Order Code 98-317 GOV
Updated March 8, 2001June 24, 2004
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Types of Committee Hearings
Richard C. Sachs
Specialist in American National Government
Government and Finance Division
Congressional committee hearings may be broadly classified into four types:
legislative, oversight, investigative, and confirmation. Hearings may be held on Capitol
Hill or elsewhere, perhaps a committee member’s district or state or a site related to the
subject of the hearing. (These latter ones are often referred to as field hearings.) See
[http://www.crs.gov/products/guides/guidehome.shtml] for more information on
legislative process.
All hearings have a similar formal purpose, to gather information for use by the
committee in its activities. Often, this information is used to shape legislation, even when
the hearing is not specifically a legislative hearing. For this reason, all four types of
hearings share common characteristics, and the differences among them may appear
indistinct. For example, investigative hearings are sometimes seen as a varietytype of oversight
hearings. Hearings on a bill might also includeprovide oversight opportunities.
One reason for these common characteristics is that a single set of rules in each
chamber governs the different kinds of hearings (Senate Rule XXVI and House Rule X,
particularly clauses 2 and 3, and Rule XI, particularly clauses 2, 4, and 5). Some of these
rules, however, are more pertinent to certain kinds of hearings than to others. And, within
the rules, a chair has broad latitude in the organization and conduct of hearings.
Legislative Hearings. The most familiar type of congressional hearing gathers
information about the subject matter of one or more measures in anticipation that the
committee will eventually mark up and report legislation. By choosingdeciding to hold a hearing,
a committee takes onea bill (or often several that bear on the same issue) from the many
that that
are referred to the committee and indicates that the bill involves a subject that the
panel panel
must act on (for example, a reauthorization, without which a program will expire)
or is
otherwise worthy of attention.
A bill does not have to be introduced and referred to a committee for the panel to
hold a legislative hearing. Sometimes, a hearing will be held prior to the introduction of
a bill for the purpose of gathering information the committee can use in shaping
legislation.
There is no requirement that legislation be drafted based in whole or in part on
hearing testimony, or that, if hearings are held, the committee must mark up and report a
a measure. In only a few procedural circumstances, for example, consideration of the
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annual budget resolution, are there any requirements that a committee hold a hearing on
a bill in order to take action on it. If a bill is referred to more than one committee, each
committee has the discretion to decide whether to hold a hearing.
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Oversight Hearings. Congress has historically engaged in oversight of the
executive, specifically the review, monitoring, and supervision of the implementation of
public policy. Oversight hearings are one technique a committee can use in this
evaluation.
Hearings may be calledheld because a committee has a commitment to review ongoing
ongoing programs and agencies, or it believes that a program is being poorly administered
or that an agency is unresponsive to the committee. A committee may also hold an
oversight hearing when a program under its jurisdiction is set to expire and needs to be
reauthorized in order to continue.
Investigative Hearings. An investigative hearing differs from a legislative or
oversight hearing in that investigations usually involve allegations of wrongdoing by public
public officials acting in their official capacity, or private citizens whose activities may suggest
suggest the need for a legislative remedy.
By their nature, investigative hearings may be more likely than other kinds to be
confrontational and adversarial. For this reason, witnesses in these hearings are more
likely to appear under subpoena and to be sworn. As a consequence, certain of the rules
that govern hearings are often most pertinent to this type of hearing. For example, there
are rules that specify procedures for the treatment of witnesses and govern the issuance
of subpoenas. Authorizing a major investigation sometimes requires the passage of a
House or Senate resolution. This authorizing resolution commonly includesestablishes special
procedures for the hearings stage of a committee’s investigation.
Confirmation Hearings. Each Senate committee has the authority to hold
confirmation hearings on presidential nominations to executive and judicial positions
within its jurisdiction. Article II of the Constitution authorizes the President to nominate
certain senior government officials with the “advise and consent” of the Senate. Senate
Rule Rule
XXXI, setting procedures on presidential nominees, is silent on hearings.
Committees are
not required to hold a hearing, and most nominations, for example military
promotions,
are forwarded directly to the Senate floor.
Hearings are commonly held only for the very highest positions, such as nominees to
to become members of the President’s Cabinet or the Supreme Court. Some committee
rules require that nominees provide biographical, financial, and other information to the
committee. A committee may also request reports of FBI background checks on the
nominee done for the White House. This information may be used in questioning a
nominee or other witnesses.
Confirmation hearings may also offer Senators an opportunity for oversight. For
example, questions about how a nominee might manage an agency or administer a
program may help Senators evaluate an agency’s effectiveness.