Order Code RL33375
Staffing for Adequate Fire and Emergency
Response: The SAFER Grant Program
Updated February 8May 1, 2008
Lennard G. Kruger
Specialist in Science and Technology
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
Staffing for Adequate Fire and Emergency Response:
The SAFER Grant Program
Summary
In response to concerns over the adequacy of firefighter staffing, the Staffing for
Adequate Fire and Emergency Response Act — popularly called the “SAFER Act”
— was enacted by the 108th Congress as Section 1057 of the FY2004 National
Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 108-136). The SAFER Act authorizes grants to
career, volunteer, and combination local fire departments for the purpose of
increasing the number of firefighters to help communities meet industry minimum
standards and attain 24-hour staffing to provide adequate protection from fire and
fire-related hazards. Also authorized are grants to volunteer fire departments for
activities related to the recruitment and retention of volunteers. The SAFER grant
program is authorized through FY2010.
Although authorized for FY2004, the SAFER grant program received its initial
appropriation of $65 million in FY2005, followed by $109 million in FY2006, and
$115 million in FY2007. The FY2007 Department of Homeland Security
appropriations bill (P.L. 109-295) transferred both SAFER and fire grants back to
the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). To date, the Bush
Administration has requested zero funding for SAFER in all years of the program’s
existence. The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-161) provided
$190 million for SAFER grants.
The Administration’s budget proposal again requested no funding for SAFER
Act grants in FY2009. The FY2009 budget justification stated that the federal
government already spends “billions of dollars in annual support to train, exercise,
and equip state and local public safety personnel, including firefighters, so that they
are adequately prepared to respond to a terrorist attack or other major incident.” The
budget justification argued that “a federally funded hiring program for firefighters
risks replacing state and local funding for general purpose public safety staffing with
federal resources, and therefore does not forward the common goal of enhancing
national preparedness capabilities.”
Facing the 110th Congress is the issue of whether or not — and if so, to what
extent — the SAFER program should be funded. The Administration has
consistently requested no funding for SAFER, arguing that localities should be solely
responsible for funding firefighting personnel. Fire service advocates counter that
the inability of many local fire departments to meet minimum standards for personnel
levels could lead to inadequate response to different types of emergency incidents,
substandard response times, and an increased risk of firefighter fatalities.
This report will be updated as events warrant.
Contents
Background and Genesis of SAFER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Authorization — The SAFER Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Appropriations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
FY2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
FY2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
FY2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
FY2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
FY2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Implementation of the SAFER Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Issues in the 110th Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
List of Tables
Table 1. Authorization Levels for SAFER Grant Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Table 2. Appropriations for Firefighter Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Table 3. State-by-State Distribution of SAFER Grants, FY2005-FY2006 . . . . . . 8
Staffing for Adequate Fire and Emergency
Response: The SAFER Grant Program
Background and Genesis of SAFER
Firefighting and the provision of fire protection services to the public is
traditionally a local responsibility, funded primarily by state, county, and municipal
governments. During the 1990s, however, shortfalls in state and local budgets —
coupled with increased responsibilities (i.e., counterterrorism) of local fire
departments — led many in the fire community to call for additional financial
support from the federal government. Since enactment of the FIRE Act1 in the 106th
Congress, the Assistance to Firefighters Grants program (also known as “fire grants”
and “FIRE Act grants”) has provided funding for equipment and training directly
from the federal government to local fire departments.2
Since the fire grant program commenced in FY2001, funding has been used by
fire departments to purchase firefighting equipment, personal protective equipment,
and firefighting vehicles. Many in the fire service community argued that
notwithstanding the fire grant program, there remained a pressing need for an
additional federal grant program to assist fire departments in the hiring of firefighters
and the recruitment and retention of volunteer firefighters. They asserted that
without federal assistance, many local fire departments would continue to be unable
to meet national consensus standards for minimum staffing levels, which specify at
least four firefighters per responding fire vehicle (or five or six firefighters in
hazardous or high risk areas).3 Fire service advocates also pointed to the Community
1
Title XVII of the FY2001 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 106-398).
2
For more information, see CRS Report RS21302, Assistance to Firefighters Program, by
Lennard G. Kruger.
3
These refer to consensus standards developed by the National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA): NFPA 1710 (“Standard for the Organization and Deployment of Fire Suppression
Operations, Emergency Medical Operations, and Special Operations to the Public by Career
Fire Departments”), and NFPA 1720 (“Standard for the Organization and Deployment of
Fire Suppression Operations, Emergency Medical Operations, and Special Operations to the
Public by Volunteer Fire Departments”). NFPA standards are voluntary unless adopted as
law by governments at the local, state, or federal level, and are also often considered by
insurance companies when establishing rates. Another applicable standard to this debate
is the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standard on
respiratory protection in structural firefighting situations (29 CFR 1910.134(g)), which
requires at least four firefighters (two in and two for backup) before entering a hazardous
environment wearing a Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus.(continued...)
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Oriented Policing Services (COPS) program4 as a compelling precedent of federal
assistance for the hiring of local public safety personnel.
Authorization — The SAFER Act
In response to concerns over the adequacy of firefighter staffing, the Staffing for
Adequate Fire and Emergency Response Act — popularly called the “SAFER Act”
— was introduced into the 107th and 108th Congresses.5 The 108th Congress enacted
the SAFER Act as Section 1057 of the FY2004 National Defense Authorization Act
(P.L. 108-136; signed into law November 24, 2003). The SAFER provision was
added as an amendment to S. 1050 on the Senate floor (S.Amdt. 785, sponsored by
Senator Dodd) and modified in the FY2004 Defense Authorization conference report
(H.Rept. 108-354). The SAFER grant program is codified as Section 34 of the
Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974 (15 U.S.C. 2229a).
The SAFER Act authorizes grants to career, volunteer, and combination fire
departments for the purpose of increasing the number of firefighters to help
communities meet industry minimum standards and attain 24-hour staffing to provide
adequate protection from fire and fire-related hazards. Also authorized are grants to
volunteer fire departments for activities related to the recruitment and retention of
volunteers. SAFER grants are authorized through FY2010. Table 1 shows the
authorization levels for the SAFER grant program.
Table 1. Authorization Levels for SAFER Grant Program
(billions of dollars)
FY2004
1.0
FY2005
1.03
FY2006
1.061
FY2007
1.093
FY2008
1.126
FY2009
1.159
FY2010
1.194
Two types of grants are authorized by the SAFER Act: hiring grants and
recruitment and retention grants. Hiring grants cover a four year term and are costshared with the local jurisdiction. According to the statute, the federal share shall not
exceed 90% in the first year of the grant, 80% in the second year, 50% in the third
year, and 30% in the fourth year. The grantee must commit to retaining the
firefighter or firefighters hired with the SAFER grant for at least one additional year
after the federal money expires. Total federal funding for hiring a firefighter over the
four year grant period may not exceed $100,000, although that total may be adjusted
for inflation. While the majority of hiring grants will be awarded to career and
combination fire departments, the SAFER Act specifies that 10% of the total SAFER
3
(...continued)
requires at least four firefighters (two in and two for backup) before entering a hazardous
environment wearing a Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus.
4
For more information on the COPS program, see CRS Report RL33308, Community
Oriented Policing Services (COPS): Background, Legislation, and Issues, by Nathan James.
5
107th Congress: S. 1617 (Dodd), H.R. 3992 (Boehlert), H.R. 3185 (Green, Gene). 108th
Congress: S. 544 (Dodd), H.R. 1118 (Boehlert).
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for inflation. While the majority of hiring grants will be awarded to career and
combination fire departments, the SAFER Act specifies that 10% of the total SAFER
appropriation be awarded to volunteer or majority-volunteer departments for the
hiring of personnel.
Additionally, at least 10% of the total SAFER appropriation is set aside for
recruitment and retention grants, which are available to volunteer and combination
fire departments for activities related to the recruitment and retention of volunteer
firefighters. Also eligible for recruitment and retention grants are local and statewide
organizations that represent the interests of volunteer firefighters. No local cost
sharing is required for recruitment and retention grants.
Appropriations
The SAFER grant program receives its annual appropriation through the House
and Senate Appropriations Subcommittees on Homeland Security. Within the
appropriations bills, SAFER is listed under the line item, “Firefighter Assistance
Grants,” which is located in Title III — Protection, Preparedness, Response, and
Recovery. “Firefighter Assistance Grants” also includes the Assistance to
Firefighters Grant Program.
Although authorized for FY2004, SAFER did not receive an appropriation in
FY2004. The program received its initial appropriation of $65 million in FY2005,
followed by $109 million in FY2006, $115 million in FY2007, and $190 million in
FY2008. To date, the Bush Administration has requested zero funding for SAFER
in all years of the program’s existence. Table 2 shows recent funding for firefighter
assistance, including both SAFER and FIRE grants.
Table 2. Appropriations for Firefighter Assistance
(millions of dollars)
FY2007
(P.L. 109295)
FIRE Grants
FY2008
Admin.
request
FY2008
(P.L. 110161)
FY2009
Admin.
request
547
300
560
300
SAFER Grants
115
0
190
0
Total
662
300
750
300
FY2005
The Bush Administration requested no funding for SAFER grants in FY2005.
On June 17, 2004, Representative Curt Weldon offered a floor amendment to the
FY2005 Homeland Security Appropriations bill (H.R. 4567) which would provide
$50 million for SAFER grants in FY2005. The amendment was adopted and the bill
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was subsequently passed by the House on June 18, 2004. On September 14, 2004,
the Senate adopted an amendment offered by Senator Dodd to H.R. 4567 which
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would provide $100 million for the SAFER Act. The final Conference Agreement
on H.R. 4567 (H.Rept. 108-774) provided SAFER Act grants with $65 million for
FY2005. The FY2005 Homeland Security Appropriations bill (P.L. 108-334) was
signed by the President on October 18, 2004.
FY2006
The Administration’s budget proposal requested zero funding for SAFER. On
May 10, 2005, the House Appropriations Committee reported the FY2006 Homeland
Security Appropriations bill (H.R. 2360; H.Rept. 109-79). The Committee
recommended $50 million for SAFER Act grants. During House consideration of
H.R. 2360, an amendment was adopted on the House floor (H.Amdt. 134 offered by
Representative Sabo) which added $25 million for SAFER grants. The House passed
H.R. 2360 on May 17, 2005. The total House appropriation was $75 million for
SAFER grants.
On June 16, 2005, the Senate Appropriations Committee approved its version
of the FY2006 Homeland Security Appropriations bill. The Committee
recommended $65 million for SAFER Act grants. After adopting S.Amdt. 1133
(offered by Senator Gregg) during floor debate, the Senate passed (on July 14, 2005)
its version of H.R. 2360 which provided $115 million for SAFER act grants. The
Conference agreement for H.R. 2360 (H.Rept. 109-241) provided $110 million for
SAFER grants. The FY2006 Homeland Security Appropriations bill was signed into
law (P.L. 109-90) on October 18, 2005. The government-wide 1% rescission
mandated by the FY2006 Department of Defense appropriations bill (P.L. 109-115)
lowered the FY2006 appropriation for SAFER to $109 million.
FY2007
The Administration’s budget proposal requested no funding for SAFER Act
grants. The budget justification stated: “the Administration has not requested funds
for SAFER Grants in FY2007 on the grounds that local public safety agencies should
assume responsibility for funding the appropriate number of personnel, and that
Federal-funding for hiring local responders puts newly-funded personnel at risk once
grant dollars phase out.”
On May 17, 2006, the House Appropriations Committee approved $40 million
for SAFER grants in FY2007 (H.Rept. 109-476). On May 25, during floor
consideration of the FY2007 Department of Homeland Security appropriations bill
(H.R. 5441), the House approved an amendment offered by Mr. Sabo which
increased FY2007 funding to $110 million for SAFER grants. An additional House
amendment added $2.1 million for a total of $112.1 million for SAFER. H.R. 5441
was passed by the House on June 6, 2006. On June 29, 2006, the Senate
Appropriations Committee approved $115 million for SAFER (S.Rept. 109-273).
On July 13, the Senate approved by Unanimous Consent an amendment sponsored
by Senator Dodd which increased FY2007 funding to $127.5 million for SAFER
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grants. H.R. 5441 was passed by the Senate on July 13, 2006. The Conference
Agreement, announced on September 25, 2006, provided $115 million for SAFER.
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The FY2007 Department of Homeland Security appropriations bill was signed into
law (P.L. 109-295) on October 4, 2006.
FY2008
The Administration’s budget proposal requested no funding for SAFER Act
grants in FY2008. The FY2008 budget justification stated that the federal
government already spends “billions of dollars in annual support to train, exercise,
and equip State and local public safety personnel, including firefighters, so that they
are adequately prepared to respond to a terrorist attack or other major incident.” The
budget justification argued that “a federally funded hiring program for firefighters
risks replacing State and local funding for general purpose public safety staffing with
federal resources, and therefore does not forward the Federal goal of enhancing local
preparedness capabilities.”
On June 5, 2007, the House Appropriations Committee approved the FY2008
appropriations bill for the Department of Homeland Security (H.R. 2638; H.Rept.
110-181). The bill would provide $230 million for SAFER grants. The Committee
also expressed concern that large numbers of applications never reach the peer review
stage. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) was directed to review the
application and award process for fire and SAFER grants, and FEMA was directed
to peer review all grant applications that meet basic eligibility requirements. On June
15, 2007, the House passed H.R. 2638, including an amendment adding $5 million
to the SAFER account. Thus, the final House-passed bill would provide $235
million for SAFER.
On June 14, 2007, the Senate Appropriations Committee approved its version
of the FY2008 appropriations bill for the Department of Homeland Security (S.Rept.
110-84), providing $140 million for SAFER. On July 26, 2007, the Senate passed
H.R. 2638, including an amendment adding $5 million to the SAFER account. Thus,
the final Senate-passed bill would provide $145 million for SAFER.
On December 26, 2007, the President signed the Consolidated Appropriations
Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-161), which provided $190 million for SAFER grants. As
stated in the Joint Explanatory Statement accompanying P.L. 110-161, GAO was
directed to review the application and award process for fire and SAFER grants, and
FEMA was directed to peer review all grant applications that meet criteria
established by FEMA and the fire service. Those criteria necessary for peer-review
must be included in the grant application package. Applicants whose grant
applications are not reviewed must receive an official notification detailing why the
application did not meet the criteria for review. Applications must be rank-ordered,
and funded following the rank order.
FY2009.
FY2009
The Administration’s budget proposal again requested no funding for
SAFER SAFER
Act grants in FY2009. The FY2009 budget justification stated that the
federal federal
CRS-6
government already spends “billions of dollars in annual support to train,
exercise,
and equip state and local public safety personnel, including firefighters, so
that they
are adequately prepared to respond to a terrorist attack or other major
incident.” The
budget justification argued that federal support “has been directed in
order to better
focus scarce resources on enhancing target capabilities, and to avoid
CRS-6
supplanting supplanting
basic public safety investments at the state and local level” and that “a
federally federally
funded hiring program for firefighters risks replacing state and local funding
for for
general purpose public safety staffing with federal resources, and therefore does
not not
forward the common goal of enhancing national preparedness capabilities.”
Implementation of the SAFER Program
Prior to FY2007, the SAFER grant program was administered by the Office of
Grants and Training within the Preparedness Directorate of the Department of
Homeland Security (DHS). However, Title VI of the Conference Agreement on the
DHS appropriations bill (P.L. 109-295; H.Rept. 109-699), the Post Katrina
Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006, transferred most of the existing
Preparedness Directorate (including SAFER and fire grants) back to an enhanced
FEMA.
FY2005 was the initial year of SAFER grants. In the FY2005 round, a total of
2954 applications were received requesting $1.142 billion in federal funds, including
$835.9 million for hiring, $147.7 million for recruitment and retention, and $158.2
million from combination fire departments for both hiring and recruitment and
retention. The average federal share requested was $511,886 for hiring, $146,711 for
recruitment and retention, and $503,837 for hiring and recruitment/retention.6 After
evaluating applications in a peer review process, DHS awarded 162 SAFER grants
for the FY2005 round, totaling $64.370 million.7
The application period for the FY2006 SAFER awards was May 30 through
June 30, 2006. In the FY2006 round, a total of 1727 applications were received
requesting $738
million in federal funds, including $562 million for hiring, $88
million for
recruitment and retention, and $87 million from combination fire
departments for
both hiring and recruitment and retention.8 For the FY2006 round,
265 SAFER awards have been granted, totaling $105.142 million.9 Table 3 shows
the state-by-state distribution of SAFER grant funds in FY2005 and FY2006. 265 SAFER
6
Department of Homeland Security, Preparedness Directorate, Office of Grants and
Training, 2005 SAFER Application Statistics, available at [http://www.firegrantsupport
.com/docs/2005SAFERApps.pdf].
7
Department of Homeland Security, Preparedness Directorate, Office of Grants and
Training, 2005 SAFER Awards, available at [http://www.firegrantsupport.com/safer/
awards/05/].
8
Department of Homeland Security, Preparedness Directorate, Office of Grants and
Training, 2006 SAFER Application Statistics, available at [http://www.firegrantsupport.com/
docs/2006SAFERApps.pdf].
9
Department of Homeland Security, Preparedness Directorate, Office of Grants and
Training, 2005 SAFER Awards, available at [http://www.firegrantsupport.com/safer/
awards/06/].
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For the latest information on applicant eligibility criteria, as well as FY2007
awards, FY2008 application procedures, guidelines, tutorials, and deadlines, see the
official SAFER grant program website
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awards have been granted, totaling $105.142 million.9 Table 3 shows the state-bystate distribution of SAFER grant funds in FY2005 and FY2006.
In the FY2007 round, a total of 1503 applications were received requesting $706
million in federal funds, including $562 million for hiring, $47 million for
recruitment and retention, and $97 million from combination fire departments for
both hiring and recruitment and retention.10 For the latest information on applicant
eligibility criteria, as well as FY2007 awards, FY2008 application procedures,
guidelines, tutorials, and deadlines, see the official SAFER grant program website
at [http://www.firegrantsupport.com/safer/].
Issues in the 110th Congress
The 110th Congress is considering SAFER grant funding as part of the debate
over the Department of Homeland Security appropriations bill. The primary issue is
whether or not — and if so, to what extent — the SAFER program should be funded.
The Administration has consistently requested no funding for SAFER since the
program’s establishment, arguing that localities should be solely responsible for
funding firefighting personnel. Fire service advocates counter that the need for
federal assistance is pressing. They cite studies performed by the U.S. Fire
Administration and the National Fire Protection Association,1011 the Boston Globe,1112
and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)1213 which
conclude that many fire departments fall below minimum standards for personnel
levels. According to these studies, the result of this shortfall can lead to inadequate
response to different types of emergency incidents, substandard response times, and
an increased risk of firefighter fatalities.
Those opposed to SAFER grants contend that funding for basic local
government functions — such as paying for firefighter salaries — should not be
assumed by the federal government, particularly at a time of high budget deficits.
Also, some SAFER opponents disagree that below-standard levels in firefighting
personnel is necessarily problematic, and point to statistics indicating that the number
of structural fires in the United States has continued to decline over the past twenty
years.13
Another ongoing issue has been the administration and organizational
positioning of SAFER and fire grants within the Department of Homeland Security.
Legislation considered in the 109th Congress sought to restructure FEMA within
DHS, with the result that fire and SAFER grant programs would be transferred back
to FEMA. Ultimately, Title VI of the Conference Agreement on the DHS
10
9
Department of Homeland Security, Preparedness Directorate, Office of Grants and
Training, 2005 SAFER Awards, available at [http://www.firegrantsupport.com/safer/
awards/06/].
10
Department of Homeland Security, Preparedness Directorate, Office of Grants and
Training, 2007 SAFER Application Statistics, available at [http://www.firegrantsupport.com/
docs/2007SAFERApps.pdf].
11
U.S. Fire Administration and the National Fire Protection Association, Four Years Later
— A Second Needs Assessment of the U.S. Fire Service, FA-303, October 2006, 159 p.
Available at [http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/fa-303-508.pdf].
1112
Dedman, Bill, “Deadly Delays: The Decline of Fire Response,” Boston Globe Special
Report, January 30, 2005. Available at [http://www.boston.com/news/specials/fires/].
1213
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, “National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH) Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program,
1998 - 2005,” March 2006, 16 p. Available at [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/fire/pdfs/
progress.pdf].
13
See Lehrer, Eli, “Do We Need More Firefighters?” Weekly Standard, April 12, 2004, p.
21-22. Available at [http://www.sipr.org/default.aspx?action=PublicationDetails&id=44].
See also Easterbrook, Gregg, “Where’s the Fire?” New Republic Online, August 9, 2004.
Available at [http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=express&s=easterbrook080904].
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personnel is necessarily problematic, and point to statistics indicating that the number
of structural fires in the United States has continued to decline over the past twenty
years.14
Another ongoing issue has been the administration and organizational
positioning of SAFER and fire grants within the Department of Homeland Security.
Legislation considered in the 109th Congress sought to restructure FEMA within
DHS, with the result that fire and SAFER grant programs would be transferred back
to FEMA. Ultimately, Title VI of the Conference Agreement on the DHS
appropriations bill (P.L. 109-295; H.Rept. 109-699), the Post Katrina Emergency
Management Reform Act of 2006, transferred most of the existing Preparedness
Directorate (including fire and SAFER grants and the USFA) back to an enhanced
FEMA.
Table 3. State-by-State Distribution of SAFER Grants,
FY2005-FY2006
(millions of dollars)
FY2006a
FY2005FY2005
FY2006
Total
Alabama
2.010
6.216
8.226
Alaska
0.051
0.205
0.256
Arizona
1.560
3.559
5.119
Arkansas
0.405
1.820
2.225
California
4.721
5.212
9.933
Colorado
1.584
3.479
5.063
Connecticut
0.191
0.190
0.381
Delaware
0
0.134
0.134
District of Columbia
0
0
0
Florida
6.576
9.329
15.905
Georgia
5.354
2.085
7.439
0
0
0
Idaho
0.143
0.621
0.764
Illinois
1.640
4.463
6.103
Indiana
0
0.099
0.099
Iowa
0.169
0.144
0.313
Kansas
0.667
0.045
0.712
Hawaii
14
See Lehrer, Eli, “Do We Need More Firefighters?” Weekly Standard, April 12, 2004, p.
21-22. Available at [http://www.sipr.org/default.aspx?action=PublicationDetails&id=44].
See also Easterbrook, Gregg, “Where’s the Fire?” New Republic Online, August 9, 2004.
Available at [http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=express&s=easterbrook080904].
CRS-9
FY2005
FY2006
Total
Kentucky
0.248
2.890
3.138
Louisiana
3.430
3.078
6.508
Maine
0.081
0
0.081
Maryland
0.096
1.862
1.958
Massachusetts
1.300
2.079
3.379
Michigan
0.959
0.592
1.551
Minnesota
0.300
1.089
1.389
Mississippi
0.756
0.594
1.35
Missouri
1.491
3.547
5.038
Montana
0.133
0.255
0.388
Nebraska
0
0.873
0.873
Hawaii
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FY2006a
FY2005
Total
Nevada
1.555
1.714
3.269
New Hampshire
0.400
1.035
1.435
New Jersey
6.374
3.971
10.345
0
3.123
3.123
New York
1.540
2.990
4.53
North Carolina
3.845
5.533
9.378
0
0.609
0.609
Ohio
1.344
1.881
3.225
Oklahoma
0.519
0.699
1.218
Oregon
1.710
2.141
3.851
Pennsylvania
1.345
1.475
2.82
Rhode Island
0.400
0
0.4
South Carolina
0.456
0.863
1.319
South Dakota
0.063
0.310
0.373
Tennessee
2.700
2.718
5.418
Texas
2.151
10.960
13.111
Utah
0.900
3.312
4.212
Vermont
0.099
0.621
0.72
Virginia
2.091
3.554
5.645
Washington
2.998
2.897
5.895
West Virginia
0
0.187
0.187
Wisconsin
0
0.072
0.072
Wyoming
0
0
0
Puerto Rico
0
0
0
New Mexico
North Dakota
CRS-10
FY2005
FY2006
Total
Northern Mariana Islands
0
0
0
Marshall Islands
0
0
0
Guam
0
0
0
American Samoa
0
0
0
Virgin Islands
0
0
0
Republic of Palau
0
0
0
64.370
105.142
169.48
New Mexico
North Dakota
Total
Source: Department of Homeland Security.
a. As of December 31, 2007.