Navy Columbia (SSBN-826) Class Ballistic
Missile Submarine Program: Background and
Issues for Congress
Updated April 29, 2024
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
R41129

Navy Columbia (SSBN-826) Class Ballistic Missile Submarine Program

Summary
The Navy’s Columbia (SSBN-826) class ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) program is a
program to design and build a class of 12 new SSBNs to replace the Navy’s current force of 14
aging Ohio-class SSBNs. Since 2013, the Navy has consistently identified the Columbia-class
program as the Navy’s top priority program. The Navy procured the first Columbia-class boat in
FY2021; the boat was funded with three-year incremental funding in FY2021-FY2023. The Navy
procured the second Columbia-class boat in FY2024; the boat is being funded with two-year
incremental funding (also called split funding) in FY2024-FY2025. The Navy wants to procure
the remaining 10 boats in the program—boats 3 through 12—at a rate of one per year in FY2026-
FY2035.
The Navy’s FY2025 budget submission estimates the total procurement cost of the first boat at
$15,179.1 million (i.e., about $15.2 billion) and the procurement cost of the second Columbia-
class boat at $9,283.1 million (i.e., about $9.3 billion). The first boat’s procurement cost is much
higher than that of subsequent boats in the class because the first boat includes most of the detail
design/nonrecurring engineering (DD/NRE) costs for the class. (It is a long-standing Navy
budgetary practice to incorporate the DD/NRE costs for a new class of ship into the total
procurement cost of the first ship in the class.) The first boat’s estimated procurement cost
includes $6,557.6 million for plans, meaning (essentially) the DD/NRE costs for the class.
Excluding costs for plans, the estimated hands-on construction cost of the first ship is $8,621.5
million (i.e., about $8.6 billion).
The Navy’s proposed FY2025 budget requests $3,341.2 million (i.e., about $3.3 billion) in
procurement funding to complete the procurement cost of the second Columbia-class boat and
$6,215.9 million (i.e., about $6.2 billion) in advance procurement (AP) funding for Columbia-
class boats to be procured in FY2026 and subsequent years.
Issues for Congress for the Columbia-class program include the following:
• The impact of an estimated 12- to 16-month delay in the delivery of the first
Columbia-class boat on the Navy’s plans for replacing Ohio-class SSBNs on a
timely basis;
• industrial-base challenges of building both Columbia-class boats and Virginia-
class attack submarines (SSNs) at the same time;
• the risk of cost growth in the Columbia-class program; and
• the potential impact of the Columbia-class program on funding that will be
available for other Navy programs, including other shipbuilding programs.
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Navy Columbia (SSBN-826) Class Ballistic Missile Submarine Program

Introduction
This report provides background information and potential oversight issues for Congress on the
Navy’s Columbia (SSBN-826) class program, a program to design and build a class of 12 new
ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) to replace the Navy’s current force of 14 aging Ohio-class
SSBNs. Since 2013, the Navy has consistently identified the Columbia-class program as the
Navy’s top priority program. The Navy procured the first Columbia-class boat in FY2021; the
boat was funded with three-year incremental funding in FY2021-FY2023. The Navy procured the
second Columbia-class boat in FY2024; the boat is being funded with two-year incremental
funding (also called split funding) in FY2024-FY2025.
The Navy’s proposed FY2025 budget requests $3,341.2 million (i.e., about $3.3 billion) in
procurement funding to complete the procurement cost of the second Columbia-class boat and
$6,215.9 million (i.e., about $6.2 billion) in advance procurement (AP) funding for Columbia-
class boats to be procured in FY2026 and subsequent years.
The Columbia-class program poses a number of issues for Congress. Decisions that Congress
makes on these issues could substantially affect U.S. military capabilities and funding
requirements, and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base.
This report focuses on the Columbia-class program as a Navy shipbuilding program. Another
CRS report—CRS Report RL33640, U.S. Strategic Nuclear Forces: Background, Developments,
and Issues, by Amy F. Woolf—discusses the Columbia class as an element of future U.S. strategic
nuclear forces in the context of strategic nuclear arms modernization efforts and arms control
agreements.
Background
U.S. Navy SSBNs in General
Mission of SSBNs
The U.S. Navy operates three kinds of submarines—nuclear-powered attack submarines (SSNs),
nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines (SSGNs), and nuclear-powered ballistic missile
submarines (SSBNs).1 The SSNs and SSGNs are multi-mission ships that perform a variety of
peacetime and wartime missions.2 They do not carry nuclear weapons.3

1 In the designations SSN, SSGN, and SSBN, the SS stands for submarine, N stands for nuclear-powered (meaning the
ship is powered by a nuclear reactor), G stands for guided missile (such as a cruise missile), B stands for ballistic
missile. As shown by the “Ns” in SSN, SSGN, and SSBN, all U.S. Navy submarines are nuclear-powered. Other navies
operate nonnuclear powered submarines, which are powered by energy sources such as diesel engines. A submarine’s
use of nuclear or nonnuclear power as its energy source is not an indication of whether it is armed with nuclear
weapons—a nuclear-powered submarine can lack nuclear weapons, and a nonnuclear-powered submarine can be armed
with nuclear weapons.
2 For more on the Navy’s SSNs and SSGNs, see CRS Report RL32418, Navy Virginia-Class Submarine Program and
AUKUS Submarine Proposal: Background and Issues for Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke; and CRS Report RS21007,
Navy Trident Submarine Conversion (SSGN) Program: Background and Issues for Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke.
3 The Navy’s nonstrategic nuclear weapons—meaning all of the service’s nuclear weapons other than submarine-
launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs)—were removed from Navy surface ships and submarines under a unilateral U.S.
nuclear initiative announced by President George H. W. Bush in September 1991. The initiative reserved a right to
rearm SSNs with nuclear-armed cruise missiles at some point in the future should conditions warrant.
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The SSBNs, in contrast, perform a singular mission of strategic nuclear deterrence. To perform
this mission, SSBNs are armed with submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), which are
large, long-range missiles armed with multiple nuclear warheads. SSBNs launch their SLBMs
from large-diameter vertical launch tubes located in the middle section of the boat.4 The SSBNs’
basic mission is to remain hidden at sea with their SLBMs, so as to deter a nuclear attack on the
United States by another country by demonstrating to other countries that the United States has an
assured second-strike capability, meaning a survivable system for carrying out a retaliatory
nuclear attack.
Navy SSBNs, which are sometimes referred to informally as “boomers,”5 form one of three legs
of the U.S. strategic nuclear deterrent force, or “triad,” which also includes land-based
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and land-based long-range bombers. At any given
moment, some of the Navy’s SSBNs are conducting nuclear deterrent patrols. The Department of
Defense’s (DOD’s) report on the 2018 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR), released on February 2,
2018, states the following:
Ballistic missile submarines are the most survivable leg of the triad. When on patrol,
SSBNs are, at present, virtually undetectable, and there are no known, near-term credible
threats to the survivability of the SSBN force. Nevertheless, we will continue to hedge
against the possibility that advances in anti-submarine warfare could make the SSBN force
less survivable in the future.6
Current Ohio-Class SSBNs
The Navy currently operates 14 Ohio (SSBN-726) class SSBNs (see Figure 1). The boats are
commonly called Trident SSBNs or simply Tridents because they carry Trident D-5 SLBMs.
They were procured in FY1977-FY1991 and entered service in 1984-1997. They were designed
and built by General Dynamics’ Electric Boat Division (GD/EB) of Groton, CT, and Quonset
Point, RI. They were originally designed for 30-year service lives but were later certified for 42-
year service lives, consisting of two approximately 19-year periods of operation separated by an
approximately four-year midlife nuclear refueling overhaul, called an engineered refueling
overhaul (ERO). The nuclear refueling overhaul includes both a nuclear refueling and overhaul
work on the ship that is not related to the nuclear refueling.7
The boats were originally designed to each carry 24 SLBMs. As part of DOD’s plan for
complying with U.S.-Russia strategic nuclear arms control limits, four SLBM launch tubes on
each boat have been deactivated, reducing to 20 the number of SLBMs they can each carry.

4 SSBNs, like other Navy submarines, are also equipped with horizontal torpedo tubes in the bow for firing torpedoes
or other torpedo-sized weapons.
5 This informal name is a reference to the large boom that would be made by the detonation of an SLBM nuclear
warhead.
6 Department of Defense, Nuclear Posture Review 2018, released February 2, 2018, pp. 44-45.
7 A total of 18 Ohio-class SSBNs were procured in FY1974-FY1991. The ships entered service in 1981-1997. The first
8 boats in the class were originally armed with Trident I C-4 SLBMs; the final 10 were armed with larger and more-
capable Trident II D-5 SLBMs. The Clinton Administration’s 1994 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) recommended a
strategic nuclear force for the START II strategic nuclear arms reduction treaty that included 14 Ohio-class SSBNs, all
armed with D-5s. This recommendation prompted interest in the idea of converting the first four Ohio-class boats
(SSBNs 726-729) into SSGNs, so as to make good use of the 20 years of potential operational life remaining in these
four boats, and to bolster the U.S. SSN fleet. The first 4 Ohio-class boats were converted into SSGNs in 2002-2008,
and the next 4 (SSBNs 730-733) were backfitted with D-5 SLBMs in 2000-2005, producing the current force of 14
Ohio-class SSBNs, all of which are armed with D-5 SLBMs. For more on the SSGN conversion program, see CRS
Report RS21007, Navy Trident Submarine Conversion (SSGN) Program: Background and Issues for Congress, by
Ronald O'Rourke.
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Eight of the 14 Ohio-class SSBNs are homeported at Bangor, WA, in Puget Sound; the other six
are homeported at Kings Bay, GA, close to the Florida border. Unlike most Navy ships, which are
operated by single crews, Navy SSBNs are operated by alternating crews (called the Blue and
Gold crews) so as to maximize the percentage of time that they spend at sea in deployed status.
Figure 1. Ohio (SSBN-726) Class SSBN
With the hatches to some of its SLBM launch tubes open

Source: Cropped version of U.S. Navy photograph.
The first of the 14 Ohio-class SSBNs (SSBN-730) will reach the end of its 42-year service life in
2027. The remaining 13 will reach the ends of their service lives at a rate of roughly one ship per
year thereafter, with the 14th reaching the end of its service life in 2040.
The Navy has initiated a program to refurbish and extend the service lives of D-5 SLBMs to
about 2040. As Columbia-class SSBNs begin to replace Ohio-class boats in 2031, refurbished D-
5s carried by retiring Ohio-class boats will be transferred to new Columbia-class boats.
Columbia-class boats will continue to be armed with these refurbished D-5s until about 2040, at
which time the D-5s are to be replaced by a successor SLBM.
Including the Ohio class, the Navy has operated four classes of SSBNs since 1959. For a table
summarizing these four classes, see Appendix A.
U.S.-UK Cooperation on SLBMs and the New UK SSBN
As one expression of U.S.-UK cooperation on nuclear weapon matters that dates back to World
War II, the UK’s four Vanguard-class SSBNs, which entered service in 1993-1999, each carry 16
Trident II D-5 SLBMs, and previous classes of UK SSBNs similarly carried earlier-generation
U.S. SLBMs.8 The UK plans to replace the four Vanguard-class boats with three or four
Dreadnought-class next-generation SSBNs. Dreadnought-class boats are to be equipped with 12
missile launch tubes, but current UK plans call for each boat to carry eight D-5 SLBMs, with the
other four tubes not being used for SLBMs. The United States is providing technical assistance to
the United Kingdom for the Dreadnought-class program, as it has over the years for some other
UK submarine programs; for additional discussion, see Appendix B.
Submarine Construction Industrial Base
U.S. Navy submarines are built at two shipyards—General Dynamics’ Electric Boat Division
(GD/EB) of Groton, CT, and Quonset Point, RI, and Huntington Ingalls Industries’ Newport

8 Although the SLBMs on UK SSBNs are U.S.-made, the nuclear warheads on the missiles are of UK design and
manufacture.
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News Shipbuilding (HII/NNS), of Newport News, VA. GD/EB and HII/NNS are the only two
shipyards in the country capable of building nuclear-powered ships. GD/EB builds submarines
only, while HII/NNS also builds nuclear-powered aircraft carriers and is capable of building other
types of surface ships. The two yards currently are jointly building Virginia-class attack
submarines.9
In addition to GD/EB and HII/NNS, the submarine construction industrial base includes hundreds
of supplier firms, as well as laboratories and research facilities, in numerous states. Much of the
total material procured from supplier firms for the construction of submarines comes from sole-
source suppliers. For nuclear-propulsion component suppliers, an additional source of stabilizing
work is the Navy’s nuclear-powered aircraft carrier construction program.10
Much of the design and engineering portion of the submarine construction industrial base is
resident at GD/EB. Smaller portions are resident at HII/NNS and some of the component makers.
Columbia-Class Program
Navy’s Top Priority Program
Navy officials have stated consistently since September 2013 that the Columbia-class program is
the Navy’s top priority program, and that this means, among other things, that from the Navy’s
perspective, the Columbia-class program will be funded, even if that comes at the expense of
funding for other Navy programs, and that in a situation of industrial base constraints, the
Columbia-class program will have first call on resources to minimize the chances of schedule
delays in building the boats.11
Program Name, Origin, and Milestones
Until 2016, the Columbia-class program was known as the Ohio replacement program (ORP) or
SSBN(X) program,12 and boats in the class were referred to as Ohio replacement boats or
SSBNXs.

9 For more on the arrangement for jointly building Virginia-class boats, see CRS Report RL32418, Navy Virginia-Class
Submarine Program and AUKUS Submarine Proposal: Background and Issues for Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke.
10 For more on this program, see CRS Report RS20643, Navy Ford (CVN-78) Class Aircraft Carrier Program:
Background and Issues for Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke. In terms of work provided to nuclear-propulsion
component suppliers, a carrier nuclear propulsion plant is roughly equivalent to five submarine propulsion plants.
11 On September 18, 2013, Admiral Jonathan Greenert, then-Chief of Naval Operations, testified that the Columbia-
class program “is the top priority program for the Navy.” (Statement of Admiral Jonathan Greenert, U.S. Navy, Chief
of Naval Operations, Before the House Armed Services Committee on Planning for Sequestration in FY2014 and
Perspectives of the Military Services on the Strategic Choices and Management Review, September 18, 2013, p. 10.)
Navy officials since then have reiterated this statement on numerous occasions. At a September 12, 2013, hearing
before the Seapower and Projection Forces subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee on undersea
warfare, a Navy official stated the following:
The CNO has stated, his number one priority as the chief of Naval operations, is our—our strategic
deterrent—our nuclear strategic deterrent. That will trump all other vitally important requirements
within our Navy, but if there’s only one thing that we do with our ship building account, we—we
are committed to sustaining a two ocean national strategic deterrent that protects our homeland
from nuclear attack, from other major war aggression and also access and extended deterrent for
our allies.
(Transcript of hearing. (Spoken remarks of Rear Admiral Richard Breckenridge. The other witness
at the hearing was Rear Admiral David Johnson.)
12 In the designation SSBN(X), the (X) meant that the design of the boat had not yet been determined.
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As discussed in the CRS report on Navy ship names, on December 14, 2016, the Navy announced
that SSBN-826, the first boat in the class, would be named Columbia, in honor of the District of
Columbia. Consequently, since December 2016, the 12 or more planned boats have been referred
to as Columbia (SSBN-826) class boats. On June 3, 2022, the Navy announced that it was
modifying SSBN-826’s name from Columbia to District of Columbia, so as to avoid an overlap in
names with USS Columbia (SSN-771), a Los Angeles (SSN-688) class attack submarine that was
named for Columbia, SC; Columbia, IL; and Columbia, MO. The Navy states that
notwithstanding the modification to SSBN-826’s name, the 12 or more planned new SSBNs will
continue to be referred to as Columbia (SSBN-826) class boats.13
For information on the Columbia-class program’s origin and milestones, see Appendix C.
Planned Procurement Quantity and Schedule
Planned Procurement Quantity of 12
Navy plans call for procuring 12 Columbia-class boats to replace the current force of 14 Ohio-
class SSBNs. In explaining the planned procurement quantity of 12 boats, the Navy states the
following:
• Ten operational SSBNs—meaning boats not encumbered by lengthy maintenance
actions—are needed to meet strategic nuclear deterrence requirements for having
a certain number of SSBNs at sea at any given moment.
• Fourteen Ohio-class boats were needed to meet the requirement for 10
operational boats because, during the middle years of the Ohio class life cycle,
three and sometimes four of the boats were nonoperational at any given moment
on account of being in the midst of lengthy midlife nuclear refueling overhauls or
other extended maintenance actions.
• Twelve (rather than 14) Columbia-class boats will be needed to meet the
requirement for 10 operational boats because the midlife overhauls of Columbia-
class boats, which will not include a nuclear refueling, will require less time
(about two years) than the midlife refueling overhauls of Ohio-class boats (which
require about four years from contract award to delivery), the result being that
only two Columbia-class boats (rather than three or sometimes four) will be in
the midst of midlife overhauls or other extended maintenance actions at any
given moment during the middle years of the Columbia-class life cycle.14
The Trump Administration’s Nuclear Posture Review (NPR), released in February 2018, states
the following: “The COLUMBIA-class program will deliver a minimum of 12 SSBNs to replace
the current OHIO fleet and is designed to provide required capabilities for decades.”15 The use of
the word “minimum” in that sentence can be viewed as signaling a possibility that the required
number of Columbia-class boats might at some point be increased to something more than 12

13 See CRS Report RS22478, Navy Ship Names: Background for Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke.
14 For additional discussion, see “Navy Responds to Debate Over the Size of the SSBN Force,” Navy Live, May 16,
2013, accessed July 26, 2013, at http://navylive.dodlive.mil/2013/05/16/navy-responds-to-debate-over-the-size-of-the-
ssbn-force/, and Richard Breckenridge, “SSBN Force Level Requirements: It’s Simply a Matter of Geography,” Navy
Live, July 19, 2013, accessed July 26, 2013, at http://navylive.dodlive.mil/2013/07/19/ssbn-force-level-requirements-
its-simply-a-matter-of-geography/.
15 Department of Defense, Nuclear Posture Review 2018, released February 2, 2018, p. 49. A similar statement (which
differs only in saying “COLUMBIA program” rather than “COLUMBIA-class program”) appears on p. x.
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boats.16 An October 2023 report by a congressional commission on U.S. strategic posture
recommended increasing the total planned number of Columbia-class boats to something more
than 12.17
Relationship of Planned Procurement Quantity to Navy’s Overall Ship Force-
Level Goal
The Navy’s force-level goal, which the Navy delivered to Congress in June 2023, calls for
achieving and maintaining a fleet of 381 ships, including, among other things, 12 Columbia-class
ballistic missile submarines. The force-level goal of 12 Columbia-class boats was determined by
the calculations described in the previous section. These calculations, which relate to the
specialized mission strategic nuclear deterrence performed by SSBNs, are largely separate from
the calculations that the Navy uses to determine force-level goals for the other types of ships that
make up the Navy.
Planned Procurement Schedule
As noted earlier, the Navy procured the first Columbia-class boat in FY2021 and the second
Columbia-class boat in FY2024. The Navy wants to procure the remaining 10 boats in the
program—boats 3 through 12—at a rate of one per year in FY2026-FY2035. After being
delivered to the Navy, the lead boat is to undergo substantial testing prior to serving on its first
deterrent patrol.
Taking into account both projected delivery dates for Columbia-class boats and projected
retirement dates for Ohio-class boats, the Navy’s FY2025 30-year (FY2025-FY2054)
shipbuilding plan projects that the SSBN force will include 14 boats in FY2025-FY2026, 13
boats in FY2027-FY2029, and 12 boats for the remainder of the 30-year period (except for
FY2040-FY2041, when it is projected to include 13 boats). The Navy is planning to extend the
service lives of up to five Ohio-class SSBNs to hedge against potential delays in the deliveries of
Columbia-class boats.18

16 See, for example, Marc Selinger, “Navy Might Someday Consider Buying More Than 12 Columbia-Class
Submarines,” Defense Daily, April 12, 2018: 2-3; Jason Sherman, “Navy Keeping Options Open to ‘Tack On’
Additional Submarines to 12-Boat Columbia Buy,” Inside Defense, November 18, 2020. See also Richard R. Burgess,
“Navy SSBN PEO: Data Clearly Supports Building More than 12 Columbia Subs,” Seapower, June 9, 2022.
17 Madelyn R. Creedon, Chair, et al., America’s Strategic Posture, The Final Report of the Congressional Commission
on the Strategic Posture of the United States, October 2023, pp. 48, 99.
18 Source: Navy information paper on the FY2022 Fiscal Planning Framework and submarine service life extensions,
February 5, 2021, provided by Navy Office of Legislative Affairs to Congressional Budget Office (CBO) and CRS on
February 5, 2021. See also Rich Abott, “Navy Confirms Extending Five SSBNs Starting In 2029,” Defense Daily,
November 8, 2023; Sam LaGrone and Mallory Shelbourne, “Navy Mulling Large Diameter Sub Hulls After 12
Columbias, SSN(X) Requirements Due Next Year,” USNI News, November 8 (updated November 9), 2023; Nick
Wilson, “Navy Planning Ohio Service Life Extension to Mitigate Risk as Columbia Construction Continues,” Inside
Defense, November 8, 2023; Justin Katz, “Navy Planning to Execute 3-Year Ohio-Class Sub Life Extensions,”
Breaking Defense, November 7, 2023; Megan Eckstein, “US Navy May Accelerate Investments to Extend Some Ohio
Subs’ Lives,” Defense News, May 19, 2023; Rich Abott, “Navy Eyes 2026 Decision On First Ohio-Class SSBN
Extension,” Defense Daily, November 2, 2022; Megan Eckstein, “US Navy Wants to Avoid Shortfall of Nuke-Armed
Subs in 2030s,” Defense News, November 2, 2022; Justin Katz, “Navy ‘Scoping Study’ to Examine Shipyard Capacity,
Potential for a New Yard,” Breaking Defense, November 2, 2022; Caitlin M. Kenney, “A Handful of Ohio Subs Could
Get Yet Another Service Life Extension,” Defense One, November 1, 2022; Sam LaGrone, “Navy Could Extend Life
of Five Ohio-class Ballistic Missile Boats to Hedge Against Columbia Program Delays,” USNI News, November 1,
2022; Nick Wilson, “Navy to Consider Service Extensions for Select Ohio-Class Subs,” Inside Defense, November 1,
2022; Emma Helfrich, “Navy Eyeing Life Extension Of Nine Ohio Class [SSBN and SSGN] Submarines,” The Drive,
(continued...)
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Columbia-Class Design
The Columbia-class design (see Figure 2 and Figure 3) includes 16 SLBM tubes, as opposed to
24 SLBM tubes (of which 20 are now used for SLBMs) on Ohio-class SSBNs. Although the
Columbia-class design has fewer SLBM tubes than the Ohio-class design, it is larger than the
Ohio-class design in terms of submerged displacement. The Columbia-class design, like the
Ohio-class design before it, will be the largest submarine ever built by the United States.
Figure 2. Columbia (SSBN-826) Class SSBN
Artist’s rendering

Source: Cropped version of il ustration accompanying David B. Larter, “US Navy Inks $9.4B Contract for two
Columbia-class Nuclear Missile Submarines,” Defense News, November 5, 2020. A caption to the image credits
it to the U.S. Navy.
Current U.S. and UK plans call for the Columbia-class and the UK’s Dreadnought-class SSBN to
use a missile compartment—the middle section of the boat with the SLBM launch tubes—of the
same general design called the Common Missile Compartment (CMC).19 As mentioned earlier,
Dreadnought-class SSBNs are to each be armed with eight D-5 SLBMs, or half the number to be
carried by the Columbia class. The modular design of the CMC will accommodate this difference.
The UK provided some of the funding for the design of the CMC, including a large portion of the
initial funding.20

May 18, 2022; Megan Eckstein, “Navy May Extend Life of Ohio SSBNs to Provide Cushion for Introduction of
Columbia-class,” USNI News, November 16 (updated December 24), 2020; Aidan Quigley, “Navy Considering
Expanding Life Cycles of Some Ohio-class Submarines to Ease Columbia Transition,” Inside Defense, July 7, 2021;
Megan Eckstein, “US Navy Reorganizes Submarine Enterprise to Address Challenges in Construction, Maintenance,”
Defense News, September 27, 2021.
19 Statement of Rear Admiral Stephen Johnson, USN, Director, Strategic Systems Programs, Before the Subcommittee
on Strategic Forces of the Senate Armed Services Committee [on] FY2011 Strategic Systems, March 17, 2010, p. 6,
which states the following: “The OHIO Replacement programs includes the development of a common missile
compartment that will support both the OHIO Class Replacement and the successor to the UK Vanguard Class.”
20 See Government Accountability Office, Defense Acquisitions[:] Assessments of Selected Weapon Programs, GAO-
10-388SP, March 2010, p. 152; Government Accountability Office, Defense Acquisitions[:] Assessments of Selected
Weapon Programs, GAO-11-233SP, March 2011, p. 147; Sam LaGrone and Richard Scott, “Deterrent Decisions: US
and UK Wait on Next Steps for SSBN Replacements,” Jane’s Navy International, May 2010, pp. 10-11.
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For additional background information on the Columbia-class design, see Appendix D.
Figure 3. Columbia (SSBN-826) Class SSBN
Notional cutaway illustration

Source: Detail of slide 2, entitled “OHIO Replacement Program System Description,” in Navy briefing on
Columbia-class program presented by Captain Wil iam J. Brougham, Program Manager of PMS 397 (i.e., Project
Manager Shipbuilding, Office Code 397, the office for the Columbia-class program), at the Sea, Air, and Space
Symposium, April 8, 2014, posted at InsideDefense.com (subscription required), April 9, 2014.
Tight Schedule for Designing and Building Lead Boat
The schedule for designing and building the lead Columbia-class boat and having it ready for an
intended scheduled first deterrent patrol in 2031 included little margin for absorbing design or
construction delays. The tightness in the lead boat’s design and construction schedule has been a
principal feature of the program (along with the program’s high priority) for several years. Much
of the management time and attention that the Navy devotes to the program is focused on
anticipating, monitoring, and mitigating risks to the lead boat’s design and construction schedule.
Estimated 12- to 16-Month Delay in Delivery of Lead Boat
On April 2, 2024, the Navy announced that several of its shipbuilding programs were
experiencing significant delays due to shipyard workforce challenges, supply chain challenges,
and other issues. As part of this announcement, the Navy announced an estimated 12- to 16-
month delay in the delivery of the first Columbia-class boat. An April 2, 2024, press report stated
The vessel’s new projected delay can’t be attributed to one factor or a new technical issue,
Navy officials told reporters Tuesday [April 2]. Instead, the delays are “related to the whole
of the ship,” in terms of assembling its modules correctly, “getting them all buttoned up,”
said Navy assistant secretary for acquisition Nickolas Guertin.
And although some components are late, the projected delays don’t appear related to
technology performance issue, said Naval Sea Systems Command head Vice Admiral Jim
Downey.21
An April 10, 2024, press report states:
Late delivery of steam turbines for the under-construction District of Columbia (SSBN-
826) is one of the main obstacles the Navy faces in delivering the nuclear ballistic missile
submarine on time, Secretary of the Navy Carlos Del Toro told a House panel on
Wednesday [April 10].

21 Anthony Capaccio, “US Navy Sees Delays of a Year or More for New ICBM Submarine,” Bloomberg, April 2,
2024. See also Mallory Shelbourne and Sam LaGrone, “First Columbia Nuclear Missile Sub At Risk of 1-Year Delay
Due to Supplier Problems,” USNI News, March 11, 2024; “Absent General Dynamics Improvements, Pentagon
Forecasts Year-Long Delay to Columbia-class Nuclear Submarine Program,” Capitol Forum, March 11, 2024.
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“One of the most significant challenges that we have with Columbia … is actually the late
delivery of the turbine generator to Columbia by subcontractor Northrop Grumman,” Del
Toro the House Appropriations subcommittee on defense.
“That has had a major impact on the Columbia.”…
In addition to the turbines, sources familiar with the slip in schedule have also pointed to
the delay in completing the bow dome of District of Columbia. The dome, the same design
as the Ohio-class, is getting cast at forge at HII’s Newport News Shipbuilding in Virginia.22
An April 17, 2024, press report states:
A delay of as much as 16 months in delivering the first of the US’s first Columbia-class
nuclear-missile submarines—the Navy’s top weapons priority—stems from contractor
delays in delivering the vessel’s bow section and power generators, according to an internal
assessment by the service….
… HII was to ship the bow in May 2025 from its Newport News, Virginia, yard to the
General Dynamics facility in Groton, Connecticut. That’s now estimated for June 2026, or
13 months late, according to internal service figures….
In addition, Northrop Grumman Corp. was contracted by the Navy to deliver the first ship’s
turbine generators by November 2021, which would have provided months of margin
before they’d be needed.
Instead, the turbine generators are projected to be delivered in early 2025, according to a
Navy statement.23
Program Cost
Program Acquisition Cost
Estimates of the procurement cost or acquisition cost (i.e., the research and development cost plus
procurement cost) of the Columbia-class program include the following:
• The Navy’s FY2025 budget submission estimates the total procurement cost of
the 12-ship class at $126.4 billion in then-year dollars, an increase of 12.1% over
the figure in the FY2024 budget submission of $112.7 billion in then-year
dollars.
• A June 2023 Government Accountability Office (GAO) report assessing selected
major DOD weapon acquisition programs stated that the estimated total
acquisition (development plus procurement) cost of the Columbia-class program
as of December 2021 was $114,132 million (about $114.1 billion) in constant
FY2023 dollars, including $15,062 million (about $15.1 billion) in research and
development costs and $98,700 million ($98.7 billion) in procurement costs.24

22 Sam LaGrone, “Late Turbines Have ‘Major Impact’ on Columbia Sub Delivery Schedule, Says SECNAV,” USNI
News, April 10, 2024. See also Rich Abott, “Del Toro Says Turbine Generator A Major Issue In Columbia Delay,”
Defense Daily, April 10, 2024.
23 Anthony Capaccio, “US Nuclear-Missile Sub Delayed Up to 16 Months Over Bow, Generators,” Bloomberg, April
17, 2024.
24 Government Accountability Office, Weapon Systems Annual Assessment[:] Programs Are Not Consistently
Implementing Practices That Can Help Accelerate Acquisitions, GAO-23-106059, June 2023, p. 159.
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The above estimates do not include military construction (MilCon) costs (which are a third
component, along with development and procurement costs, of total acquisition cost) or estimated
costs for refurbishing D-5 SLBMs so as to extend their service lives to about 2040.
Estimated Procurement Costs of First Six Boats
The Navy’s FY2025 budget submission estimates the total procurement cost of the first boat at
$15,179.1 million (i.e., about $15.2 billion) and the procurement cost of the second Columbia-
class boat at $9,283.1 million (i.e., about $9.3 billion). The first boat’s procurement cost is much
higher than that of subsequent boats in the class because the first boat includes most of the detail
design/nonrecurring engineering (DD/NRE) costs for the class. (It is a long-standing Navy
budgetary practice to incorporate the DD/NRE costs for a new class of ship into the total
procurement cost of the first ship in the class.) The first boat’s estimated procurement cost
includes $6,557.6 million for plans, meaning (essentially) the DD/NRE costs for the class.
Excluding costs for plans, the estimated hands-on construction cost of the first ship is $8,621.5
million (i.e., about $8.6 billion). The third through sixth boats in the class, which are programmed
for procurement in FY2026, FY2027, FY2028, and FY2029, have estimated procurement costs of
about $8.8 billion to about $9.2 billion each.
Operation and Support (O&S) Cost
The Navy as of January 2017 estimated the average annual operation and support (O&S) cost of
each Columbia-class boat at $119 million per year.25
National Sea-Based Deterrence Fund (NSBDF)
The National Sea-Based Deterrence Fund (NSBDF) is a fund in DOD’s budget separate from the
Navy’s shipbuilding account for holding and executing procurement funding for the construction
of new SSBNs. It was created by Congress in 2014 originally with the aim of helping to
financially insulate other Navy shipbuilding programs from the potential cost impact of the
Columbia-class program, and to encourage U.S. policymakers to finance the procurement of
Columbia-class boats from across DOD’s budget rather than solely from the Navy’s budget.
In more recent years, the statute establishing and governing the fund (10 U.S.C. 2218a) has been
amended to give the NSBDF an additional function of acting as a vehicle or repository for certain
special acquisition authorities that have the potential for reducing at the margin the cost of
Columbia-class boats and other Navy nuclear-powered ships (i.e., aircraft carriers and attack
submarines). The Navy states that it is using the special acquisition authorities in 10 U.S.C.
2218a, and that doing so has marginally reduced the estimated combined procurement cost of the
12 Columbia-class boats.26
For additional background information on the NSBDF, see Appendix E.
Integrated Enterprise Plan (IEP)
The Navy, under a plan it calls the Integrated Enterprise Plan (IEP), plans to build Columbia-class
boats jointly at GD/EB and HII/NNS, with most of the work going to GD/EB. (The IEP was
previously called the Submarine Unified Build Strategy, or SUBS.) As part of this plan, the Navy

25 Columbia Class MS [Milestone] B, Congressional Notification, January 6, 2017, p. 1.
26 Navy briefing, “COLUMBIA Class National Sea Based Deterrence Fund Procurement Authorities & Initiatives,”
March 2022, provided to CRS and CBO by Navy Office of Legislative Affairs, July 1, 2022.
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is adjusting the division of work on the Virginia-class attack submarine program (in which boats
are jointly built at GD/EB and HII/NNS),27 so that HII/NNS will receive a larger share of the
final-assembly work for that program than it has received in the past.28
Cost-Plus Incentive Fee (CPIF) Contract for First Two Ships
The Navy is using a cost-plus incentive fee (CPIF) contract to procure the first two Columbia-
class ships. The contract includes a single option for both ships, but the Navy states that this is not
a block buy contract,29 even though the ships were procured in differing fiscal years (FY2021 and
FY2024), because, with regard to the second ship, the option related to the execution of the ship’s
advance procurement (AP) funding and the Navy technically was not making a commitment to
continuing with construction of the second ship beyond what was funded with AP funding until
that ship was authorized in FY2024 and full funding (as opposed to AP funding) was provided for

27 For more on the arrangement for jointly building Virginia-class boats, see CRS Report RL32418, Navy Virginia-
Class Submarine Program and AUKUS Submarine Proposal: Background and Issues for Congress, by Ronald
O'Rourke.
28 Key elements of the Navy’s plan include the following:
•
GD/EB is to be the prime contractor for designing and building Columbia-class boats;
•
HII/NNS is to be a subcontractor for designing and building Columbia-class boats;
•
GD/EB is to build certain parts of each Columbia-class boat—parts that are more or less analogous to the
parts that GD/EB builds for each Virginia-class attack submarine;
•
HII/NNS is to build certain other parts of each Columbia-class boat—parts that are more or less analogous to
the parts that HII/NNS builds for each Virginia-class attack submarine;
•
GD/EB is to perform the final assembly on all 12 Columbia-class boats;
•
as a result of the three previous points, the Navy estimates that GD/EB would receive an estimated 77%-78%
of the shipyard work building Columbia-class boats, and HII/NNS would receive 22%-23%;
•
GD/EB is to continue as prime contractor for the Virginia-class program, but to help balance out projected
submarine-construction workloads at GD/EB and HII/NNS, the division of work between the two yards for
building Virginia-class boats is to be adjusted so that HII/NNS would perform the final assembly on a greater
number of Virginia-class boats than it would have under a continuation of the current Virginia-class division
of work (in which final assemblies are divided more or less evenly between the two shipyards); as a
consequence, HII/NNS would receive a greater share of the total work in building Virginia-class boats than it
would have under a continuation of the current division of work.
See Julia Bergman, “Congressmen Visit EB A Day After It Is Named Prime Contractor for Ohio Replacement
Program,” The Day (New London), March 29, 2016; Sydney J. Freedberg Jr., “Ohio Replacement Plan Is Good News
For Electric Boat,” Breaking Defense, March 29, 2016; Robert McCabe, “Newport News Shipbuilding’s Share of
Virginia-Class Submarine Deliveries to Grow,” Virginian-Pilot (Newport News), March 29, 2016; Valerie Insinna,
“GD Electric Boat Chosen To Take Lead Role for Ohio Replacement Sub,” Defense Daily, March 30, 2016: 1-3; Hugh
Lessig, “Navy: More Submarine Work Coming to Newport News Shipyard,” Military.com, March 30, 2016; Lee
Hudson, “Work on Ohio-Class Replacement Will Be 80-20 Split Between GDEB, HII-NNS,” Inside the Navy, April 4,
2016. See also Richard R. Burgess, “Submarine Admirals: ‘Unified Build Strategy’ Seeks Affordability for Future Sub
Fleet,” Seapower, July 8, 2016. See also Statement of the Honorable Sean J. Stackley, Assistant Secretary of the Navy
(Research, Development and Acquisition), and Vice Admiral Joseph P. Mulloy, Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for
Integration of Capabilities and Resources, and Lieutenant General Robert S. Walsh, Deputy Commandant, Combat
Development and Integration & Commanding General, Marine Corps Combat Development Command, before the
Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces of the House Armed Services Committee on Department of the
Navy Seapower and Projection Forces Capabilities, February 25, 2016, p. 12.
29 For more on block buy contracting, see CRS Report R41909, Multiyear Procurement (MYP) and Block Buy
Contracting in Defense Acquisition: Background and Issues for Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke.
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the ship.30 The Navy as of 2022 was reportedly is considering using a five-ship block buy contract
for the third through seventh boats in the program.31
Use of Incremental Funding for Procuring First Two Boats
The first two boats in the class are being funded with incremental funding, meaning that the
procurement cost of each boat has been divided into multiple annual increments, with the first
increment occurring in the year in which the boat was procured.32 The first boat (which was
procured in FY2021) was funded with three increments in FY2021-FY2023, and the second boat
(which was procured in FY2024) is to be funded with two increments in FY2024 and FY2025.
(Funding the procurement of a ship with two incremental funding increments is sometimes called
split funding.) Table 1 shows the funding profiles for the first two boats. Note that this table does
not show advance procurement (AP) funding for third and subsequent boats in the class.
Table 1. Procurement Funding Profiles for First Two Boats
Millions of dollars, rounded to nearest tenth
First boat
Second boat
Fiscal year
(SSBN-826)
(SSBN-827)
FY2017
773.1 (AP)
0
FY2018
802.3 (AP)
59.5 (AP)
FY2019
3,016.0 (AP)
139.1 (AP)
FY2020
1,636.4 (AP)
148.5 (AP)
FY2021
2,869.0 (FF)
1,110.7 (AP)
FY2022
3,003.0 (FF)
1,271.4 (AP)
FY2023
3,079.2 (FF)
769.1 (AP)
FY2024 (requested)
0
2,441.2 (FF)
FY2025 (requested)
0
3,343.4 (FF)
Total
15,179.1
9,283.1
Source: CRS table based on Navy’s FY2025 budget submission.
Notes: Totals may not add due to rounding. Table does not show advance procurement (AP) funding for third
and subsequent boats in the class. AP funding is funding provided prior to the boat’s year of procurement, to be
used for procuring long leadtime components that need to be procured ahead of the rest of the boat to ensure
that the components wil be ready for incorporation into the boat at the right point during the boat’s
construction sequence. FF is ful funding, meaning procurement funding increments provided in the boat’s year of
procurement and in one or more subsequent years, so as to ful y fund (i.e., complete the procurement cost of)
the boat.

30 Source: Telephone discussion with Navy Office of Legislative Affairs, June 24, 2020.
31 Rich Abott, “Navy Planning Five-Ship Block Buy Of Columbia SSBNs, Little Margin Left On First Sub,” Defense
Daily, November 1, 2022; Justin Katz, “Navy Plans to Seek Block Buy for Next Five Columbia-Class Subs,” Breaking
Defense, November 1, 2022.
32 For background information on the use of incremental funding in procuring Navy ships, see CRS Report RL32776,
Navy Ship Procurement: Alternative Funding Approaches—Background and Options for Congress, by Ronald
O'Rourke.
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FY2025 Funding Request
Columbia-Class Procurement Funding Requested in FY2025 Budget Submission
The Navy’s proposed FY2025 budget requests $3,341.2 million (i.e., about $3.3 billion) in
procurement funding to complete the procurement cost of the second Columbia-class boat and
$6,215.9 million (i.e., about $6.2 billion) in advance procurement (AP) funding for Columbia-
class boats to be procured in FY2026 and subsequent years.
Additional Funding for Submarine Industrial Base Requested on
October 20, 2023
In addition to funding that the Navy requested as part of its FY2024 budget submission, on
October 20, 2023, the Administration submitted a request for FY2024 emergency supplemental
funding for national security priorities that includes, among other things, a total of $3,393.2
million (i.e., about $3.4 billion) in funding for the submarine industrial base to support
construction of new submarines and maintenance of existing submarines, as follows:
• $557.758 million in the Operation and Maintenance, Navy (OMN) appropriation
account for improvements at the four government-operated naval shipyards
(NSYs) that maintain the Navy’s nuclear-powered ships, including the Navy’s
submarines;
• $2,055.0 million in the Shipbuilding and Conversion, Navy (SCN) appropriation
account (i.e., the Navy’s shipbuilding account) to increase production rates and
submarine availability through initiatives in supplier development, shipbuilder
and supplier infrastructure, workforce development, technology advancements,
and strategic sourcing;
• $393.57 million in the Other Procurement, Navy (OPN) appropriation account to
increase production rates and submarine availability through initiatives in
supplier development, shipbuilder and supplier infrastructure, workforce
development, technology advancements, and strategic sourcing;
• $7.0 million in the Research, Development, Test and Evaluation, Navy (RDTEN)
appropriation account to increase production rates and submarine availability
through initiatives in supplier development, shipbuilder and supplier
infrastructure, workforce development, technology advancements, and strategic
sourcing;
• $281.914 million in the Military Construction, Navy and Marine Corps
appropriation account to support infrastructure work at the NSYs to improve the
ability to maintain the readiness of the fleet; and
• $98.0 million in the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) of the
Department of Energy (DOE) for Naval Reactors (i.e., the Naval Nuclear
Propulsion Program) to support hiring and infrastructure expansion at the
Government-Owned, Contractor-Operated Naval Nuclear Laboratory sites in
order to meet growing mission demands to provide the trilateral security
partnership between Australia, United Kingdom, and United States (i.e.,
AUKUS) with nuclear propulsion plants.33

33 Source: Attachment 4: Submarine Industrial Base (pages 58-63) to letter dated October 20, 2023, from Shalanda D.
(continued...)
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Issues for Congress
Impact of 12- to 16-Month Delay in Delivery of First Boat
Overview
One oversight issue for Congress concerns the impact of the estimated 12- to 16-month delay in
the delivery of the first Columbia-class boat on the Navy’s plans for replacing Ohio-class SSBNs
on a timely basis. Potential oversight issues for Congress include the following:
• What impact might a 12- to 16-month delay in delivering the first boat have on
the delivery dates of subsequent boats in the class?
• How likely is it that the estimated delay in delivering the lead boat will grow to
something greater than 12 to 16 months as construction of the boat continues?
• To what degree can the delay in delivering the first boat (and possibly some of
the subsequent boats) be offset by extending the service lives of up to five of the
Ohio-class SSBNs? What will be the net impact on the size of the SSBN force?
What are the estimated costs of extending the service lives of these five boats?
Navy Perspective as of October 2023
An October 23, 2023, press report stated
The U.S. Navy is working to accelerate remaining construction work on the first Columbia-
class ballistic missile submarine to brace for potential delays during the first-in-class boat’s
testing later this decade.
The Navy and prime contractor General Dynamics’ Electric Boat originally built a six-
month buffer into the construction schedule for the future District of Columbia, the first
ballistic missile submarine built since the 1990s.
That buffer has been fully eroded due to both pandemic-related challenges and contractor
performance, leaders have confirmed, though the boat is still on its contractually mandated
schedule.
Rear Adm. Scott Pappano, the program executive officer for strategic submarines, told
Defense News at a summit here earlier this month he’s working with the shipbuilders to
regain that buffer “to give us the opportunity to have problems in testing as the lead ship.”
Pappano said District of Columbia is through the first phase of structural work and well
into the second phase of outfitting. The boat began advanced construction in 2019 and
construction in 2020.
Eyeing the upcoming final assembly and test phase, Pappano said “the good news is we
know how to test ships. We know how to do final assembly and test.” But there are
differences between this Columbia-class boomer and the Virginia-class attack submarine
the Navy has built for the past 20 years—chiefly, a strategic weapon system for the nuclear
weapons the boomer carries and a first-of-its-kind integrated propulsion system.

Young, Office of Management and Budget, to The Honorable Patrick McHenry, Speaker Pro Tempore of the House of
Representatives, accessed October 23, 2023, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Letter-
regarding-critical-national-security-funding-needs-for-FY-2024.pdf.
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“I want to buy more margin back” to allow for challenges in these areas, he said, noting
the Navy and industry are seeking to accelerate the remaining outfitting and final assembly
work.
Because the Columbia-class SSBN is the Navy’s top acquisition priority and a key effort
for the Defense Department as well, the government-industry team has given the Columbia
program the resources it needs to stay on schedule, even at the expense of the Virginia
submarine program.
Defense News previously reported that, because the Columbia production line was filled
first with experienced workers, the Virginia production line at shipbuilding partner HII’s
Newport News Shipbuilding wasn’t fully staffed until February. At Electric Boat, the
newest employees were assigned to the Virginia program, meaning there were more
mistakes and longer rework time, exacerbating existing delays.
Pappano confirmed the industrial base is prioritizing Columbia work, but said it needs to
do so even more.
“Get me the best people, the best crews, the best supervisors,” he said. “Have the right
people working to drive that first-time quality. First-time quality is going to be the key to
buying back margin.”
Though the Navy will formally procure the second sub of the class, the future Wisconsin,
this fiscal year—facilitated by a measure Congress included in the continuing resolution
now funding the government—advanced construction work has already been underway for
a couple years.
Pappano said, in that advanced construction work, he’s already seeing improvements on
Wisconsin compared to District of Columbia, which is necessary to meet Wisconsin’s
shorter contractual build schedule.
The first submarine was allotted 84 months for the build and test cycle; Wisconsin will
have 80. By the end of the 12-submarine program, that will be whittled down to 70
months.34
GAO Perspective as of June 2023 and January 2023
A June 2023 GAO report assessing selected major DOD weapon acquisition programs
additionally stated the following regarding the Columbia-class program:
Technology Maturity, Design Stability, and Production Readiness
As we reported last year, the program considers all of SSBN 826’s critical technologies
mature, though three systems remain below our definition of maturity. We consider
technologies mature after successful testing of a prototype near or at the planned
operational system configuration in a realistic environment. The program plans to have two
of the three remaining technologies reach maturity in fiscal year 2025, but one will remain
immature until after lead submarine delivery, planned for April 2027.
The shipbuilder completed basic and functional design before the start of formal
construction on the lead ship. However, the program is still at risk of costly and time-
consuming design changes if deficiencies emerge during testing or production of its critical
technologies. The program also remains behind on producing design products—in
particular, work instructions that detail how to build the submarine—because of ongoing
challenges using a software-based design tool. These, in turn, contributed to delays in
construction of the lead submarine.

34 Megan Eckstein, “Navy Aims to Hasten Remaining Columbia Sub Work in Case of Test Delays,” Defense News,
October 23, 2023.
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As we reported last year, the shipbuilder accelerated its schedule for construction of the
lead submarine to reduce the risk of a delivery delay. However, as of September 2022, the
shipbuilder was behind this accelerated schedule not only due to design delays, but also
because of late delivery of supplier materials and a need for rework due to quality problems.
Program officials stated that the shipbuilder attempted to overcome these delays, in part,
by reassigning workers from Virginia class submarine construction. This contributed to
delays on the Virginia class program. Program officials stated that additional workers may
need to be reassigned to Columbia in the future. The Navy also identified a need for the
shipbuilder to improve hiring and training both in the near term and for when the program
reaches an annual cadence for follow-on submarine construction. Program officials told us
that the shipbuilder plans to continue adding staff to Columbia class lead ship construction
until it overcomes delays. In September 2022, we reported that the Navy cannot rely on the
shipbuilder’s schedule for the lead submarine to plan for on-time delivery because it did
not substantially meet all of our leading practices for program schedules. Meeting these
leading practices would enable the program to determine how schedule risks affect the
program’s ability to meet key dates, such as delivery.
Software and Cybersecurity
The program office reported no significant updates related to software development or
cybersecurity.
Other Program Issues
The program’s estimated procurement cost decreased by roughly 4 percent since our last
assessment. However, this decrease occurred because of an update to the calculation used
for inflation and because the Navy no longer includes supplier development funding in its
estimate. The supplier base is among the program’s top risks because the program will need
quality and timely materials to produce submarines on time. The Navy removed supplier
development funding from the cost estimate because it considers these as costs shared with,
for example, the Virginia class program.
Per the program’s updated acquisition strategy, the Navy plans to begin early procurement
and construction on one submarine per year from fiscal year 2023 through 2032. The Navy
plans for each follow-on submarine to have a progressively shorter construction schedule,
based in part on early construction efforts. In order to achieve this schedule goal, the
shipbuilder would need to overcome staffing issues and build the submarines in a shorter
amount of time than it achieved on any of its recent submarines.
Program Office Comments
We provided a draft of this assessment to the program office for review and comment. The
program office provided technical comments, which we incorporated where appropriate.
The program office stated that it is positioned to deliver the capabilities needed to meet
strategic deterrent requirements on cost and schedule. It also stated that it took actions to
reduce risks, such as ensuring stable requirements, executing manufacturing readiness and
supplier base efforts, and pursuing cost reduction actions. It added that the program
exceeded 83 percent overall design maturity by the start of lead ship construction–higher
than achieved for other submarine classes—and it worked through initial design tool issues
that delayed design products. Further, it noted that the Navy took actions to address
construction performance challenges in 2022. The program office stated that the Navy
conducts schedule reviews for this program similar to those conducted for previous
submarine classes. It noted that the program continues to comply with all Navy, DOD, and
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statutory requirements associated with managing critical technologies and engineering
integration efforts.35
A January 2023 GAO report on the Columbia-class program stated
The Navy plans to deliver the first, or lead, Columbia class submarine—the largest and
most complex submarine in its history—more quickly than it did for the lead submarines
of prior classes, such as the Virginia class program. But the shipbuilder has not conducted
a schedule risk analysis of the lead submarine’s construction schedule. Both GAO leading
practices and Department of Defense (DOD) guidance identify schedule risk analysis as a
critical tool for understanding and managing program risks that could impact the
schedule....
Without a statistical schedule risk analysis, programs have limited insight into how
schedule risks could affect the likelihood of achieving key program milestones, including
delivery, and the amount of margin—or a reserve of extra time—needed to manage critical
risks and avoid delays.
After more than a year of full-scale construction on the lead Columbia submarine, the
shipbuilders are facing delays because of challenges with design, materials, and quality.
The shipbuilders are working to mitigate delays using additional shipyard resources, such
as more staff to complete work more quickly. Because of the Columbia class program’s
essential role in strategic deterrence, it has priority status over most national defense related
programs, including the Virginia class program. The shipbuilder added staff to the
Columbia class program who were originally planned for the Virginia class program,
contributing to delays for that program. However, long-term planning does not account for
shared risks between these programs that are likely to present production challenges and
could result in additional costs. Without updated long-term planning, the Navy cannot be
certain that the fiscal year 2024 budget request will be sufficient to meet the production
schedule it has planned for these submarine classes.36
Industrial-Base Challenges of Building Both Columbia- and
Virginia-Class Boats
Overview
A related issue for Congress concerns the ability of the submarine construction industrial base to
execute the work associated with procuring one Columbia-class SSBN plus two Virginia-class
SSNs per year (a procurement rate referred to in short as 1+2). Policymakers and other observers
have expressed concern about the industrial base’s capacity for executing a 1+2 workload without
encountering bottlenecks or other production problems in one or both of these programs. In a
nutshell, the challenge for the industrial base—both shipyards and supplier firms—is to ramp up
production from one “regular” Virginia-class boat’s work per year (the volume of work prior to
FY2011) to the equivalent of about five “regular” Virginia-class boats’ work per year (the
approximate volume of work represented by two Virginia Payload Module (VPM)-equipped
Virginia-class boats and one Columbia-class boat).37 In other words, the challenge for the

35 Government Accountability Office, Weapon Systems Annual Assessment[:] Programs Are Not Consistently
Implementing Practices That Can Help Accelerate Acquisitions, GAO-23-106059, June 2023, p. 160.
36 Government Accountability Office, Columbia Class Submarine[:] Program Lacks Essential Schedule Insight amid
Continuing Construction Challenges, GAO-23-106292, highlights page.
37 Starting in FY2019, the Navy began to procure a lengthened version of the Virginia-class design that incorporates the
Virginia Payload Module (VPM), 84-foot-long, mid-body section equipped with four large-diameter, vertical launch
(continued...)
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industrial base is to quintuple the pre-2011 volume of annual production by 2028. The challenge
is depicted in the Navy graph shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Navy Graph Showing Projected Growth in Submarine Tonnage Under
Construction
Red arrow indicates date of November 2023

Source: Navy graph provided to CRS and CBO by Navy Office of Legislative Affairs, November 16, 2023.
Concerns about the ability of the submarine construction industrial base to execute the workload
resulting from a sustained 1+2 procurement rate were heightened starting in 2019 by reports
about challenges faced by the two submarine-construction shipyards and associated supplier firms
in meeting scheduled delivery times for Virginia-class boats as the Virginia-class program
transitions from production of two “regular” Virginia-class boats per year to two VPM-equipped
boats per year.38

tubes for storing and launching additional Tomahawk missiles or other payloads. If building a “regular” Virginia-class
boat is viewed as requiring one unit of work, then building a VPM-equipped Virginia-class boat can be viewed as
requiring about 1.25 units of work, and building a Columbia-class boat can be viewed as requiring about 2.5 units of
work. On this basis, building two VPM-equipped Virginia-class boats and one Columbia-class boat would require
about five units of work (1.25 + 1.25 + 2.5 = 5.0).
38 See, for example, Government Accountability Office, Columbia Class Submarine[:] Overly Optimistic Cost Estimate
Will Likely Lead to Budget Increases, GAO-19-497, April 2019, pp. 20-23; David B. Larter, “Late Is the New Normal
for Virginia-Class Attack Boats,” Defense News, March 20, 2019; Megan Eckstein, “Navy: Lack of Submarine Parts
Slowing Down Maintenance, New Construction,” USNI News, March 26, 2019; David B. Larter, “The US Navy,
(continued...)
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Although Virginia-class submarines are being procured at a rate of two boats per year, Navy
officials have noted that deliveries of Virginia-class submarines from GD/EB and HII/NNS have
averaged 1.2 boats per year for the past five years.39 On March 29, 2023, Secretary of the Navy
Carlos Del Toro testified that the Virginia-class production rate was at that point about 1.4 boats
per year.40 At an April 28, 2023, briefing on the Virginia-class program for CRS and CBO, Navy
officials stated that the rate as of that date was about 1.3 boats per year.41 A March 31, 2023, press
report stated that Navy officials estimate that it will take another five years—until 2028—before
the delivery rate will increase to 2.0 boats per year.42 In advance policy questions submitted for a
September 14, 2023, hearing before the Senate Armed Services Committee to consider her
nomination to be Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Lisa Franchetti, the Vice Chief of Naval
Operations, stated that the Navy’s goal is to stabilize the Virginia-class construction rate at 1.4
boats per year by the end of 2023, increase it to at least 1.5 boats per year by the end of 2024, and
increase it to 2.0 boats per year by 2028.43
The Navy has testified that meeting both U.S. Navy needs and additional needs under the
AUKUS (Australia-UK-US) security agreement announced in September 2021 would require
increasing the Virginia-class production rate further, to 2.33 boats per year. Under the
nomenclature used here, such a combined Columbia-plus-Virginia procurement rate would be
expressed as 1+2.33.44
The Navy’s report on its FY2025 30-year (FY2025-FY2054) shipbuilding plan states,
To achieve the goal of simultaneous construction of the Columbia-class SSBN and two
Virginia-class SSNs annually, the DoN [Department of the Navy] is investing heavily in
the submarine industrial base to reduce production risk, stabilize critical suppliers, and help
enable recruitment and retention of the skilled production workforce. Industry must do its
part to deliver capability on time and within cost….
The DoN is committed to fortifying the submarine production and sustainment industrial
base to meet U.S. needs while also enabling the sale of three Virginia class submarines to
Australia. From FY2018 appropriation/execution through FY2023, the DoD, DoN, and
Congress have worked in partnership with state/local governments and industry to invest

Seeking Savings, Shakes Up Its Plans for More Lethal Attack Submarines,” Defense News, April 3, 2019; Anthony
Capaccio, “U.S. Navy Sub Firepower Upgrade Delayed by Welding Flaws,” Bloomberg, August 13, 2019; Paul
McLeary, “Weld Problems Spread To Second Navy Sub Program,” Breaking Defense, August 14, 2019; David B.
Larter, “Questions About US Navy Attack Sub Program Linger as Contract Negotiations Drag,” Defense News, August
16, 2019; Emma Watkins, “Will the U.S. Navy Soon Have a Missile-Tube Problem?” National Interest, August 19,
2019; David B. Larter, “As CNO Richardson Departs, US Submarine Builders Face Pressure,” Defense News, August
22, 2019; David B. Larter, “After a Leadership Shakeup at General Dynamics, a Murky Future for Submarine
Building,” Defense News, October 28, 2019; Rich Abott, “Navy Says Virginia Sub Delays Due To Faster Production
Rate,” Defense Daily, November 6, 2019.
39 See, for example, Megan Eckstein, “Navy Frustration Building over Late Weapons, Ship Deliveries,” Defense News,
January 11, 2023; Rich Abott, “Fleet Forces And SecNav Argue For More Maintenance Yards,” Defense Daily,
January 12, 2023.
40 Sam LaGrone, “SECNAV Del Toro: Virginia Attack Sub Construction ‘Significantly Behind,’ District of Columbia
Submarine 10% Behind Schedule,” USNI News, March 29 (updated March 30), 2023. See also Rich Abott, “SECNAV:
Columbia Sub 10 Percent Behind, Virginia Subs Improving But Still Behind,” Defense Daily, March 30, 2023.
41 Navy briefing on Virginia-class program for CRS and CBO, April 28, 2023.
42 Sam LaGrone, “Navy Estimates 5 More Years for Virginia Attack Sub Production to Hit 2 Boats a Year,” USNI
News, March 31, 2023.
43 Senate Armed Services Committee, Advance Policy Questions for Admiral Lisa M. Franchetti, USN, Nominee for
Appointment to be Chief of Naval Operations, p. 31.
44 For more on the submarine component of the AUKUS agreement, see CRS Report RL32418, Navy Virginia-Class
Submarine Program and AUKUS Submarine Proposal: Background and Issues for Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke.
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over $2.3B across shipyard, workforce, suppliers, strategic outsourcing and modern
manufacturing technology lines of effort. The Navy estimates additional $17.5 billion in
additional funding will be needed from FY 2024 through FY 2029 to achieve sustained
production levels of 1 Columbia SSBN + 2.0 Virginia SSNs by 2028, with additional
productivity required thereafter to support selling SSNs to Australia. This additional
funding was included in the FY2024 budget request, and FY2024 supplemental and is
included in the PB2025 budget request. This funding is displayed in Table 2.45

At an October 25, 2023, hearing on the submarine industrial base and its ability to support the
AUKUS framework before the Seapower and Projection Forces Subcommittee of the House
Armed Services Committee, the Navy provided testimony on its plan to increase the industrial
base’s capacity to support the production of 2.33 Virginia-class boats per year and thus a
combined Columbia-plus-Virginia procurement rate of 1+2.33. The Navy’s testimony on its plan
is reprinted in Appendix F.
Press Report
A September 8, 2023, press report stated
The U.S. Navy expects the submarine-industrial base to start delivering attack submarines
on time by 2028—more than a decade after vendors and shipbuilders began struggling to
keep up with growing demand, made worse by the pandemic and the seismic disruption it
brought to the labor market.
In fact, the Navy says, industry will have additional capacity by the early 2030s to start
increasing the size of the attack sub fleet, which is currently smaller than its required size
and would be more so following the sale of a couple boats to Australia as part of the
AUKUS trilateral pact.
To get there, the sea service anticipates spending $6.3 billion to bolster the submarine-
industrial base—on top of the annual cost of buying and repairing submarines.
But has the first tranche of investments yielded enough progress to warrant the Navy’s
optimism?
Here’s a closer look at how the submarine-industrial base is faring after the first $2.3 billion
went toward shoring up two shipbuilders and their thousands of suppliers….
The Navy spent $2.3 billion from fiscal 2018 to fiscal 2023 “to build and strengthen the
Submarine Industrial Base’s capacity, capability and resiliency,” Whitney Jones, director
of the Navy’s Submarine Industrial Base initiative, told Defense News in a written
statement.
This money was spent across five main lines of effort.

45 U.S. Navy, Report to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels for Fiscal Year
2025, March 2024, pp. 5-6.
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First is supplier development, after what Jones called the “slow but sustained degradation
of domestic manufacturing over the past 40 years.”
This money would boost the production capacity of existing suppliers, develop new
suppliers in areas where there may be a single vendor building a critical part, and
addressing market sectors where there has been a significant demand increase, such as
electrical and electronics subcomponents.
For example, Scot Forge received more than $20 million as part of this effort. The
company, part of the castings and forgings market that has struggled to keep up with
demand, used the money to buy more production equipment. It has since seen a 100%
increase in capacity to process large forgings, Jones said, and reduced its costs by 30%.
In this fiscal year, the Navy will infuse about $70 million into the raw material market, an
area where material must be delivered on time to keep submarine construction on schedule,
and which has been “especially impacted by market fluctuations and post-pandemic
realities,” Jones said.
The second area is shipyard infrastructure, to ensure General Dynamics Electric Boat and
HII’s Newport News Shipbuilding can ramp up their production to a rate that will, in FY26,
hit its highest rate by tonnage since World War II: one Columbia-class ballistic missile
submarine and two Virginia-class attack submarines with the Virginia Payload Module
insert each year, dubbed a 1+2 production rate….
The shipyards are making their own investments. For example, Newport News
Shipbuilding spokesman Todd Corillo told Defense News the yard is in the midst of
making $1.9 billion in capital investments that started in 2016 and will run through 2025,
which include facilities to accelerate submarine production.
The Navy is also pitching in with support for the facilities and equipment needed to keep
up with growing demand.
The third effort, strategic outsourcing, appears to be taking some of this growing work
away from the two shipyards. Jones said the Navy is looking to move at least 5 million
production hours a year in large-scale steel fabrication, outfitting and other heavy
manufacturing work to other locations, allowing the shipyards to focus on outfitting, final
assembly and testing….
The fourth effort is workforce development, as companies in the submarine-industrial base
of all sizes and in all locations struggle to recruit and retain the workers they need.
And the fifth is investing in new manufacturing technologies that can make work processes
more efficient, such as automated welding, robotics and additive manufacturing.
In total, Jones said, the Navy and the submarine-industrial base are executing 79 projects
in the current fiscal year aimed at boosting the capability, capacity and quality of work in
the sub-tier supply chain, in support of the so-called 1+2 production rate of Columbia and
Virginia submarines….
Even as the sector tries to ramp up to the 1+2 delivery schedule by FY26, it is also being
asked to build more spare parts to improve the performance of submarine repair activities.
The Navy proposed spending $2.4 billion from FY24 to FY28 to further infuse cash into
the supply chain and churn out parts to support submarine maintenance….
During an Aug. 3 earnings call, HII President Chris Kastner said the company, through the
second quarter of this year, “hired over 3,200 craftsmen and women on a solid pace to meet
our full year plan of approximately 5,000. Although we’re meeting our hiring targets,
attrition remains high and labor is still the greatest risk to meeting our plan.”
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He called labor “the largest obstacle, the largest risk” on the Virginia-class program, and
said the company would have to focus on recruiting, training and retaining skilled workers
for years to come….
Beyond outlining previous and upcoming initiatives, [Jones] highlighted an effort to use
data analytics to identify the best uses for this submarine-industrial base money.
The Navy team “must quantitatively and qualitatively describe challenges, gaps, and the
impact of efforts/investments,” she said.
As part of that effort, her office has mapped out and performed a risk assessment of the
16,000 suppliers in the submarine-industrial base. It identified the more than 200 million
parts the two shipbuilders will need to buy in the next 10 years, and found 15 critical
chokepoints that could threaten these future purchasing plans.46
Strategic Outsourcing
One option for addressing industrial-base challenges of building both Columbia-class boats and
Virginia-class SSNs at the same time is to increase the use of shipyards other than GD/EB and
HII/NNS, as well as other manufacturing facilities, in building components of Columbia- and/or
Virginia-class boats—a practice sometimes referred to as strategic outsourcing. An October 21,
2022, press report states
The U.S. Navy is pouring billions of dollars into shoring up the companies that help build
nuclear-powered submarines and aircraft carriers.
But these companies, and especially prime contractors General Dynamics Electric Boat
and HII’s Newport News Shipbuilding, cannot hire enough people to keep up with demand.
So they’re outsourcing work that was previously done in-house, two admirals said.
Rear Adm. Jon Rucker, the program executive officer for attack submarines, said the Navy
spent more than $1 billion between fiscal 2018 and fiscal 2022, and that the service is
committed to $2.4 billion from fiscal 2023 to fiscal 2027.
These funds cover supplier development, workforce development, shipbuilder
infrastructure, the development of technologies such as additive manufacturing and
nondestructive testing, government oversight, and strategic outsourcing.
In terms of tonnage of submarine construction, the Navy will see a 5.5 times increase from
FY11 to FY25. But the number of suppliers has dropped to about 5,000, compared to
17,000 companies during the last submarine construction surge in the 1980s, Rucker said
last month at an American Society of Naval Engineers conference.
Rucker said the Navy is trying to target its investments where it can make the most impact:
350 companies are considered “critical suppliers” in the submarine-industrial base, and
55% of those are located in six states. So workforce development dollars are focused on
those states to do the most good for critical suppliers in need of more workers. This effort
could see the establishment of new training sites in Virginia and Pennsylvania.
Outsourcing is becoming more important as some regions realize they aren’t receiving
enough interest for people to join the manufacturing industry, despite federal and state
government efforts to create manufacturing training opportunities.
“We are saturated in certain areas of the country. The Northeast is one of those. If we
cannot bring the people to the work, we’re going to take the work to the people,” Rucker
said.

46 Megan Eckstein, “The US Navy Is Spending Billions to Stabilize Vendors. Will It Work?” Defense News, September
8, 2023.
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Today, he explained, Electric Boat outsources 1.1 million hours’ worth of work a year and
Newport News Shipbuilding outsources 900,000 hours as they build new Virginia- and
Columbia-class submarines.
By 2025, that combined 2 million hours will grow to 5 million, he said—which equates to
half the work to build a Virginia submarine.
Rucker said companies across the U.S. are building structural pieces of submarines,
including some large modules, that were previously built at Electric Boat and Newport
News facilities. Now they’re constructed by companies with available workers and space,
and then shipped to the shipyard for assembly.47
A December 6, 2022, news release from Austal USA of Mobile, AL—a shipyard that builds
conventionally powered surface ships for the Navy—states
Production has commenced at Austal USA’s shipyard in Mobile, Ala., in support of their
strategic partnership with General Dynamics Electric Boat (GDEB) to support the U.S.
Navy’s recapitalization of the nation’s nuclear submarine fleet. Leveraging Austal USA’s
lean manufacturing techniques and modern steel production line facilities, a focus factory
approach is being used to expand production capacity of the submarine industrial base.
As part of the partnership, Austal USA is constructing and outfitting Command and Control
Systems Modules (CCSM) and Electronic Deck Modules (EDM) for the Virginia- and
Columbia-class programs. GDEB commenced on-the-job training efforts in April 2022 to
provide certification for skilled trades and supervisory positions to ensure consistent work
practices and adherence to quality assurance standards....
Work commenced in late November on two tanks for a Virginia class submarine. The first
CCSM is scheduled to arrive at Austal USA’s Mobile shipyard in late January 2023 for
initial outfitting efforts. The work will support a gradual ramp up to full fabrication and
outfitting of CCSMs and EDMs across both submarine classes beginning in 2026.48
Potential Oversight Questions for Congress
Potential oversight questions for Congress include the following:
• How likely is it that the prior-year and programmed investments in the submarine
construction industrial base will succeed in achieving a 1+2 submarine
production rate by 2028, and a 1+2.33 production rate sometime after that?
• What impacts might there be on the Columbia- and/or Virginia-class programs if
the Navy and industry fall short of their goals for increasing the production
capacity of the submarine construction industrial base to support a 1+2 rate by
2028 and a 1+2.33 rate sometime after that?

47 Megan Eckstein, “Defense Firms Outsource Sub, Carrier Construction amid Labor Woes,” Defense News, October
21, 2022.
48 Austal USA, “Austal USA Commences Submarine Work,” December 6, 2022. See also Justin Katz, “Known for
LCS, Alabama-Based Austal USA Starts Submarine Work,” Breaking Defense, January 19, 2023; Rojoef Manuel,
“Austal, General Dynamics Team Up for US Navy Nuclear Submarine Production,” Defense Post, December 8, 2022;
Rich Abott, “Austal Starts Submarine Construction Support Work,” Defense Daily, December 12, 2022.
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Risk of Cost Growth
Overview
Another oversight issue for Congress is the risk of cost growth in the program. As detailed by
CBO49 and GAO,50 lead ships in Navy shipbuilding programs in many cases have turned out to be
more expensive to build than the Navy had estimated. In addition, Navy shipbuilding has
experienced significant inflation during the last few years—the Navy’s FY2025 budget highlights
book states: “Due to the residual effects of inflationary pressures of the past few years, workforce
challenges, plus increased labor and supply costs across the defense enterprise, all drove costs
associated with our shipbuilding account up roughly 20% over the last couple of years.”51 As
mentioned earlier, the Navy’s estimated combined procurement cost for the 12 Columbia-class
boats increased 12.1% between the Navy’s FY2024 budget submission and its FY2025 budget
submission. As discussed in further detail below, CBO in October 2023 concluded that there is a
significant risk of cost growth in the Columbia-class program.
As mentioned earlier, Navy officials have stated consistently since 2013 that the Columbia-class
program is the Navy’s top priority program, and that this means, among other things, that from
the Navy’s perspective, the Columbia-class program will be funded, even if that comes at the
expense of funding for other Navy programs. Given this, the impact of cost growth in the
Columbia-class program in a situation of finite DOD funding might be not so much on the
execution of the Columbia-class program itself as on the consequent affordability of other DOD
programs, perhaps particularly other Navy shipbuilding programs. The issue of the potential
impact of the Columbia-class program on the affordability of other DOD programs is discussed in
the next section of this report.
Navy Perspective as of July 2023
A July 31, 2023, Navy information paper provided to CRS and CBO states that as of October
2022, the Navy had assigned a confidence level of 46% to its estimated procurement cost for the
lead ship in the Columbia class (excluding costs for plans) and a confidence level of 51% to its
estimated average procurement cost for ships 2 through 12 in the program.52 What this means is
that the Navy as of October 2022 had calculated that there was a 54% chance that the
procurement cost of the first Columbia-class boat (excluding costs for plans), and a 49% chance
that the estimated average procurement cost for ships 2 through 12 in the program, would turn out
to be greater than what the Navy estimates. A June 24, 2021, Navy information paper provided to
CRS and CBO presented earlier (August 2020) confidence levels for the lead ship (excluding cost
for plans) and ships 2 through 12, and corresponding estimated unit procurement costs. Table 2
shows those confidence levels and corresponding estimated unit procurement costs.

49 See CBO, An Analysis of the Navy’s Fiscal Year 2024 Shipbuilding Plan, October 2023, p. 34 (Figure 10).
50 See Government Accountability Office, Navy Shipbuilding[:] Past Performance Provides Valuable Lessons for
Future Investments, GAO-18-238SP, June 2018, p. 8.
51 Department of the Navy, Highlights of the Department of the Navy FY 2025 Budget, 2024, p. 1-12.
52 Navy information paper, “Update on Confidence Levels for COLUMBIA Lead Ship and Follow Ship,” July 31,
2023, received by CRS and CBO from Navy Legislative Affairs Office, August 2, 2023.
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Table 2. Navy Confidence Levels as of August 2020 for Estimated Columbia-Class
Unit Procurement Costs
Billions of constant 2021 dollars
Average end
Confidence
End cost of lead
cost of ships
level decile
ship (less plans)
2-12
30%
$8.3
$6.5
40%
$8.5
$6.8
50%
$8.8
$7.1
60%
$9.0
$7.4
70%
$9.2
$7.7
80%
$9.5
$8.1
Source: Navy information paper, “Update on Confidence Levels for COLUMBIA Lead Ship and Fol ow Ship,”
June 24, 2021, received by CRS and CBO from Navy Legislative Affairs Office, July 29, 2021.
Note: End cost of lead ship includes cost for the ship’s missile tube module, which was funded through the
Navy’s research and development account.
CBO Perspective as of October 2023
An October 2023 CBO report on the cost of the Navy’s shipbuilding programs states
The cost of the 11 Columbia class submarines included in the 2024 shipbuilding plan is
one of the most significant uncertainties in the Navy’s and CBO’s analyses of future
shipbuilding costs.…
The Navy currently estimates that construction of the first Columbia class ship, the District
of Columbia, will be complete in 2028 at a cost of $15.8 billion (in [constant [FY]2023
dollars). As of June 30, 2023, the ship was 36 percent complete. Subsequent ships in the
class would cost $7.7 billion, on average. The total procurement cost for the 12 submarines
would be $100.2 billion [in constant FY2023 dollars] (which includes appropriations of
$21.4 billion from 2017 to 2023), or $8.4 billion per ship, on average.
According to the Navy’s estimate, the cost per thousand tons of displacement for the first
Columbia class ship would be 13 percent less than that of the first Virginia class attack
submarine. But the costs of lead ships of new classes of submarines built in the 1970s and
1980s provide little evidence that ballistic missile submarines are cheaper to build, per ton,
than attack submarines. On the basis of a calculation of cost risk completed in October
2022, the Navy has stated that there is a 54 percent chance that the cost of the first Columbia
class submarine will exceed its estimates and a 46 percent chance that it will cost less than
estimated. The likelihood that subsequent ships in the class would cost more or less than
estimated was nearly even—49 percent and 51 percent, respectively.
Moreover, the Navy’s estimates for Columbia class ships have not yet been updated to
reflect existing conditions in the submarine industrial base. As previously mentioned, the
Navy estimates that the Virginia class submarines it will buy in 2025 and 2026 will cost
about 15 percent more than the ones purchased in 2022 and 2023, after adjusting for
inflation. The Navy has attributed a large portion of that increase in the cost of future
Virginia class submarines to poor performance in the building shipyards, a fragile industrial
base for suppliers of many components, and other challenges. Columbia class ships are
being built in those same shipyards and will probably be affected by the same conditions.
Nevertheless, the Navy continues to rely on its 2021 cost estimate for the Columbia class,
which it plans to update later this year.
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CBO’s estimate for the Columbia class program reflects current industry conditions and is
therefore 19 percent greater than the Navy’s. CBO estimates that purchasing the first
Columbia class submarine would cost $17.5 billion—$1.7 billion more than the Navy
estimates. Including appropriations from 2017 to 2023, CBO estimates that, all told, 12
Columbia class submarines would cost $119 billion (of which $100 billion would be
appropriated between 2024 and 2036). The 11 submarines set to follow the lead ship would
cost $9.2 billion each, on average—$1.5 billion more per submarine than the Navy
estimates.
Costs for the Columbia class submarines could, however, exceed both the Navy’s and
CBO’s estimates. The new SSBN will be the largest, most technologically complex
submarine the United States has ever built. It is expected to reuse some technology and
components from the Virginia class submarine, but it would also include many new
elements, such as an all-electric drive system, an X-stern ship control system (in which the
rear rudders and dive planes are shaped like an “X” rather than a “+”, as they are on the
Ohio class submarines), a new missile compartment, and a nuclear reactor designed to last
the entire 42-year service life of the submarine. Furthermore, the Navy has repeatedly
stated that the Columbia is its first acquisition priority and that the program must stay on
schedule to meet its strategic deterrence mission. Thus, if the program encounters problems
in construction, the Navy and the shipbuilders are likely to invest more resources and assign
more people to the program to meet the schedule, all of which would increase costs.
Conversely, costs for the Columbia class ships could be less than CBO estimates if the
Navy and the shipbuilders are successful in their ongoing efforts to increase the speed and
efficiency of construction and to improve the performance of the supplier base.53
Cost-Plus Incentive Fee (CPIF) Contract
Another aspect of the issue of the risk of cost growth in the program concerns the Navy’s intent to
use a cost-plus incentive fee (CPIF) contract rather than a fixed-priced contract to procure the
first two ships in the class. Skeptics could argue that using a CPIF contract will increase the risk
of cost growth on the first two ships because it will insulate the builders from much of the
financial risk of cost growth, providing them with a reduced incentive to control costs. They
could argue that while the Navy has used cost-plus type contracts for lead ships in other
shipbuilding programs, the Navy in this case is proposing to use one for a two-ship contract,
extending the risk of cost growth to the second ship in the program. They could argue that while
insulating builders from the risks and uncertainties of building lead ships has been a traditional
shipbuilding consideration, the risks in this case are to be reduced by the Navy’s strategy of
bringing the Columbia-class design to a high state of completion prior to starting construction on
the lead ship.
Supporters of using a cost-plus type contract could argue that doing so is a traditional approach
for procuring a lead ship in a Navy shipbuilding program that recognizes that the lead ship in
effect serves as the program’s prototype and thus presents the builders with substantial risks and
uncertainties regarding construction costs, even with a design that has been brought to a high state
of completion prior to starting construction. They could argue that this is particularly true in this
case, given that this is the first lead ship in a Navy SSBN program to start construction in about
47 years.54 They could argue that builders will still have an incentive to control costs because of
the incentive fee in the contract, and because they understand that cost growth in the Columbia-

53 CBO, An Analysis of the Navy’s Fiscal Year 2024 Shipbuilding Plan, October 2023, pp. 25-27.
54 The lead ship in the Ohio-class SSBN program was procured in FY1974—47 years before the scheduled FY2021
procurement date for the lead ship in the Columbia-class program.
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class program could reduce funding available for other Navy priorities, including procurement of
Virginia-class attack submarines that these firms also build.
Change in Estimated Procurement Costs Since FY2021 Budget Submission
Table 3 shows changes in the estimated procurement costs of the first and second Columbia-class
boats (SSBNs 826 and 827, respectively) since the Navy’s budget submission for FY2021, when
the first Columbia-class boat was procured.
Table 3. Change in Estimated Procurement Costs Since FY2021 Budget
Millions of then-year dollars, rounded to nearest tenth
Cumulative
Change from
change since
Boat and budget
Estimated cost
prior year
FY2021
First boat (SSBN-826)
FY21 budget
14,393.4
—
—
FY22 budget
15,030.5
+637.1 (+4.4%)
+637.1 (+4.4%)
FY23 budget
15,179.1
+148.6 (+1.0%)
+785.7 (+5.5%)
FY24 budget
15,179.1
0
+785.7 (+5.5%)
FY25 budget
15,179.1
0
+785.7 (+5.5%)
Second boat (SSBN-827)
FY21 budget
9,326.1
—
—
FY22 budget
n/a
n/a
n/a
FY23 budget
9,280.2
n/a
-45.9 (-0.5%)
FY24 budget
9,285.3
+5.1 (+0.05%)
-40.8 (-0.4%)
FY25 budget
9,283.1
-2.2 (-0.02%)
-43.0 (-0.5%)
Source: Table prepared by CRS based on Navy’s FY2021-FY2025 budget submissions.
Note: n/a means not available.
As can be seen in the table, the estimated cost of the first Columbia-class boat increased by
$637.1 million, or 4.4%, from the FY2021 budget submission to the FY2022 budget submission.
Of the $637.1 million increase, $549.8 million (more than 86% of the increase) was in the
estimated cost of the boat’s plans. As discussed earlier, the cost of plans for the first Columbia-
class boat means (essentially) the detail design/nonrecurring engineering (DD/NRE) costs for the
Columbia class. (As also noted earlier, it is a long-standing Navy budgetary practice to
incorporate the DD/NRE costs for a new class of ship into the total procurement cost of the first
ship in the class.) Because the cost for plans for the first boat in a class is largely a nonrecurring
expense, the increase in the estimated cost of the first boat’s plans might not imply a similar
increase in the (much smaller) plans costs for the second and subsequent boats in the class.
Excluding the change in the estimated cost for plans, the estimated cost of the first Columbia-
class boat increased in the Navy’s FY2022 budget submission by $87.3 million, or about 0.6%,
from the FY2021 submission to the FY2022 submission. As can also be seen in the table, the
estimated cost of the second boat in the class has decreased 0.5% from the FY2021 budget
submission to the FY2025 budget submission.
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Impact on Funding for Other Navy Shipbuilding Programs
Another issue for Congress—one that observers have focused on for several years—concerns the
potential impact of the Columbia-class program on funding that will be available for other Navy
programs, including other shipbuilding programs, particularly during the 10-year period FY2026-
FY2035, when the Navy plans to procure one Columbia-class boat per year. Other things held
equal, cost growth in the Columbia-class program (see the earlier discussion of the risk of cost
growth in the program) could reinforce concerns about the potential impact of the Columbia-class
program on funding that will be available for other Navy programs, including other shipbuilding
programs. Even without such cost growth, however, this issue would remain as a matter of
concern.
The Navy’s FY2025 budget submission projects that the Columbia-class program will require
roughly $9 billion to $10 billion per year in then-year dollars in procurement and advance
procurement (AP) funding each year beginning in FY2026. The Navy’s report on its FY2023 30-
year (FY2023-FY2052) shipbuilding plan stated that “the fiscal impact of the Columbia class
increased significantly in FY2021 with procurement of the lead SSBN. The impact grows across
the FYDP to FY2026 when annual full procurements will be required to support serial production
through FY2035.”55
The creation of the National Sea-Based Deterrence Fund (NSBDF) and the amending of the
statute governing the fund to include special acquisition authorities can be viewed as one
response to concerns about the potential impact of the Columbia-class program on funding that
will be available for other Navy programs, including other shipbuilding programs. For additional
information about the NSBDF, see Appendix E.
Legislative Activity for FY2024 and FY2025
Summary of Congressional Action on FY2024 Funding Request
Table 4 summarizes congressional action on the Navy’s FY2024 funding request for the
Columbia-class program and the October 20, 2023, supplemental funding request for the
submarine industrial base.

55 See U.S. Navy, Report to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels for Fiscal
Year 2023, April 2022, p. 17.
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Table 4. Congressional Action on FY2024 Funding Request
Millions of then-year dollars, rounded to nearest tenth; totals may not add due to rounding
Authorization
Appropriation

Request
HASC
SASC
Enacted
HAC
SAC
Enacted
FY2024 Procurement Funding Request for Virginia-Class Program (all in SCN account)
Procurement
2,443.6
2,531.6
2,443.6
2,443.6
2,443.6
2,443.6
2,443.6
Advance procurement (AP)
3,390.7
3,390.7
3,390.7
3,390.7
3,390.7
3,390.7
3,390.7
Total Columbia class
5,834.3 5,922.3 5,834.3
5,834.3
5,834.3
5,834.3
5,834.3
Emergency Supplemental Funding for Submarine Industrial Base (SIB) Requested on October 20, 2023
Authorization
Appropriation

Request
House
Senate Enacted
House
Senate
Enacted
OMN account
557.8
n/a
n/a
n/a
557.8
557.8
557.8
SCN account
2,055.0
n/a
n/a
n/a
2,155.0
2,155.0
2,155.0
OPN account
393.6
n/a
n/a
n/a
293.6
293.6
293.6
RDTEN account
7.0
n/a
n/a
n/a
7.0
7.0
7.0
MilCon account
281.9
n/a
n/a
n/a
281.9
281.9
281.9
Subtotal DOD
3,295.2

3,295.2
3,295.2
3,295.2
DOE NNSA for NR
98.0
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
Total SIB
3,393.2
n/a
n/a
n/a
3,295.2
3,295.2
3,295.2
Source: Table prepared by CRS based on Navy’s original FY2024 budget submission, committee and conference
reports, and explanatory statements on FY2024 National Defense Authorization Act and FY2024 DOD
Appropriations Act. Figures may not add due to rounding.
Notes: HASC is House Armed Services Committee; SASC is Senate Armed Services Committee; HAC is
House Appropriations Committee; SAC is Senate Appropriations Committee. SCN is Shipbuilding and
Conversion, Navy; OMN is Operation and Maintenance, Navy; OPN is Other Procurement, Navy; RDTEN is
Research, Development, Test and Evaluation, Navy; MilCon is Military Construction, Navy and Marine Corps;
DOE NNSA for NR is Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration for Naval Reactors
(i.e., the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program). n/a is not applicable—the House and Senate versions of the
FY2024 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) were reported prior to the submission of the emergency
supplemental funding request on October 20, 2023.
Summary of Congressional Action on FY2025 Funding Request
Table 4 summarizes congressional action on the Navy’s FY2025 procurement and advance
procurement (AP) funding request for the Columbia-class program.

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Table 5. Congressional Action on FY2025 Funding Request
Millions of then-year dollars, rounded to nearest tenth; totals may not add due to rounding
Authorization
Appropriation

Request
HASC
SASC
Enacted
HAC
SAC
Enacted
Procurement
3,341.2

Advance procurement (AP)
6,215.9

Total
9,557.2

Source: Table prepared by CRS based on Navy’s original FY2025 budget submission, committee and conference
reports, and explanatory statements on FY2025 National Defense Authorization Act and FY2025 DOD
Appropriations Act. Figures may not add due to rounding.
Notes: HASC is House Armed Services Committee; SASC is Senate Armed Services Committee; HAC is
House Appropriations Committee; SAC is Senate Appropriations Committee.
FY2024 National Defense Authorization Act (H.R. 2670/S. 2226/P.L.
118-31)
House
The House Armed Services Committee, in its report (H.Rept. 118-125 of June 30, 2023) on H.R.
2670, recommended the funding levels shown in the HASC column of Table 4. The
recommended increase of $88.0 million in procurement funding is for “Submarine industrial
base.” (Page 445)
Section 1012 of H.R. 2670 would expand the list of critical components that can be procured with
multiyear contracts using funds executed through 10 U.S.C. 2218a, the statute that governs the
National Sea-Based Deterrence Fund (NSBDF).
H.Rept. 118-125 states (emphasis added)
Laser Peening Application to Ship and Submarine Construction, Maintenance, and Repair
The committee notes that the Navy is facing challenges related to maintaining its aging
fleet and procuring new ships and submarines. To address some of these challenges, the
Navy continues to examine technologies that can extend the service life of newly
constructed ships and submarines, as well as maintain the current fleet. Laser shock
peening (laser peening) is a technology that has been proven to provide significant cost
savings over the past 35 years in the aerospace, transportation, and power generation
industries and will provide significant cost savings for the Navy and its shipbuilders as
well.
In ships and submarines, metal fatigue and resultant cracking can result in damage to key
metal components such as propulsion shafting, propellers, rudders, water jets, etc. Without
repairing these critical ship components, the damage can potentially lead to a part’s
unexpected failure. Material treated by laser peening is significantly more resistant to metal
fatigue failures, thus extending the system’s life. Laser peening has been supported in
Congress since at least 2014 as a proven technology that has the potential of saving
significant funding that would otherwise be necessary for future repairs or replacement of
critical shipboard and submarine components. Similar savings have been seen in
commercial industry and Department of Defense aviation.
Therefore, the committee directs the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research,
Development, Test and Evaluation (DASN RDTE) to provide a briefing to the House
Committee on Armed Services by February 1, 2024, on the resources required for the U.S.
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Navy to fully implement a coordinated laser peening program, particularly to support
the Columbia-class, to address the numerous metal fatigue related issues and costs
rampant throughout the aviation, surface, and submarine fleet. (Page 110)
Senate
The Senate Armed Services Committee, in its report (S.Rept. 118-58 of July 12, 2023) on S.
2226, recommended the funding levels shown in the SASC column of Table 4.
Enacted
The conference report (H.Rept. 118-301 of December 6, 2023) on H.R. 2670/P.L. 118-31 of
December 22, 2023, recommended the funding levels shown in the authorization enacted column
of Table 4.
Section 1016 of H.R. 2670 would expand the list of critical components that can be procured with
multiyear contracts using funds executed through 10 U.S.C. 2218a, the statute that governs the
National Sea-Based Deterrence Fund (NSBDF).
FY2024 DOD Appropriations Act (H.R. 4365/S. 2587/Division A of
H.R. 2882/P.L. 118-47)
House
The House Appropriations Committee, in its report (H.Rept. 118-121 of June 27, 2023) on H.R.
4365, recommended the funding levels shown in the HAC column of Table 4.
In H.R. 4365, the paragraph that makes appropriations for the Shipbuilding and Conversion,
Navy (SCN) appropriation account (i.e., the Navy’s shipbuilding budget) includes this provision
… Provided further, That funds appropriated or otherwise made available by this Act for
Columbia Class Submarine (AP) may be available for the purposes authorized by
subsections (f), (g), (h) or (i) of section 2218a of title 10, United States Code [i.e., the
statute that governs the National Sea-Based Deterrence Fund (NSBDF)], only in
accordance with the provisions of the applicable subsection.
Senate
The Senate Appropriations Committee, in its report (S.Rept. 118-81 of July 27, 2023) on S. 2587,
recommended the funding levels shown in the SAC column of Table 4.
In S. 2587, the paragraph that makes appropriations for the Shipbuilding and Conversion, Navy
(SCN) appropriation account (i.e., the Navy’s shipbuilding budget) includes this provision
… Provided further, That funds appropriated or otherwise made available by this Act for
Columbia Class Submarine (AP) may be available for the purposes authorized by
subsections (f), (g), (h) or (i) of section 2218a of title 10, United States Code [i.e., the
statute that governs the National Sea-Based Deterrence Fund (NSBDF)], only in
accordance with the provisions of the applicable subsection.
S.Rept. 118-81 states
Submarine Construction Performance.—The Committee continues to be concerned by
VIRGINIA Class Submarine [VCS] construction cost and schedule performance which
impact not only the construction and delivery to the fleet of VCS, but also affect the
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COLUMBIA Class Submarine [COL] construction schedule. The Committee notes that the
fiscal year 2024 President’s budget request includes funds for cost overruns of VCSs
procured in fiscal years 2015, 2016, and 2017, and that cost overruns on additional ongoing
new VCS construction programs are expected to exceed $3,000,000,000 in future years.
The Secretary of the Navy is directed to submit to the congressional defense committees
the most current cost and schedule estimates, by VCS and COL, with the submission of
each annual President’s budget request until delivery of the twelfth and final COLUMBIA
hull. The report shall identify changes from the previous year, and include detailed
explanations for all submarines not fully resourced to the Navy’s cost estimate, as well as
all projected cost-to-complete requirements for previously appropriated submarines. (Page
137)
Enacted
The explanatory statement for Division A of H.R. 2882/P.L. 118-47 of March 23, 2024, provides
the funding levels shown in the appropriation enacted column of Table 4.
In H.R. 2882/P.L. 118-47, the paragraph that makes appropriations for the Shipbuilding and
Conversion, Navy (SCN) appropriation account (i.e., the Navy’s shipbuilding budget) includes
this provision
… Provided further, That funds appropriated or otherwise made available by this Act for
Columbia Class Submarine (AP) may be available for the purposes authorized by
subsections (f), (g), (h) or (i) of section 2218a of title 10, United States Code [[i.e., the
statute that governs the National Sea-Based Deterrence Fund (NSBDF)], only in
accordance with the provisions of the applicable subsection.
The explanatory statement for Division A of H.R. 2882/P.L. 118-47 of March 23, 2024, states
SUBMARINE CONSTRUCTION PERFORMANCE
Concerns remain about the VIRGINIA Class Submarine (VCS) construction cost and
schedule performance, which impact not only the construction and delivery to the fleet of
VCS, but also affect the COLUMBIA Class Submarine (COL) construction schedule. It is
noted that the fiscal year 2024 President’s budget request includes funds for cost overruns
of VCSs procured in fiscal years 2015, 2016, and 2017, and that cost overruns on additional
ongoing new VCS construction programs are expected to exceed $3,000,000,000 in future
years. The Secretary of the Navy is directed to submit to the congressional defense
committees the most current cost and schedule estimates, by VCS and COL, with the
submission of each annual President’s budget request until delivery of the twelfth and final
COLUMBIA hull. The report shall identify changes from the previous year, and include
detailed explanations for all submarines not fully resourced to the Navy’s cost estimate, as
well as all projected cost-to-complete requirements for previously appropriated
submarines.
Additionally, it is noted that in directing a comprehensive Navy shipbuilding review in
January, the Secretary of the Navy stated, “I remain concerned with the lingering effects
of post-pandemic conditions on our shipbuilders and their suppliers that continue to affect
our shipbuilding programs, particularly our COLUMBIA Class Ballistic Missile
Submarines .... “ The Secretary is directed to brief the congressional defense committees
on the findings of this review within 30 days of completion. As part of this briefing, the
Secretary is directed to identify the Department of the Navy’s proposed near-term actions
to prevent further SSBN-826 schedule delays, mid-term actions to stabilize production and
enable on-time delivery of SSBN-827, and long-term actions to enable the on-time and on-
budget delivery of SSBN-828 through SSBN-837.
Further, concerns remain with the technology maturity of certain COL subsystems, which
could affect the construction and delivery timelines. Accordingly, the Senior Technical
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Authority for COL, as designated under section 8669b of title 10, United States Code, is
directed to provide directly to the congressional defense committees quarterly updates on
the technology readiness of key COL subsystems and components until SSBN-826
completes its first strategic deterrent patrol. These updates shall include, at a minimum,
technology maturation metrics and identification of technical, schedule, or other significant
issues for the following subsystems: stem area system, advanced carbon dioxide removal
unit, integrated power system (including turbine generators), torpedo tubes, strategic
weapons system, and such other subsystems or components as the Senior Technical
Authority may designate.
Finally, the Comptroller General is directed to conduct a comprehensive review of the VCS
program, including: (1) the current status of Block V construction relative to cost, schedule,
quality and performance expectations as well as risks to successfully constructing future
submarines; (2) the Navy’s approach to contracting and funding for Block VI, including
expected savings from a multiyear procurement strategy; (3) the Navy’s ability to
efficiently manage VCS construction during concurrent COL construction; (4) the Navy’s
strategy for providing VCS to Australia; and (5) the Navy’s plans for SSN(X) development.
The Comptroller General is directed to provide an update briefing on this comprehensive
review to the congressional defense committees not later than October 1, 2024, to be
followed with quarterly updates and the final report. (PDF page 146 of 314)
Indo-Pacific Security Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2024 (Division C of
H.R. 815/P.L. 118-50)
Senate
H.R. 815 was introduced in the House on February 2, 2023, and agreed to in the House by voice
vote on March 7, 2023, as the Removing Extraneous Loopholes Insuring Every Veteran
Emergency Act (aka RELIEVE Act).
Under Senate Amendment 1388 to H.R. 815—an amendment in the nature of a substitute that was
proposed in the Senate on February 9, 2024, and agreed to in the Senate on February 12, 2024—
H.R. 815 would become the National Security Act, 2024, of which Division A of H.R. 815 would
be the National Security Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2024. Division A of H.R. 815 would
provide the supplemental funding amounts shown in the Appropriations Senate column of the
lower part of Table 4. Compared with the supplemental amounts requested on October 20, 2023,
the amounts that would be provided by Division A of H.R. 815 would in effect transfer $100
million in requested supplemental funding from the Other Procurement, Navy (OPN) account to
the Shipbuilding and Conversion, Navy (SCN) account, and would not provide the $98.0 million
in funding that was requested for the Department of Energy (DOE) National Nuclear Security
Administration (NNSA) for Naval Reactors (NR) in support of AUKUS Pillar 1.
House
On April 20, 2024, the House agreed with an amendment to the Senate amendment to H.R. 815
under which, among other things, funding for the submarine industrial base would be included in
a new Division C (the Indo-Pacific Security Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2024) of H.R. 815.
Division C of H.R. 815 would provide the funding amounts shown in the Appropriations House
column of the lower part of Table 4. Compared with the supplemental amounts requested on
October 20, 2023, the amounts that would be provided by Division A of H.R. 815 would in effect
transfer $100 million in requested supplemental funding from the Other Procurement, Navy
(OPN) account to the Shipbuilding and Conversion, Navy (SCN) account, and would not provide
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the $98.0 million in funding that was requested for the Department of Energy (DOE) National
Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) for Naval Reactors (NR) in support of AUKUS Pillar 1.
Enacted
On April 23, 2024, the Senate agreed to the House amendment to the Senate amendment to H.R.
815. On April 24, 2024, the bill was presented to and signed by the President, becoming P.L. 118-
50. Division C of H.R. 815/P.L. 118-50 of March 24, 2024, provides the funding amounts shown
in the Appropriations Enacted column of the lower part of Table 4. Compared with the
supplemental amounts requested on October 20, 2023, the amounts provided by Division A of
H.R. 815 in effect transfer $100 million in requested supplemental funding from the Other
Procurement, Navy (OPN) account to the Shipbuilding and Conversion, Navy (SCN) account,
and do not include the $98.0 million in funding that was requested for the Department of Energy
(DOE) National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) for Naval Reactors (NR) in support of
AUKUS Pillar 1.

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Appendix A. Summary of Past U.S. SSBN Designs
This appendix provides background information on the four SSBN classes that the United States
has operated since 1959. The four classes are summarized in Table A-1. As shown in the table,
the size of U.S. SSBNs has grown over time, reflecting in part a growth in the size and number of
SLBMs carried on each boat. The Ohio class carries an SLBM (the D-5) that is much larger than
the SLBMs carried by earlier U.S. SSBNs, and it carries 24 SLBMs, compared to the 16 on
earlier U.S. SSBNs.56 In part for these reasons, the Ohio-class design, with a submerged
displacement of 18,750 tons, is more than twice the size of earlier U.S. SSBNs.
Table A-1. U.S. SSBN Classes
George
Lafayette/Benjamin
Washington
Ethan Allen
Franklin (SSBN-
Ohio (SSBN-726)

(SSBN-598) class
(SSBN-608) class
616/640) class
class
Number in class
5
5
31
18/14
Fiscal years
FY1958-FY1959
FY1959 and FY1961
FY1961-FY1964
FY1974/FY1977 -
procured
FY1991
Years in
1959-1985
1961-1992
1963-2002
1981/1984-present
commission
Length
381.7 feet
410.5 feet
425 feet
560 feet
Beam
33 feet
33 feet
33 feet
42 feet
Submerged
6,700 tons
7,900 tons
8,250 tons
18,750 tons
displacement
Number of SLBM
16
16
16
24 (to be reduced
launch tubes
to 20 by 2018)
Final type(s) of
Polaris A-3
Polaris A-3
Poseidon C-3/
Trident II D-5
SLBM carried
Trident I C-4
Diameter of those
54 inches
54 inches
74 inches
83 inches
SLBMs
Length of those
32.3 feet
32.3 feet
34 feet
44 feet
SLBMs
Weight of each
36,000 pounds
36,000 pounds
65,000/73,000 pounds
~130,000 pounds
SLBM (pounds)
Range of SLBMs
~2,500 nm
~2,500 nm
~2,500 nm/~4,000 nm
~4,000 nm
Sources: Prepared by CRS based on data in Norman Polmar, The Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet, Annapolis,
Naval Institute Press, various editions, and (for SSBN decommissioning dates) U.S. Naval Vessel Register.
Notes: Beam is the maximum width of a ship. For the submarines here, which have cylindrical hul s, beam is the
diameter of the hul .
The range of an SLBM can vary, depending on the number and weight of nuclear warheads it carries; actual
ranges can be lesser or greater than those shown.
The George Washington-class boats were procured as modifications of SSNs that were already under
construction. Three of the boats were converted into SSNs toward the ends of their lives and were

56 The larger size of the Ohio-class design also reflects a growth in size over time in U.S. submarine designs due to
other reasons, such as providing increased interior volume for measures to quiet the submarine acoustically, so as to
make it harder to detect.
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decommissioned in 1983-1985. The two boats that remained SSBNs throughout their lives were
decommissioned in 1981.
All five Ethan Allen-class boats were converted into SSNs toward the ends of their lives. The boats were
decommissioned in 1983 (two boats), 1985, 1991, and 1992.
Two of the Lafayette/Benjamin Franklin-class boats were converted into SSNs toward the ends of their lives and
were decommissioned in 1999 and 2002. The 29 that remained SSBNs throughout their lives were
decommissioned in 1986-1995. For 19 of the boats, the Poseidon C-3 was the final type of SLBM carried; for the
other 12, the Trident I C-4 SLBM was the final type of SLBM carried.
A total of 18 Ohio-class SSBNs were built. The first four, which entered service in 1981-1984, were converted
into SSGNs in 2002-2008. The remaining 14 boats entered service in 1984-1997. Although Ohio-class SSBNs are
designed to each carry 24 SLBMs, by 2018, four SLBM launch tubes on each boat are to be deactivated, and the
number of SLBMs that can be carried by each boat consequently is to be reduced to 20, so that the number of
operational launchers and warheads in the U.S. force wil comply with strategic nuclear arms control limits.
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Appendix B. U.S.-UK Cooperation on SLBMs and
the New UK SSBN
This appendix provides background information on U.S.-UK cooperation on SLBMs and the
UK’s next-generation SSBN, previously called the Successor-class SSBN and now called the
Dreadnought-class SSBN.
The UK’s four Vanguard-class SSBNs, which entered service in 1993-1999, each carry 16 Trident
II D-5 SLBMs. Previous classes of UK SSBNs similarly carried earlier-generation U.S. SLBMs.57
The UK’s use of U.S.-made SLBMs on its SSBNs is one element of a long-standing close
cooperation between the two countries on nuclear-related issues that is carried out under the 1958
Agreement for Cooperation on the Uses of Atomic Energy for Mutual Defense Purposes (also
known as the Mutual Defense Agreement). Within the framework established by the 1958
agreement, cooperation on SLBMs in particular is carried out under the 1963 Polaris Sales
Agreement and a 1982 Exchange of Letters between the two governments.58 The Navy testified in

57 Although the SLBMs on UK SSBNs are U.S.-made, the nuclear warheads on the missiles are of UK design and
manufacture.
58 A March 18, 2010, report by the UK Parliament’s House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee stated the
following:
During the Cold War, the UK’s nuclear co-operation with the United States was considered to be at
the heart of the [UK-U.S.] ‘special relationship’. This included the 1958 Mutual Defence
Agreement, the 1963 Polaris Sales Agreement (PSA) (subsequently amended for Trident), and the
UK’s use of the US nuclear test site in Nevada from 1962 to 1992. The co-operation also
encompassed agreements for the United States to use bases in Britain, with the right to store
nuclear weapons, and agreements for two bases in Yorkshire (Fylingdales and Menwith Hill) to be
upgraded to support US missile defence plans.
In 1958, the UK and US signed the Mutual Defence Agreement (MDA). Although some of the
appendices, amendments and Memoranda of Understanding remain classified, it is known that the
agreement provides for extensive co-operation on nuclear warhead and reactor technologies, in
particular the exchange of classified information concerning nuclear weapons to improve design,
development and fabrication capability. The agreement also provides for the transfer of nuclear
warhead-related materials. The agreement was renewed in 2004 for another ten years.
The other major UK-US agreement in this field is the 1963 Polaris Sales Agreement (PSA) which
allows the UK to acquire, support and operate the US Trident missile system. Originally signed to
allow the UK to acquire the Polaris Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM) system in the
1960s, it was amended in 1980 to facilitate purchase of the Trident I (C4) missile and again in 1982
to authorise purchase of the more advanced Trident II (D5) in place of the C4. In return, the UK
agreed to formally assign its nuclear forces to the defence of NATO, except in an extreme national
emergency, under the terms of the 1962 Nassau Agreement reached between President John F.
Kennedy and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan to facilitate negotiation of the PSA.
Current nuclear co-operation takes the form of leasing arrangements of around 60 Trident II D5
missiles from the US for the UK’s independent deterrent, and long-standing collaboration on the
design of the W76 nuclear warhead carried on UK missiles. In 2006 it was revealed that the US and
the UK had been working jointly on a new ‘Reliable Replacement Warhead’ (RRW) that would
modernise existing W76-style designs. In 2009 it emerged that simulation testing at Aldermaston
on dual axis hydrodynamics experiments had provided the US with scientific data it did not
otherwise possess on this RRW programme.
The level of co-operation between the two countries on highly sensitive military technology is,
according to the written submission from Ian Kearns, “well above the norm, even for a close
alliance relationship”. He quoted Admiral William Crowe, the former US Ambassador to London,
who likened the UK-US nuclear relationship to that of an iceberg, “with a small tip of it sticking
out, but beneath the water there is quite a bit of everyday business that goes on between our two
governments in a fashion that’s unprecedented in the world.” Dr Kearns also commented that the
(continued...)
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March 2010 that “the United States and the United Kingdom have maintained a shared
commitment to nuclear deterrence through the Polaris Sales Agreement since April 1963. The
U.S. will continue to maintain its strong strategic relationship with the UK for our respective
follow-on platforms, based upon the Polaris Sales Agreement.”59
The first Vanguard-class SSBN was originally projected to reach the end of its service life in
2024, but an October 2010 UK defense and security review report states that the lives of the
Vanguard class ships will now be extended by a few years, so that the four boats will remain in
service into the late 2020s and early 2030s.60
The UK plans to replace the four Vanguard-class boats with three or four next-generation
Dreadnought-class boats are to be equipped with 12 missile launch tubes, but current UK plans
call for each boat to carry eight D-5 SLBMs, with the other four tubes not being used for SLBMs.
The report states that “‘Main Gate’—the decision to start building the submarines—is required
around 2016.”61 The first new boat is to be delivered by 2028, or about four years later than
previously planned.62
The United States is assisting the UK with certain aspects of the Dreadnought SSBN program. In
addition to the modular Common Missile Compartment (CMC), the United States is assisting the
UK with the new PWR-3 reactor plant63 to be used by the Dreadnought SSBN. A December 2011
press report states that “there has been strong [UK] collaboration with the US [on the
Dreadnought program], particularly with regard to the CMC, the PWR, and other propulsion
technology,” and that the design concept selected for the Dreadnought class employs “a new
propulsion plant based on a US design, but using next-generation UK reactor technology
(PWR-3) and modern secondary propulsion systems.”64 The U.S. Navy states that
Naval Reactors, a joint Department of Energy/Department of Navy organization
responsible for all aspects of naval nuclear propulsion, has an ongoing technical exchange
with the UK Ministry of Defence under the US/UK 1958 Mutual Defence Agreement. The
US/UK 1958 Mutual Defence Agreement is a Government to Government Atomic Energy

personal bonds between the US/UK scientific and technical establishments were deeply rooted.
(House of Commons, Foreign Affairs Committee, Sixth Report Global Security: UK-US Relations,
March 18, 2010, paragraphs 131-135; http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/
cmselect/cmfaff/114/11402.htm; paragraphs 131-135 are included in the section of the report
available at http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmfaff/114/11406.htm.)
See also “U.K. Stays Silent on Nuclear-Arms Pact Extension with United States,” Global Security Newswire, July 30,
2014.
59 Statement of Rear Admiral Stephen Johnson, USN, Director, Strategic Systems Programs, Before the Subcommittee
on Strategic Forces of the Senate Armed Services Committee [on] FY2011 Strategic Systems, March 17, 2010, p. 6.
60 Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The Strategic Defence and Security Review, Presented to Parliament by
the Prime Minister by Command of Her Majesty, October 2010, p. 39.
61 Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The Strategic Defence and Security Review, Presented to Parliament by
the Prime Minister by Command of Her Majesty, October 2010, pp. 5, 38-39. For more on the UK’s Dreadnought
SSBN program as it existed prior to the October 2010 UK defense and security review report, see Richard Scott,
“Deterrence At A Discount?” Jane’s Defence Weekly, December 23, 2009: 26-31.
62 Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The Strategic Defence and Security Review, Presented to Parliament by
the Prime Minister by Command of Her Majesty, October 2010, p. 39.
63 PWR3 means pressurized water reactor, design number 3. U.S. and UK nuclear-powered submarines employ
pressurized water reactors. Earlier UK nuclear-powered submarines are powered by reactor designs that the UK
designated PWR-2 and PWR-1. For an article discussing the PWR3 plant, see Richard Scott, “Critical Mass: Re-
Energising the UK’s Naval Nuclear Programme,” Jane’s International Defence Review, July 2014: 42-45, 47.
64 Sam LaGrone and Richard Scott, “Strategic Assets: Deterrent Plans Confront Cost Challenges,” Jane’s Navy
International, December 2011: 17 and 18.
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Act agreement that allows the exchange of naval nuclear propulsion technology between
the US and UK.
Under this agreement, Naval Reactors is providing the UK Ministry of Defence with US
naval nuclear propulsion technology to facilitate development of the naval nuclear
propulsion plant for the UK’s next generation SUCCESSOR ballistic missile submarine.
The technology exchange is managed and led by the US and UK Governments, with
participation from Naval Reactors prime contractors, private nuclear capable shipbuilders,
and several suppliers. A UK based office comprised of about 40 US personnel provide full-
time engineering support for the exchange, with additional support from key US suppliers
and other US based program personnel as needed.
The relationship between the US and UK under the 1958 mutual defence agreement is an
ongoing relationship and the level of support varies depending on the nature of the support
being provided. Naval Reactors work supporting the SUCCESSOR submarine is
reimbursed by the UK Ministry of Defence.65
U.S. assistance to the UK on naval nuclear propulsion technology first occurred many years ago:
To help jumpstart the UK’s nuclear-powered submarine program, the United States transferred to
the UK a complete nuclear propulsion plant (plus technical data, spares, and training) of the kind
installed on the U.S. Navy’s six Skipjack (SSN-585) class nuclear-powered attack submarines
(SSNs), which entered service between 1959 and 1961. The plant was installed on the UK Navy’s
first nuclear-powered ship, the attack submarine Dreadnought, which entered service in 1963.
The December 2011 press report states that “the UK is also looking at other areas of cooperation
between Dreadnought and the Ohio Replacement Programme. For example, a collaboration
agreement has been signed off regarding the platform integration of sonar arrays with the
respective combat systems.”66
A June 24, 2016, press report states the following:
The [U.S. Navy] admiral responsible for the nuclear weapons component of ballistic
missile submarines today praised the “truly unique” relationship with the British naval
officers who have similar responsibilities, and said that historic cooperation would not be
affected by Thursday’s vote to have the United Kingdom leave the European Union.
Vice Adm. Terry Benedict, director of the Navy’s Strategic Systems Programs, said that
based on a telephone exchange Thursday morning with his Royal Navy counterpart, “I
have no concern.” The so-called Brexit vote—for British exit—“was a decision based on
its relationship with Europe, not with us. I see yesterday’s vote having no effect.”67

65 Source: Email to CRS from Navy Office of Legislative Affairs, June 25, 2012. See also Jon Rosamond, “Next
Generation U.K. Boomers Benefit from U.S. Relationship,” USNI News (http://news.usni.org), December 17, 2014.
66 Sam LaGrone and Richard Scott, “Strategic Assets: Deterrent Plans Confront Cost Challenges,” Jane’s Navy
International, December 2011: 19. See also Jake Wallis Simons, “Brits Keep Mum on US Involvement in Trident
Nuclear Program,” Politico, April 30, 2015.
67 Otto Kreisher, “Benedict: UK Exit From European Union Won’t Hinder Nuclear Sub Collaboration,” USNI News,
June 24, 2016.
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Appendix C. Columbia-Class Program Origin and
Milestones
This appendix provides background information on the Columbia-class program’s origin and
milestones.
Program Origin and Early Milestones
Although the eventual need to replace the Ohio-class SSBNs has been known for many years, the
Columbia-class program can be traced more specifically to an exchange of letters in December
2006 between President George W. Bush and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair concerning the UK’s
desire to participate in a program to extend the service life of the Trident II D-5 SLBM into the
2040s, and to have its next-generation SSBNs carry D-5s. Following this exchange of letters, and
with an awareness of the projected retirement dates of the Ohio-class SSBNs and the time that
would likely be needed to develop and field a replacement for them, DOD in 2007 began studies
on a next-generation sea-based strategic deterrent (SBSD).68 The studies used the term sea-based
strategic deterrent (SBSD) to signal the possibility that the new system would not necessarily be a
submarine.
An Initial Capabilities Document (ICD) for a new SBSD was developed in early 200869 and
approved by DOD’s Joint Requirements Oversight Committee (JROC) on June 20, 2008.70 In July
2008, DOD issued a Concept Decision providing guidance for an analysis of alternatives (AOA)
for the program; an acquisition decision memorandum from John Young, DOD’s acquisition
executive, stated the new system would, barring some discovery, be a submarine.71 The Navy
established an Columbia-class program office at about this same time.72
The AOA reportedly began in the summer or fall of 2008.73 The AOA was completed, with final
brief to the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), on May 20, 2009. The final AOA report
was completed in September 2009. An AOA Sufficiency Review Letter was signed by OSD’s
Director, Cost Assessment & Program Evaluation (CAPE) on December 8, 2009.74 The AOA
concluded that a new-design SSBN was the best option for replacing the Ohio-class SSBNs. (For

68 In February 2007, the commander of U.S. Strategic Command (STRATCOM) commissioned a task force to support
an anticipated Underwater Launched Missile Study (ULMS). On June 8, 2007, the Secretary of the Navy initiated the
ULMS. Six days later, the commander of STRATCOM directed that a Sea Based Strategic Deterrent (SBSD)
capability-based assessment (CBA) be performed. In July 2007, the task force established by the commander of
STRATCOM provided its recommendations regarding capabilities and characteristics for a new SBSD. (Source: Navy
list of key events relating to the ULMS and SBSD provided to CRS and the CBO on July 7, 2008.)
69 On February 14, 2008, the SBSD ICD was approved for joint staffing by the Navy’s Resources and Requirements
Review Board (R3B). On April 29, 2008, the SBSD was approved by DOD’s Functional Capabilities Board (FCB) to
proceed to DOD’s Joint Capabilities Board (JCB). (Source: Navy list of key events relating to the ULMS and SBSD
provided to CRS and CBO on July 7, 2008.)
70 Navy briefing to CRS and CBO on the SBSD program, July 6, 2009.
71 Navy briefing to CRS and CBO on the SBSD program, July 6, 2009.
72 An August 2008 press report states that the program office, called PMS-397, “was established within the last two
months.” (Dan Taylor, “Navy Stands Up Program Office To Manage Next-Generation SSBN,” Inside the Navy, August
17, 2008.
73 “Going Ballistic,” Defense Daily, September 22, 2008, p. 1.
74 Department of Defense Fiscal Year (FY) 2012 Budget Estimates, Navy, Justification Book Volume 2, Research,
Development, Test & Evaluation, Navy Budget Activity 4, entry for PE0603561N, Project 3220 (PDF page 345 of 888).
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a June 26, 2013, Navy blog post discussing options that were examined for replacing the Ohio-
class SSBNs, see Appendix D.)
The program’s Milestone A review meeting was held on December 9, 2010. On February 3, 2011,
the Navy provided the following statement to CRS concerning the outcome of the December 9
meeting:
The OHIO Replacement Program achieved Milestone A and has been approved to enter
the Technology Development Phase of the Dept. of Defense Life Cycle Management
System as of Jan. 10, 2011.
This milestone comes following the endorsement of the Defense Acquisition Board (DAB),
chaired by Dr. Carter (USD for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics) who has signed
the program’s Milestone A Acquisition Decision Memorandum (ADM).
The DAB endorsed replacing the current 14 Ohio-class Ballistic Missile Submarines
(SSBNs) as they reach the end of their service life with 12 Ohio Replacement Submarines,
each comprising 16, 87-inch diameter missile tubes utilizing TRIDENT II D5 Life
Extended missiles (initial loadout). The decision came after the program was presented to
the Defense Acquisition Board (DAB) on Dec. 9, 2010.
The ADM validates the program’s Technology Development Strategy and allows entry into the
Technology Development Phase during which warfighting requirements will be refined to meet
operational and affordability goals. Design, prototyping, and technology development efforts will
continue to ensure sufficient technological maturity for lead ship procurement in 2019.75
January 2017 Milestone B Approval
On January 4, 2017, DOD gave Milestone B approval to the Columbia-class program. Milestone
B approval, which permits a program to enter the engineering and manufacturing development
(EMD) phase, is generally considered a major milestone for a defense acquisition program,
permitting the program to transition, in effect, from a research and development effort into a
procurement program of record. A January 6, 2017, Navy notification to Congress on the
Milestone B approval for the Columbia-class program states the following:
On 4 November 2016, Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and
Logistics Frank Kendall chaired the Milestone B Defense Acquisition Board, and on 4
January, 2017 signed the acquisition decision memorandum approving COLUMBIA Class
program’s Milestone B and designating the program as an Acquisition Category ID major
defense acquisition program. Milestone B also establishes the Acquisition Program
Baseline against which the program’s performance will be assessed. Additionally, this
decision formally authorizes entry into the Engineering and Manufacturing Development
Phase of an acquisition program, permitting the transition from preliminary design to detail
design, using Shipbuilding and Conversion, Navy (SCN) funds. Cost estimates for this
program have been rebaselined from CY2010 dollars to CY2017 dollars in accordance with
DoDI 5000.02, Rev p, dated 7 January 2015.
The MS B Navy Cost Estimate for Average Follow Ship End Cost (hulls 2-12) in 2010$
using specific shipbuilding indices is $5.0 billion, a $600 million reduction from the MS A
estimate, which nearly achieves the affordability target of $4.9 billion set at MS A. To
continue cost control, the Navy will focus on
• Stable operational and technical requirements
• High design maturity at construction start

75 Source: Email from Navy Office of Legislative Affairs to CRS, February 3, 2011.
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• Detailed plans to ensure manufacturing readiness including robust prototyping efforts and
synergies with other nuclear shipbuilding programs
• Aggressive cost reduction actions
Affordability caps have been assigned that are consistent with current cost estimates and
reasonable margins for cost growth. Relative to Milestone A, these estimates have been
updated to adjust Base Year from 2010 to 2017, a standard practice to match Base Year
with the year of Milestone B approval. The MS A unit cost affordability target ($4.9 billion
in CY2010$ using Navy indices) used a unique metric, “Average Follow-on Ship End
Cost,” which accounted for hulls 2-12. From Milestone B forward, the affordability cap for
the unit cost will be measured by using the Average Procurement Unit Cost (APUC), which
includes all 12 hulls. The Affordability Cap of $8.0 billion in CY2017$ is based upon the
approved APUC estimate of $7.3 billion plus 10%....
The Navy and industry are currently negotiating the detail design and construction
(DD&C) contract, which is expected to award in early 2017. With negotiations continuing
on the DD&C contract, the Navy has ensured the COLUMBIA Program design effort will
continue without interruption. The Navy issued a contract modification to allow execution
of SCN for detail design on the existing R&D contract. With this modification in place,
detail design efforts that had initially planned to transition to the DD&C contract, will
continue on the current R&D contract to ensure continued design progress. With the
Milestone B approval and the appropriation of $773M in FY17 SCN under the second
Continuing Resolution, funding is now available to execute detail design. In accordance
with 10 U.S.C. §2218a and the FY17 National Defense Authorization Act, the Navy
deposited the FY17 SCN into the National Sea-Based Deterrence Fund (NSBDF). The first
installment of funding will be executed on the existing R&D contract, which allows
transition into detail design and continued design progress until the award of the DD&C
contract.76

76 Columbia Class MS [Milestone] B, Congressional Notification, January 6, 2017, pp. 1-2. See also Megan Eckstein,
“Columbia-class Submarine Program Passess Milestone B Decision, Can Begin Detail Design,” USNI News, January 4,
2017.
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Appendix D. Design of Columbia-Class Boats
This appendix provides additional background information on the design for the Columbia-class
boats.
Some Key Design Features
The Columbia-class design will reflect the following:
• The Columbia class is being designed for a 42-year expected service life.77
• Unlike the Ohio-class design, which requires a midlife nuclear refueling,78 the
Columbia class is to be equipped with a life-of-the-ship nuclear fuel core (a
nuclear fuel core that is sufficient to power the ship for its entire expected service
life).79 Although the Columbia class will not need a midlife nuclear refueling, it
will still need a midlife nonrefueling overhaul (i.e., an overhaul that does not
include a nuclear refueling) to operate over its full 42-year life.
• The Columbia class is to be equipped with an electric-drive propulsion train, as
opposed to the mechanical-drive propulsion train used on other Navy
submarines. The electric-drive system is expected to be quieter (i.e., stealthier)
than a mechanical-drive system.80
• The Columbia class is to have SLBM launch tubes that are the same size as those
on the Ohio class (i.e., tubes with a diameter of 87 inches and a length sufficient
to accommodate a D-5 SLBM).
• The Columbia class will have a beam (i.e., diameter)81 of 43 feet, compared to 42
feet on the Ohio-class design,82 and a length of 560 feet, the same as that of the
Ohio-class design.83

77 Rear Admiral David Johnson, briefing to Naval Submarine League Annual Symposium [on] Expanding Undersea
Dominance, October 23, 2014, briefing slide 19. See also William Baker et al., “Design for Sustainment: The Ohio
Replacement Submarine,” Naval Engineers Journal, September 2015: 89-96.
78 As mentioned earlier (see “Current Ohio-Class SSBNs”), the Ohio-class boats receive a midlife nuclear refueling
overhaul, called an Engineered Refueling Overhaul (ERO), which includes both a nuclear refueling and overhaul work
on the ship that is not related to the nuclear refueling.
79 U.S. Navy, Report to Congress on Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels for FY 2011,
February 2010, p. 5.
80 Source: Rear Admiral David Johnson, briefing to Naval Submarine League Annual Symposium [on] Expanding
Undersea Dominance, October 23, 2014, briefing slide 19. See also the spoken testimony of Admiral Kirkland Donald,
Deputy Administrator for Naval Reactors, and Director, Naval Nuclear Propulsion, National Nuclear Security
Administration, at a March 30, 2011, hearing before the Strategic Forces Subcommittee of the Senate Armed Services
Committee, as shown in the transcript of the hearing, and Dave Bishop, “What Will Follow the Ohio Class?” U.S.
Naval Institute Proceedings, June 2012: 31; and Sam LaGrone and Richard Scott, “Strategic Assets: Deterrent Plans
Confront Cost Challenges,” Jane’s Navy International, December 2011: 16. For more on electric drive propulsion, see
CRS Report RL30622, Electric-Drive Propulsion for U.S. Navy Ships: Background and Issues for Congress, by Ronald
O'Rourke.
81 Beam is the maximum width of a ship. For Navy submarines, which have cylindrical hulls, beam is the diameter of
the hull.
82 Dave Bishop, “What Will Follow the Ohio Class?” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, June 2012: 31. (Bishop was
program manager for the Columbia-class program.) See also Sam LaGrone and Richard Scott, “Strategic Assets:
Deterrent Plans Confront Cost Challenges,” Jane’s Navy International, December 2011: 15 and 16.
83 Sydney J. Freedberg, “Navy Seeks Sub Replacement Savings: From NASA Rocket Boosters To Reused Access
Doors,” Breaking Defense (http://breakingdefense.com), April 7, 2014.
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• Instead of 24 SLBM launch tubes, as on the Ohio-class design, the Columbia
class is to have 16 SLBM launch tubes.
• As noted earlier, although the Columbia-class design has fewer SLBM tubes than
the Ohio-class design, it is larger than the Ohio-class design in terms of
submerged displacement. The Columbia-class design has a reported submerged
displacement of 20,815 tons (as of August 2014), compared to 18,750 tons for the
Ohio-class design.84 The Columbia-class design, like the Ohio-class design
before it, will be the largest submarine ever built by the United States.
• The Navy states that “owing to the unique demands of strategic relevance,
[Columbia-class boats] must be fitted with the most up-to-date capabilities and
stealth to ensure they are survivable throughout their full 40-year life span.”85
June 2013 Navy Blog Post Regarding Ohio Replacement Options
A June 26, 2013, blog post by Rear Admiral Richard Breckenridge, the Navy’s Director for
Undersea Warfare (N97), discussing options that were examined for replacing the Ohio-class
SSBNs, stated the following:
Over the last five years, the Navy–working with U.S. Strategic Command, the Joint Staff
and the Office of the Secretary of Defense–has formally examined various options to
replace the Ohio ballistic missile submarines as they retire beginning in 2027. This analysis
included a variety of replacement platform options, including designs based on the highly
successful Virginia-class attack submarine program and the current Ohio-class ballistic
missile submarine. In the end, the Navy elected to pursue a new design that leverages the
lessons from the Ohio, the Virginia advances in shipbuilding and improvements in cost-
efficiency.
Recently, a variety of writers have speculated that the required survivable deterrence could
be achieved more cost effectively with the Virginia-based option or by restarting the Ohio-
class SSBN production line. Both of these ideas make sense at face value–which is why
they were included among the alternatives assessed–but the devil is in the details. When
we examined the particulars, each of these options came up short in both military
effectiveness and cost efficiency.
Virginia-based SSBN design with a Trident II D5 missile. An SSBN design based on a
Virginia-class attack submarine with a large-diameter missile compartment was rejected
due to a wide range of shortfalls. It would

84 Navy information paper on Columbia-class program dated August 11, 2014, provided to CBO and CRS on August
11, 2014.
85 U.S. Navy, Report to Congress on Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels for FY 2011,
February 2010, p. 24. See also Mike McCarthy, “Navy Striving To Reduce Detectability Of Next Boomers,” Defense
Daily, February 6, 2015: 1. In an article published in June 2012, the program manager for the Columbia-class program
stated that “the current configuration of the Ohio replacement is an SSBN with 16 87-inch-diameter missile tubes, a 43-
foot-diamater hull, electric-drive propulsion, [an] X-stern, accommodations for 155 personnel, and a common
submarine radio room tailored to the SSBN mission.” (Dave Bishop, “What Will Follow the Ohio Class?” U.S. Naval
Institute Proceedings, June 2012: 31. See also Sam LaGrone and Richard Scott, “Strategic Assets: Deterrent Plans
Confront Cost Challenges,” Jane’s Navy International, December 2011: 15 and 16. The X-stern is also shown in Rear
Admiral David Johnson, briefing to Naval Submarine League Annual Symposium [on] Expanding Undersea
Dominance, October 23, 2014, briefing slide 19.) The term X-stern means that the steering and diving fins at the stern
of the ship are, when viewed from the rear, in the diagonal pattern of the letter X, rather than the vertical-and horizontal
pattern of a plus sign (which is referred to as a cruciform stern). The common submarine radio room is a standardized
(i.e., common) suite of submarine radio room equipment that is being installed on other U.S. Navy submarines.
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• Not meet survivability (stealth) requirements due to poor hull streamlining and lack of a
drive train able to quietly propel a much larger ship
• Not meet at-sea availability requirements due to longer refit times (since equipment is
packed more tightly within the hull, it requires more time to replace, repair and retest)
• Not meet availability requirements due to a longer mid-life overhaul (refueling needed)
• Require a larger number of submarines to meet the same operational requirement
• Reduce the deterrent value needed to protect the country (fewer missiles, warheads at-
sea)
• Be more expensive than other alternatives due to extensive redesign of Virginia systems
to work with the large missile compartment (for example, a taller sail, larger control
surfaces and more robust support systems)
We would be spending more money (on more ships) to deliver less deterrence (reduced at-
sea warhead presence) with less survivability (platforms that are less stealthy).
Virginia-based SSBN design with a smaller missile. Some have encouraged the
development of a new, smaller missile to go with a Virginia-based SSBN. This would carry
forward many of the shortfalls of a Virginia-based SSBN we just discussed, and add to it
a long list of new issues. Developing a new nuclear missile from scratch with an industrial
base that last produced a new design more than 20 years ago would be challenging, costly
and require extensive testing. We deliberately decided to extend the life of the current
missile to decouple and de-risk the complex (and costly) missile development program
from the new replacement submarine program. Additionally, a smaller missile means a
shorter employment range requiring longer SSBN patrol transits. This would compromise
survivability, require more submarines at sea and ultimately weaken our deterrence
effectiveness. With significant cost, technical and schedule risks, there is little about this
option that is attractive.
Ohio-based SSBN design. Some have argued that we should re-open the Ohio production
line and resume building the Ohio design SSBNs. This simply cannot be done because
there is no Ohio production line. It has long since been re-tooled and modernized to build
state-of-the-art Virginia-class SSNs using computerized designs and modular, automated
construction techniques. Is it desirable to redesign the Ohio so that a ship with its legacy
performance could be built using the new production facilities? No, since an Ohio-based
SSBN would:
• Not provide the required quieting due to Ohio design constraints and use of a propeller
instead of a propulsor (which is the standard for virtually all new submarines)
• Require 14 instead of 12 SSBNs by reverting to Ohio class operational availability
standards (incidentally creating other issues with the New START treaty limits)
• Suffer from reduced reliability and costs associated with the obsolescence of legacy Ohio
system components
Once again, the end result would necessitate procuring more submarines (14) to provide
the required at-sea presence and each of them would be less stealthy and less survivable
against foreseeable 21st century threats.
The Right Answer: A new design SSBN that improves on Ohio: What has emerged
from the Navy’s exhaustive analysis is an Ohio replacement submarine that starts with the
foundation of the proven performance of the Ohio SSBN, its Trident II D5 strategic
weapons system and its operating cycle. To this it adds:
• Enhanced stealth as necessary to pace emerging threats expected over its service life
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• Systems commonality with Virginia (pumps, valves, sonars, etc.) wherever possible,
enabling cost savings in design, procurement, maintenance and logistics
• Modular construction and use of COTS equipment consistent with those used in today’s
submarines to reduce the cost of fabrication, maintenance and modernization. Total
ownership cost reduction (for example, investing in a life-of-the-ship reactor core enables
providing the same at-sea presence with fewer platforms).
Although the Ohio replacement is a “new design,” it is in effect an SSBN that takes the
best lessons from 50 years of undersea deterrence, from the Ohio, from the Virginia, from
advances in shipbuilding efficiency and maintenance, and from the stern realities of
needing to provide survivable nuclear deterrence. The result is a low-risk, cost-effective
platform capable of smoothly transitioning from the Ohio and delivering effective 21st
century undersea strategic deterrence.86
16 vs. 20 SLBM Tubes
Overview
The Navy’s decision to design Columbia-class boats with 16 SLBM tubes rather than 20 was one
of several decisions the Navy made to reduce the estimated average procurement cost of boats 2
through 12 in the program toward a Navy target cost of $4.9 billion in FY2010 dollars.87 Some
observers were concerned that designing the Columbia class with 16 tubes rather than 20 would
create a risk that U.S. strategic nuclear forces might not have enough capability in the 2030s and
beyond to fully perform their deterrent role. These observers noted that to comply with the New
Start Treaty limiting strategic nuclear weapons, DOD plans to operate in coming years a force of
14 Trident SSBNs, each with 20 operable SLBM tubes (4 of the 24 tubes on each boat are to be
rendered inoperable), for a total of 280 tubes, whereas the Navy in the Columbia-class program is
planning a force of 12 SSBNs each with 16 tubes, for a total of 192 tubes, or about 31% less than

86 “Facts We Can Agree Upon About Design of Ohio Replacement SSBN,” Navy Live, accessed July 3, 2013, at
http://navylive.dodlive.mil/2013/06/26/facts-we-can-agree-upon-about-design-of-ohio-replacement-ssbn/.
87 At a March 30, 2011, hearing before the Strategic Forces subcommittee of the Senate Armed Services Committee,
Admiral Kirkland Donald, Deputy Administrator for Naval Reactors and Director, Naval Nuclear Propulsion, National
Nuclear Security Administration, when asked for examples cost efficiencies that are being pursued in his programs,
stated the following:
The—the Ohio replacement [program] has been one that we’ve obviously been focused on here
for—for several years now. But in the name of the efficiencies, and one of the issues as we work
through the Defense Department’s acquisition process, we were the first program through that new
process that Dr. [Aston] Carter [the DOD acquisition executive] headed up.
But we were challenged to—to drive the cost of that ship down, and as far as our part was
concerned, one of the key decisions that was made that—that helped us in that regard was a
decision to go from 20 missile tubes to 16 missile tubes, because what that allowed us to do was to
down rate the—the propulsion power that was needed, so obviously, it’s a–it’s a small[er] the
reactor that you would need.
But what it also allowed us to do was to go back [to the use of existing components]. The size [of
the ship] fell into the envelope where we could go back and use components that we had already
designed for the Virginia class [attack submarines] and bring those into this design, not have to do
it over again, but several of the mechanical components, to use those over again.
And it enabled us to drive the cost of that propulsion plant down and rely on proven technology
that’s—pumps and valves and things like that don’t change like electronics do.
So we’re pretty comfortable putting that in ship that’ll be around ‘til 2080. But we were allowed to
do that.
(Source: Transcript of hearing.)
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280. These observers also cited the uncertainties associated with projecting needs for strategic
deterrent forces out to the year 2080, when the final Columbia-class boat is scheduled to leave
service. These observers asked whether the plan to design the Columbia class with 16 tubes rather
than 20 was fully supported within all parts of DOD, including U.S. Strategic Command
(STRATCOM).
In response, Navy and other DOD officials stated that the decision to design the Columbia class
with 16 tubes rather than 20 was carefully considered within DOD, and that they believe a boat
with 16 tubes will give U.S. strategic nuclear forces enough capability to fully perform their
deterrent role in the 2030s and beyond.
Testimony in 2011
At a March 1, 2011, hearing before the House Armed Services Committee, Admiral Gary
Roughead, then-Chief of Naval Operations, stated the following:
I’m very comfortable with where we're going with SSBN-X. The decision and the
recommendation that I made with regard to the number of tubes—launch tubes are
consistent with the new START treaty. They’re consistent with the missions that I see that
ship having to perform. And even though it may be characterized as a cost cutting measure,
I believe it sizes the ship for the missions it will perform.88
At a March 2, 2011, hearing before the Strategic Forces subcommittee of the House Armed
Services Committee, the following exchange occurred:
REPRESENTATIVE TURNER:
General Kehler, thank you so much for your continued thoughts and of course your
leadership. One item that we had a discussion on was the triad, of looking to—of the Navy
and the tube reductions of 20 to 16, as contained in other hearings on the Hill today. I would
like your thoughts on the reduction of the tubes and what you see driving that, how you see
it affecting our strategic posture and any other thoughts you have on that?
AIR FORCE GENERAL C. ROBERT KEHLER, COMMANDER, U.S. STRATEGIC
COMMAND
Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Well, first of all, sir, let me say that the—in my mind anyway,
the discussion of Trident and Ohio-class replacement is really a discussion in the context
of the need to modernize the entire triad. And so, first of all, I think that it’s important for
us to recognize that that is one piece, an important piece, but a piece of the decision process
that we need to go through.
Second, the issue of the number of tubes is not a simple black-and-white answer. So let me
just comment here for a minute.
First of all, the issue in my mind is the overall number of tubes we wind up with at the end,
not so much as the number of tubes per submarine.
Second, the issue is, of course, we have flexibility and options with how many warheads
per missile per tube, so that’s another consideration that enters into this mixture.
Another consideration that is important to me is the overall number of boats and the
operational flexibility that we have with the overall number of boats, given that some
number will need to be in maintenance, some number will need to be in training, et cetera.
And so those and many other factors—to include a little bit of foresight here, in looking
ahead to 20 years from now in antisubmarine warfare environment that the Navy will have

88 Source: Transcript of hearing.
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to operate in, all of those bear on the ultimate sideways shape configuration of a follow-on
to the Ohio.
At this point, Mr. Chairman, I am not overly troubled by going to 16 tubes. As I look at
this, given that we have that kind of flexibility that I just laid out; given that this is an
element of the triad and given that we have some decision space here as we go forward to
decide on the ultimate number of submarines, nothing troubles me operationally here to
the extent that I would oppose a submarine with 16 tubes.
I understand the reasons for wanting to have 20. I understand the arguments that were made
ahead of me. But as I sit here today, given the totality of the discussion, I am—as I said, I
am not overly troubled by 16. Now, I don’t know that the gavel has been pounded on the
other side of the river yet with a final decision, but at this point, I am not overly troubled
by 16.89
At an April 5, 2011, hearing before the Strategic Forces subcommittee of the House Armed
Services Committee, the following exchange occurred:
REPRESENTATIVE LARSEN:
General Benedict, we have had this discussion, not you and I, I am sorry. But the
subcommittee has had a discussion in the past with regards to the Ohio-class replacement
program.
The new START, though, when it was negotiated, assumed a reduction from 24 missile
tubes per hole to, I think, a maximum a maximum of 20.
The current configuration [for the Columbia class], as I understand it, would move from
24 to 16.
Can you discuss, for the subcommittee here, the Navy’s rationale for that? For moving
from 24 to 16 as opposed to the max of 20?
NAVY REAR ADMIRAL TERRY BENEDICT, DIRECTOR, STRATEGIC SYSTEMS
PROGRAMS (SSP):
Sir, as part—excuse me, as part of the work-up for the milestone A [review for the
Columbia class program] with Dr. Carter in OSD, SSP supported the extensive analysis at
both the OSD level as well as STRATCOM’s analysis.
Throughout that process, we provided, from the SWS [strategic weapon system] capability,
our perspective. Ultimately that was rolled up into both STRATCOM and OSD and senior
Navy leadership and in previous testimony, the secretary of the Navy, the CNO, and
General Chilton have all expressed their confidence that the mission of the future, given
their perspectives, is they see the environment today can be met with 16.
And so, as the acquisition and the SWS provider, we are prepared to support that decision
by leadership, sir.
REPRESENTATIVE LARSEN:
Yes.
And your analysis supports—did your analysis that fed into this, did you look at specific
numbers then?
REARD ADMIRAL BENEDICT:
Sir, we looked at the ability of the system, again, SSP does not look at specific targets
with...

89 Source: Transcript of hearing.
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REPRESENTATIVE LARSEN:
Right. Yes, yes, yes.
REAR ADMIRAL BENEDICT:
Our input was the capability of the missile, the number of re-entry bodies and the throw
weight that we can provide against those targets and based on that analysis, the leadership
decision was 16, sir.90
At an April 6, 2011, hearing before the Strategic Forces subcommittee of the Senate Armed
Services Committee, the following exchange occurred:
SENATOR SESSIONS:
Admiral Benedict, according to recent press reports, the Navy rejected the
recommendations of Strategic Command to design the next generation of ballistic missile
submarines with 20 missile tubes instead of opting for only 16 per boat.
What is the basis for the Navy’s decision of 16? And I'm sure cost is a factor. In what ways
will that decision impact the overall nuclear force structure associated with the command?
NAVY REAR ADMIRAL TERRY BENEDICT, DIRECTOR, STRATEGIC SYSTEMS
PROGRAMS (SSP):
Yes, sir. SSP supported the Navy analysis, STRATCOM’s analysis, as well as the OSD
analysis, as we proceeded forward and towards the Milestone A decision [on the Columbia
class program] that Dr. Carter conducted.
Based on our input, which was the technical input as the—as the director of SSP, other
factors were considered, as you stated. Cost was one of them. But as the secretary, as the
CNO, and I think as General Kehler submitted in their testimony, that given the threats that
we see today, given the mission that we see today, given the upload capability of the D-5,
and given the environment as they saw today, all three of those leaders were comfortable
with the decision to proceed forward with 16 tubes, sir.
SENATOR SESSIONS:
And is that represent your judgment? To what extent were you involved—were you
involved in that?
REAR ADMIRAL BENEDICT:
Sir, we were involved from technical aspects in terms of the capability of the missile itself,
what we can throw, our range, our capability. And based on what we understand the
capability of the D-5 today, which will be the baseline missile for the Ohio Replacement
Program, as the director of SSP I’m comfortable with that decision.91
Section 242 Report
Section 242 of the FY2012 National Defense Authorization Act (H.R. 1540/P.L. 112-81 of
December 31, 2011) required DOD to submit a report on the Columbia-class program that
includes, among other things, an assessment of various combinations of boat quantities and
numbers of SLBM launch tubes per boat. The text of the section is as follows:
SEC. 242. REPORT AND COST ASSESSMENT OF OPTIONS FOR OHIO-CLASS
REPLACEMENT BALLISTIC MISSILE SUBMARINE.

90 Source: Transcript of hearing.
91 Source: Transcript of hearing.
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(a) Report Required- Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the
Secretary of the Navy and the Commander of the United States Strategic Command shall
jointly submit to the congressional defense committees a report on each of the options
described in subsection (b) to replace the Ohio-class ballistic submarine program. The
report shall include the following:
(1) An assessment of the procurement cost and total life-cycle costs associated with each
option.
(2) An assessment of the ability for each option to meet—
(A) the at-sea requirements of the Commander that are in place as of the date of the
enactment of this Act; and
(B) any expected changes in such requirements.
(3) An assessment of the ability for each option to meet—
(A) the nuclear employment and planning guidance in place as of the date of the enactment
of this Act; and
(B) any expected changes in such guidance.
(4) A description of the postulated threat and strategic environment used to inform the
selection of a final option and how each option provides flexibility for responding to
changes in the threat and strategic environment.
(b) Options Considered- The options described in this subsection to replace the Ohio-class
ballistic submarine program are as follows:
(1) A fleet of 12 submarines with 16 missile tubes each.
(2) A fleet of 10 submarines with 20 missile tubes each.
(3) A fleet of 10 submarines with 16 missile tubes each.
(4) A fleet of eight submarines with 20 missile tubes each.
(5) Any other options the Secretary and the Commander consider appropriate.
(c) Form- The report required under subsection (a) shall be submitted in unclassified form,
but may include a classified annex.
Subsection (c) above states the report “shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a
classified annex.”
The report as submitted was primarily the classified annex, with a one-page unclassified
summary, the text of which is as follows (underlining as in the original):
The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2012 (FY12) directed
the Secretary of the Navy and the Commander of U.S. Strategic Command
(USSTRATCOM) to jointly submit a report to the congressional defense committees
comparing four different options for the OHIO Replacement (OR) fleet ballistic missile
submarine (SSBN) program. Our assessment considered the current operational
requirements and guidance. The four SSBN options analyzed were
1. 12 SSBNs with 16 missile tubes each
2. 10 SSBNs with 20 missile tubes each
3. 10 SSBNs with 16 missile tubes each
4. 8 SSBNs with 20 missile tubes each
The SSBN force continues to be an integral part of our nuclear Triad and contributes to
deterrence through an assured second strike capability that is survivable, reliable, and
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credible. The number of SSBNs and their combined missile tube capacity are important
factors in our flexibility to respond to changes in the threat and uncertainty in the strategic
environment.
We assessed each option against the ability to meet nuclear employment and planning
guidance, ability to satisfy at-sea requirements, flexibility to respond to future changes in
the postulated threat and strategic environment, and cost. In general, options with more
SSBNs can be adjusted downward in response to a diminished threat; however, options
with less SSBNs are more difficult to adjust upward in response to a growing threat.
Clearly, a smaller SSBN force would be less expensive than a larger force, but for the
reduced force options we assessed, they fail to meet current at-sea and nuclear employment
requirements, increase risk in force survivability, and limit flexibility in response to an
uncertain strategic future. Our assessment is the program of record, 12 SSBNs with 16
missile tubes each, provides the best balance of performance, flexibility, and cost meeting
commander’s requirements while supporting the Nation’s strategic deterrence mission
goals and objectives.
The classified annex contains detailed analysis that is not releasable to the public.92

92 Report and Cost Assessment of Options for OHIO-Class Replacement Ballistic Missile Submarine, Unclassified
Summary, received from Navy Legislative Affairs Office, August 24, 2012. See also Christopher J. Castelli,
“Classified Navy Assessment On SSBN(X) Endorses Program Of Record,” Inside the Navy, September 10, 2012.
For more recent discussions of this issue, see Patty-Jane Geller and Brent D. Sadler, “Faulty Assumptions About the
Global Nuclear Threat May Require Changes in U.S. SeaBased Nuclear Force,” Heritage Foundation, February 22,
2022, 11 pp.; Frank Miller, “Don’t Even Think About Redesigning the Columbia SSBN,” RealClearDefense, March
31, 2022.
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Appendix E. National Sea-Based Deterrence Fund
(NSBDF)
This appendix provides additional background information on the National Sea-Based Deterrence
Fund (NSBDF).
Created by P.L. 113-291
Section 1022 of the Carl Levin and Howard P. “Buck” McKeon National Defense Authorization
Act for Fiscal Year 2015 (H.R. 3979/P.L. 113-291 of December 19, 2014) created the National
Sea-Based Deterrence Fund (NSBDF), a fund in the DOD budget, codified at 10 U.S.C. 2218a,
that is separate from the Navy’s regular shipbuilding account (which is formally known as the
Shipbuilding and Conversion, Navy, or SCN, appropriation account).
Amended by Subsequent Legislation
Section 1022 of the FY2016 National Defense Authorization Act (S. 1356/P.L. 114-92 of
November 25, 2015), Section 1023 of the FY2017 National Defense Authorization Act (S.
2943/P.L. 114-328 of December 23, 2016), Section 1022 of the FY2018 National Defense
Authorization Act (H.R. 2810/P.L. 115-91 of December 12, 2017), and Section 1023 of the
FY2021 National Defense Authorization Act (H.R. 6395/P.L. 116-283 of January 1, 2021)
amended 10 U.S.C. 2218a to provide additional acquisition authorities for the NSBDF.
Text as Amended
The text of 10 U.S.C. 2218a, as amended through July 17, 2022, is as follows:
§2218a. National Sea-Based Deterrence Fund
(a) Establishment.-There is established in the Treasury of the United States a fund to be
known as the “National Sea-Based Deterrence Fund”.
(b) Administration of Fund.-The Secretary of Defense shall administer the Fund consistent
with the provisions of this section.
(c) Fund Purposes.-(1) Funds in the Fund shall be available for obligation and expenditure
only for construction (including design of vessels), purchase, alteration, and conversion of
national sea-based deterrence vessels.
(2) Funds in the Fund may not be used for a purpose or program unless the purpose or
program is authorized by law.
(d) Deposits.-There shall be deposited in the Fund all funds appropriated to the Department
of Defense for construction (including design of vessels), purchase, alteration, and
conversion of national sea-based deterrence vessels.
(e) Expiration of Funds After 5 Years.-No part of an appropriation that is deposited in the
Fund pursuant to subsection (d) shall remain available for obligation more than five years
after the end of fiscal year for which appropriated except to the extent specifically provided
by law.
(f) Authority to Enter Into Economic Order Quantity Contracts.-(1) The Secretary of the
Navy may use funds deposited in the Fund to enter into contracts known as “economic
order quantity contracts” with private shipyards and other commercial or government
entities to achieve economic efficiencies based on production economies for major
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components or subsystems. The authority under this subsection extends to the procurement
of parts, components, and systems (including weapon systems) common with and required
for other nuclear powered vessels under joint economic order quantity contracts.
(2) A contract entered into under paragraph (1) shall provide that any obligation of the
United States to make a payment under the contract is subject to the availability of
appropriations for that purpose, and that total liability to the Government for termination
of any contract entered into shall be limited to the total amount of funding obligated at time
of termination.
(g) Authority to Begin Manufacturing and Fabrication Efforts Prior to Ship Authorization.-
(1) The Secretary of the Navy may use funds deposited into the Fund to enter into contracts
for advance construction of national sea-based deterrence vessels to support achieving cost
savings through workload management, manufacturing efficiencies, or workforce stability,
or to phase fabrication activities within shipyard and manage sub-tier manufacturer
capacity.
(2) A contract entered into under paragraph (1) shall provide that any obligation of the
United States to make a payment under the contract is subject to the availability of
appropriations for that purpose, and that total liability to the Government for termination
of any contract entered into shall be limited to the total amount of funding obligated at time
of termination.
(h) Authority to Use Incremental Funding to Enter Into Contracts for Certain Items.-(1)
The Secretary of the Navy may use funds deposited into the Fund to enter into
incrementally funded contracts for-
(A) advance procurement of high value, long lead time items for nuclear powered vessels
to better support construction schedules and achieve cost savings through schedule
reductions and properly phased installment payments; and
(B) construction of the first two Columbia class submarines.
(2) A contract entered into under paragraph (1) shall provide that any obligation of the
United States to make a payment under the contract is subject to the availability of
appropriations for that purpose, and that total liability to the Government for termination
of any contract entered into shall be limited to the total amount of funding obligated at time
of termination.
(i) Authority for Multiyear Procurement of Critical Components to Support Continuous
Production.-(1) To implement the continuous production of critical components, the
Secretary of the Navy may use funds deposited in the Fund, in conjunction with funds
appropriated for the procurement of other nuclear-powered vessels, to enter into one or
more multiyear contracts (including economic ordering quantity contracts), for the
procurement of critical contractor-furnished and Government-furnished components for
critical components of national sea-based deterrence vessels. The authority under this
subsection extends to the procurement of equivalent critical components common with and
required for other nuclear-powered vessels.
(2) In each annual budget request submitted to Congress, the Secretary shall clearly identify
funds requested for critical components and the individual ships and programs for which
such funds are requested.
(3) Any contract entered into pursuant to paragraph (1) shall provide that any obligation of
the United States to make a payment under the contract is subject to the availability of
appropriations for that purpose and that the total liability to the Government for the
termination of the contract shall be limited to the total amount of funding obligated for the
contract as of the date of the termination.
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(j) Budget Requests.-Budget requests submitted to Congress for the Fund shall separately
identify the amount requested for programs, projects, and activities for construction
(including design of vessels), purchase, alteration, and conversion of national sea-based
deterrence vessels.
(k) Definitions.-In this section:
(1) The term “Fund” means the National Sea-Based Deterrence Fund established by
subsection (a).
(2) The term “national sea-based deterrence vessel” means any submersible vessel
constructed or purchased after fiscal year 2016 that is owned, operated, or controlled by
the Department of Defense and that carries operational intercontinental ballistic missiles.
(3) The term “critical component” means any of the following:
(A) A common missile compartment component.
(B) A spherical air flask.
(C) An air induction diesel exhaust valve.
(D) An auxiliary seawater valve.
(E) A hovering valve.
(F) A missile compensation valve.
(G) A main seawater valve.
(H) A launch tube.
(I) A trash disposal unit.
(J) A logistics escape trunk.
(K) A torpedo tube.
(L) A weapons shipping cradle weldment.
(M) A control surface.
(N) A launcher component.
(O) A propulsor.
Precedents for Funding Navy Acquisition Programs Outside Navy
Appropriation Accounts
Prior to the establishment of the NSBDF, some observers had suggested funding the procurement
of Columbia-class boats outside the Navy’s shipbuilding budget so as to preserve Navy
shipbuilding funds for other Navy shipbuilding programs. There was some precedent for such an
arrangement.
• Construction of certain DOD sealift ships and Navy auxiliary ships was funded in
past years in the National Defense Sealift Fund (NDSF), a part of DOD’s budget
that is outside the Shipbuilding and Conversion, Navy (SCN) appropriation
account, and also outside the procurement title of the DOD appropriations act.
• Most spending for ballistic missile defense (BMD) programs (including
procurement-like activities) is funded through the Defense-Wide research and
development and procurement accounts rather than through the research and
development and procurement accounts of the individual military services.
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A rationale for funding DOD sealift ships in the NDSF had been that DOD sealift ships perform a
transportation mission that primarily benefits services other than the Navy, and therefore should
not be forced to compete for funding in a Navy budget account that funds the procurement of
ships central to the Navy’s own missions. A rationale for funding BMD programs together in the
Defense-Wide research and development account is that this makes potential trade-offs in
spending among various BMD programs more visible and thereby helps to optimize the use of
BMD funding.
Potential Implications of NSBDF on Funding Available for
Other Programs
The NSBDF has at least two potential implications for the impact that the Columbia-class
program may have on funding available in coming years for other DOD acquisition programs:
• A principal apparent intent in creating the NSBDF is to help preserve funding in
coming years for other Navy programs, and particularly Navy shipbuilding
programs other than the Columbia-class program, by placing funding for the
Columbia-class program in a location within the DOD budget that is separate
from the Navy’s shipbuilding account and the Navy’s budget in general.
Referring to the fund as a national fund and locating it outside the Navy’s budget
appears intended to encourage a view (consistent with an argument made by
supporters of the Columbia-class program that the program is intended to meet a
national military need rather than a Navy-specific need) that funding for the
Columbia-class program should be resourced from DOD’s budget as a whole,
rather than from the Navy’s budget in particular.
• The acquisition authorities in subsections (f), (g), (h), and (i) of 10 U.S.C. 2218a,
which were added by P.L. 114-92 and P.L. 114-328, could marginally reduce the
procurement costs of not only Columbia-class boats, but also other nuclear-
powered ships, such as Virginia-class attack submarines and Gerald R. Ford
(CVN-78) class aircraft carriers, by increasing economies of scale in the
production of ship components and better optimizing ship construction schedules.
The joint explanatory statement for the FY2016 National Defense Authorization Act (S. 1356/P.L.
114-92 of November 25, 2015) directed DOD to submit a report on the “acquisition strategy to
build Ohio-class replacement submarines that will leverage the enhanced procurement authorities
provided in the [NSBDF] ... .” Among other things, the report was to identify “any additional
authorities the Secretary [of Defense] may need to make management of the Ohio-class
replacement more efficient....”93 The Navy submitted the report on April 18, 2016. The report
states in part that
the high cost for this unique, next generation strategic deterrent requires extraordinary
measures to ensure its affordability. Further, procuring the OHO Replacement (OR), the
next generation SSBN, within the current shipbuilding plan presents an extreme challenge
to the Navy’s shipbuilding budget. To minimize this challenge and reduce OR schedule
risk, the Navy proposes to leverage those authorities provided by the National Sea-Based
Deterrence Fund (NSBDF) in conjunction with the employment of best acquisition
practices on this critical program....

93 Joint explanatory statement for H.R. 1735, p. 165 (PDF page 166 of 542). Following the veto of H.R. 1735, a
modified bill, S. 1356, was passed and enacted into law. Except for the parts of S. 1356 that differ from H.R. 1735, the
joint explanatory statement for H.R. 1735 in effect serves as the joint explanatory statement for S. 1356.
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... the Navy is continuing to identify opportunities to further acquisition efficiency, reduce
schedule risk, and improve program affordability. Most notably in this regard, the Navy is
currently assessing [the concept of] Continuous Production [for producing components of
Columbia-class boats more efficiently than currently scheduled] and will keep Congress
informed as we quantify the benefits of this and other initiatives that promise substantial
savings....
... the Navy’s initial assessment is that the authorities and further initiatives described [in
this report] will be essential to achieving the reductions to acquisition cost and schedule
risk that are so critical to success on the OR program....
Section 1022 of the FY2016 NDAA authorized the use of funds in the NSBDF to enter into
contracts for EOQ [Economic Order Quantity purchases of materials and equipment] and
AC [advance construction activities in shipyards], and to incrementally fund contracts for
AP [advance procurement] of specific components. These authorities are essential to
successfully executing the OR acquisition strategy. The Navy is able to take advantage of
these authorities largely due to how its submarine shipbuilding plan is phased....
Economic Order Quantity contracts provide substantial cost savings to the Navy from
procuring materials and equipment in bulk quantities. In addition to the cost savings
typically associated with EOQ authority, the Navy has identified an opportunity to
implement EOQ procurements to achieve OR schedule efficiencies and commonality
contract actions with VCS [Virginia-class submarine] Block V [boats] and CVN [nuclear-
powered aircraft carriers]....
Advance Construction is the authority to begin [shipyard] construction [work] in fiscal
years of AP [advance procurement] budget requests prior to the full funding/authorization
year of a hull. Early manufacturing activities help retire construction risk for first-of-a-kind
efforts, ease transition from design to production, and provide efficiencies in shipyard
construction workload. Advance Construction would allow the shipbuilders to begin
critical path construction activities earlier, thus reducing risk to the OR delivery schedule....
The FY2016 NDAA allows the Navy and shipbuilders to enter into incrementally funded
procurements for long lead components that employ both AP and Full Funding (FF) SCN
increments. This funding approach will provide significant schedule improvements and
cost savings by maximizing the utilization of limited funding....
Maximum economic advantage can be obtained through Continuous Production. Procuring
components and systems necessary for Continuous Production lines [as opposed to
production lines that experience periods during which they are without work] would
provide opportunities for savings through manufacturing efficiencies, increased
[production-line] learning and the retention of critical production skills. In addition to
lowering costs, Continuous Production would reduce schedule risk for both the U.S. and
UK SSBN construction programs and minimize year-to-year funding spikes. To execute
Continuous Production, the Navy requires authority to enter into contracts to procure
contractor furnished and government furnished components and systems for OR SSBNs.
OR Missile Tube and Missile Tube Module component procurement through Continuous
Production lines have been identified as the most efficient and affordable procurement
strategy.... Missile Tube Continuous Production could achieve an average reduction of 25
percent in Missile Tube procurement costs across the [Columbia] Class. These savings are
compared to [the] single shipset procurement costs [that are] included in the PB17 PoR
[the program of record reflected in the President’s (proposed) Budget for FY2017]....
The Navy estimates that procuring Missile Tube Modules in Continuous Production lines
would result in a cumulative one year schedule reduction in Missile Tube Module
manufacturing for the OR Class. This schedule reduction, on a potential critical path
assembly, would reduce ship delivery risk and increase schedule margin for follow ship
deliveries. In addition to improving schedule, Missile Tube Module Continuous Production
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(including Strategic Weapon System (SWS) Government Furnished Equipment (GFE))
would produce savings as high as 20 percent compared to single shipset procurement costs
included in the PB17 PoR. Executing Continuous Production of Missile Tubes or Missile
Tube Modules requires re-phasing of funding from outside the PB17 Future Year’s
Defense Program (FYDP) [to years that are within the FYDP] but results in significant
overall program reductions. The Navy is evaluating additional Continuous Production
opportunities for nuclear and nonnuclear components with common vendors required for
VIRGINIA Class submarines and FORD Class aircraft carriers. Some examples include
spherical air flasks, hull valves, pressure hull hemi heads, bow domes, castings, and
torpedo tubes. The prerequisite to Continuous Production in each of these cases would be
an affirmation of design stability consistent with completion of first article testing, or its
equivalent....
The Navy’s position on the cost benefits of these authorities is not fully developed.
However, the Congressional Budget Office stated in its Analysis of the Navy’s FY2016
Shipbuilding Plan, “ ... the Navy could potentially save several hundred million dollars per
submarine by purchasing components and materials for several submarines at the same
time.”... The Navy’s initial cost analysis aligns with CBO’s projections, and the cost
reductions from employing these acquisition authorities will be further evaluated to support
the Navy’s updated OR Milestone B cost estimate in August 2016....
The Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics (USD AT&L)
approved the OR Program Acquisition Strategy on January 4, 2016. This strategy
emphasizes using alternative acquisition tools and cross-platform contracting to reduce
schedule risk and lower costs in support of the Navy’s shipbuilding programs....
To reduce costs and help alleviate fiscal pressures, the Navy will work with Congress to
implement granted authorities and explore the additional initiatives identified in this
report.... The cost reductions from employing the granted and proposed acquisition
authorities will be further evaluated to support the Navy’s updated OR Milestone B cost
estimate in August 2016.... These authorities are needed with the National Sea-Based
Deterrence Fund, RDTEN [research, development, test, and evaluation, Navy], and SCN
appropriations accounts. Together, these acquisition tools will allow the Navy, and the
shipbuilders, to implement the procurement strategy which will reduce total OR acquisition
costs and shorten construction schedules for a program with no margin for delay.94
Navy Use of Acquisition Authorities
The Navy states that it is using the acquisition authorities in subsections (f), (g), (h), and (i) of 10
U.S.C. 2218a, and that doing so has marginally reduced the estimated combined procurement cost
of the 12 Columbia-class boats.95

94 U.S. Navy, Report to Congress on Ohio Replacement Acquisition Strategy and National Sea-Based Deterrence Fund
Accountability, April 2016, with cover letters dated April 18, 2016, pp. 1-8.
95 Navy briefing, “COLUMBIA Class National Sea Based Deterrence Fund Procurement Authorities & Initiatives,”
March 2022, provided to CRS and CBO by Navy Office of Legislative Affairs, July 1, 2022.
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Appendix F. October 25, 2023, Navy Testimony on
Increasing Capacity of Submarine Industrial Base
At an October 25, 2023, hearing on the submarine industrial base and its ability to support the
AUKUS framework before the Seapower and Projection Forces Subcommittee of the House
Armed Services Committee, the Navy testified on its efforts (and associated funding) for
increasing the capacity of the submarine construction industrial base to support a construction
rate of one Columbia-class ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) per year plus 2.33 Virginia-class
attack submarines (SSNs) per year (i.e., a “1+2.33” rate). This is the rate, the Navy testified, that
would be sufficient to meet both U.S. Navy needs and needs under the AUKUS agreement for
building SSNs while also building Columbia-class SSBNs for the U.S. Navy. The Navy’s
testimony stated
Submarine Industrial Base (SIB)
The US Submarine Force and our SIB [submarine industrial base] are crucial to the security
of our Nation, and maintaining overmatch in the Undersea Warfare domain is one of the
top priorities in the Department of Defense. Submarines, therefore, are one of the most
important battle force vessels in our Navy. Forward deployed, combat-credible attack
submarines project US decisive naval power essential in today’s security environment.
Construction and sustainment of our submarine force is complex, difficult, and requires a
continuous focus on safety and nuclear stewardship. Our SIB is supporting the largest
submarine recapitalization effort in nearly 50 years and at a time when American
manufacturing and shipbuilding capacity has atrophied by more than 60 percent since the
end of the Cold War.
The US is simultaneously replacing our strategic Ballistic Missile Submarine (SSBN) force
with the COLUMBIA Class, transitioning our SSN force from LOS ANGELES to VACL
[Virginia class] , and replacing our Guided Missile Submarine (SSGN) capability96 with
‘strike optimized’ VIRGINIA Payload Module (VPM) submarines. VPM includes a new
hull section with additional vertical launch tubes for conventionally armed missiles to the
VACL submarine design. Adding AUKUS requires us to improve our new-construction
and sustainment efforts to ensure we meet our domestic requirements while supporting the
trilateral partnership. Both our SIB uplift effort and the AUKUS program are executing
aggressive and deliberate schedules designed to meet our national security needs.
Continued partnership with Congress is foundational to our collective success in these two
generational opportunities. The SIB, consisting of our public shipyards and two prime
shipbuilders, General Dynamics Electric Boat (GDEB) and Huntington Ingalls Industries
Newport News Shipbuilding (HII-NNS), along with the 16,000 suppliers (5,000 direct
contractual relationships and 11,000 sub-tier vendors) across the country, support both our
new-construction submarines and sustainment of the in-service submarine fleet.
It has been nearly 50 years since the US ramped-up its submarine construction capability
and infused equivalent volumes of complexity and work into the industrial base. Following
the Cold War, the country underwent significant shifts in economics and culture,
punctuated by a clear transition from a manufacturing-based economy to a services-based
economy. This pivot undermined foundational industrial capabilities and capacities and

96 This is a reference to the first four Ohio (SSBN-726) class SSBNs, which were converted into cruise missile and
special operations forces (SOF) submarines (SSGNs). The four conversions were completed in 2005-2007. The SSGNs
are to reach their ends of their service lives and be retired in FY2026-FY2028. For more on the SSGN conversion
program, see CRS Report RS21007, Navy Trident Submarine Conversion (SSGN) Program: Background and Issues for
Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke.
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challenged our ability to maintain the sufficiently skilled and sized workforce needed for a
resilient and robust SIB.
In FY 2018, with leadership and support from Congress, the DON began infusing funding
into the SIB to increase capability and capacity at new and existing suppliers to meet
growing demand and increase resilience across the supply chain. In October 2020, the DON
established the SIB Program within the Program Executive Office for Strategic Submarines
(PEO SSBN). The SIB Program, in partnership with the Office of the Secretary of Defense
Industrial Base Analysis and Sustainment program, is executing a holistic strategy to
expand and strengthen the SIB by investing in six key areas: shipbuilder infrastructure,
supply chain capability/capacity, scaling new technologies, addressing workforce trade
skill gaps and constraints, expanding capacity via strategic outsourcing, and government
oversight of expanded industrial base efforts.
The AUKUS partnership provides an unprecedented opportunity to leverage the
capabilities of our partner nations, strengthen our defense industrial bases, create jobs, and
drive innovation across our SSN force. AUKUS relies on a strong SIB that designs,
delivers, maintains, and modernizes our apex predators of the oceans – SSNs. Our domestic
industrial base will benefit from the industrial capabilities of our partner nations, such as
joining with an Australian company to mature and scale metallic additive manufacturing
across the SIB. Ultimately, AUKUS will increase commonality, interoperability, and
therefore, warfighting lethality across our three submarine forces.
Australia’s investment into the US SIB builds upon on-going efforts to improve industrial
base capability and capacity, create jobs, and utilize new technologies. This contribution is
necessary to augment VACL production from 2.0 to 2.33 submarines per year to support
both US Navy and AUKUS requirements. Through sustained investment, consistent with
our ongoing strategy, the ultimate goal is to increase repair capacity and capability of US
shipyards to get more SSNs out of maintenance and back to the Fleet. AUKUS also presents
a unique demand on the US SIB requiring a “Whole of Government, Whole of Industry”
approach to achieve and sustain pace, including supporting both US and partner nation
efforts.
Submarine Construction:
The current submarine construction rate, coupled with systemic challenges facing the US
SIB, resulted in the current annual production rate of 1.2 to 1.3 VACL SSNs per year,
compared to the goal of 2.0 VACL SSNs per year. This SSN construction rate, coupled
with COLUMBIA Class SSBN serial production starting in FY 2026 (pending
Congressional authorization and appropriations) is what we call “1+2,” for the one
COLUMBIA Class SSBN and two VACL SSNs per year.
The recapitalization process to achieve the 1+2 cadence increases the demand on the US
SIB by a “workload equivalent” factor of five by 2028. 2015 was the last year the Navy
was scheduled to deliver one VACL SSN (1.0). One COLUMBIA Class SSBN represents
approximately 2.5 VACL SSNs in terms of build resources (manning) and tonnage. The
addition of the VPM design equates to 1.25 legacy (2015) VACL SSNs. Thus, a 1.0 build
rate from 2015 becomes 5.0 in 2028 to achieve 1+2 cadence (2.5 + (1.25 + 1.25)). The
DON’s submarine builders, GDEB and HII-NNS, and their supporting supplier base are
working to achieve this 1+2 rate in 2028 by investing in workforce development and
retention efforts, increasing capacity and capability through infrastructure and equipment
upgrades, and partnering with the DON to mature and scale advanced manufacturing
technology throughout the SIB….
SIB Recapitalization
The recapitalization of the US Submarine Force, plus the investment in AUKUS, requires
continued and significant investments in US facilities, infrastructure, and workforce. Our
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SIB recapitalization effort creates large numbers of hands-on jobs across the nation.
Targeted workforce growth includes, but is not limited to
• Trades – Welders, Shipfitters, Electricians, Machinists, Pipefitters, Painters, and
Electronics Technicians.
• Supporting Disciplines – Planners, Estimators, Material Managers, Contract Specialists,
Information Technology Experts, Quality Assurance Specialists, and Project Leaders.
• STEM – Structural, Electrical, Mechanical, and Nuclear Engineers; Designers; Test
Coordinators; Metallurgists; Computer Scientists; Logisticians; etc.
Significant investments into the submarine supplier base will produce increased volume of
basic materials, specialized materials, and engineered components required for modern
nuclear-powered submarine construction, such as
• Steel and specialty metals.
• High-tech castings and forgings.
• Electrical components.
• Combat Systems.
• Propulsion Plant components.
• Valves, pumps, pipes, fittings, and fans.
• Software and information systems.
In partnership with Congress, the Office of the Secretary of Defense and the DON made
substantial SIB investments, with $2.3 billion across FY 2018 through FY 2023 currently
in execution and $1.6 billion planned for FY 2024 through FY 2027. There is also an
additional $2.2 billion for submarine sustainment efforts submitted in the President’s
Budget for FY 2024 through 2028. This much-needed resourcing is purposefully designed
to help build and strengthen SIB capacity, capability, and resilience. These resources are
primarily being utilized across six lines of effort, and are needed to support efforts to
increase submarine construction and sustainment rates:
1. Supplier Development: Add capability and/or capacity to existing suppliers, reduce
single/sole-source risks for resiliency and robustness, improve first time quality.
2. Shipyard Infrastructure: Accelerate investments in shipbuilder facilities, footprint, and
machines/fixtures.
3. Strategic Outsourcing: Increase supplier capacity to shift non-core workload away from
the two submarine shipbuilders to free up footprint, resources, and focus for shipbuilder-
only work.
4. Workforce Development: Train current and future trades at sufficient rates, and help
build adequate hiring pool for vendors and shipbuilders.
5. Government Oversight: Increase the Navy’s oversight of the vendor base as result of
lessons learned from historical quality and schedule adherence challenges.
6. Technology Opportunities: Implement additive manufacturing, and non-destructive test
imaging technology to remove known production risk areas and bottlenecks.
The DON began execution of these SIB efforts several years ago as building facilities,
growing workforces, and increasing production rates takes time. Our dividends are not
fully matured yet. Some of the significant returns on this investment include:
• 194 suppliers in 31 states received funding to generate increased production and increase
capacity.
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• Approximately 4 million hours strategically sourced by EB and HII-NNS to key
fabricators (goal is at least 6 million hours by 2026).
• Approximately 1,000 new workforce members in more than 120 second and third-tier
key suppliers with more to come each year.
• Establishment of dedicated training centers trained more than 3,500 workers since 2020.
• Establishment of an industry-wide consortium for advanced manufacturing technology
supplying critical submarine components from 6 crucial submarine-specific metals
contributing to 75-percent of troubled submarine components.
The DON also worked with a non-profit partner to develop the workforce recruiting and
support website, “Build Submarines.com.” This site serves as a central hub of information
to support workforce development efforts related to our national advertising campaign for
the SIB including resources for those interested in submarine construction or SIB related
careers. The DON is on a mission to make ship and submarine manufacturing a preferred
profession again and it is a national imperative.
Deepening our cooperation and integration with AU [Australia] and the UK across the
submarine enterprise presents a unique opportunity for innovation, growth, and mutual
development. The partnership will create jobs, contribute to the diversification of ideas,
and augment our collective technical and intellectual base. The partnership will also open
up new markets and business opportunities, enhancing the resilience of both nations’
economies. This will pave the way for additional joint ventures, thereby fostering a shared
sense of purpose, knowledge exchange, and a more connected community of subject matter
experts.97

Author Information

Ronald O'Rourke

Specialist in Naval Affairs

Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and
under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other
than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in
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97 Joint Statement, Honorable Erik K. Raven, Under Secretary of the Navy, VADM William J. Houston, Commander,
Naval Submarine Forces, [and] RDML Jonathan Rucker, Program Executive Officer, Attack Submarines, before the
House Committee on Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces, October 25, 2023, pp. 4-8.
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