.F.R. §124.519(a). See supra note 108. 152 13 C.F.R. §124.509. 153 See, e.g., Ray Baillie Trash Hauling, 477 F.3d at 710 (“The plaintiffs never applied for participation in the section 8(a) program. Furthermore, they do not even contend that they are socially or economically disadvantaged and therefore eligible for participation in the program.”); SRS Techs., Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Defense, No. 96-1484, 1997 (continued...) Congressional Research Service 21 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses finding that the program was unconstitutional as applied in specific cases.154 Most recently, in DynaLantic Corporation v. U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia found that the 8(a) Program was not unconstitutional on its face because “breaking down barriers to minority business development created by discrimination” constituted a compelling government interest, and the government had a strong basis in evidence for concluding that race-based action was necessary to further this interest.155 However, the court found that the program was unconstitutional as applied in the military simulation and training industry because the Department of Defense (DOD) conceded it had “no evidence of discrimination, either in the public or private sector, in the simulation and training industry.”156 Particularly in its rejection of the facial challenge to the 8(a) Program, the court emphasized certain aspects of the program’s history and requirements when finding that the government had articulated a compelling interest for the program and had a strong basis in evidence for its actions. Specifically, the court rejected the plaintiff’s assertion that the 8(a) Program was “not truly remedial,” but rather favored “virtually all minority groups … over the larger pool of citizens,” because non-minority individuals may qualify for the program, and all 8(a) applicants must demonstrate economic disadvantage.157 The court also noted that the history of the 8(a) program (...continued) U.S. App. LEXIS 10143 (4th Cir., May 6, 1997) (“SBA’s requirement of economic disadvantage for entry into the 8(a) Program is a race-neutral criterion. It was by virtue of this race-neutral criterion that plaintiff failed to qualify for a contract award, and its standing to challenge the race-conscious criteria is therefore lacking.”). But see C.S. McCrossan Constr. Co., Inc. v. Cook, No. 95-1345-HB, 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14721 (D.N.M., April 2, 1996) (“Although Defendants attempt to characterize this set-aside program as one based on size and economic status of the owner, the fact remains that ‘economic disadvantage’ requires a showing of ‘social disadvantage’ which then implicates the racebased challenge. … Plaintiff is not seeking admission into the 8(a) program. It is challenging the government’s preferential treatment towards 8(a) program participants in the bidding of the job order contract.”). 154 See, e.g., Cortez III Service Corp. v. Nat’l Aeronautics & Space Admin., 950 F. Supp. 357, 361 (D.D.C. 1996) (finding that the 8(a) Program is facially constitutional, but that “agencies have a responsibility to decide whether there has been a history of discrimination in the particular industry at issue” prior to procuring requirements through the 8(a) Program); Fordice Constr. Co. v. Marsh, 773 F. Supp. 867 (S.D. Miss. 1990) (“The court … finds that the United States Army Corps of Engineers failed to give consideration to the impact of a 100% set-aside upon non-§8(a) eligible contractors in the Vicksburg area.”). 155 No. 95-2301 (EGS), 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 114807 (D.D.C., August 15, 2012), at *29, *90. If the 8(a) Program as it presently exists, with its presumption that minorities are socially disadvantaged, were ever found to be unconstitutional on its face, the program could potentially be reconstituted without the presumption. Such a program might require proof of actual social disadvantage from all applicants to the 8(a) Program, perhaps using the same three criteria currently used by individual applicants demonstrating personal social disadvantage. See 13 C.F.R. §124.103(c)(2) (standards of evidence for showing personal disadvantage). Alternatively, the 8(a) Program could potentially continue as a program for small businesses owned by Indian tribes, ANCs, NHOs, or CDCs because tribes and other entities are generally not seen as constituting racial groups. Morton v. Mancari, 417 U.S. 535, 548 (1973) (treating the category of “Native Americans” as a political class, not a racial one, and describing programs targeting Native Americans as “reasonably designed to further the cause of Indian self-government”). The presumption of social and/or economic disadvantage accorded to these groups would thus not implicate a racial classification and would probably be subject only to “rational basis” review. Rational basis review is characterized by deference to legislative judgment, and the party challenging a government program must show that it is not rationally related to a legitimate government interest. See Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190, 197 (1976). 156 DynaLantic, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 114807, at *72. 157 Id. at *31-*32. The court also rejected DynaLantic’s argument that the government may only seek to remedy discrimination by a government entity, or by private individuals directly using government funds to discriminate. The court viewed these arguments as foreclosed by prior decisions holding that, under the Fourteenth Amendment, the government may implement race-conscious programs “to prevent itself from acting as a ‘passive participant’ in private discrimination in the relevant industries or markets.” Id. at 31 (quoting City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson, 488 U.S. 469, 492 (1989)). Congressional Research Service 22 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses prior to 1978 (when Congress expressly authorized set-asides for disadvantaged small businesses) had evidenced that race-neutral methods were insufficient to promote contracting with minorityowned small businesses.158 The court further noted that the 8(a) Program was intended to be a business development program, not a means to “channel contracts” to minority firms;159 that Section 8(a) of the Small Business Act expressly provides that awards may be made through the 8(a) Program only when SBA determines that “such action is necessary and appropriate”;160 and that the act requires the President and SBA to report annually to Congress on the program, thereby ensuring that Congress has evidence as to whether there is a “continuing compelling need for the program.”161 Similarly, in finding that the program was narrowly tailored to meet the government’s interests, the court noted (1) that goals for contracting with small disadvantaged businesses are purely aspirational, and there are no penalties for failing to meet them;162 (2) the nine-year limits on program participation for individual owners and firms;163 and (3) that SBA may not accept a requirement for the 8(a) Program if it determines that doing so will have a adverse effect on another small business or group of small businesses.164 The court emphasized that the last two factors, in particular, helped ensure that race-conscious remedies do not “last longer than the discriminatory effects [they are] designed to eliminate,”165 and “work the least harm possible to other innocent persons competing for the benefit.”166 In contrast, in upholding the as-applied challenge, the court focused on the industry in which DOD had proposed using an 8(a) set-aside, rather than aspects of the 8(a) Program. The court characterized the military simulation and training industry as a “highly skilled” one,167 and noted that the government had conceded there was no evidence of public or private sector discrimination in this industry.168 The court further suggested that, with the requisite evidence, the government could use the 8(a) Program to make awards in the military simulation and training industry.169 However, despite such caveats, the 8(a) Program would appear vulnerable to as158 Id. at *40 (“Reports prepared by the GAO and investigations conducted by both the executive and legislative branches prior to the 1978 codification showed that the Section 8(a) program had fallen far short of its goal to develop businesses owned by disadvantaged individuals, and that one reason for this failure was that the program had no legislative basis.”). 159 Id. at *43 (quoting H.Rept. 1714, 95th Cong., 2nd sess., at 22-23 (1978)). 160 Id. at *33-*34. 161 Id. at *48. DynaLantic had asserted that post-enactment evidence of discrimination should not be considered. However, the court concluded that it was proper to consider such evidence, particularly where the “statute is over thirty years old and the evidence used to justify Section 8(a) [at the time of its enactment] is stale for purposes of determining a compelling interest in the present.” Id. 162 Id. at *132-*135. 163 Id. at *137-*140. 164 Id. at *144-*150. 165 Adarand Constructors, Inc. v . Peña, 515 U.S. 200, 238 (1995). 166 Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306, 341 (2003). 167 DynaLantic, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 114807, at *120. 168 Id. at *72. The government attempted to assert that, “as a matter of law, [it] need not tie evidence of discriminatory barriers to minority business formation and development to evidence of discrimination in any particular industry.” Id. at *118. However, the court rejected this position as inconsistent with Supreme Court precedent, which it construed as making “clear that the government must provide evidence demonstrating there were eligible minorities in the relevant market … that were denied entry or access notwithstanding their eligibility.” Id. 169 Id. at *154. DOD, however, has responded to the DynaLantic decision by prohibiting the award of contracts for “military simulators or any services in the military simulator industry,” a prohibition that applies to “all future contract awards, including extensions of existing contracts or the exercise of options on existing contracts.” Dep’t of Defense, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense, Immediate Cessation of Small Business Development Program (8(a) (continued...) Congressional Research Service 23 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses applied challenges in the wake of the DynaLantic decision, particularly in other “highly skilled” industries where there could be questions about the availability of qualified minority contractors.170 As-applied challenges to the 8(a) Program have succeed in the past, arguably without materially diminishing the efficacy of the program.171 The current situation could be different, though, in that competition for federal contracts seems likely to increase as federal procurement spending decreases due to budget cuts and, potentially, sequestration.172 At least one other challenge to the 8(a) Program is also pending in the federal district court for the District of Columbia,173 and new challenges could potentially be filed in other jurisdictions, including the U.S. Court of Federal Claims. Appeals from the Court of Federal Claims are heard by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which, in its 2008 decision in Rothe Development Corporation v. Department of Defense, struck down a DOD contracting program that incorporated a similar presumption that minorities are disadvantaged.174 The Rothe court applied what is arguably a more stringent approach to equal protection analysis—and, particularly, the evidence compiled by Congress—than that applied by the DynaLantic court, and it is unclear how the 8(a) Program would fare if reviewed in light of Rothe.175 (...continued) Program) Procurement Contracts for Military Simulators or Services in the Military Simulator Industry, August 22, 2012, available at http://www.acq.osd.mil/dpap/policy/policyvault/USA004988-12-DPAP.pdf. Some commentators have criticized this decision, in part, on the grounds that it prohibits the procurement of goods or services in this industry, while the DynaLantic decision addressed only goods. See, e.g., National Minority Organizations Respond to Federal DynaLantic Corp. Decision, PR Newswire, August 31, 2012, available at http://www.prnewswire.com/newsreleases/national-minority-organizations-respond-to-federal-court-dynalantic-corp-decision-168192866.html. 170 See, e.g., Danielle Ivory, Minority Vendors Say Awards Program at Risk on U.S. Court Ruling, Bloomberg Gov’t, September 13, 2012 (quoting Alan Chvotkin, counsel and executive vice president of the Professional Services Council, as saying that the DynaLantic ruling may “open the door to more lawsuits,” and “[t]he implications across the government could be significant”). 171 See supra note 153 and accompanying text. 172 See, e.g., Federal Spending Cuts Mean Fiercer Competition for Contractors and Higher Need for Market Research, According to US Federal Contractor Registration, SFGate, September 22, 2011, available at http://www.sfgate.com/ business/article/Federal-Spending-Cuts-Mean-Fiercer-Competition-2304840.php. 173 Rothe Dev., Inc. v. Dep’t of Defense, No. 12-CV-744, Original Complaint (filed D.D.C., May 9, 2012). 174 545 F.3d 1023 (Fed. Cir. 2008). For more on the Rothe decision, see generally CRS Report R40440, Rothe Development Corporation v. Department of Defense: The Constitutionality of Federal Contracting Programs for Minority-Owned and Other Small Businesses, by Jody Feder and Kate M. Manuel. 175 In particular, the DynaLantic court relied on the precedent of United States v. Salerno in requiring that a plaintiff in a facial challenge must establish “that no set of circumstances exists under which [Section 8(a)] would be valid.” DynaLantic, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 114807, at *23 (quoting Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745 (1987)). The Rothe court, in contrast, declined to apply this requirement of Salerno to the facial challenge to the program it struck down. See Rothe, 545 F.3d at 1032. Congressional Research Service 24 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses Appendix. Comparison of the Requirements Pertaining to 8(a) Businesses Generally, Tribally Owned Businesses, ANC-Owned Businesses, and Others Requirements “Small” 8(a) Businesses Generally “Unconditionally owned and controlled” ANC-Owned 8(a) Businesses Independently owned and operated; not dominant in field of operation; meets size standards (15 U.S.C. §631(a)) Independently owned and operated; not dominant in field of operation; meets size standards (15 U.S.C. §631(a)) Affiliations based on the tribe or tribal ownership, among others, do not count (15 U.S.C. §636(j)(10)(J)(ii); 13 C.F.R. §124.109(c)(2)) Affiliations based on the ANC or ownership by the ANC, among others, do not count (15 U.S.C. §636(j)(10)(J)(ii); 13 C.F.R. §124.109(c)(2)) For-profit entity with its place of business in the United States; operates primarily within the United States or makes a significant contribution to the U.S. economy (13 C.F.R. §121.105(a)(1)) For-profit entity with its place of business in the United States; operates primarily within the United States or makes a significant contribution to the U.S. economy (13 C.F.R. §121.105(a)(1)) For-profit entity with its place of business in the United States; operates primarily within the United States or makes a significant contribution to the U.S. economy (13 C.F.R. §121.105(a)(1)) At least 51% unconditionally and directly owned by one or more At least 51% tribally owned (13 C.F.R. §124.109(b)) At least 51% ANCowned (13 C.F.R. §124.109(a)(3)) Management may be conducted by Management may be conducted by Independently owned and operated; not dominant in field of operation; meets size standards (15 U.S.C. §631(a)) All affiliations count (13 C.F.R. §121.103) “Business” Tribally Owned 8(a) Businesses Although ANC may be non-profit, ANCowned firms must be for-profit to be eligible for 8(a) Program (13 C.F.R. §124.109(a)(3)) Congressional Research Service NHO-Owned 8(a) Businesses Independently owned and operated; not dominant in field of operation; meets size standards (15 U.S.C. §631(a)) Affiliations based on the NHO or ownership by the NHO, among others, do not count (15 U.S.C. §636(j)(10)(J)(ii); 13 C.F.R. §124.110(c)) CDC-Owned 8(a) Businesses Independently owned and operated; not dominant in field of operation; meets size standards (15 U.S.C. §631(a)) Affiliations based on the CDC or ownership by the CDC, among others, do not count (15 U.S.C. §636(j)(10)(J)(ii); 13 C.F.R. §124.111(c)) For-profit entity with its place of business in the United States; operates primarily within the United States or makes a significant contribution to the U.S. economy (13 C.F.R. §121.105(a)(1)) For-profit entity with its place of business in the United States; operates primarily within the United States or makes a significant contribution to the U.S. economy (13 C.F.R. §121.105(a)(1)) At least 51% NHO-owned (13 C.F.R. §124.110(a)) At least 51% CDCowned (13 C.F.R. §124.111(a)) Not explicitly Management and daily business operations to 25 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses Requirements 8(a) Businesses Generally disadvantaged individuals who are U.S. citizens (13 C.F.R. §124.105) Management and daily business operations must be conducted by one or more disadvantaged individuals (13 C.F.R. §124.106) NHO-Owned 8(a) Businesses CDC-Owned 8(a) Businesses Tribally Owned 8(a) Businesses ANC-Owned 8(a) Businesses individuals who are not members of the tribe provided that the SBA determines that such management is necessary to assist the business’s development, among other things (13 C.F.R. §124.109(c)(4)(B)) individuals who are not Alaska Natives provided that the SBA determines that such management is necessary to assist the business’s development, among other things (13 C.F.R. §124.109(c)(4)(B)) addressed in regulationa be conducted by individuals having managerial experience of an extent and complexity needed to run the firm (13 C.F.R. §124.111(b)) “Socially disadvantaged individual” Members of designated groups presumed to be socially disadvantaged; other individuals may prove personal disadvantage by a preponderance of the evidence (13 C.F.R. §124.103) Indian tribes presumed to be socially disadvantaged (43 U.S.C. §1626(e); 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(4)(A)-(B); 13 C.F.R. §124.109(b)(1)) ANCs presumed to be socially disadvantaged (43 U.S.C. §1626(e); 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(4)(A)-(B); 13 C.F.R. §124.109(b)(1)) NHOs presumed to be socially disadvantaged (43 U.S.C. §1626(e); 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(4)(A)(B); 13 C.F.R. §124.109(b)(1)) CDCs presumed to be socially disadvantaged (42 U.S.C. §9815(a)(2)) “Economically disadvantaged individual” Financial information (e.g., personal income, personal net worth, fair market value of assets) must show diminished financial capital and credit opportunities (13 C.F.R. §124.104) Tribe must prove economic disadvantage the first time a tribally owned firm applies to the 8(a) Program; thereafter, a tribe need only prove economic disadvantage at the request of the SBA (13 C.F.R. §124.109(b)(2)) Deemed to be economically disadvantaged (43 U.S.C. §1626(e); 13 C.F.R. §124.109(a)(2)) For first applicant to 8(a) Program, NHO members must meet the same initial eligibility economic disadvantage thresholds as individuallyowned 8(a) applicants; for later applicants, NHO members must meet the economic disadvantage thresholds for continued 8(a) eligibility (13 C.F.R. §124.110(c)(1) CDCs presumed to be economically disadvantaged (42 U.S.C. §9815(a)(2)) Congressional Research Service 26 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses Requirements “Good character” “Demonstrated potential for success” 8(a) Businesses Generally Tribally Owned 8(a) Businesses ANC-Owned 8(a) Businesses No criminal conduct or violations of SBA regulations; cannot be debarred or suspended from government contracting (13 C.F.R. §124.108(a)) No criminal conduct or violations of SBA regulations; cannot be debarred or suspended from government contracting (13 C.F.R. §124.108(a)) No criminal conduct or violations of SBA regulations; cannot be debarred or suspended from government contracting (13 C.F.R. §124.108(a)) Requirement applies only to officers, directors, and shareholders owning more than a 20% interest in the business, not to all members of the tribe (13 C.F.R. §124.109(c)(7)(B)(ii)) Requirement applies only to officers, directors, and shareholders owning more than a 20% interest in the business, not to all ANC shareholders (13 C.F.R. §124.109(c)(7)(B)(ii)) Firm must generally have been in business in primary industry for at least two full years prior to date of application to 8(a) Program unless SBA grants a waiver; waiver based on 5 conditionsb (13 C.F.R. §124.107) Firm must have been in business in primary industry for at least two full years prior to date of application to 8(a) Program; individuals who will manage firm must have substantial experience, and firm must have had successful performance and adequate capital; or Tribe must have made written commitment to support the firm and have the financial ability to do so Firm must have been in business in primary industry for at least two full years prior to date of application to 8(a) Program; individuals who will manage firm must have substantial experience, and firm must have had successful performance and adequate capital; or ANC must have made written commitment to support the firm and have the financial ability to do so (13 C.F.R. §124.109(c)(6)(i)-(iii) (13 C.F.R. §124.109(c)(6)(i)-(iii) NHO-Owned 8(a) Businesses CDC-Owned 8(a) Businesses No criminal conduct or violations of SBA regulations; cannot be debarred or suspended from government contracting (13 C.F.R. §124.108(a)) No criminal conduct or violations of SBA regulations; cannot be debarred or suspended from government contracting (13 C.F.R. §124.108(a)) Requirements apply to the firm and “all its principals” (13 C.F.R. §124.111(g)) Regulations do not address to whom requirements applya Firm must have been in business in primary industry for at least two full years prior to date of application to 8(a) Program; individuals who will manage firm must have substantial experience, and firm must have had successful performance and adequate capital; or NHO must have made written commitment to support the firm and have the financial ability to do so Firm must have been in business in primary industry for at least two full years prior to date of application to 8(a) Program; individuals who will manage firm must have substantial experience, and firm must have had successful performance and adequate capital; or CDC must have made written commitment to support the firm and have the financial ability to do so (13 C.F.R. §124.111 (f)(1)-(3) (13 C.F.R. §124.110 (g)(1)(3) Sole-source awards With contracts valued at over $4 million ($6.5 million for manufacturing Can be made with contracts valued at over $4 million ($6.5 million for manufacturing contracts) even if there is a reasonable Congressional Research Service Can be made with contracts valued at over $4 million ($6.5 million for manufacturing contracts) even if there is a reasonable Can be made with Department of Defense contracts valued at over $4 million ($6.5 With contracts valued at over $4 million ($6.5 million for manufacturing)contracts, sole-source awards permissible only if there is not a reasonable 27 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses 8(a) Businesses Generally NHO-Owned 8(a) Businesses CDC-Owned 8(a) Businesses million for manufacturing contracts) even if there is a reasonable expectation that at least two eligible 8(a) firms will submit offers and the award can be made at fair market price (48 C.F.R. §219.8051(b)(2)(A)-(B)). expectation that at least two eligible 8(a) firms will submit offers and the award can be made at fair market price (48 C.F.R. §19.805-1(b)(1)(2)) Tribally Owned 8(a) Businesses ANC-Owned 8(a) Businesses contracts), sole-source awards permissible only if there is not a reasonable expectation that at least two eligible 8(a) firms will submit offers and the award can be made at fair market price (48 C.F.R. §19.8051(b)(1)-(2)) expectation that at least two eligible 8(a) firms will submit offers and the award can be made at fair market price (15 U.S.C. §637(a)(1)(D)(i)-(ii); 48 C.F.R. §19.8051(b)(1)-(2)) expectation that at least two eligible 8(a) firms will submit offers and the award can be made at fair market price (15 U.S.C. §637(a)(1)(D)(i)-(ii); 48 C.F.R. §19.8051(b)(1)-(2)) Inability to protest eligibility for award Firm’s eligibility for award cannot be challenged or protested as part of the solicitation or proposed contract award (48 C.F.R. §19.8052(d)) Firm’s eligibility for award cannot be challenged or protested as part of the solicitation or proposed contract award (48 C.F.R. §19.805-2(d)) Firm’s eligibility for award cannot be challenged or protested as part of the solicitation or proposed contract award (48 C.F.R. §19.805-2(d)) Firm’s eligibility for award cannot be challenged or protested as part of the solicitation or proposed contract award (48 C.F.R. §19.805-2(d)) Firm’s eligibility for award cannot be challenged or protested as part of the solicitation or proposed contract award (48 C.F.R. §19.805-2(d)) Maximum of nine years in the 8(a) Program Firm receives “a program term of nine years” but could be terminated or graduated early (13 C.F.R. §124.2) Firm receives “a program term of nine years” but could be terminated or graduated early (13 C.F.R. §124.2) Firm receives “a program term of nine years” but could be terminated or graduated early (13 C.F.R. §124.2) Firm receives “a program term of nine years” but could be terminated or graduated early (13 C.F.R. §124.2) Firm receives “a program term of nine years” but could be terminated or graduated early (13 C.F.R. §124.2) Requirements Otherwise cannot be made unless there is not a reasonable expectation that at least two eligible 8(a) firms will submit offers and the award can be made at fair market price (48 C.F.R. §19.805-1(b)(1)(2)) Congressional Research Service 28 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses Requirements 8(a) Businesses Generally Tribally Owned 8(a) Businesses ANC-Owned 8(a) Businesses NHO-Owned 8(a) Businesses CDC-Owned 8(a) Businesses One-time eligibility for 8(a) Program Applies to both disadvantaged owners and firms (13 C.F.R. §124.108(b)) Applies only to tribally owned firms, not tribes (15 U.S.C. §636(j)(11)(B)-(C)) Applies only to ANC-owned firms, not ANCs (15 U.S.C. §636(j)(11)(B)-(C)) Applies only to NHO-owned firms, not NHOs (15 U.S.C. §636(j)(11)(B)(C)) Applies only to CDCowned firms, not CDCs (15 U.S.C. §636(j)(11)(B)-(C)) Limits on the amount of 8(a) contracts that a firm may receive No source awards possible once the firm has received combined total of competitive and solesource 8(a) contracts in excess of the dollar amount set forth in 13 C.F.R. §124.519 (13 C.F.R. §124.519(a)) Can make solesource awards even when a firm has received combined total of competitive and sole-source 8(a) contracts in excess of the dollar amount set forth in 13 C.F.R. §124.519 (13 C.F.R. §124.519(a)) Can make solesource awards even when a firm has combined total of competitive and sole-source 8(a) contracts in excess of the dollar amount set forth in 13 C.F.R. §124.519 (13 C.F.R. §124.519(a)) Combined total of competitive and solesource 8(a) contracts in excess of the dollar amount set forth in 13 C.F.R. §124.519 not explicitly addressed in regulation Firms must receive an increasing percentage of revenue from non8(a) sources throughout their participation in the 8(a) Program (13 C.F.R. §124.509(b)) Firms must receive an increasing percentage of revenue from non8(a) sources throughout their participation in the 8(a) Program (13 C.F.R. §124.509(b)) Can make solesource awards even when a firm has combined total of competitive and sole-source 8(a) contracts in excess of the dollar amount set forth in 13 C.F.R. §124.519 (13 C.F.R. §124.519(a)) Firms must receive an increasing percentage of revenue from non-8(a) sources throughout their participation in the 8(a) Program (13 C.F.R. §124.509(b)) Firms must receive an increasing percentage of revenue from non-8(a) sources throughout their participation in the 8(a) Program (13 C.F.R. §124.509(b)) Firms must receive an increasing percentage of revenue from non-8(a) sources throughout their participation in the 8(a) Program (13 C.F.R. §124.509(b)) Source: Congressional Research Service. a. The rules governing NHO- and/or CDC-owned firms do not address this issue, and although the general rules apply where no “special rules” exist, it seems unlikely that NHO- and/or CDC-owned firms are treated differently than tribally or ANC-owned firms in this regard. b. These criteria include (1) the management experience of the disadvantaged individual(s) upon whom eligibility is based; (2) the business’s technical experience; (3) the firm’s capital; (4) the firm’s performance record on prior federal or other contracts in its primary field of operations; and (5) whether the firm presently has, or can demonstrate its ability to timely obtain, the personnel, facilities, equipment, and other resources necessary to perform contracts under Section 8(a). Congressional Research Service 29 The “8(a) Program” for Small Businesses Author Contact Information Kate M. Manuel Legislative Attorney kmanuel@crs.loc.gov, 7-4477 Congressional Research Service John R. Luckey Legislative Attorney jluckey@crs.loc.gov, 7-7897 30