.
Multilateral Development Banks:
U.S. Contributions FY1998-FY2009
Jonathan E. Sanford
Specialist in International Trade and Finance
January 27February 3, 2010
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
RS20792
CRS Report for Congress
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress
c11173008
.
Multilateral Development Banks: U.S. Contributions FY1998-FY2009
Summary
This report shows in tabular form how much the Administration requested and how much
Congress appropriated during the past 11 years for U.S. payments to the multilateral development
banks (MDBs). It also provides a brief description of the MDBs and the ways they fund their
operations. It will be updated periodically. Three companion reports provide further information
on the MDBs. See CRS Report RS20793, Multilateral Development Banks: Basic Background,
by Jonathan E. Sanford, CRS Report RS20791, Multilateral Development Banks: Procedures for
U.S. Participation, by Jonathan E. Sanford, and CRS Report RS22134, International Financial
Institutions: Funding U.S. Participation, by Jonathan E. Sanford. For further information, see
CRS Report RL33969, The World Bank’s International Development Association (IDA), by
Martin A. Weiss, and CRS Report RS21437, The Asian Development Bank, by Martin A. Weiss.
Congressional Research Service
.
Multilateral Development Banks: U.S. Contributions FY1998-FY2009
Contents
U.S. Participation in the MDBs ...................................................................................................1
The MDBs and Their Programs...................................................................................................1
Funding MDB Assistance Programs ............................................................................................2
U.S. Appropriations for MDBs....................................................................................................3
Tables
Table 1. U.S. Contribution and Voting Shares in the MDBs .........................................................2
Table 2. U.S. Contributions or Subscriptions to Multilateral Development Banks,
Millions of U.S. Dollars ...........................................................................................................4
Contacts
Author Contact Information ........................................................................................................9
Congressional Research Service
.
Multilateral Development Banks: U.S. Contributions FY1998-FY2009
U.S. Participation in the MDBs
The United States is a member of five MDBs: the World Bank, African Development Bank
(AfDB), Asian Development Bank (AsDB), European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(EBRD), and Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). It also belongs to two similar
organizations, the North American Development Bank (NADBank) and the International Fund for
Agricultural Development (IFAD). For FY2009, the Administration proposed and Congress
appropriated funds for U.S.m participation in two new World Bank facilities, the Clean
Technology Technology
Fund (CTF) and the Strategic Climate Fund (SCF).
The MDBs and Their Programs
The MDBs have similar programs, though they all differ somewhat in their institutional structure
and emphasis. Each has a president and executive board that manages or supervises all theirof its
programs and operations. Except for the EBRD, which makes only market-based loans, all the
MDBs make both market-based loans to middle-income developing countries and concessional
loans to the poorest countries. Their loans are made to governments or to organizations having
government repayment guarantees. In each MDB, the same staff prepares both the market-based
and the concessional loans, using the same standards and procedures for both. 1 The main
differences between them are the repayment terms and the countries which qualify for them. 2
The MDBs also have specialized facilities which have their own operating staff and management
but report to the bank’s president and executive board. The World Bank’s International Finance
Corporation (IFC) and the IDB’s Inter-American Investment Corporation (IIC) make loans to or
equity investments in private sector firms in developing countries (on commercial terms) without
government repayment guarantees. The AsDB makes similar loans from its market-rate loan
account. The World Bank’s Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) underwrites
private investments in developing countries (on commercial terms) to protect against noneconomic risk. At the IDB, the Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF) helps Latin American
countries institute policy reforms aimed at stimulating domestic and international investment. It
also funds worker retraining and programs for small- and micro-enterprises. The MIF originated
as part of President Bush’s 1990 Enterprise for the Americas Initiative (EAI.)
The NADBank was created by the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) to fund
environmental infrastructure projects in the U.S.-Mexico border region. The International Fund
for Agricultural Development, created in 1977, focuses on reducing poverty and hunger in poor
countries through agricultural development. The Global Environment Facility (GEF) funds
projects dealing with international environmental problems. The GEF’s assistance program is
managed by the World Bank.
1
The International Development Association (IDA) is the World Bank’s concessional loan affiliate. The Asian
Development Fund (AsDF), African Development Fund (AFDF), and Fund for Special Operations (FSO) are the
comparable programs at the AsDB, AfDB, and IDB.
2
MDB market-based loans cost a little more than the rate the banks pay to borrow funds commercially. IDA and AFDF
charge about 3/4 of 1% annually. The IDB charges 1% to 4% annually, depending on the project and the borrower.
Most borrowers from the concessional programs have per capita incomes of less (often much less) than $900 annually.
Congressional Research Service
1
.
Multilateral Development Banks: U.S. Contributions FY1998-FY2009
Funding MDB Assistance Programs
The MDBs’ concessional aid programs are funded with money donated by their wealthier
member country governments. Loans from the MDBs’ market-rate loan facilities are funded with
money borrowed in world capital markets. The IFC and IIC fund their loans and equity
investments partly with money contributed by their members and partly with funds borrowed
from commercial capital markets. The MDBs’ borrowings are backed by the subscription s of
their member countries. They provide a small part of their capital subscriptions (3% to 5% of the
to 5 percent of
the total for most MDBs) in the form of paid-in capital. The rest they subscribe as callable capital.
Callable capital is a contingent liability, payable only if an MDB becomes bankrupt and lacks
sufficient funds to repay its own creditors. It cannot be called to provide the banks with additional
loan funds.
Countries’ voting shares are determined mainly by the size of their contributions. The United
States is the largest stockholder in most MDBs. Japan has provided more to the AsDF and AfDF,
while Nigeria and Egypt have subscribed larger shares in the AfDB. Periodically, as the stock of
uncommitted MDB funds begins to run low, the major donors negotiate a new funding plan that
specifies their new contribution shares.
Table 1 shows the U.S. contribution share and voting share for all MDB programs. In most
banks, countries get a few votes because they are members, regardless of the size of their capital
subscription. Thus, for banks with a large number of small members, the voting share of large
subscribers such as the United States may be a little smaller than their share in providing the
bank’s resources. Voting shares are the same for both market-based and concessional loans in the
AsDB and IDB.
Table 1. U.S. Contribution and Voting Shares in the MDBs
Contribution Share
Voting
Share
World Bank Group
Contribution Share
Voting
Share
Inter-American Dev Bank
IBRD
16.8%
16.4%
IDB
30.3%
30.0%
IDA
22.1%
12.9%
FSO
50.5%
30.0%
IFC
24.1%
23.6%
IIC
25.5%
25.1%
MIGA
18.9%
15.1%
MIF
39.4%
29.1%
Asian Development Bank
African Development Bank
AsDB
15.6%
12.8%
AfDB
6.4%
6.4%
AsDF
12.6%
12.8%
AfDF
12.7%
6.1%
EBRD
10.1%
9.8%
IFAD
13.6%
13.6%
NADBank
50.0%
50.0%
Congressional Research Service
2
.
Multilateral Development Banks: U.S. Contributions FY1998-FY2009
In IDA, by contrast, the donors have separated the issues of voting power and contributions. In
recent decades, they have chosen not to expand their voting share as they contribute new funds to
IDA. Thus, while the United States, Canada, Japan, the countries of the European Union, and the
wealthy Arab oil states have donated 99% of IDA’s resources, they have 65% of the vote. This is
more than enough to protect their interests, as decisions are reached by majority vote. The
arrangement diffuses possible tensions by giving the developing countries a sense that their
voices are heard.
Before 1976, the United States was the only significant contributor to the IDB’s Fund for Special
Operations. Non-regional countries have since joined the IDB and the FSO has become a much
smaller program and he U.S. share has declined substantially. The African Development Bank
controls 50% of the vote in the AFDF, though it has contributed only about 1% of the
concessional loan program’s resources. This maintains a semblance of African control. The
interests of the donors are protected by the fact that a three-quarters majority is required to
approve AFDF loans.
U.S. Appropriations for MDBs
Table 2 shows the amounts the Administration has requested and Congress has appropriated
(budget authority) annually since FY1998 for U.S. contributions and subscriptions to the
multilateral banks. The numbers in parentheses are subscriptions to MDB callable capital. Since
1981, the United States no longer appropriates money to back its callable capital subscriptions to
the MDBs. Rather Congress sets annual program ceilings in the Foreign Operations
Appropriations Act specifying the amount of callable capital the United States may subscribe in
each MDB during the current fiscal year.
Congressional Research Service
3
.
Multilateral Development Banks: U.S. Contributions FY1998-FY2009
Table 2. U.S. Contributions or Subscriptions to Multilateral Development Banks, Millions of U.S. Dollars
(Includes recisions)
1998a
1998
1999
1999
2000
2000
2001
2001Recisions)
2000
2000
2001
2001
2002
2002
2003
2003
Request
Approp.
Request
Approp.
Request
Approp.
Request
Approp
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
WORLD BANK GROUP
Int’l Bank for Reconstruction & Development
(IBRD)
—IBRD capital, paid in
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
—(IBRD capital, callable)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
1,034.5
1,034.5
800.0
800.0
Int’l Development Association (IDA)
-.-
-.-
-.-
803.4
775.0
836.0
775.0
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-803.0
792.4
874.3
844.5
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
—MIGA paid in capital
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
10.0
4.0
16.0
10.0
—(MIGA capital, callable)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
(50.0)
(20.0)
(80.0)
(50.0)
100.0
47.5
300.0
168.0
143.3
35.8
176.0
108.0
13.2
13.2
13.2
13.2
13.7
13.7
-.-
-.-
—(AsDB ordinary capital, callable)
(647.9)
(647.9)
(647.9)
(647.9)
(672.7)
(672.7)
-.-
-.-
Asian Development Fund (AsDF)
150.0
150.0
250.0
210.0
177.0
77.0
125.0
72.0
—AfDB ordinary capital, paid in
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
5.1
4.1
6.1
6.1
—(AfDB ordinary capital, callable)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
(80.0)
(64.0)
(64.0)
(64.0)
African Development Fund (AfDF)
50.0
45.0
155.0
128.0
127.0
128.0
100.0
100.0
Int’l Development Association (IDA)
10.0
5.0
3.6
1.6
—(MIGA capital, callable)
(50.0)
(20.0)
(80.0)
(50.0)
(50.0)
(25.0)
(18.0)
(8.0)
Global Environmental Facility (GEF)
143.3
35.8
176.0
108.0
100.0
100.5
177.4
146.9
13.7
13.7
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
—(AsDB ordinary capital, callable)
(672.7)
(672.7)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
Asian Development Fund (AsDF)
177.0
77.0
125.0
72.0
103.0
98.0
147.4
97.2
5.1
4.1
6.1
6.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
—(AfDB ordinary capital, callable)
(80.0)
(64.0)
(64.0)
(64.0)
(80.0)
(80.0)
(80.0)
(80.0)
African Development Fund (AfDF)
127.0
128.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
118.1
107.4
Int’l Finance Corporation (IFC)
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
Global Environmental Facility (GEF)
—MIGA paid in capital
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
—AsDB ordinary capital, paid in
AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
—AfDB ordinary capital, paid in
CRS-4
CRS-4
.
Multilateral Development Banks: U.S. Contributions FY1998-FY2009
INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
GROUP
—IDB ordinary capital, paid in
—(IDB ordinary capital, callable)
Fund for Special Operations (FSO)
Inter-American Investment Corp (IIC)
Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF)
25.6
(1,503.7)
25.6
(1,503.7))
25.6
(1,503.7)
25.6
(1,503.7)
25.6
(1,503.7)
25.6
(1,503.7)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
20.8
20.8
21.2
21.2-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-Inter-American Investment Corp (IIC)
25.0
16.0
34.0
25.0
3025.0
30.0
50.0
50.018.0
30.3
18.2
Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF)
28.5
-.-
25.9
10.0
-.-
-.-
29.6
24.4
35.8
35.8
35.8
35.8
35.8
35.8
35.8
35.86
(123.2)
(123.2)
(123.23)
(123.23)
(123.23)
(123.23)
(123.3)
(123.3)
EUROPEAN BANK FOR RECON &
DEVELOP
—EBRD paid in capital
—(EBRD capital, callable)
INTL FUND FOR AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOP
-.-
5.0
20.0
20.0
15.0
14.9
NORTH AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT
BANK
—NADBank capital, paid-in
56.3
56.3-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
(318.8)
(318.8)—(NADBank capital, callable)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
1,459.9
1,394.8
1,650.8
1,451.3
1,494.4
1,115.0
1,434.8
1,146.9
2002
2002
2003
2003
2004
2004
2005
2005494.4
1,115.0
1,434.8
1,146.9
1,230.1
1,174.8
1,437.1
1,295.8
2004
2004
2005
2005
2006
2006
2007
2007
Request
Approp
Request
Approp
Request
Approp.
Request
Approp.
—IBRD capital, paid in
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
—(IBRD capital, callable)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
803.0
792.4
874.3
844.5
976.8
913.2
1061.3
843.2976.8
913.2
1061.3
843.2
950.0
909.1
950.0
940.5
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
—(NADBank capital, callable)
TOTAL MDB APPROPRIATION
WORLD BANK GROUP
Int’l Bank for Reconstruction & Development
Int’l Development Association (IDA)
Int’l Finance Corporation (IFC)
CRS-5
.
Multilateral Development Banks: U.S. Contributions FY1998-FY2009
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
—MIGA paid in capital
10.0
5.0
3.6
1.6
4.0
1.1
-.-
-.-
(50.0)
(25.0)
(18.0)
(8.0)
(20.0)
(4.5)
-.-
-.-
—(MIGA capital, callable)
4.0
1.1
-.-
-.-
1.7
1.3
-.-
-.-
(20.0)
(4.5)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
107.5
79.2
80.0
79.2
Global Environment Facility
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
—AsDB ordinary capital, paid in
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
—(ordinary capital, callable)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
103.0
98.0
147.4
97.2
151.9
144.4
112.2
99.2151.9
144.4
112.2
99.2
115.3
99.0
115.3
99.0
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
4.14.1
5.6
3.6
5.0
3.6
—(AfDB ordinary capital, callable)
(80.0)
(80.0)
(80.0)
(80.0)
(80.0)
(79.6)
(79.5)
(79.5)
African Development Fund (AfDF)
100.0
100.0
118.1
107.4
118.1
112.7
118.0
105.279.6)
(79.5)
(79.5)
(88.3)
(88.3)
78.6
(88.3)
African Development Fund (AfDF)
118.1
112.7
118.0
105.2
135.7
134.3
135.7
134.3
—IDB ordinary capital, paid in
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
—(IDB ordinary capital, callable)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
25.0
18.0
30.3
18.2
30.9
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
29.6
24.4
32.6
25.0
25.0
10.9
35.8
35.8
35.8
35.8
35.4
35.4
35.4
35.2
(123.3)
(123.3)
(123.3)
(123.3)
(123.3)
(122.0)
(122.0)
(122.0)
—(MIGA capital, callable)
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
Asian Development Fund (AsDF)
AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
—AfDB ordinary capital, paid in
INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
GROUP
Fund for Special Operations (FSO)
Inter-American Investment Corp (IIC)
Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
Asian Development Fund (AsDF)
AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
—AfDB ordinary capital, paid in
INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
GROUP
Fund for Special Operations (FSO)
Inter-American Investment Corp (IIC)
30.9
-.-
-.-
-.-
1.7
1.7
-.-
-.-
Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF)
32.6
25.0
25.0
10.9
1.7
1.7
25.0
1.7
35.4
35.4
35.4
35.2
1.0
1.0
-.-
-.-
(123.3)
(122.0)
(122.0)
(122.0)
(2.3)
(2.3)
-.-
-.-
EUROPEAN BANK FOR RECON &
DEVELOP
—EBRD capital, paid in
—(EBRD capital, callable)
CRS-6
.
Multilateral Development Banks: U.S. Contributions FY1998-FY2009
INTL FUND FOR AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOP
20.0
20.015.0
14.9
15.0
15.0
15.0
14.9
1518.0
1518.0
—NADBank capital, paid-in
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
—(NADBank capital, callable)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
1,230.1
1,194.8
1,492.7
1,288.1
1,534.8
1,386.5
1,492.7
1,219.4
2006
2006
2007
2007
2008
2008
2009
2009
Request
Approp.
Request
Approp.
Request
Approp
Request
Approp534.8
1,386.5
1,492.7
1,219.2
1,335.3
1,245.8
1,329.0
1,273.2
2008
2008
2009
2009
2010
2010
2011
2011
Request
Approp
Request
Approp
Request
Approp.
Request
Approp.
IBRD capital, paid in
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
(IBRD capital, callable)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
950.0
909.1
950.0
940.5
1,060.0
942.3
1,277.0
1,262.5
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-1,060.0
942.3
1,277.0
1,115.0
1,320.0
1,263.0
1,285.0
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
MIGA paid in capital
1.7
1.31.1
-.-
-.-
1.1
-.-
-.-
-.-
Intl Clean Technology Fund
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
400.0
300.0
100.0
75.0
-.-
-.-
-.-400.0
-.-
400.0
300.0
400.0
100.0
75.0
235.0
NORTH AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT
BANK
TOTAL MDB APPROPRIATION
WORLD BANK GROUP
Int’l Bank for Reconstruction & Development
Int’l Development Association (IDA)
Int’l Finance Corporation (IFC)
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
Strategic Climate Fund
(MIGA capital, callable)
(6.5)
-.-
-.-
107.5
79.2
80.0
79.2
106.8
81.1
86.5
86.5
MIGA paid in capital
Intl Clean Technology Fund
Strategic Climate Fund
Global Food Security Fund
Global Environmental Facility (GEF)
408.0
106.8
81.1
80.0
80.0
AsDB ordinary capital, paid in
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
(ordinary capital, callable)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
115.3
99.0
115.3
99.0
133.9
74.5
115.3
105.0
Global Environmental Facility (GEF)
(8.5)
(5.5)
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
Asian Development Fund (AsDF)
CRS-7
.
133.9
74.5
115.3
105.0
86.5
86.5
175.0
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
Asian Development Fund (AsDF)
CRS-7
106.6
(2,558.0)
115.3
105.0
222.0
Multilateral Development Banks: U.S. Contributions FY1998-FY2009
AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
AfDB ordinary capital, paid in
5.6
3.6
5.0
3.6
2.0
2.0
-.-
-.-0.8
(AfDB ordinary capital, callable)
(88.3)
(88.3)
78.6
(88.3)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
African Development Fund (AfDF)
135.7
134.3
135.7
134.3-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
140.6
134.6
156.1
155150.0
IDB ordinary capital, paid in
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
(IDB ordinary capital, callable)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
Fund for Special Operations (FSO)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
Inter-American Investment Corp (IIC)
1.7
1.7
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
4.7
4.7
Multilateral Invest. Fund (MIF)
1.7
1.7
25.0
1.7
29.2
24.8
25.0
25.0
1
1
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
EUROPEAN BANK FOR RECON &
DEVELOP
EBRD capital, paid in
(EBRD capital, callable)
(3.4)
(3.4)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
INTL FUND FOR AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOP
18.0
14.9
18.0
14.9
18.1
17.929.2
24.8
EBRD capital, paid in
-.-
(EBRD capital, callable)
African Development Fund (AfDF)
159.9
155.0
155.9
-.-
4.7
4.7
21.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
18.1
17.9
18.0
18.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
—NADBank capital, paid-in
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
—(NADBank capital, callable)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
1,333.4
1,242.4
1,329.0
1,273.2
1,491.7
1,277.2
2,194.6
2,043.7
499.0
1,277.3
2,071.3
1,493.8
2,341.3
2,044.2
3,013.5
INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
Multilateral Invest. Fund (MIF)
EUROPEAN BANK FOR RECON &
DEVELOP
INTL FUND FOR AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOP
NORTH AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT
BANK
TOTAL MDB APPROPRIATION
Source: Derived from the annual appropriation legislation and Treasury Department budget presentation documents. Figures in parentheses are callable capital, which is
not actually appropriated. (See text.) Dashes show that no U.S. contribution or subscription was requested and/or approved by Congress that year.
a.
CRS-8
The Administration also requested authority to use $52.5 million and $52.8 million, respectively in FY1998 and FY1999, in the bilateral Economic Support Fund for
contribution to the proposed Middle East and North African Development Bank (MENABANK). Congress did not give it this authority.
.
.
CRS-8
Multilateral Development Banks: U.S. Contributions FY1998-FY2009
Author Contact Information
Jonathan E. Sanford
Specialist in International Trade and Finance
jsanford@crs.loc.gov, 7-7682
Congressional Research Service
9