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Navy Ford (CVN-78) Class Aircraft Carrier Program: Background and Issues for Congress

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Order Code RS20643 Updated July 26, 2006 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Navy CVN-21 Aircraft Carrier Program: April 10, 2007 Navy Ford (CVN-78) Class (CVN-21) Aircraft Carrier Program: Background and Issues for Congress Ronald O’Rourke Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Summary The Navy’s proposed FY2007FY2008 budget requests $7392,724 million in advance procurement procurement funding for CVN-78, the first ship in the CVN-21Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78) class of aircraft carriers, and $45 also known as the CVN-21 class. The Navy’s proposed FY2008 budget also requests $124 million in advance procurement funding for the aircraft carrier CVN-79, the second ship in the class. The House- and Senate-reported versions of the FY2007 defense appropriations bill (H.R. 5631) recommend approving this request. This report the class, and $233 million in research and development funding for the two ships. The Navy’s estimated procurement costs for CVN-78 and CVN-79 are about $10.5 billion and $9.2 billion, respectively. This report will be updated as events warrant. Background The Navy’s Current Carrier Force. The Navy’s current aircraft carrier force includes two includes one conventionally powered carriers (carrier, the Kitty Hawk [CV-63] and the John F. Kennedy [CV-67]) and 10 nuclear-powered carriers ((CV-63), and 10 nuclearpowered carriers — the one-of-a-kind Enterprise [(CVN-65]) and 9 Nimitz-class ships (CVN-68 through CVN-76). The most recently commissioned carrier, the Ronald Reagan (CVN-76), was procured in FY1995 at a cost of $4.45 billion and entered service in July 2003 as the replacement for the Constellation (CV-64). The next carrier, the George H. W. Bush (CVN-77), also a Nimitz-class ship, was procured in FY2001 and is scheduled to enter service in 2008 as the replacement for the Kitty Hawk. The Navy is proposing to retire the Kennedy in FY2007 and thereby reduce the carrier force to 11 shipsAnother conventionally powered carrier, the John F. Kennedy (CV-67), was retired on March 23, 2007.1 The Aircraft Carrier Construction Industrial Base. All U.S. aircraft carriers procured since FY1958 have been built by Northrop Grumman Newport News Shipbuilding (NGNN) of Newport News, VA — the only U.S. shipyard that can build large-deck, nuclear-powered aircraft carriers. The aircraft carrier construction industrial base also includes hundreds of subcontractors and suppliers in dozens of states. 1 For a discussion of this issuethe Kennedy’s retirement, see CRS Report RL32731, Navy Aircraft Carriers: Proposed Retirement of USS John F. Kennedy — Issues and Options for Congress, by Ronald O’Rourke. Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress CRS-2 Navy Aircraft Carrier Acquisition Programs. Ronald O’Rourke. CRS-2 CVN-77. CVN-77, which was named the George H. W. Bush on December 9, 2002, is to be the Navy’s tenth and final Nimitz-class carrier. Congress approved $4,053.7 million in FY2001 procurement funding to complete the ship’s then-estimated total procurement cost of $4,974.9 million. Section 122 of the FY1998 defense authorization act (H.R. 1119/P.L. 105-85 of November 18, 1997) limited the ship’s procurement cost to $4.6 billion, plus adjustments for inflation and other factors. The Navy statestestified in 2006 that with these permitted adjustments, the cost cap now standsstood at $5.357 billion. The Navy also states that CVN77testified that CVN-77’s estimated construction cost hashad increased to $6.057 billion, or $700 million above the cost cap. The Navy this year is requesting that Congress amend Section 122 of P.L. 105-85 to increase the cost cap to $6.057 billion. CVN-21 Program. The Navy’s successor to the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier design is the CVN-21 design. CVN-21 means nuclear-powered aircraft carrier for the 21st Century. Compared to the Nimitz-class design, the CVN-21 the cost cap. Consequently, the Navy in 2006 requested that Congress increase the cost cap to $6.057 billion. Congress approved this request: Section 123 of the FY2007 defense authorization act (H.R. 5122/P.L. 109-364 of October 17, 2006), increases the cost cap for CVN-77 to $6.057 billion. Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78) Class (CVN-21) Program. The Navy’s successor to the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier design is the Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78) class design, also known as the CVN-21 design, which means nuclear-powered aircraft carrier for the 21st Century. Compared to the Nimitz-class design, the Ford-class design will incorporate several improvements, including an ability to generate substantially more aircraft sorties per day, as well as features permitting the ship to be operated by a crew that is several hundred sailors smaller, significantly reducing life-cycle operating and support costs. CVN-78. The Navy wants to procure CVN-78 in FY2008 and have it enter service in FY2015 as the replacement for the Enterprise, which is scheduled to retire in 2013, at age 52. The Navy estimates CVN-78’s total acquisition (i.e., research and development plus procurement) cost at about $13.7 billion. This figure includes about $3.2 billion in research and development costs and about $10.5 billion in procurement costs. The procurement cost figure includes about $2.4 billion for detailed design and nonrecurring engineering (DD/NRE) work for the CVN-21 class, and about $8.1 billion for building CVN-78 itself. The Navy’s proposed FY2007 budget requests $739 million in advance procurement funding for CVN-78. Congress has been providing advance procurement funding for CVN-78 since FY2001. As shown in Table 1, under the Navy’s proposed funding plan, the ship is to be funded over a total of 9 years, with 35.3% of it’s procurement cost to be provided in advance procurement funding between FY2001 and FY2007, 32.1% to be provided in the procurement year of FY2008, and 32.6Navy plans call for procuring at least three Ford-class carriers — CVN-78, CVN-79, and CVN-80. Table 1 shows funding for the three ships through FY2013. Table 1. Funding for CVN-78, CVN-79, and CVN-80, FY1997-FY2013 (millions of then-year dollars, rounded to nearest million; figures may not add due to rounding) 9700 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 Total thru FY13 Procurement (Shipbuilding and Conversion, Navy [SCN] account) CVN-78 0 22 135 395 1163 623 619 736 2724 4072 0 0 0 0 10489 CVN-79 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 124 399 1620 465 3338 3192 9191 CVN-80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 201 523 724 Subtotal 0 22 135 395 1163 623 619 789 2848 4471 1620 465 3539 3715 20404 Research and development (Research, Development, Test and Evaluation [RDTEN] account) CVN-78 308 231 277 319 306 350 301 273 205 175 143 110 108 107 3213 CVN-79 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 35 28 39 40 31 19 17 214 CVN-80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 48 48 138 Subtotal 308 231 277 319 306 350 301 308 233 214 183 183 175 172 3565 TOTAL 308 253 417 714 1469 973 920 1097 3081 4685 1803 648 3714 3887 23969 Source: U.S. Navy data provided to CRS March 28, 2007. Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78). Section 1012 of the FY2007 defense authorization act expressed the sense of the Congress that CVN-78 should be named for president Gerald R. Ford. On January 16, 2007, the Navy announced that CVN-78 would be so CRS-3 named.2 CVN-78 and other carriers built to the same design will consequently be referred to as Ford (CVN-78) class carriers. The Navy wants to procure CVN-78 in FY2008 and have it enter service in FY2015 as the replacement for the Enterprise, which is scheduled to retire in 2013, at age 52. The Navy estimates CVN-78’s total acquisition (i.e., research and development plus procurement) cost at more than $13.7 billion. This figure includes about $3.2 billion in research and development costs through FY2013, and a total of about $10.5 billion in procurement costs. The procurement cost figure includes about $2.4 billion for detailed design and nonrecurring engineering (DD/NRE) work for the CVN-21 class, and about $8.1 billion for building CVN-78 itself. Including the DD/NRE costs for a ship class in the procurement cost of the lead ship in the class is a traditional Navy ship procurement budgeting practice. The Navy’s proposed FY2008 budget requests $2,724 million in procurement funding for CVN-78. Congress provided advance procurement funding for CVN-78 between FY2001 and FY2007. As shown in Table 1, under the Navy’s proposed funding plan, the ship is to be funded over a total of 9 years, with about 35.2% of its procurement cost provided in advance procurement funding between FY2001 and FY2007, about 26.1% to be provided in the procurement year of FY2008, and about 38.8% to be provided in FY2009. Dividing the main portion of the ship’s procurement cost between two years (FY2008 and FY2009) is called split funding, which is a 2-year form of incremental funding. Although incremental funding is not consistent with the full funding policy that normally governs defense procurement, itsplit funding has gained a measure of acceptance in recent years as a method for funding aircraft carriers and LHA/LHD-type large-deck amphibious amphibious assault ships. Since these are very expensive ships that are typically procured once every few years, using split funding can mitigate the budget “spikes” that would occur if these ships were fully funded in a single year. Accommodating such spikes within a finite Navy or DOD budget can require moving other Navy programs into neighboring years, which can increase the costs of these other defense programs by disrupting their production schedules. By mitigating budget spikes associated with funding carriers or LHA/LHD- CRS-3 type ships, split funding can reduce the need to shift other programs to neighboring years, avoiding the extra costs associated with disrupting their production schedules.2 CVN-79 and CVN-80. CVN-79 and CVN-80 would be very similar to CVN-78. The Navy wants to procure CVN-79 in FY2012 and have it enter service in 2019. The Navy reportedly wants its procurement cost to be no more than $8.8 billion.3 The FY2007 budget requests an initial increment of $45 million in advance procurement funding for the ship. The Navy wants to procure CVN-80 in FY2016. Its procurement cost would likely be similar to that of CVN-79, plus inflation. Table 1 shows funding for CVN-78 and CVN-79 through FY2011. Table 1. Funding for CVN-78 and CVN-79, FY2001-FY2011 (millions of then-year dollars, rounded to nearest million; figures may not add due to rounding) FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 Total thru FY11 Procurement (Shipbuilding and Conversion, Navy [SCN] account) 22 135 395 1163 623 619 739 3357 3407 0 0 10461 CVN-78 CVN-79 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 Development (Navy research and development account) 277 319 306 350 303 274 CVN-78 231 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 CVN-79 Source: U.S. Navy data provided to CRS February 16, 2006. a. Additional funding to be provided beyond FY2011. 124 451 1679 541 2841a 196 40 174 40 141 111 95 60 2665a 286a Issues for Congress CVN-21 Acquisition Strategy. One issue for Congress concerns the acquisition strategy to be used for the CVN-21 program. Specific questions here include 2-year vs. 4-year incremental funding, economic order quantity (EOQ) of long-leadtime components, and block-buy contracting. 2-year vs. 4-year Incremental Funding. Some observers have proposed shifting from 2-year incremental funding (i.e., split funding) to 4-year incremental funding for procuring carriers. Under 4-year incremental funding, the main portion of the ship’s procurement cost would be divided between the year the ship is procured and three subsequent years. In the case of CVN-78, shifting to 4-year incremental funding would result in the ship being funded over a total of 11 years (FY2001-FY2011). Supporters could argue that 4-year incremental funding would more fully mitigate the budget spikes associated with procuring aircraft carriers, and consequently further 2 For discussion of the full funding policy and incremental funding, see CRS Report RL32776, Navy Ship Procurement: Alternative Funding Approaches — Background and Options for Congress, by Ronald O’Rourke. 3 Christopher P. Cavas, “U.S. Ship Plan To Cost 20% More,” Defense News, December 5, 2005: 1, 8. CRS-4 reduce the need to disrupt other programs by shifting them away from the year that the carrier is procured. Opponents could argue that the budget spike associated with procuring a carrier is sufficiently mitigated by 2-year incremental funding, that shifting to 4-year incremental funding would result in an 11-year funding profile for a ship with a nominal 7-year shipyard construction period, and that shifting to 4-year incremental funding would further weaken the full funding policy, encouraging advocates of other defense programs to seek the use of incremental funding for their programs. Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) of Long-Leadtime Components. Longleadtime components are components whose manufacturing times require that they be ordered before the end item itself (in this case, a ship) is procured. For nuclear-powered ships, long-leadtime components include, for example, nuclear propulsion components, which are typically ordered two years prior to the year the ship is procured. Some observers have proposed an up-front batch procurement of long-leadtime components for CVN-78, CVN-79, and CVN-80. An up-front batch procurement of long-leadtime items for multiple end items is referred to as an Economic Order Quantity (EOQ). Supporters could argue that procuring long-leadtime components for all three CVN21 class carriers through an EOQ could reduce the cost of these components by as much as 15%, reducing the total procurement cost of the three ships. Supporters could argue that the enduring value of aircraft carriers, the Navy’s commitment to the CVN-21 design, and Congress’ support over the last several years for procuring CVN-78, together make it very unlikely that DOD or a future Congress would change its mind about the need for CVN-79 and CVN-80. Supporters could argue that although EOQs normally take place only within programs that have been approved for multiyear procurement (MYP), for which the CVN-21 program has not been approved, Congress can nevertheless choose to approve the use of an EOQ for the CVN-21 program as a means of realizing cost savings. Opponents could argue that an EOQ for all three ships would tie the hands of future Congresses — something that Congress traditionally tries to avoid in decisions on discretionary spending — by creating in the near term a financial commitment to fund the procurement of CVN-80, a ship that is not scheduled to be procured until 9 years from now, in FY2016, under the 114th Congress. In spite of the enduring value of carriers and DOD and Congressional support for the CVN-21 design, they could argue, potential changes over the next 9 years in the strategic environment, budgetary conditions, or technology make it less than certain that the Navy will still want to procure CVN-80 in FY2016. It would be inappropriate, opponents could argue, to use an EOQ for the CVN21 program, because the program has not been approved for MYP. The program currently would not qualify for MYP, they could argue, because it cannot meet the requirement under the law governing MYP (10 USC 2306b) that candidate programs demonstrate design stability — a requirement that is normally met in shipbuilding programs by delivering at least one completed ship built to the design. Even if the CVN-21 program were to qualify for MYP, opponents could argue, the MYP law limits MYP arrangements to end items that are to be procured over a period of no more than 5 years, meaning that the arrangement could cover CVN-78 and CVN-79, but not CVN-80. An EOQ covering long-leadtime components for all three ships, they could argue, would create an MYP-like commitment to procure end items over an unprecedented 9-year (FY2008-FY2016) procurement period. CRS-5 Block-Buy Contract For CVN-78 and CVN-79. Another acquisition option would be to procure CVN-78 and CVN-79 under a block-buy contract. Block-buy contracts are similar to MYP arrangements in that they permit a single contract to be used to contract for the construction of multiple end items that are to be procured over a number of years. As with MYP, block-buy contracting can reduce the cost of the items being procured by a few percent by giving the construction facility (in this case, NGNN) the confidence about future business that is needed to justify investments that can better optimize its workforce and production equipment for the expected work. Unlike MYP, block-buy contracting does not require demonstration of design stability, and it does not include authority for using EOQ on long-leadtime items (which is the second way that MYP arrangements reduce the total cost of the end items being procured). Block-buy contracting was invented for the Virginia-class submarine program, where it was used to contract for the first four boats in the program; these boats were procured over the 5-year period FY1998-FY2002. Based on the Virginia-class experience, a blockbuy contract for CVN-78 and CVN-79 might reduce the cost of the ships by a few percent. Since these two ships have a combined construction cost of about $17 billion, a 3% reduction, for example, would equate to a savings of roughly $500 million — about enough to procure a Navy auxiliary ship or two Littoral Combat Ships (LCSs). Supporters of a block-buy contract for CVN-78 and CVN-79 could argue that such an arrangement would be consistent with both past practice in the Virginia-class program and congressional support for procuring CVN-79, as reflected, for example, in a decision to approve the Navy’s requested for $45 million in FY2007 advance procurement funding for CVN-79. Supporters could also argue that the potential savings from a block-buy contract, though fairly small in percentage terms, could be significant in absolute terms, in light of the combined construction cost of the two ships. Opponents of a block-buy contract for CVN-78 and CVN-79 could argue that it would tie the hands of future Congresses by creating a commitment to procure a ship (CVN-79) that is not scheduled for procurement until FY2012, and that this commitment would be much greater than the commitment created by approving the Navy’s request for $45 million in FY2007 advance procurement funding. Potential Alternatives to Large-Deck, Nuclear-Powered Carriers. A second issue for Congress is whether to continue procuring only large-deck, nuclearpowered aircraft carriers like CVN-21 class ships, which have full load displacements of about 100,000 tons, or whether procurement of such ships should be replaced by, or supplemented with, procurement of smaller and less expensive aircraft carriers. Some observers have suggested procurement of smaller carriers such the 57,000-ton mediumsized carrier or the 13,500-ton high-speed carrier proposed by DOD’s Office of Force Transformation in a 2005 report to Congress on potential alternative Navy force architectures, or an even smaller “pocket” carrier proposed a few years ago by the Naval Postgraduate School under the project name Corsair. Supporters of smaller carriers could argue that they would have much lower unit procurement costs than large-deck carriers, would improve the fleet’s ability to withstand enemy attack by putting fewer eggs (i.e., carrier-based aircraft) into each basket (i.e., each carrier), and that building a larger number of smaller carriers is consistent with idea under defense transformation for shifting over time to more highly distributed force architectures. Supporters of continued procurement of only large-deck carriers could CRS-6 argue that smaller carriers are individually less survivable than larger carriers, that they are less cost-effective in terms of the number of aircraft they can embark and sorties they can generate per unit expenditure, and that the Navy is already moving to a more distributed force architecture through things such as Littoral Combat Ships (LCSs) and unmanned vehicles. Legislative Activity FY2007 Defense Authorization Bill (H.R. 5122/S. 2766). House. Section 122 of H.R. 5122 limits the procurement cost of CVN-78 to $10.5 billion, and the procurement cost of subsequent CVN-21 class carriers to $8.1 billion each, both with permitted adjustments for inflation and other factors. Section 216 makes $4 million in research and development funding available only for implementing or evaluating proposals for the CVN-21 program and DD(X) destroyer program under the Defense Acquisition Challenge Program. The House Armed Services Committee, in its report (H.Rept. 109-452 of May 5, 2006) on H.R. 5122, stated that it accepts the use of split funding in certain cases for aircraft carriers and LHA/LHD-type ships, but that it does not support the idea of permanently authorizing the use of split funding for all such ships (page 69). Senate. Section 121 of S. 2766 authorizes 4-year incremental funding for CVN-21 class ships, beginning with CVN-78, and advance procurement of components for CVN79 and CVN-80, beginning in FY2007. Section 123 increases the CVN-77 cost cap to $6.057 billion. The Senate Armed Services Committee, in its report (S.Rept. 109-254 of May 9, 2006) on S. 2766, directed the Navy to review EOQ and long-leadtime material procurement for the CVN-21 class and report next year on the advance procurement requirements to potentially optimize EOQ savings and escalation avoidance for the first three CVN-21 class ships (page 67). The report expressed concern over CVN-77 cost growth, and directed the Navy to report quarterly on the CVN-77 contract (page 69). In considering S. 2766, the Senate on June 14, 2006, adopted by voice vote an amendment (S.Amdt. 4211) to add a provision (Section 1013) to S. 2766 naming CVN-78 in honor of President Gerald Ford.4 FY2007 Defense Appropriation Bill (H.R. 5631). House. The House and Senate Appropriations Committees, in their reports (H.Rept. 109-504 of June 16, 2006, page 141, and S.Rept. 109-292 of July 25, 2006, page 114, respectively) on H.R. 5631, recommended approving the Navy’s request for FY2007 procurement funding for CVN-78 and CVN-79. The House report expressed concern about cost growth on the CVN-77 construction effort (page 140). 4 For more on Navy ship names, see CRS Report RS22478, Navy Ship Names: Background For Congress, by Ronald O’Rourke. schedules.3 Section 121 of the FY2007 defense authorization act authorizes the Navy to use 4-year incremental funding for CVN-79, CVN-79, and CVN-80. Section 122 establishes a $10.5-billion procurement cost cap, plus adjustments for inflation and other factors, for CVN-78. The conference report on H.R. 5122 (H.Rept. 109-702 of September 29, 2006) discusses Section 122 on pages 551-552. CVN-79. The Navy wants to procure CVN-79 in FY2012 and have it enter service in 2019. As shown in Table 1, the Navy’s estimated procurement cost for CVN-79 is about $9.2 billion in then-year dollars. The Navy’s proposed FY2008 budget requests 2 For further discussion of Navy ship names, see CRS Report RS22478, Navy Ship Names: Background For Congress, by Ronald O’Rourke. 3 For discussion of the full funding policy and incremental funding, see CRS Report RL32776, Navy Ship Procurement: Alternative Funding Approaches — Background and Options for Congress, by Ronald O’Rourke. CRS-4 $124 million in advance procurement funding for the ship. As shown in Table 1, the ship received an initial increment of $53 million in advance procurement funding in FY2007. As also shown in Table 1, Navy plans call for the ship to receive an additional $2,608 million in advance procurement funding in FY2008-FY2011, and to be splitfunded in FY2012 and FY2013. CVN-80. The Navy wants to procure CVN-80 in FY2016 and have it enter service around 2023. The Navy’s estimated procurement cost for CVN-80 is about $10.7 billion in then-year dollars. As shown in Table 1, the Navy plans to request an initial increment of $201 million in advance procurement funding for the ship in FY2012. In addition to establishing a procurement cost cap of $10.5 billion, plus adjustments for inflation and other factors, for CVN-78, Section 122 of the FY2007 defense authorization act establishes a unit procurement cost cap of $8.1 billion, plus adjustments for inflation and other factors, for subsequent Ford-class carriers. Issues for Congress 2-year vs. 4-year Incremental Funding. As mentioned earlier, Section 121 of the FY2007 defense authorization act authorizes the Navy to use 4-year incremental funding for CVN-79, CVN-79, and CVN-80. In structuring its proposed FY2008 budget and FY2008-FY2013 Future years Defense Plan (FYDP), the did not make use of this authority and proposed instead to use split funding for CVN-78 and CVN-79. As a result, one potential issue for Congress in marking up the FY2008 defense budget is whether to approve the $2,724 million in procurement funding requested for CVN-80 in FY2008, or approve a potentially smaller amount that would be consistent with using 4year incremental funding for CVN-78 in FY2008-FY2011. Supporters of using 4-year incremental funding for CVN-78 could argue that it would release FY2008 and FY2009 funding that could be used to procure additional ships or pay for other Navy programs in these two years. Opponents could argue the converse — that deferring some of CVN-78’s procurement cost to FY2010 and FY2011 could make it more difficult for the Navy to pay for ships or other things in those two other years. More generally, proponents of using 4-year incremental funding for carriers could argue that doing so would more fully mitigate the budget spikes associated with procuring aircraft carriers, and consequently further reduce the need to disrupt other programs by shifting them away from the year that the carrier is procured. Opponents could argue that the budget spike associated with procuring a carrier is sufficiently mitigated by 2-year incremental funding, that shifting to 4-year incremental funding would result in an 11-year funding profile for a ship with a nominal 7-year shipyard construction period, and that shifting to 4-year incremental funding would further weaken the full funding policy, encouraging advocates of other defense programs to seek the use of incremental funding for their programs. Block-Buy Contract For CVN-78 and CVN-79? Another acquisition option that Congress may wish to consider would be to procure CVN-78 and CVN-79 under a block-buy contract. Block-buy contracts are similar to multiyear procurement (MYP) CRS-5 arrangements in that they permit a single contract to be used to contract for the construction of multiple end items that are to be procured over a number of years. As with MYP, block-buy contracting can reduce the cost of the items being procured by a few percent by giving the construction facility (in this case, NGNN) the confidence about future business needed to justify investments that can better optimize its workforce and production equipment for the expected work. Unlike MYP, block-buy contracting does not require demonstration of design stability, and it does not include authority for using economic order quantity (EOQ) on long-leadtime items (which is the second way that MYP arrangements reduce the total cost of the end items being procured). Block-buy contracting was invented for the Virginia-class submarine program, where it was used to contract for the first four boats in the program; these boats were procured over the 5-year period FY1998-FY2002. Based on the Virginia-class experience, a block-buy contract for CVN-78 and CVN-79 might reduce the cost of the ships by a few percent. Since these two ships have a combined construction cost of more than $17 billion, a 3% reduction, for example, might equate to a savings of more than $500 million. Supporters of a block-buy contract for CVN-78 and CVN-79 could argue that such an arrangement would be consistent with both past practice in the Virginia-class program and congressional support for procuring CVN-79, as reflected, for example, in Congress’ decision in 2006 to approve the Navy’s request for FY2007 advance procurement funding for the ship. Supporters could also argue that the potential savings from a blockbuy contract, though fairly small in percentage terms, could be significant in absolute terms, in light of the combined construction cost of the two ships. Opponents of a blockbuy contract for CVN-78 and CVN-79 could argue that it would tie the hands of future Congresses by creating a commitment to procure a ship (CVN-79) that is not scheduled for procurement until FY2012, and that this commitment would be much greater than the commitment created by approving the Navy’s request for FY2007 advance procurement funding for the ship. Potential Alternatives to Large-Deck, Nuclear-Powered Carriers. Another potential issue for Congress is whether to continue procuring only large-deck, nuclear-powered aircraft carriers like the Ford-class ships, which have full load displacements of about 100,000 tons, or whether procurement of such ships should be replaced by, or supplemented with, procurement of smaller and less expensive aircraft carriers. Some observers in recent years have suggested procurement of smaller carriers such the 57,000-ton medium-sized carrier or the 13,500-ton high-speed carrier proposed by DOD’s Office of Force Transformation in a 2005 report to Congress on potential alternative Navy force architectures, or an even smaller “pocket” carrier proposed a few years ago by the Naval Postgraduate School under the project name Corsair. Supporters of smaller carriers could argue that they would have much lower unit procurement costs than large-deck carriers, would improve the fleet’s ability to withstand enemy attack by putting fewer eggs (i.e., carrier-based aircraft) into each basket (i.e., each carrier), and that building a larger number of smaller carriers is consistent with idea under defense transformation for shifting over time to more highly distributed force architectures. They could also argue that technological improvements will permit smaller carrier air wings in the future to attack the same number of targets per day as can be attacked by today’s larger carrier air wings. Supporters of continued procurement of only CRS-6 large-deck carriers could argue that smaller carriers are individually less survivable than larger carriers, that they are less cost-effective in terms of the number of aircraft they can embark and sorties they can generate per unit expenditure, and that the Navy is already moving to a more distributed force architecture through things such as Littoral Combat Ships (LCSs) and unmanned vehicles. They could also argue that even with the expected increase in the number of targets per day that a carrier air wing can attack, the Navy will continue to need large carrier air wings to meet future expected operational demands, particularly with a force of 11 carriers rather than 12 or more carriers. Legislative Activity In 2007 The Navy’s proposed FY2008 budget requests $2,724 million in procurement funding for CVN-78 and $124 million in advance procurement funding for CVN-79. The Navy’s proposed FY2008 budget also requests a total of $233 million in research and development funding for the two ships. crsphpgw