Energy and Water Development:
FY2024 Appropriations
Updated January 4, 2024
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
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Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations

Introduction and Overview
The Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies appropriations (E&W) bill includes
funding for civil works activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in the
Department of Defense, in Title I; the Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Reclamation
(Reclamation) and Central Utah Project (CUP), in Title II; the Department of Energy (DOE), in
Title III; and a number of independent agencies, including the Nuclear Regulatory Commission
(NRC) and the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC), in Title IV. Figure 1 compares the
major components of the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill from FY2021
through the most recent action on the FY2024 request.
Figure 1. Funding for Major Components of Energy and Water Development
Appropriations Bill, FY2021 Through FY2024 Request
(excluding supplementals)

Sources: S.Rept. 118-72; H.Rept. 118-126; H.R. 4394; FY2024 agency budget justifications; explanatory
statement for Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023. Includes some adjustments; see Tables 4-7 for details.
Notes: Enacted amounts do not include supplemental appropriations or certain adjustments and rescissions.
CUP = Central Utah Project Completion Account.
President Biden submitted his FY2024 budget request on March 9, 2023. The Administration
request included $62.012 billion for energy and water development agencies, an increase of
$2.809 billion (5%) above the FY2023 enacted amount, excluding emergency appropriations,
adjustments, and offsets. DOE funding would rise by $4.126 billion (9%), to $52.571 billion, and
independent agencies by $65 million (13%), to $559 million. USACE would be reduced by $897
million (-11%), to $7.413 billion, and Reclamation and CUP would decline by $485 million
(-25%), to $1.469 billion, excluding adjustments and offsets.1
The House Appropriations Committee approved its FY2024 E&W bill on June 22, 2023 (H.R.
4394, H.Rept. 118-126), and the House passed the bill with amendments on October 26, 2023.
Total funding in the House-passed bill was $59.988 billion, excluding emergency appropriations,
adjustments, and offsets, but including a floor amendment that reduced the DOE Office of Energy

1 Unless otherwise noted, appropriations numbers in this report for FY2023 and FY2024 are taken from the FY2024
agency budget justifications and from H.Rept. 118-126, S.Rept. 118-61, and H.R. 4394 as passed by the House. Some
appropriations totals for FY2023 have changed from previously calculated amounts because of re-estimates of revenue
offsets and other adjustments.
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Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) appropriations by $1 billion. That DOE total is $781
million (1%) above the FY2023 enacted level and $2.028 billion (-3%) below the Administration
request. DOE would receive $48.021 billion, $425 million (-1%) below the FY2023 enacted
amount and $4.551 billion (-9%) below the request. USACE would receive $9.573 billion, $1.260
billion (15%) above the FY2023 enacted amount and $2.160 billion (29%) above the request.
Reclamation and CUP would receive $1.871 billion, a decrease of $83 million (-4%) from the
FY2023 enacted level and an increase of $402 million (27%) over the request. Independent
agencies would receive $523 million, an increase of $29 million (6%) over the FY2023 level and
$36 million (-6%) below the request. The House-passed bill also includes rescissions from DOE
energy efficiency programs totaling $5.730 billion and budget scorekeeping adjustments of
$2.877 billion.
The Senate Appropriations Committee approved its version on July 20, 2023 (S. 2443, S.Rept.
118-72), with a total of $61.547 billion, excluding emergency appropriations, adjustments, and
offsets. That amount is $2.343 billion (4%) above the FY2023 enacted level and $466 million
(-1%) below the request. DOE would receive $50.269 million, an increase of $1.824 billion (4%)
from the FY2023 enacted amount and a reduction of $2.302 billion (-4%) from the request.
USACE would receive $8.837 billion, an increase of $527 million (6%) over the FY2023 enacted
amount and $1.424 billion (19%) above the request. Reclamation and CUP would receive $1.941
billion, $13 million (-1%) below the FY2023 enacted amount and $472 million (32%) above the
request. Independent agencies would receive $499 million, an increase of $4 million (1%) over
the FY2023 enacted level and a decrease of $61 million (-11%) from the request.
FY2023 Energy and Water Development funding was included in Division D of the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2023, passed by Congress on December 22, 2022, and signed into law on
December 29, 2022 (P.L. 118-328). Excluding emergency supplementals and rescissions, the
Consolidated Appropriations Act provided a total of $57.133 billion, 3% above the FY2022
enacted level. Division M of the act included emergency additional FY2023 appropriations of
$300 million for Nuclear Energy and $125 million for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation.
Division N also provided supplemental appropriations of $1.480 billion for USACE, $1.000
billion for DOE’s Electricity account to improve Puerto Rico’s electricity grid, and $520 million
for the Western Area Power Administration.
The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA; P.L. 117-58) and the budget reconciliation
measure commonly referred to as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA; P.L. 117-169)
provided additional appropriations for energy and water development agencies above the enacted
amounts in the Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2023 and the FY2024 request. IIJA
appropriated an additional $16.040 billion for FY2023 and $13.688 billion for FY2024. IRA
appropriated $4.588 billion for Reclamation and $35.067 billion for DOE for FY2022, to remain
available for as long as through FY2031.
Because annual appropriations for FY2024 have not been enacted as of January 4, 2024, agencies
in the E&W bill are currently funded through January 19, 2024, by the Further Continuing
Appropriations and Other Extensions Act, 2024 (P.L. 118-22) and by advance appropriations
provided by IIJA and IRA.
Administration Request
DOE’s major program areas include energy, science, defense, and environmental management.
The Administration’s largest proposed increase in the energy programs area is for Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), which would rise by $1.332 billion (28%) over the
equivalent FY2023 enacted amount, to $4.792 billion. This includes several large programs
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currently under the EERE appropriations account—the Federal Energy Management Program
(FEMP), Office of Manufacturing and Energy Supply Chains, and low-income weatherization
and state planning grants in the Office of State and Community Programs—for which the
Administration is proposing to have separate accounts in FY2024.
Other energy programs with notably large proposed percentage increases are the Office of
Technology Transitions, which facilitates the commercialization of new energy technologies,
proposed to increase by 156% in FY2024 to $57 million, and the Office of Clean Energy
Demonstrations, which would rise by 142% to $215 million. The Office of Indian Energy Policy
and Programs would increase by 47% to $110 million, and the Advanced Research Projects
Agency—Energy (ARPA-E) would increase by 38% to $650 million.
Funding for DOE’s Office of Science would increase by $700 million (9%), to $8.800 billion,
under the Administration budget request, with the largest percentage increases proposed for
Isotope R&D and Production (58%), to $173 million, and Fusion Energy Sciences (32%), to
$1.010 billion. Funding for the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), which is
responsible for nuclear warheads, nuclear weapons nonproliferation, and naval reactor research
and development (R&D), would increase by $1.682 billion (8%), to $23.845 billion.
Environmental Management (waste management and cleanup) would increase by $17 million
(less than 1%), to $8.280 billion.
The water agencies in the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill are proposed for
funding reductions under the FY2024 budget request. Discretionary E&W appropriations for
USACE would decline from their FY2023 enacted level by $897 million (-11%), to $7.413
billion. Reclamation (separately from CUP) would be reduced by $482 million (-25%), to $1.449
billion.
Among the independent agencies funded by the bill, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
would receive an increase in total appropriations from $927 million in FY2023 to $979 million in
FY2024 (up $52 million, or 6%). NRC’s budget is mostly offset by nuclear industry fees, which
may vary from year to year; the Administration proposed an increase in the agency’s net
appropriation from $137 million in FY2023 to $156 million in FY2024 (up $19 million, or 14%).
Funding for the Appalachian Regional Commission would increase from $200 million in FY2023
to $235 million in FY2024 (up $35 million, or 18%). The request includes $5 million in initial
funding for the newly authorized Great Lakes Authority. Funding for the other regional
authorities in the bill would be unchanged in FY2024.
House
DOE would receive FY2024 appropriations of $48.021 billion, offset by $5.730 billion in
rescissions and $2.877 billion in budget scorekeeping adjustments. Excluding the rescissions and
adjustments, the DOE appropriation would be an increase of $781 million (1%) above the
FY2023 enacted level and $2.028 billion (-3%) below the request.
EERE’s FY2024 appropriations as reported by the House Appropriations Committee were
reduced by $1 billion by a floor amendment, which did not specify how the reduction should be
allocated. As passed by the House, EERE would receive $1.994 billion for FY2024, including
several programs that the Administration proposes to fund separately. The House-passed level
would constitute a decrease of $1.466 billion (-42%) from the FY2023 amount and $2.798 billion
(-58%) below the equivalent request. The House bill would rescind $5.700 billion in previous
EERE energy efficiency appropriations in the Inflation Reduction Act (P.L. 117-169). DOE
nuclear energy research would receive $1.783 billion, an increase of $160 million (10%) over the
FY2023 level and $220 million (14%) above the request. The DOE Office of Science would
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receive $8.100 billion, the same as the FY2023 amount and $700 million (-8%) below the
request. NNSA would receive $23.959 billion, an increase of $1.797 billion (8%) over FY2023
and $114 million (less than 1%) above the request.
USACE would receive $9.573 billion, an increase of $1.263 billion (15%) over the FY2023
amount and $2.160 billion (29%) above the request. Reclamation and CUP would receive $1.871
billion, a decrease of $83 million (-4%) from the FY2023 level and an increase of $402 million
(27%) above the request. NRC would receive a net appropriation of $156 million, the amount
requested. Other independent agencies would also receive mostly the requested amounts, with the
main exception being the Appalachian Regional Commission, which would receive $200 million,
the same amount as in FY2023 and $35 million (-15%) below the request.
Senate Appropriations Committee
DOE would receive appropriations of $50.269 million, including rescissions, adjustments, and
offsets, an increase of $1.824 billion (4%) over the FY2023 enacted amount and a decrease of
$2.302 billion (-4%) from the request. EERE, including programs that the Administration
proposes to fund under separate accounts, would receive $3.687 billion, an increase of $227
million (7%) over the FY2023 amount and a decrease of $1.105 billion (23%) from the equivalent
request. Science would receive $8.430 billion, an increase of $330 million (4%) over the FY2023
enacted level and $370 million (-4%) below the request. DOE appropriations would be offset by a
$401 million rescission from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve Petroleum Account and $95 million
estimated from the sale of the Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve.
USACE would receive $8.837 billion, an increase of $527 million (6%) above the FY2023
enacted amount and $1.424 billion (19%) above the request. Reclamation and CUP would receive
$1.941 billion, a decrease of $13 million (-1%) from the FY2023 amount and $472 million (32%)
above the request. NRC would receive the same amount as the request, although more prior-year
carryover would be used to reduce the net appropriation. The Appalachian Regional Commission
would receive $200 million, the same as in FY2023 and $35 million (-15%) below the request.
Requested first-time funding of $5 million for the Great Lakes Authority would be cut in half,
while the other regional authorities and commissions would receive all or nearly the amounts
requested.
FY2023 Enacted Funding
DOE received $48.445 billion in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, excluding
emergency supplementals and rescissions. This was $3.590 billion (8%) above the FY2022
enacted level. USACE received $8.310 billion, which was slightly below (less than 1%) the
FY2022 enacted level, and Reclamation received $1.931 billion, an increase of $30 million (2%)
over the FY2022 enacted amount.
In addition to the regular annual appropriations provided by the Consolidated Appropriations Act,
2023, many of the agencies funded by the act received emergency supplemental and additional
appropriations for FY2023. IIJA was the primary source of the additional funding, along with P.L.
117-328 Divisions M and N and P.L. 117-180 (see Table 1).
For more details, see
• CRS Report R47293, Energy and Water Development: FY2023
Appropriations, by Mark Holt and Anna E. Normand.
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• CRS In Focus IF12090, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: FY2023
Appropriations, by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter.
• CRS In Focus IF12127, Bureau of Reclamation: FY2023 Budget and
Appropriations, by Charles V. Stern.
FY2024 Budgetary Limits
Congressional consideration of the annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill is
affected by certain procedural and statutory budget enforcement requirements. These consist
primarily of procedural limits on discretionary spending (spending provided in annual
appropriations acts) established in a budget resolution or through some other means, and
allocations of this amount that apply to spending under the jurisdiction of each appropriations
subcommittee.
The Fiscal Responsibility Act (FRA, P.L. 118-5), enacted in June 2023, establishes enforceable
discretionary spending limits (caps) for FY2024 and FY2025. For FY2024, the limits are
$886.349 billion for defense and $703.651 billion for non-defense. Spending designated as an
emergency requirement would be exempt up to any amount, while funding for certain purposes—
such as program integrity initiatives, disaster funding, and reemployment services—would be
exempt up to specified amounts.
The Senate Appropriations Committee approved FY2024 funding allocations to its
subcommittees based on the FRA limits on June 22, 2023. The Energy and Water Development
Subcommittee received an allocation of $33.422 billion for defense and $23.308 billion for non-
defense, totaling $56.730 billion.2
The House Appropriations Committee approved its FY2024 subcommittee allocations on June 15,
2023, reducing the total non-defense ceiling below the FRA level by calling for more than $115
billion in rescissions of previous appropriations. The Committee’s allocation report said that “the
net impact of this effort is to limit the total amount of new discretionary spending to fiscal year
2022 levels.” As a result, the Energy and Water Development Subcommittee allocation is $52.378
billion.3 For more information, see CRS Report R46468, A Brief Overview of the Congressional
Budget Process, by James V. Saturno, and CRS Insight IN12168, Discretionary Spending Caps in
the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023, by Grant A. Driessen and Megan S. Lynch.
Funding Issues and Initiatives
Several issues have drawn particular attention during congressional consideration of Energy and
Water Development appropriations for FY2024. The issues described in this section—listed
approximately in the order the affected agencies appear in the Energy and Water Development
bill—were selected based on total funding involved, percentage of proposed increases or
decreases, amount of congressional debate engendered, and potential impact on broader public
policy considerations.

2 Senate Appropriations Committee, “Chair’s Proposal: Allocation to Subcommittees for Fiscal Year 2024,” June 22,
2023, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/fy24_302b_allocations.pdf.
3 House Appropriations Committee, “Report on the Suballocation of Budget Allocations for Fiscal Year 2024,” June
15, 2023, https://appropriations.house.gov/sites/republicans.appropriations.house.gov/files/documents/
FY24%20House%20Subcommittee%20Allocations%206.13.23_0.pdf.
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Congressionally Directed Funding
The 118th Congress, largely continuing the policies of the 117th Congress, is allowing earmarks
for site-specific projects and other activities in the FY2024 appropriations process. These are
referred to as “community project funding” (CPF) in the House and “congressionally directed
spending” (CDS) in the Senate. From the 112th through the 116th Congresses, moratorium policies
largely prohibited earmarks for such projects. Funding for specific water projects constitutes the
majority of the annual budget request for USACE and Reclamation; during the moratorium,
Congress appropriated funding above the requested amounts for categories of work without
identifying specific projects.
For FY2024, the House and Senate Appropriations committees invited Members of Congress to
request CPF/CDS items, respectively. The House Appropriations Committee allowed CPF
requests within the major USACE and Reclamation accounts, while the Senate Appropriations
Committee allowed CDS requests for major USACE, Reclamation, and DOE energy-related
accounts.4 The House committee report recommends funding 86 CPF items totaling $930 million
for USACE activities and 3 CPF items totaling $14 million for Reclamation activities. The largest
of these CPF items are for USACE construction of Chickamauga Lock, TN ($237 million); the
McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System, AR ($103 million); and the Sabine-Neches
Waterway, TX ($100 million). The Senate committee report recommends funding 153 CDS items
totaling $829 million for USACE activities, 7 CDS items totaling $35 million for Reclamation
activities, and 51 CDS items totaling $88 million funded by DOE energy-related accounts. The
largest of these CDS items are for USACE construction of the Upper Mississippi River-Illinois
Waterway System, IL, IA, MN, MO, and WI ($120 million) and the Locks and Dams 2, 3, and 4,
Monongahela River, PA ($41 million), and USACE operation and maintenance of the J. Bennett
Johnston Waterway, LA ($37 million). Differences could lead to a conflict over which CPF/CDS
items to include in the final appropriations act, including whether to fund those under DOE
energy-related accounts.
The explanatory statement for the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, included 339 energy
and water development CPF/CDS projects totaling about $1.289 billion.5 This included 175
projects for USACE, totaling about $1.020 billion, 12 projects for Reclamation, totaling about
$47 million, and 152 projects for DOE, totaling about $222 million. DOE earmarks were
provided under the Energy Projects appropriations account.
Recent Supplemental Funding
From FY2018 through FY2023, Congress provided supplemental appropriations for USACE and
Reclamation for disaster response and mitigation (e.g., drought, flood); study, construction,
maintenance, and repair of projects; new authorities that expand the agencies’ activities; and

4 For House CPF details, see “Fiscal Year 2024 Member Request Guidance,” https://appropriations.house.gov/fiscal-
year-2024-member-request-guidance; for the Senate, see “FY 2024 Appropriations Requests and Congressionally
Directed Spending,” https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/fy-2024-appropriations-requests-and-congressionally-
directed-spending.
5 Compiled from PDF copies of combined Community Project Funding and Congressionally Directed Spending
provision data tables that appeared in the FY2023 Consolidated Appropriations Act Explanatory Statement reprinted in
the December 20, 2022, Congressional Record. Amounts given are the totals above the Administration request for each
earmark. Amounts over the presidential budget request level are considered Community Project Funding and
Congressionally Directed Spending for purposes of House and Senate rules.
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COVID-19 precautions, among other purposes.6 In the same time period, Congress provided
supplemental appropriations to DOE for clean energy demonstration projects, science facilities
and infrastructure, hydrogen production and distribution infrastructure, and renewable energy
research and development, among other purposes. In addition, in some years, other agencies
funded under Energy and Water Appropriations Acts received supplemental funding. Table 1
details in nominal dollars supplemental appropriations based on the fiscal year when funds are
first available (in some cases, FY2024-FY2026). All of these funds are available until expended
except for funds from the IRA, which are available through various years from FY2026 to
FY2031.7
Table 1. Enacted Supplemental Appropriations for Agencies Funded by Energy and
Water Development Acts
(FY2018-FY2026 dollars in millions)
Title I:
Title II:
FY Funds
U.S. Army
Bureau of
Title III:
Title IV:
First
Corps of
Reclamation
Department
Independent
Available
Act
Engineers
and CUP
of Energy
Agencies
FY2018
P.L. 115-123
17,398
—
22
—
FY2019
P.L. 116-20
3,258
16
—
—
FY2020
P.L. 116-136
70
21
128
3
FY2021
—
—
—
—
—
FY2022
P.L. 117-43
5,711
220
43
—
P.L. 117-58
14,969
1,710
18,687
581
P.L. 117-169
—
4,588
35,067
—
FY2023
P.L. 117-58
1,080
1,660
13,100
200
P.L. 117-180
20
—
—
—
P.L. 117-328
1,480
—
1,945
—
FY2024
P.L. 117-58
1,050
1,660
10,778
200
FY2025
P.L. 117-58
—
1,660
10,831
200
FY2026
P.L. 117-58
—
1,660
9,072
200
Source: CRS using public laws enacted in FY2018-FY2023.
Notes: Fiscal year shown is when funds are first available. All funds are available until expended except for funds
from P.L. 117-169, which are available through various fiscal years from FY2026 to FY2031.
In addition to conducting oversight on these agencies’ use of the appropriated supplemental
funds, Congress may consider the sufficient amount of funding to provide Energy and Water
Development Act agencies for FY2024 given the amount of supplemental funding provided to
agencies in recent fiscal years and to be made available in FY2024. For example, the Biden

6 For CRS water resource products on these acts, see CRS In Focus IF11945, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers:
Supplemental Appropriations, by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand; CRS Insight IN11723, Infrastructure
Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) Funding for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Civil Works: Policy Primer, by
Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand; CRS Report R47032, Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure
Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58), by Charles V. Stern and Anna E. Normand; and CRS In Focus IF12437, Bureau
of Reclamation Funding in the Inflation Reduction Act (P.L. 117-169), by Charles V. Stern and Anna E. Normand.
7 §§50233 and 80004 of P.L. 117-169 appropriations are to remain available through FY2026. §§50231 and 50232 of
P.L. 117-169 appropriations are to remain available through FY2031.
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Administration did not request funding for inland waterway construction in FY2024. The
Assistant Secretary of the Army for Civil Works stated that at the time of budget development
USACE did not have the capability to execute more funding given recent appropriations,
including $2.5 billion made available by the IIJA for inland waterway projects.8 Nonetheless, the
House committee report recommends $456 million for construction of inland waterway projects.
The Senate committee report stated that “the Committee is disappointed and perplexed by the
budget request’s proposal to not spend any of the estimated deposits in the IWTF [Inland
Waterway Trust Fund].” As another example, DOE cited IIJA funding for two advanced reactor
demonstration projects as the reason that no funding for those projects is included in the FY2024
request. The House and Senate committee reports recommended funding for the two projects. In
contrast, the Administration has requested more funding for some agency functions due to the
increase in supplemental funding. For example, DOE’s Office of the Inspector General stated it
needed more funding to perform oversight functions of recent supplemental funding.9 The House
committee report recommended $92 million, which is less funding than the $165 million
requested, but more than the $86 million enacted in FY2023 annual appropriations. The Senate
committee report recommended the same funding as FY2023 annual appropriations.
Further, Congress may consider the status of unobligated funding from recent supplemental
appropriations. For example, the House passed the Limit, Save, Grow Act of 2023 (H.R. 2811)
which would rescind any unobligated funding provided by P.L. 116-136 and certain unobligated
IRA funding provided to DOE.10 In the House E&W bill, unobligated USACE construction
funding from the IIJA that has not been allocated to a project would be made available for
projects that have previously received USACE construction funds from the Bipartisan Budget Act
of 2018 (P.L. 115-123).11 The House E&W bill (Section 312) would also would rescind $5.7
billion in IRA appropriations for DOE.
For more details on selected supplemental funding, see
• CRS In Focus IF11945, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Supplemental
Appropriations, by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand.
• CRS Insight IN11723, Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA)
Funding for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Civil Works: Policy
Primer, by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand.
• CRS Report R47032, Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure
Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58), by Charles V. Stern and Anna E.
Normand.
• CRS In Focus IF12437, Bureau of Reclamation Funding in the Inflation
Reduction Act (P.L. 117-169), by Charles V. Stern and Anna E. Normand
• CRS Report R47034, Energy and Minerals Provisions in the Infrastructure
Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58), coordinated by Brent D. Yacobucci.

8 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development and Related
Agencies, Fiscal Year 2024 Request for the Army Corps of Engineers and Bureau of Reclamation, 118th Cong., 1st
sess., March 29, 2023.
9 DOE, Office of the Inspector General, FY2024 Congressional Justification, at https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/
files/2023-03/doe-fy-2024-budget-vol-2-ig-v2.pdf.
10 Section 201 of H.R. 2811 would rescind unobligated funding from P.L. 116-136 and Section 202 would rescind
unobligated funding from Sections 50131 and 50144 of the IRA.
11 Section 112 of H.R. 4394.
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• CRS Report R47262, Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA): Provisions
Related to Climate Change, coordinated by Jane A. Leggett and Jonathan L.
Ramseur.
Water Resources Agency Funding
The Administration’s FY2024 budget requests for USACE and Reclamation are lower than the
enacted FY2023 regular appropriations ($897 million less or 11% lower for USACE and $482
million less or 25% lower for Reclamation). The Administration notes in its request that the IIJA
provided advance appropriations for these agencies, including funding that is first made available
in FY2024.12 The IRA also provided $4.588 billion in FY2022 for certain Reclamation activities;
this funding remains available through FY2026 or FY2031.13
For USACE civil works, the House bill would provide $9.573 billion and the Senate committee
bill would provide $8.837 billion, compared with the $7.413 billion budget request from the
Administration. The Senate committee bill would designate $1.065 billion from the Construction
and Operation and Maintenance accounts as emergency spending. The Senate committee bill also
includes rescissions totaling $98 million in the Investigations, Construction, Mississippi River
and Tributaries, and Operation and Maintenance accounts. The House bill does not include
emergency spending or rescissions.
In addition, the Senate committee bill would create a new USACE account—Planning,
Engineering, and Design—with $47 million for “plans and specifications prior to construction
and related activities for water resources development projects.” The Senate committee report
states that the committee “created this new account to combat some of the challenges facing the
Corps and non-Federal sponsors,” which may include providing “more assurance of project
scope, challenges, and cost estimates” before authorizing construction and providing new start
funding for a project.
The Administration is requesting funding in FY2024 for five new studies and one new
construction start—Cape Cod Canal Bridges, MA.14 The House and Senate committee reports
recommend the new study starts requested by the Administration. While both the House and
Senate committee reports rejected a legislative proposal regarding the transfer of the Cape Cod
Canal Bridges, MA, the Senate committee report recommended funding the project, while the
House did not. The House committee report recommends “a limited number of additional new
starts in the Investigation and Construction accounts,” and no further new starts. The Senate
committee report recommends in addition to the budget request, four new study starts, and one
new construction start.15

12 The IIJA provided $1.050 billion in advance appropriations to USACE for FY2024—$1.000 billion for O&M
activities and $50 million for coastal flood damage reduction construction. The Administration allocated these
supplemental funds toward eligible USACE activities in FY2024 IIJA spend plans available at
https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Supplemental-Work/BIL/. The IIJA provided $1.660 billion in
advance appropriations to Reclamation for FY2024. Reclamation describes allocation of these funds in its FY2024 IIJA
spend plan available at https://www.usbr.gov/bil/2022-spendplan.html.
13 For more information, see section “Bureau of Reclamation” below.
14 Annual and supplemental appropriations in FY2022 and FY2023 funded at least 48 new studies and 50 new
construction projects, CRS correspondence with USACE on July 12, 2022, October 25, 2022, and March 29, 2023.
15 H.Rept. 118-72 states: “Of the new starts in Investigations, three shall be for flood and storm damage reduction
studies that were authorized in WRDA 2022 and are in States that had a Federal Disaster Emergency declared in 2022;
and one shall be for a Section 216 navigation study. The new construction start shall be for flood and storm damage
reduction.”
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Consistent with prior years, President Biden’s FY2024 request for Reclamation is less than the
previous year’s enacted amount. Reclamation’s largest account, the Water and Related Resources
Account, would receive $1.301 billion in the Administration request, or $486 million (27%) less
than the FY2023 enacted amount. Reclamation’s WaterSMART program (which funds several
different water conservation activities) would be reduced by 68% in the request, and accounts for
$129 million of the reduction. Also, for the first time in decades, the budget request proposed no
discretionary funding for construction in connection with individual Indian water rights
settlements.
Compared with the Administration’s total budget request of $1.449 billion, the House bill would
provide $1.848 billion and the Senate committee bill would provide $1.922 billion for
Reclamation. Within these amounts, the House and Senate committee bills would approve
additional funding amounts of $361 million and $335 million, respectively, to be allocated by
Reclamation after enactment. The House bill language would also release previously appropriated
funding for a project recommended during the Trump Administration (the Shasta Dam and
Reservoir Enlargement Project) that was not agreed to by Congress or recommended by the Biden
Administration; the Senate committee bill would bar any funding provided by the bill to be used
for the project. For the WaterSMART program, both committee reports recommend increases
over the Administration budget request, with the House report recommending $88 million and the
Senate report recommending $141 million.
The House bill included a number of policy provisions related to USACE, such as
• Section 109, which would provide that the USACE and U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency’s rule on “Revised Definition of ‘Waters of the United States’”
shall have no force or effect;16
• Section 110, which would require that the Secretary of the Army neither promulgate
nor enforce regulations prohibiting individuals from possessing a firearm (including
assembled or functional firearms) at a USACE water resource project; and
• Section 111, which would prohibit the bill’s funds from being used to alter eligibility
requirements for assistance under the USACE emergency response to natural
disasters authority.
For more information, see
• CRS In Focus IF12370, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: FY2024
Appropriations, by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter;
• CRS In Focus IF12369, Bureau of Reclamation: FY2024 Budget and
Appropriations, by Charles V. Stern; and
• CRS Report R44148, Indian Water Rights Settlements, by Charles V. Stern.

16 The definition of “waters of the United States” determines which waters are federally regulated under the Clean
Water Act, and therefore are subject to its Section 404 permitting requirements. USACE has various roles in
administering the Section 404 permitting program, including issuing permitting decisions and making determinations as
to whether waters are jurisdictional. For more information on waters of the United States, see CRS Report R47408,
Waters of the United States (WOTUS): Frequently Asked Questions About the Scope of the Clean Water Act, by Kate
R. Bowers and Laura Gatz.
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Proposed Increases for Energy Efficiency and Renewables and New
Appropriations Accounts
The Administration’s FY2024 request would increase EERE funding by $1.332 billion (39%)
over the FY2023 enacted amount, to $4.792 billion. This includes separate appropriations
accounts that the request would establish for several large programs currently under the EERE
appropriations account—the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP), Office of
Manufacturing and Energy Supply Chains, and low-income weatherization and state planning
grants in the Office of State and Community Programs. The Administration proposed the same
new appropriations accounts in FY2023, but Congress did not approve them.
EERE programs with the largest requested percentage increases were Wind Energy Technologies
(up $253 million, or 192%), Geothermal Technologies (up $98 million, or 83%), Industrial
Efficiency and Decarbonization (up $128 million, or 48%),17 Renewable Energy Grid Integration
(up $14 million, or 31%), and Vehicle Technologies (up $72 million, or 16%).
These increases do not include those efficiency programs that the Administration proposes
moving to separate DOE appropriations accounts. For example, FEMP would receive $82 million
in FY2024 under the request, and the Office of State and Community Energy Programs, which
handles state energy planning grants and low-income home weatherization assistance, would
receive $705 million.
The House and the Senate Appropriations Committee did not approve the separate accounts
proposed by the Administration and recommended substantially lower funding levels than
requested for most EERE programs.
As discussed in the following section, the House adopted a floor amendment that reduced total
EERE funding by $1 billion from the level reported by the House Appropriations Committee
without specifying how the reduction would be allocated. The committee report includes $674
million for renewable energy, a reduction of $118 million (-15%) from the FY2023 enacted
amount and $595 million (-47%) below the request. The committee report includes $690 million
for energy efficiency, a reduction of $92 million from FY2023 (-12%) and $294 million (-30%)
below the request. Grants for energy efficiency and state planning (state and community energy
programs) would receive $344 million in the committee report, a reduction of $127 million (-
27%) from FY2023 and $361 million (-51%) below the request.
The Senate committee bill includes $912 million for renewable energy, an increase of $120
million (15%) over the FY2023 enacted amount and a decrease of $357 million (-28%) from the
request. The bill would provide $827 million for energy efficiency, an increase of $45 million
(6%) over FY2023 and a decrease of $157 million (-16%) from the request. State and community
energy program grants total $493 million in the Senate committee bill, an increase of $22 million
(5%) over FY2023 and a decrease of $212 million (-30%) from the request.
IIJA appropriated $16.264 billion in FY2022 through FY2026 in additional emergency spending
for programs in the EERE account, of which $1.940 billion was for FY2024.18 EERE programs

17 Industrial Efficiency and Decarbonization has been part of Advanced Manufacturing. In the FY2024 request, DOE
proposes dividing Advanced Manufacturing into two programs: (1) Advanced Materials and Manufacturing
Technologies and (2) Industrial Efficiency and Decarbonization.
18 DOE, FY 2024 Congressional Justification, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, March 2023, p. 8,
https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/doe-fy-2024-budget-vol-4-eere-v2.pdf. Includes all programs
funded by the EERE appropriations account in the House and Senate committee bills.
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received $12.150 billion in additional funding in IRA, available from FY2022 through FY2026,
FY2027, FY2029, or FY2031, depending upon the provision.
For more details, see CRS In Focus IF12376, DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy FY2024 Appropriations, by Martin C. Offutt and Corrie E. Clark.
Proposed Energy Efficiency Rescissions and Reductions
The House bill (Section 312) would rescind $5.7 billion in energy efficiency appropriations
provided by IRA. In addition, an amendment adopted on the floor reduced the bill’s total for
EERE by $1 billion, to $1.994 billion (-33%). The amendment does not indicate how the
reduction should be allocated among EERE programs. It also does not transfer the budget
authority elsewhere in the E&W bill, resulting in a $1 billion reduction in the bill’s total
appropriation level.
The bill’s rescissions include $1 billion in IRA appropriations for two programs that support work
by state energy offices on energy efficient building codes. The IRA appropriated $330 million for
grants to assist states and any local governments in adopting updates to building codes from
national and international organizations and $670 million to assist state and local entities in
adopting so-called “zero energy” code provisions that meet more stringent efficiency
requirements and require greater renewable energy production.
Also included in the $5.7 billion rescission is $4.5 billion for the High-Efficiency Electric Home
Rebate Program created in the IRA to provide rebates for replacing common home appliances
with those using electricity. The rescissions also include $200 million in funding for state energy
offices to train and educate contractors to work in support of this program and in support of
another IRA program of rebates, Home Energy Performance-Based, Whole House Rebates, also
known as a HOMES (Home Owner Managing Energy Savings).
The House Appropriations Committee report contended that the bill “addresses some of the
causes of inflation by rescinding more than $5.5 billion in excess spending from prior years.” The
report’s Minority Views criticized the proposed rescissions of “over $5 billion for critical energy
programs from the Inflation Reduction Act that would have helped American families save
money on their monthly energy bills.”19
Controversy over Energy Efficiency Standards
DOE revises most of the energy efficiency standards in its Appliance and Commercial Equipment
Standards Program on a six-year cycle. Compliance with the revised standards, typically three
years after publication, can lead to additional costs to industry as manufacturing costs increase,
including up-front capital costs. The revisions generally are estimated to save consumers and
firms money due to lower energy costs over the life of the appliance or equipment. Several
amendments adopted to H.R. 4394 would prohibit or preserve DOE’s ability to revise and/or
implement and enforce these standards. An additional amendment would impact the energy
conservation standards for manufactured housing. These are described in Table 2.
Section 317 of the bill would block DOE funds from being used to implement the February 1,
2023, proposed rule on the efficiency of natural gas cooking products (e.g., gas stoves) (88
Federal Register 6818) “or any substantially similar rule, including any rule that would directly
or indirectly limit consumer access to gas kitchen ranges or ovens.”

19 House Appropriations Committee, H.Rept. 118-126, pp. 7, 250.
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Table 2. Amendments Impacting DOE Energy Conservation Standards
Amendment
No. and
Appliance or
Affected
Sponsor
Equipment
Legislative Text
Affected Notice
Regulation
No. 24, Escobar
Distribution
Strikes Sec. 307 of H.R.
Reverses prohibition
10 C.F.R. Part
(TX)
transformersa
4394
on rulemaking for
431 Subpart K
distribution
transformers; allows
proposed rule to
proceed (88 Federal
Register 1722)
No. 34,
Any new or revised
“None of the funds . . may None specified
None specified
Cammack (FL)
standard if annual
be made available to
economic impact
finalize any rule or
were to exceed
regulation that meets the
$100 mil ion
definition of section
804(2)(A) of title 5,
United States Code.”d
(i.e., >$100 mil ion
economic impact/year)
No. 35, Fallon
Consumer furnaces
“None of the funds made
Final rule “Energy
10 C.F.R.
(TX), Fischbach
available by this Act may
Conservation
430.32(e)
(MN)
be used to implement,
Program: Energy
administer, or enforce the Conservation
final rule”
Standards for
Consumer Furnaces’’
signed on September
28, 2023b
No. 40, Hageman Consumer water
“None of the funds made
88 Federal Register
10 C.F.R.
(WY)
heaters
available by this Act may
49058
430.32(d)
be used to finalize,
implement, administer, or
enforce the proposed
rule”
No. 46, Norman
Manufactured
“[N]one of the funds
88 Federal Register
10 C.F.R. Part
(SC)
housing
made available by this Act
32728
460
may be used to carry out
the final rule”
No. 53, Ogles
Automatic
“None of the funds made
88 Federal Register
10 C.F.R. Part
(TN), Perry (PA)
commercial
available by this Act may
65628
431 Subpart H
icemakers
be used to finalize the

[proposed] rule”

No. 54, Palmer
Room air
“None of the funds made
88 Federal Register
10 C.F.R.
(AL)
conditioners
available by this Act may
34298
430.32(b)

be used to implement,
administer, or enforce the
[final] rule”
Source: Congressional Record, Daily Digest, October 25-26, 2023.
Notes: For further information about DOE’s Appliance and Equipment Standards Program, see CRS Report
R47038, The Department of Energy’s Appliance and Equipment Standards Program, by Martin C. Offutt.
a. For further information on the distribution transformer rulemaking, see CRS Insight IN12179, DOE’s
Proposed Regulation on Electricity Distribution Transformers, by Martin C. Offutt.
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b. Issued in prepublication format on September 29, 2023. https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-09/
consumer-furnace-fr.pdf.
c. The notice updated the analysis contained in the proposed rule of May 11, 2023 (88 Federal Register 30508).
d. “Any rule that .. has resulted in is likely to result in an annual effect on the economy of $100,000,000 or
more” 5. U.S.C. §804(2).
For more information, see CRS Insight IN12115, Proposed Regulation of Gas Stoves, by Martin
C. Offutt.
Proposed Increases for Advanced Nuclear Reactor Fuel
The House bill (Section 316) includes $2.400 billion for FY2024 though FY2026 to procure a
DOE stockpile of advanced nuclear reactor fuel. The funds would come from the unobligated
balance of $6 billion appropriated by IIJA for the Civil Nuclear Credit program to prevent the
closure of existing nuclear power plants. DOE has conditionally approved $1.1 billion of Civil
Nuclear Credits for one plant, Diablo Canyon in California.20 The House bill specifies that the
nuclear fuel funding would be contingent on further congressional authorizations. Such an
authorization is included in a FY2024 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA, S. 2226)
passed by the Senate on July 27, 2023. On the same day, the Senate inserted the text of S. 2226 as
passed into a House-passed FY2024 NDAA (H.R. 2670). The House E&W bill also includes
$156 million in FY2024 for advanced nuclear fuel programs authorized by the Energy Act of
2020 (Division Z of P.L. 116-260).
Many proposed designs for advanced nuclear reactors would require fuel with higher enrichment
of the fissile isotope uranium 235 than used by existing nuclear plants. Such high-assay low-
enriched uranium (HALEU) is not available in commercial quantities, and the nuclear industry
contends that government action is needed to prevent a “choke point” in advanced reactor
development.21 DOE is currently supporting the establishment of a HALEU supply chain with
$700 million appropriated by IRA.
Proposed Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) Rescissions, Sales, and
Closing of Gasoline Reserve
The House and the Senate Appropriations Committee approved several notable provisions for the
SPR and other petroleum reserves.
Both bills would require DOE to close the Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve (NGSR) and sell
its entire inventory, resulting in an estimated revenue offset of $95 million. The FY2024 DOE
budget request includes $16 million to fully fund the operation of NGSR. Established in 2014 as
an SPR subprogram, the NGSR holds 1 million barrels of gasoline and related fuel in leased
commercial storage facilities in Maine, Massachusetts, and New Jersey to address regional supply
disruptions, such as from major storms. The House bill would prohibit DOE from establishing
any new regional petroleum product reserves unless specific appropriations are provided in the
future, a prohibition also included in the Senate Appropriations Committee report.

20 DOE Grid Deployment Office, “Civil Nuclear Credit Program,” https://www.energy.gov/gdo/civil-nuclear-credit-
program.
21 Siri Hedreen and Andrea Jenetta, “Advanced Nuclear Developers Cite Fuel Supply as ‘Choke Point’ to
Deployment,” Platts Nuclear Fuel, August 4, 2023.
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The House bill also prohibits the use of funds in the bill for SPR sales to Chinese entities and the
export of SPR petroleum products to China. The House passed a bill with similar provisions on
January 12, 2023 (H.R. 22).
The Senate committee bill would rescind $401 million from the SPR Petroleum Account.
Following rescissions of more than $12 billion in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, the
Petroleum Account currently holds approximately $4 billion from FY2022 and early FY2023
emergency sales; such sales proceeds are used to purchase oil to refill the SPR. The Senate
Appropriations Committee report directs DOE to provide the committee with an SPR refill plan
within 90 days, and quarterly thereafter. It also directs DOE to immediately provide a report
about the SPR modernization program.
Both bills would provide full funding for the operation of the Northeast Home Heating Oil
Reserve, as requested by the Administration.
Proposed Increase for the Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations
The Administration is requesting $215 million in FY2024 for the DOE Office of Clean Energy
Demonstrations (OCED). This would be a 142% increase from OCED’s FY2023 regular annual
appropriation, but the program’s regular appropriations are overshadowed by $21.456 billion
appropriated for OCED through FY2026 by IIJA (see TTable 3). In addition, IRA appropriated
$5.812 billion for an OCED program on Advanced Industrial Facilities Deployment for FY2022-
FY2026. The House bill would provide $35 million for OCED program direction but none for
new demonstrations, which should use previously appropriated funds, according to the committee
report.
OCED funds clean energy and industrial decarbonization demonstration projects for potential
commercialization. OCED took over DOE support for two advanced nuclear reactor
demonstration projects previously overseen by the DOE Office of Nuclear Energy (NE), but no
funding is requested for those projects in FY2024, because “funding is not required at this time,”
according to the DOE budget justification. The justification added that the advanced reactor
demonstration program has “a gap of approximately $400 million.”22 The House bill (Section
316) would transfer $1.197 billion from the Civil Nuclear Credit program for FY2024 through
FY2026 to support NE’s NuScale small modular reactor demonstration planned at Idaho National
Laboratory. However, that project was terminated by its sponsors on November 8, 2023, after
sufficient private-sector funding could not be secured.23 The Senate Appropriations Committee
bill includes $89 million for OCED, the same as the FY2023 enacted amount and $126 million (-
59%) below the request.

22 DOE, FY 2024 Congressional Justification, Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations, March 2023, p. 3,
https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/doe-fy-2024-budget-vol-3-oced.pdf.
23 NuScale, “Utah Associated Municipal Power Systems (UAMPS) and NuScale Power Agree to Terminate the Carbon
Free Power Project (CFPP),” press release, November 8, 2023, https://www.nuscalepower.com/en/news/press-releases/
2023/uamps-and-nuscale-power-agree-to-terminate-the-carbon-free-power-project.
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TTable 3. Additional Appropriations for Clean Energy Demonstrations in
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58)
(budget authority in millions of current dollars)




Program
FY2022 FY2023 FY2024 FY2025 FY2026
Total
Energy Storage Demonstration Pilot
88.8
88.8
88.8
88.8
—
355.0
Grants Program
Long-Duration Demonstration Initiative
37.5
37.5
37.5
37.5
—
150.0
and Joint Program
Advanced Reactor Demonstration
677.0
600.0
600.0
600.0
—
2,477.0
Program
Carbon Capture Large-scale Pilot
387.0
200.0
200.0
150.0
—
937.0
Projects
Carbon Capture Demonstration Projects
937.0
500.0
500.0
600.0
—
2,537.0
Industrial Emission Demonstration
100.0
100.0
150.0
150.0
—
500.0
Projects
Clean Energy Demonstration Program
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
500.0
on Current and Former Mine Land
Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs
1,600.0 1,600.0 1,600.0 1,600.0 1,600.0
8,000.0
Program Upgrading Our Electric Grid
1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0
5,000.0
and Ensuring Reliability and Resiliency
Energy improvement in rural and remote
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
1,000.0
areas
Total
5,127.3 4,426.3 4,476.3 4,526.3 2,900.0 21,456.0
3% set-aside for program administration
153.8
132.8
134.3
135.8
87.0
643.7
Source: P.L. 117-58, Division J.
Note: Appropriations would be in addition to other amounts made available for these purposes.
Proposed Reduction in Crosscutting Hydrogen Funding
The DOE hydrogen program includes several offices with responsibility for supporting hydrogen
work based on different primary sources of energy (e.g., renewable, fossil, nuclear) and types of
end-use (e.g., vehicles, portable power, thermal comfort). DOE’s FY2024 request for crosscutting
hydrogen appropriations totals $382 million, a decrease of $36 million (-9%) from the FY2023
enacted level.24 Most of the hydrogen funding comes from EERE and Fossil Energy and Carbon
Management (FECM), with smaller amounts from Nuclear Energy and Science. DOE launched a
“Hydrogen Shot” initiative in June 2021—one of its “Energy Earthshots” dedicated to the scale-
up of emerging clean energy technologies—with a goal of making hydrogen, produced through
electrolysis, commercially available at a cost of $1 for 1 kilogram in 1 decade, not including
delivery and dispensing.
In addition to funding in the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill, IIJA
appropriated $9.500 billion for three hydrogen- and fuel cell-related DOE programs from FY2022
to FY2026 ($1.900 billion in FY2024). The largest of these, the Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs

24 DOE, FY 2024 Congressional Justification, Crosscutting Activities, Hydrogen, March 2023,
https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/doe-fy2024-budget-volume-2-crosscutting-v3.pdf.
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in the Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations, was appropriated $8.000 billion to support
demonstration projects involving networks of clean hydrogen producers and consumers and the
connecting infrastructure.
For more information, see CRS In Focus IF12163, Department of Energy Funding for Hydrogen
and Fuel Cell Technology Programs FY2022, by Martin C. Offutt.
Title 17 Loan Guarantee Program Authority and Funding
The House bill would rescind $15 billion of authority for DOE loan guarantees under Title 17 of
the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-58) that had been provided by the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 116-328). Under budget scoring rules, that reduction in loan
guaranteed authority would result in a $150 million appropriations offset in the bill. The Senate
Appropriations Committee report includes the same offset. The House also adopted a floor
amendment to the Title 17 loan guarantee account “to provide loan guarantees in support of the
Alaska Natural Gas Pipeline.”25
The Senate committee report requires DOE to provide recommendations to the committee for
supporting loan guarantees for Alaska natural gas projects, including pipelines and liquefied
natural gas (LNG) facilities, under 15 U.S.C. §720n(f). The report also directs DOE to be fuel and
technology neutral, including for additional emission controls to existing coal and natural gas
power plants, when considering projects under the Section 1706 Energy Infrastructure
Reinvestment Program.
Proposed Increase for Weapons Activities, Decrease for Naval
Reactors
The FY2024 budget request for DOE Weapons Activities is $18.833 billion—$1.717 billion
(10%) higher than the FY2023 enacted level. However, funding for Naval Reactors would be
$1.964 billion in FY2024—$117 million (-6%) below the FY2023 amount. Both programs are
carried out by the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), a semiautonomous agency
within DOE. The House bill would increase Weapons Activities by $284 million over the
requested amount and further reduce Naval Reactors by $18 million from the request. The Senate
committee bill would provide the requested amounts for both accounts.
Under Weapons Activities, concern was raised during congressional hearings on the FY2024
budget request about delays in the W80-4 warhead modernization for the planned Long Range
Standoff cruise missile. After problems with several components, the first production unit of the
warhead is now expected to be delivered in FY2027 after a two-year delay, according to NNSA.
The FY2024 request for the program is $1.010 billion, a decrease of $113 million from the
FY2023 amount, which NNSA says is “due to completion of some development activities.”26
Several other warhead modernization programs are also funded in Weapons Activities budget
request:
• NNSA is requesting $450 million for the B61-12 Life Extension Program
(LEP) for FY2024, a decrease of $222 million (-33%) from the FY2023

25 See description of Peltola amendment No. 21 in H.Rept. 118-242.
26 DOE, FY 2024 Congressional Justification, vol. 1, March 2023, p. 124, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/
2023-04/doe-fy-2024-budget-vol-1-nnsa-v4.pdf. Descriptions of other warhead modernization programs begin on p.
131.
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enacted amount. The B61-12 LEP is to combine four existing variants of the
B61 gravity bomb and be completed in FY2026.
• NNSA proposes $179 million for the W88 Alteration in FY2024, an increase
of $17 million (10%) from the FY2023 amount. The program is to upgrade
the arming-fuzing-firing system on the warhead and refresh the warhead’s
conventional high explosives. This warhead is carried on a portion of the D-5
(Trident) submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs).
• NNSA is requesting $1.069 billion for the W87-1 warhead modification
program for FY2024, an increase of $389 million (57%) from FY2023. The
Air Force plans to deploy the W87-1 on the new U.S. land-based
intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), the Ground-Based Strategic
Deterrent (GBSD). This would provide the Air Force with an alternative
warhead if the W87-1 FPU is delayed. According to NNSA, the additional
funding is needed for increased component testing and environmental flight
tests.
• NNSA is requesting $390 million for the W93 warhead, which is a new
design intended for deployment on ballistic missile submarines by 2040.27
The proposed increase of $149 million (62%) from the FY2023 enacted
amount represents the program’s planned acceleration to include prototype
construction and testing of non-nuclear hardware.
Congressional concern has also been raised about NNSA’s schedule for developing production
capacity for plutonium pits, a central component of nuclear warheads. NNSA plans to develop pit
production capacity at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico and the Savannah River
Site in South Carolina.28 Pit production is included under Primary Capability Modernization, for
which NNSA is requesting $2.964 billion for FY2024, a decrease of $180 million (-6%) from the
FY2023 enacted level.
Appropriations for NNSA nuclear weapons activities and other defense programs typically
closely track the levels authorized in annual National Defense Authorization Acts (NDAAs). The
Senate passed the conference report on the FY2024 NDAA on December 13, 2024, authorizing
$19.122 billion for weapons activities (H.R. 2670, H.Rept. 118-301).
For more information, see CRS Report R47657, Energy and Water Development Appropriations
for Nuclear Weapons Activities: In Brief, by Alexandra G. Neenan and Mary Beth D. Nikitin.
Startup of Surplus Plutonium Disposition
The FY2024 budget request provides for plutonium disposition related activities in the Material
Management and Minimization (Material Disposition subprogram) and the Nonproliferation
Construction accounts. The budget request says the Surplus Plutonium Disposition (SPD) project
“will add glovebox capacity at the Savannah River Site to accelerate plutonium dilution and aid
in the removal of plutonium from the state of South Carolina.” In the coming years, NNSA plans
to expand capability to disassemble and convert plutonium cores or “pits” for disposal. The
FY2024 request says NNSA is completing the final design review to request approval and start

27 Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, “Fact Sheet: The W93 Warhead,” January 28, 2021,
https://armscontrolcenter.org/the-w93-warhead.
28 NNSA, “NNSA Approves Start of Construction for Plutonium Pit Production Subproject at Los Alamos National
Laboratory,” February 9, 2023, https://www.energy.gov/nnsa/articles/nnsa-approves-start-construction-plutonium-pit-
production-subproject-los-alamos.
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full construction on the SPD project in FY2024, which represents a delay and cost increase. The
request says the NNSA is “increasing the total project cost by $155 million resulting in a
corresponding increase to the high-end of the cost range which is $775 million”; and extending
the completion date to the fourth quarter of FY2030. The budget request says that these changes
are necessary due to design, safety, and construction challenges “of integrating the new mission
into the existing facility and operations.” It also cites a lack of skilled professional and craft labor,
which is also an issue for other NNSA construction projects. Both the House and Senate
committee reports recommend the full Administration request of $77 million for the SPD project.
Cleanup of Former Nuclear Sites: Adequacy of Proposed Funding
DOE’s Office of Environmental Management (EM) is responsible for environmental cleanup and
waste management at the department’s nuclear facilities. The $8.280 billion request for EM
activities for FY2024 is $17 million (less than 1%) above the FY2023 enacted level of $8.263
billion, including adjustments and offsets. The House bill includes a slight increase (less than 1%)
over the requested amount, while the Senate committee bill would increase total EM funding
from the request by $233 million (3%).
The primary appropriations component of the EM program is the Defense Environmental
Cleanup account, which finances the cleanup of former nuclear weapons production sites. For
FY2024, the Administration is requesting $7.074 billion, 1% above the FY2023 enacted amount.
For the Non-Defense Environmental Cleanup account, which funds the cleanup of federal nuclear
energy research sites, the request was $349 million, 3% below the FY2023 enacted level. The
third component of the EM budget is the Uranium Enrichment Decontamination and
Decommissioning Fund, for which the FY2024 request was $857 million, a decrease of 2% from
the FY2023 enacted amount. This fund was established by Title XI of the Energy Policy Act of
1992 (P.L. 102-486) to pay for the cleanup of three federal facilities that enriched uranium for
national defense and civilian purposes, located near Paducah, KY; Piketon, OH (Portsmouth
plant); and Oak Ridge, TN.
The largest requested EM increase in FY2024 is for the Office of River Protection at the Hanford
(WA) Site, which would increase by $245 million (14%) from the FY2023 enacted level.
According to the DOE request, the increase reflects startup of direct-feed low-activity waste
treatment and design and construction of other waste treatment facilities at the site.
The adequacy of funding for the Office of Environmental Management to attain cleanup
milestones across the entire site inventory has been a recurring issue. Cleanup milestones are
enforceable measures incorporated into compliance agreements negotiated among DOE, the
Environmental Protection Agency, and the states. These milestones establish time frames for the
completion of specific actions to satisfy applicable requirements at individual sites.
Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Initial Funding for
Great Lakes Authority, Denali Commission Cost-Sharing, and
Authorizations of Appropriations
The President’s FY2024 budget includes $5 million in initial funding for the Great Lakes
Authority (GLA), a new federal regional authority authorized by the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328, Division O, Title IV, §401). The House-passed FY2024 bill (H.R. 4394)
includes the requested amount for the GLA; the Senate committee FY2024 bill (S. 2443) includes
$2.5 million for the GLA. The GLA service region is defined as areas in the watershed of the
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Great Lakes and the Great Lakes System in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York,
Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.29
The authorizing legislation requires that before the GLA may convene, the President must
nominate and the Senate must confirm a federal co-chairperson. As of December 2023, President
Biden had not nominated a federal co-chairperson for the GLA.
The Senate committee bill includes new cost-share provisions for Denali Commission-funded
construction projects in distressed communities, and extends those provisions to projects for
federally recognized tribes and Alaska Native Corporations. The new provisions would increase
the non-federal cost-share maximum from 80% to 90%.
The authorization of appropriations will expire after FY2023 for five of the independent agencies
that receive appropriations in the E&W bills, and the authorization of appropriations expired after
FY2021 for one of the independent agencies.30
For more information, see CRS Insight IN12089, Federal Regional Commissions: Great Lakes
Authority Established and Other Updates, by Julie M. Lawhorn, and CRS Report R45997,
Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Structural Features and Function, by Julie M.
Lawhorn.
Bill Status and Recent Funding History
Table 4 indicates the steps taken during consideration of FY2024 Energy and Water Development
appropriations. Dates will be filled in as action is completed. (For more details, see the CRS
Appropriations Status Table at http://www.crs.gov/AppropriationsStatusTable/Index.)
Table 4. Status of Energy and Water Development Appropriations, FY2024
Subcommittee
Markup





Final Approval

House
House
Senate
Senate
Conf.
Public
House
Senate Comm.
Passed
Comm.
Passed
Report
House
Senate
Law
6/15/23
none
6/22/23
10/26/23
7/20/23





Source: CRS Appropriations Status Table.
Table 5 includes budget totals for regular (excluding supplementals) energy and water
development appropriations enacted for FY2018 through actions in FY2024.

29 The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328, Division O, Title IV, §401) amended 40 U.S.C.
§15301(a) to establish the Great Lakes Authority (GLA). The structure and functions of the GLA are based on the
model of the Northern Border Regional Commission, the Southeast Crescent Regional Commission, and the Southwest
Border Regional Commission, which were established in the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (i.e., 2008
farm bill). The watershed of the Great Lakes and the Great Lakes System is defined in Section 118(a)(3) of the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. §1268(a)(3)).
30 The authorization of appropriations ends after FY2023 for the Delta Regional Authority (see 7 U.S.C. §2009aa-12);
Southeast Crescent Regional Commission (SCRC); Southwest Border Regional Commission (SBRC); Northern Border
Regional Commission (NBRC); and Great Lakes Authority (GLA) (see 40 U.S.C. §15751 for the authorization of
appropriations for SCRC SBRC, NBRC, and GLA). The authorization of appropriations for the Denali Commission
was provided through FY2021 (see 42 U.S.C. §3121 note, Section 312). The IIJA (P.L. 117-58) provided the
authorization of appropriations for the Appalachian Regional Commission through FY2026 (see 40 U.S.C. §14703).
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Table 5. Energy and Water Development Appropriations, FY2018-FY2024
(budget authority in billions of current dollars)
FY2024
FY2024
FY2024
FY2018
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
Request
House
S.Comm.
43.3
44.7
48.4
49.5
55.6
59.2
62.0
60.0
61.5
Source: Compiled by CRS from totals provided by congressional budget documents.
Notes: Figures exclude permanent budget authorities, scorekeeping adjustments, rescissions, and emergency
funding. See Table 1 for emergency funding for these fiscal years.
Description of Major Energy and Water Programs
The annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill includes four titles: Title I—Corps
of Engineers—Civil; Title II—Department of the Interior (Bureau of Reclamation and Central
Utah Project); Title III—Department of Energy; and Title IV—Independent Agencies, as shown
in Table 6. Major programs in the bill are described in this section in the approximate order they
appear in the bill. Previous appropriations and the amounts recommended and approved during
the major stages of the FY2024 appropriations process are shown in the accompanying tables,
and additional details about many of these programs are provided in separate CRS reports as
indicated. For a discussion of current funding issues related to these programs, see “Funding
Issues and Initiatives,” above. Congressional clients may obtain more detailed information by
contacting CRS analysts listed in CRS Report R42638, Appropriations: CRS Experts, by James
M. Specht and Justin Murray.
Table 6. Energy and Water Development Appropriations Summary
(budget authority in millions of current dollars)
FY2019 FY2020
FY2021 FY2022 FY2023 FY2024
FY2024
FY2024
Title
Approp Approp Approp Approp Approp Request
House
S.Comm.
Title 1: USACE
6,999
7,650
7,795
8,343
8,310
7,413
9,573
8,837
Title II: CUP and
1,565
1,680
1,691
1,924
1,954
1,469
1,871
1,941
Reclamation
Title III:
35,709
38,657
39,625
44,856
48,445
52,571
49,021
50,269
Department of
Energy
Title IV:
390
407
414
454
494
559
523
499
Independent
Agencies
General provisions
21
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Subtotal
44,684 48,395 49,525
55,576
59,204
62,012
59,988
61,547
Rescissions and
-24
-71
-73
-2,704
-2,202
-4
-5,730
-3,452
Scorekeeping
Adjustmentsa
E&W Total
44,660 48,324 49,452
52,872
57,002
62,008
54,258
58,095
Additional House






-2,877

bil scorekeeping
adjustment
House bil total






51,381

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Sources: H.Rept. 118-126; S.Rept. 118-72; H.R. 4394; P.L. 117-328 and explanatory statement; FY2022 agency
budget justifications; explanatory statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 agency budget justifications;
explanatory statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress. Excludes emergency appropriations.
Subtotals may include other adjustments. Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding and adjustments.
a. Budget “scorekeeping” refers to determinations of spending amounts for congressional budget enforcement
purposes. These scorekeeping adjustments may include rescissions and offsetting revenues from various
sources.
Agency Budget Justifications
FY2024 budget justifications for the largest agencies funded by the annual Energy and Water
Development appropriations bill can be found through the links below. The justifications provide
detailed descriptions and funding breakouts for programs, projects, and activities under the
agencies’ jurisdiction.
• Title I, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Civil Works,
https://usace.contentdm.oclc.org/utils/getfile/collection/p16021coll6/id/2317
(see Table 7)
• Title II (see Table 8)
• Bureau of Reclamation, https://www.usbr.gov/budget
• Central Utah Project, https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/fy2024-
cupca-greenbook.pdf-508.pdf
• Title III, Department of Energy, https://www.energy.gov/cfo/articles/fy-2024-
budget-justification (see Table 9)
• Title IV, Independent Agencies (see Table 13)
• Appalachian Regional Commission, https://www.arc.gov/budget-
performance-and-policy
• Nuclear Regulatory Commission, https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-
collections/nuregs/staff/sr1100/
• Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, https://www.dnfsb.gov/about/
congressional-budget-requests
• Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board, http://www.nwtrb.gov/about-us/
plans
Army Corps of Engineers
USACE is an agency in the Department of Defense with both military and civilian
responsibilities. Under its civil works program, which is funded by the Energy and Water
Development appropriations bill, USACE plans, builds, operates, and in some cases maintains
water resource facilities for coastal and inland navigation, riverine and coastal flood risk
reduction, and aquatic ecosystem restoration.31
In recent decades, Congress has generally authorized USACE studies, construction projects, and
other activities in omnibus water authorization bills, typically titled as Water Resources
Development Acts (WRDA), prior to funding them through appropriations legislation. Recent
Congresses enacted omnibus water resources authorization acts in 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020, and

31 Military responsibilities are funded through the Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies
appropriations bill.
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2022. (The latest WRDA was Title LXXXI of Division H of the James M. Inhofe National
Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, P.L. 117-263.) These acts consisted largely of
authorizations for new USACE studies and projects, and they altered numerous USACE policies
and procedures.32
Unlike for highways and in municipal water infrastructure programs, federal funds for USACE
are not distributed to states or projects based on formulas or delivered via competitive grants.
Instead, USACE generally is directly involved in planning, designing, and managing the
construction of projects that are cost-shared with nonfederal project sponsors.
Policies in the 112th through the 116th Congresses limited congressionally directed funding of site-
specific projects (i.e., earmarks). Prior to the 112th Congress, Congress would direct funds to
specific projects not in the budget request or increase funds for certain projects. For FY2011-
FY2021, Congress appropriated additional funding for categories of USACE work without
identifying specific projects. During that period, after congressional enactment of the
appropriations legislation and accompanying report language on priorities and other guidance for
use of the additional funding, the Administration developed a work plan that reported on (1) the
studies and construction projects selected to receive funding for the first time (new starts) and (2)
the specific studies and projects receiving additional funds. For FY2022 and FY2023, Congress
approved earmarks in specified categories, in addition to providing additional funding for specific
categories for USACE to allocate in work plans.33 A similar process is being followed for
FY2024. For more information, see CRS Report R46320, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Annual
Appropriations Process, by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter.
Table 7 shows USACE appropriations accounts from FY2019 through FY2023 and the requested
amounts for FY2024.

32 For more information on USACE authorization legislation, see CRS In Focus IF11322, Water Resources
Development Acts: Primer, by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand, and CRS Report R45185, Army Corps of
Engineers: Water Resource Authorization and Project Delivery Processes, by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand.
33 USACE work plans are available at USACE, “Civil Works Budget and Performance,” at
https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Budget/#Work-Plans.
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Table 7. Army Corps of Engineers
(budget authority in millions of current dollars)
FY2019 FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023 FY2024
FY2024
FY2024
Program
Approp Approp Approp Approp Approp Request
House
S.Comm.
Investigations
125.0
151.0
153.0
143.0
172.5
129.8
136.1
82.9
Planning,







47.0
Engineering, and
Design
Construction
2,183.0
2,681.0
2,692.6
2,492.8
1,808.8
2,014.6
2,889.9
1,945.9
Mississippi River
368.0
375.0
380.0
370.0
370.0
226.5
364.4
352.0
and Tributaries
(MR&T)
Operation and
3,739.5
3,790.0
3,849.7
4,570.0
5,078.5
2,629.9
5,496.6
5,529.3
Maintenance
(O&M)
Regulatory
200.0
210.0
210.0
212.0
218.0
221.0
218.0
221.0
General
193.0
203.0
206.0
208.0
215.0
212.0
216.5
212.0
Expenses
FUSRAP
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
400.0
200.0
200.0
400.0
Flood Control
35.0
35.0
35.0
35.0
35.0
40.0
41.5
35.0
and Coastal
Emergencies
(FCCE)
Office of the
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
6.0
5.0
5.0
Asst. Secretary
of the Army
WIFIA Programa
—
—
14.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
5.0
7.2
Harbor
—
—
—
—
—
1,726.0
—
—
Maintenance
Trust Fundb
Inland
—
—
—
—
—
0.0
—
—
Waterways
Trust Fundb
Rescissions
—
—
-0.5
—
—
-4.5

—
Total Title I
6,998.5
7,650.0 7,795.0 8,343.0
8,310.0
7,408.5
9,573.0
8,837.3
Sources: H.Rept. 118-126; S.Rept. 118-72; H.R. 4394; USACE Civil Works FY2024 Budget and USACE Civil
Works FY2022 Budget at https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Budget/; FY2024 Budget Appendix
for Corps of Engineers—Civil Works at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/
coe_fy2024.pdf; Division D of P.L. 117-328; Division D of P.L. 117-103; Division D of P.L. 116-260; Division C of
P.L. 116-94; Division A of P.L. 115-244.
Notes: Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding.
a. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, created a new USACE account to support direct loans and for
the cost of guaranteed loans, as authorized by the Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014
(WIFIA, Title V, Subtitle C of P.L. 113-121).
b. In the Administration’s FY2024 request, as with previous requests, some activities that are funded in the
O&M, Construction, and MR&T accounts are proposed to be funded directly from the Harbor Maintenance
Trust Fund (HMTF) and Inland Waterway Trust Fund (IWTF) accounts. That is, the Administration
proposes funding eligible USACE activities directly from the trust funds. This would replace the current
practice of having USACE’s O&M, Construction, and MR&T accounts incur expenses for HMTF-eligible and
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IWTF-eligible activities, and for these expenses to be reimbursed from the HMTF and IWTF accounts. For
example, HMTF-eligible maintenance dredging would no longer be funded by the O&M account and
reimbursed by the HMTF; instead the dredging would be funded directly from the HMTF account. Similar
proposals were not enacted in FY2019, FY2020, FY2021, FY2022, and FY2023.
Additional Funding
In addition to the regular appropriations for FY2022 and FY2023, USACE received the following
supplemental appropriations:
• $5.711 billion in Division B of P.L. 117-43;
• $14.969 billion for FY2022 and $1.080 billion for FY2023 in IIJA (P.L. 117-
58);
• $1.480 billion in Division N of P.L. 117-328;34 and
• $20 million in the FY2023 continuing resolution (P.L. 117-180).
The IIJA also provided $1.050 billion in advance appropriations for FY2024. For more
information on USACE supplemental funding, see CRS In Focus IF11945, U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers: Supplemental Appropriations, by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter.
Bureau of Reclamation and Central Utah Project
Most of the large dams and water diversion structures in the West were built by, or with the
assistance of, the Bureau of Reclamation. While USACE built hundreds of flood control and
navigation projects, Reclamation’s original mission was to develop water supplies, primarily for
irrigation to reclaim arid lands in the West for farming and ranching. Reclamation has evolved
into an agency that assists in meeting the water demands in the West while working to protect the
environment and the public’s investment in Reclamation infrastructure. The agency’s municipal
and industrial water deliveries have more than doubled since 1970.
Today, Reclamation manages hundreds of dams and diversion projects, including more than 300
storage reservoirs, in 17 western states. These projects provide water to approximately 10 million
acres of farmland and 31 million people. Reclamation is the largest wholesale supplier of water in
the 17 western states and the second-largest hydroelectric power producer in the nation.
Reclamation facilities also provide substantial flood control, recreation, and other benefits.
Reclamation facility operations are often controversial, particularly for their effect on fish and
wildlife species and because of conflicts among competing water users during drought conditions.
As with USACE, the Reclamation budget is made up largely of individual project funding lines,
rather than general programs that would not be covered by congressional earmark requirements.
Therefore, as with USACE, these Reclamation projects have often been subject to earmark
disclosure rules. The moratorium on earmarks through FY2021 restricted congressional steering
of money directly toward specific Reclamation projects. For FY2022 through FY2024, the rules
again allowed congressionally directed funding for specific Reclamation projects.
Reclamation’s single largest account, Water and Related Resources, encompasses the agency’s
traditional programs and projects, including construction, operations and maintenance, dam

34 Of the $1.480 billion in emergency supplemental funds provided by the Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations
Act, 2023 (Division N of P.L. 117-328), $350 million was made available for USACE to allocate in a work plan for
construction and O&M of certain categories of projects (i.e., similar to additional funding provided through annual
appropriations in FY2014-FY2022). USACE allocated the $350 million from Division N along with additional funding
provided by Division D in its FY2023 work plans.
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safety, and ecosystem restoration, among others.35 Reclamation also typically requests funds in a
number of smaller accounts, and has proposed additional accounts in recent years.
Implementation and oversight of the Central Utah Project, also funded by Title II, is conducted by
a separate office within the Department of the Interior.36
For more information, see CRS In Focus IF12127, Bureau of Reclamation: FY2023 Budget and
Appropriations, by Charles V. Stern. Table 8 shows Reclamation and CUP appropriations
accounts from FY2019 through FY2023 and the FY2024 requested amounts.
Table 8. Bureau of Reclamation and CUP
(budget authority in millions of current dollars)
FY2019 FY2020
FY2021
FY2022 FY2023 FY2024
FY2024
FY2024
Program
Approp Approp
Approp Approp Approp Request
House
S.Comm.
Water and
1,392.0
1,512.2
1,521.1
1,747.1
1,787.2
1,301.0
1,701.4
1,773.5
Related Resources
Policy and
61.0
60.0
60.0
64.4
65.1
66.8
65.1
66.8
Administration
CVP Restoration
62.0
54.8
55.9
56.5
45.8
48.5
48.5
48.5
Fund (CVPRF)
Calif. Bay-Delta
35.0
33.0
33.0
33.0
33.0
33.0
33.0
33.0
(CALFED)
Gross Current
1,550.0
1,660.0
1,670.0 1,901.0
1,931.0 1,449.3
1,848.0
1,921.8
Reclamation
Authority
Central Utah
15.0
20.0
21.0
23.0
23.0
19.6
23.0
19.6
Project (CUP)
Completion
Reclamation
1,565.0
1,680.0
1,691.0 1,924.0
1,954.0 1,468.9
1,871.0
1,941.4
and CUP
Offsets and




-45.8
-48.5


adjustments
Total
1,565.0
1,680.0
1,691.0 1,924.0
1,908.2 1,420.4
1,871.0
1,941.4
Sources: H.Rept. 118-126; S.Rept. 118-72; H.R. 4394; Reclamation and CUP FY2024 congressional budget
justifications; Division D of P.L. 117-328; Division D of P.L. 117-103; Division D of P.L. 116-260; Division C of
P.L. 116-94; Division A of P.L. 115-244.
Note: Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding. CVP = Central Valley Project.
Additional Funding
For each of FY2022 through FY2026, IIJA provided $1.660 billion for Reclamation’s Water and
Related Resources account. (For more information, see CRS Report R47032, Bureau of

35 The Water and Related Resources Account is largely funded by the Reclamation Fund, which receives and
distributes receipts related to a number of federal activities (including royalties received from oil and gas leasing on
federal lands). For more on this fund and financing of selected Reclamation Projects, see CRS Report R41844, The
Reclamation Fund: A Primer, by Charles V. Stern.
36 The Central Utah Project moves water from the Colorado River basin in eastern Utah to the western slopes of the
Wasatch Mountain range. It was authorized in 1956 under the Colorado River Storage Project Act (P.L. 84-485). For
more information, see the CUP website at https://www.usbr.gov/projects/index.php?id=498.
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Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58), by Charles V.
Stern and Anna E. Normand.) IRA also appropriated additional funds in FY2022 for Reclamation:
$4.000 billion for drought mitigation, available through FY2026; $550 million for disadvantaged
communities, available through FY2031; $25 million for projects to cover water conveyance
facilities with solar panels, available through FY2031; and $13 million for drought relief actions
to mitigate drought impacts for tribes affected by the operation of a Reclamation water project,
available through FY2031.
Department of Energy
The Energy and Water Development appropriations bill has funded all DOE programs since
FY2005. Major DOE activities are authorized under multiple energy statutes and include (1)
R&D on renewable energy, energy efficiency, nuclear power, fossil energy, and electricity; (2) the
Strategic Petroleum Reserve; (3) energy statistics, projections, and analysis; (4) general science;
(5) loan programs; (6) environmental cleanup; and (7) nuclear weapons and nonproliferation
programs. Table 9 provides the recent funding history and the FY2024 budget request for DOE
programs, most of which are briefly described further below.
Table 9. Department of Energy
(budget authority in millions of current dollars)
FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
FY2024
FY2024
FY2024

Approp
Approp
Approp
Approp
Request
House
S.Comm.
Energy Programs







Energy Efficiency and
2,848.0
2,861.8
3,200.0
3,460.0
3,826.1
1,994.0
3,686.8
Renewable Energy
Industrial Emissions






3.5
and Technology
Coordination
Electricity Delivery
190.0
211.7
277.0
350.0
297.5
315.6
290.0
Cybersecurity, Energy
156.0
156.0
185.8
200.0
245.5
200.0
200.0
Security, and
Emergency Response
Nuclear Energya
1,493.4
1,507.6
1,654.8
1,473.0
1,562.6
1,783.0
1,550.9
Fossil Energy and
750.0
750.0
825.0
890.0
905.5
857.9
892.0
Carbon Management
Energy Projects



222.0


87.9
Naval Petroleum and
14.0
13.0
13.7
13.0
13.0
13.0
13.0
Oil Shale Reserves
Strategic Petroleum
205.0
189.0
226.4
207.3
281.0
281.0
-281.0
Reserveb
Northeast Home
10.0
6.5
6.5
7.0
7.2
7.2
7.2
Heating Oil Reserve
Energy Information
126.8
126.8
129.1
135.0
156.6
135.0
135.0
Administration
Non-Defense
319.2
319.2
333.9
358.6
348.7
341.7
354.0
Environmental
Cleanup
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FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
FY2024
FY2024
FY2024

Approp
Approp
Approp
Approp
Request
House
S.Comm.
Uranium Enrichment
881.0
841.0
860.0
879.1
857.5
865.2
862.0
Decontamination and
Decommissioning
Fund
Science
7,000.0
7,026.0
7,475.0
8,100.0
8,800.4
8,100.0
8,430.0
Office of Technology


19.5
22.1
56.6
22.1
20.0
Transitions
Office of Clean Energy


20.0
89.0
215.3
35.0
89.0
Demonstrations
Federal Energy




82.2


Management Program
Grid Deployment




106.6

60.0
Office
Office of




179.5


Manufacturing and
Energy Supply Chains
Office of State and




705.0


Community Programs
Advanced Research
425.0
427.0
450.0
470.0
650.2
470.0
450.0
Projects Agency—
Energy (ARPA-E)
Nuclear Waste

27.5
27.5
10.2
12.0
12.0
12.0
Disposal
Departmental Admin.
161.0
166.0
240.0
283.0
433.5
275.0
283.0
(net)
Office of Inspector
54.2
57.7
78.0
86.0
165.2
92.0
86.0
General
Office of Indian Energy
22.0
22.0
58.0
75.0
110.1
75.0
75.0
Advanced Technology
5.0
5.0
5.0
9.8
13.0
13.0
13.0
Vehicles Manufacturing
(ATVM) Loans
ATVM Rescission of

-1,908.0





Emergency Funding
Title 17 Loan
29.0
29.0
29.0
181.2



Guarantee
Title 17 Rescission of

-392.0





Emergency Funding
Tribal Energy Loan
2.0
2.0
2.0
4.0
6.3
6.3
6.3
Guarantee
Total, Energy
14,691.6
12,444.8
16,116.0 17,525.2 20,036.8
15,894.0 17,325.5
Programs
c
NNSA


Weapons Activities
12,457.1
15,345.0
15,920.0
17,116.1
18,832.9
19,117.2 18,833.0
Nuclear
2,164.4
2,260.0
2,354.0
2,490.0
2,509.0
2,380.0
2,596.5
Nonproliferation
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FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
FY2024
FY2024
FY2024

Approp
Approp
Approp
Approp
Request
House
S.Comm.
Naval Reactors
1,648.4
1,684.0
1,918.0
2,081.5
1,964.1
1,946.1
1,964.1
Office of
434.7
443.2
464.0
475.0
539.0
516.0
485.0
Admin./Salaries and
Expenses
Total, NNSA
16,704.6
19,732.2
20,656.0
22,162.6 23,845.0
23,959.3 23,878.6
Defense
6,255.0
6,426.0
6,710.0
7,025.0
7,073.6
7,073.6
7,296.6
Environmental
Cleanup
Defense Uranium


573.3
586.0
427.0

575.0
Enrichment D&D
Other Defense
906.0
920.0
985.0
1,035.0
1,075.2
1,075.2
1,079.9
Activities
Power Marketing Administrations


Southwestern
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.6
11.4
11.4
11.4
Western
89.2
89.4
90.8
98.7
99.9
99.9
99.9
Falcon and Amistad
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
O&M
Total, PMAs
99.8
100.0
101.4
109.6
111.5
111.5
111.5
General provisions

2.0
-286.1
2.0
2.0
-93.0
2.0
DOE Total
38,657.2
39,625.0 44,855.6
48,445.4 52,571.1
48,020.5 50,269.1
Appropriations
Offsets and
-70.9


-2,202.0

-5,730

adjustments
Total, DOE
38,586.3
39,625.0 44,855.6
46,243.4 52,571.1c
42,290.5 50,269.1
Sources: H.Rept. 118-126; S.Rept. 118-72; H.R. 4394; DOE FY2024 budget justification; P.L. 117-328 and
explanatory statement; H.Rept. 117-98; DOE FY2022 congressional budget justification, explanatory statement
for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; H.Rept. 116-449; explanatory statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th
Congress.
Notes: Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding. Table includes some category adjustments for
comparability.
a. Includes $178 mil ion from defense budget function.
b. Includes Strategic Petroleum Reserve Petroleum Account and rescissions.
c. Senate report includes net appropriations of -$126.5 mil ion for Title 17 loan guarantees in the
Administration request, resulting in a requested total of $19,910.3 mil ion for energy programs and total
requested DOE appropriations of $52,444.6 mil ion.
d. FY2023 enacted figures are from H.Rept. 118-126.
As well as the regular annual appropriations shown in Table 9, DOE received additional
appropriations from IIJA; the additional amounts for FY2023 and FY2024 are shown in able 10.
Additional appropriations are also available to DOE from IRA, beginning in FY2022 as shown in
Table 11. Additional amounts for FY2023 were appropriated by Division M and N of P.L. 117-
328, as shown in TTable 12.
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Table 10. Additional FY2023 and FY2024 DOE Funding Under IIJA
(budget authority in millions of current dollars)
Program
IIJA FY2023
IIJA FY2024
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
2,221.8
1,945
Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response
100.0
100.0
Electricity
1,610.0
1,610.0
Nuclear Energy
1,200.0
1,200.0
Fossil Energy and Carbon Management
1,444.5
1,447.0
Carbon Dioxide Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Program
2,097.0
0
Account
Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations
4,426.3
4,476.3
Total
13,099.6
10,778.3
Source: H.Rept. 117-394, DOE FY2024 congressional budget justification.
Table 11. Additional FY2023 DOE Funding Under IRA
(budget authority in millions of current dollars)
Program
IRA section
Approp.
Fiscal years
Home Energy Efficiency Rebates
50121
4,300 FY2022-FY2031
Home Electric Efficiency Rebates, States
50122
4,275 FY2022-FY2031
Home Electric Efficiency Rebates, Tribes
50122
225 FY2022-FY2031
Home Efficiency Contractor Training Grants
50123
200 FY2022-FY2031
Building Energy Code Adoption
50131(b)
330 FY2022-FY2029
Building Energy Code Adoption
50131(c)
670 FY2022-FY2029
Title 17 Loan Guarantees
50141
3,600 FY2022-FY2026
ATVM Loans
50142
3,000 FY2022-FY2028
Domestic Manufacturing Conversion Grants
50143
2,000 FY2022-FY2031
Energy Infrastructure Reinvestment
50144
5,000 FY2022-FY2026
Tribal Energy Loan Guarantees
50145
75 FY2022-FY2028
Electric Transmission Facility Financing
50151
2,000 FY2022-FY2030
Transmission Line Siting Grants
50152
760 FY2022-FY2029
Offshore Wind Planning
50153
100 FY2022-FY2031
Advanced Industrial Facilities Deployment
50161
5,812 FY2022-FY2026
Inspector General
50171
20 FY2022-FY2031
National Laboratory Infrastructure
50172
FY2022-FY2027
Office of Science
50172(a)

Science Laboratory Infrastructure Projects

133
High Energy Physics Construction and Equipment

304
Fusion Energy Construction and Equipment

280
Nuclear Physics Construction and Equipment

217
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Program
IRA section
Approp.
Fiscal years
Advanced Scientific Computing Facilities

164
Basic Energy Sciences Projects

295
Isotope Research and Development Facilities

158
Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management
50172(b)
150
Office of Nuclear Energy
50172(c)
150
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
50172(d)
150
Availability of High-Assay Low-Enriched Uranium
50173
700 FY2022-FY2026
DOE Total

35,067
Source: P.L. 117-169. Appropriations for items in Section 50172 are for the same fiscal year period.
TTable 12. Additional FY2023 Funding for DOE in Divisions M and N of P.L. 117-328
(budget authority in millions of current dollars)
Program
Division M
Division N
Total
Nuclear Energy



Advanced Nuclear Fuel Availability
100.0

100.0
Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program
60.0

60.0
National Reactor Innovation Center
20.0

20.0
Risk Reduction for Future Demonstrations
120.0

120.0
Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation (Ukraine-related activities)
125.3

125.3
Electricity (Puerto Rico electricity grid resilience)

1,000.0
1,000.0
Western Area Power Administration

520.0
520.0
Total
425.3
1,520.0
1,945.3
Source: P.L. 117-328, Divisions M and N.
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) conducts research and
development on transportation energy technology, energy efficiency in buildings and
manufacturing processes, and the production of solar, wind, geothermal, and other renewable
energy.
The Sustainable Transportation program area includes electric vehicles, vehicle efficiency,
hydrogen and fuel cells, and alternative fuels. DOE’s electric vehicle program includes several
goals for 2030, including “decreasing vehicle battery cell cost to achieve cost parity with internal
combustion engines” and “eliminating dependence on critical materials such as cobalt, nickel, and
graphite.” The program also supports demonstrations of electrified medium and heavy trucks,
according to the FY2023 DOE budget justification.37
Renewable power programs focus on electricity generation from solar, wind, water, and
geothermal sources. They are also developing concentrated solar technologies to produce high-

37 DOE, FY2024 Congressional Budget Justification, March 2023, EERE, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/
2023-03/doe-fy-2024-budget-vol-4-eere-v2.pdf.
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temperature heat that could replace fossil fuels in steel manufacturing and other industrial
processes.
In the energy efficiency program area, advanced materials and manufacturing technologies
focuses on next-generation materials and processes, secure and sustainable materials, and energy
technology manufacturing and its workforce.38 Industrial efficiency and decarbonization focuses
on sector-specific technology innovation, cross-sector decarbonization technologies, and
technical assistance and workforce development.39 The building technologies program includes
R&D on lighting, space conditioning, windows, and control technologies to reduce building
energy-use intensity.
In the energy efficiency program area, the advanced manufacturing program focuses on
improving the energy efficiency of manufacturing processes and on the manufacturing of energy-
related products. The building technologies program includes R&D on lighting, space
conditioning, windows, and control technologies to reduce building energy-use intensity.
The Biden Administration has split several EERE programs into separate offices, although the
House and Senate appropriations committees would continue funding them under the EERE
appropriations account:
• State and Community Energy Programs, which provides two types of
formula grants to states: weatherization grants for improving the energy
efficiency of low-income housing units and state energy planning grants. For
more details on energy efficiency grants, see CRS Report R46418, The
Weatherization Assistance Program Formula, by Corrie E. Clark and Lynn J.
Cunningham.
• Manufacturing and Energy Supply Chains, which provides support for
increasing U.S. manufacturing capacity for critical energy technologies and
for increasing industrial energy efficiency.
• Federal Energy Management Program, which provides guidance and
expertise to federal agencies to meet federal goals on energy use and
emissions.
Electricity Delivery, Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Energy Reliability
The Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response (CESER) is the federal
government’s lead entity for energy sector-specific responses to energy security emergencies—
whether caused by physical infrastructure problems or by cybersecurity issues. The office
conducts R&D on energy infrastructure security technology; provides energy sector security
guidelines, training, and technical assistance; and enhances energy sector emergency
preparedness and response.
The Office of Electricity (OE)
leads the Department’s efforts in developing new technologies to strengthen, transform,
and improve electricity delivery infrastructure so new generation and loads can be fully
integrated into the energy ecosystem and consumers have access to resilient, secure, and
clean sources of electricity.40

38 Ibid., p. 141.
39 Ibid., p. 155.
40 DOE, FY2024 Congressional Budget Justification, March 2023, Electricity, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/
files/2023-03/doe-fy-2024-budget-vol-4-oe-v3.pdf.
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OE uses a model of North American energy vulnerabilities for analyzing transmission and other
energy infrastructure needs. Other activities include pursuing megawatt-scale electricity storage,
integrating electric power system sensing technology, and analyzing electricity-related policy
issues. The Administration has established a separate Grid Deployment Office to support
modernization of the nation’s electricity transmission system and critical generating facilities
through planning and financial assistance.
Nuclear Energy
DOE’s Office of Nuclear Energy (NE) supports R&D on technologies to improve the efficiency
and economic viability of existing U.S. nuclear power plants, development and demonstration of
advanced reactor technologies, and R&D on nuclear fuel cycle technologies.
The Reactor Concepts program area comprises research on advanced reactors, including
advanced small modular reactors, and research to enhance the “sustainability” of existing
commercial light water reactors. Advanced reactor research focuses on “Generation IV” reactors,
as opposed to the existing fleet of commercial light water reactors, which are generally classified
as Generations II and III.
The Fuel Cycle Research and Development program includes generic research on nuclear waste
management and disposal. One of the program’s primary activities is the development of
technologies to separate the radioactive constituents of spent fuel for reuse or solidifying into
stable waste forms. Other major research areas in the Fuel Cycle R&D program include the
development of accident-tolerant fuels for existing commercial reactors, evaluation of fuel cycle
options, and development of improved technologies to prevent diversion of nuclear materials for
weapons. The program is also developing sources of high-assay low enriched uranium (HALEU),
in which uranium is enriched to between 5% and 20% in the fissile isotope U-235, for potential
use in advanced reactors. HALEU would be required for several designs currently receiving cost-
shared support by DOE’s Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program. For more information, see
CRS Report R45706, Advanced Nuclear Reactors: Technology Overview and Current Issues, by
Mark Holt.
Fossil Energy and Carbon Management
The Fossil Energy and Carbon Management Research, Development, Demonstration, and
Deployment program (FECM) was formerly known as the Fossil Energy Research and
Development program. It has historically supported research related to coal, natural gas, and
petroleum,41 including a major focus area on the development of carbon capture and storage
technologies for use on coal-fired power plants. The program also supports operations at the
National Energy Technology Laboratory.
Under the Biden Administration, FECM has shifted its focus to what it calls carbon management.
This includes a focus on development of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS)
technologies, hydrogen technologies, and options to reduce methane emissions from fossil fuel
infrastructure. FECM also leads DOE’s activities related to critical minerals and rare earth
elements.

41 The Biden Administration renamed the Office of Fossil Energy as the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon
Management in 2021. This name change was also adopted by appropriators throughout the FY2022 appropriations
process. See DOE, “Our New Name Is Also a New Vision,” July 8, 2021, https://www.energy.gov/fe/articles/our-new-
name-also-new-vision.
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Additionally, FECM is involved in a number of programs funded by IIJA, either managing the
programs directly or consulting with other DOE offices that have the lead management role.
These programs include Regional Direct Air Capture Hubs, Carbon Storage Validation and
Testing, Critical Mineral Innovation Efficiency, and Alternatives, and the Carbon Dioxide
Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation (CIFIA). Total IIJA appropriations for all
programs in which FECM is involved is $1.447 billion for FY2024. Additionally, CIFIA in
FY2023 was appropriated $2.097 billion, which remains available to support CO2 transportation
projects.
FECM’s current carbon capture research focuses on natural gas-fired power plants and
applications outside the power sector, in line with congressional direction provided in the Energy
Act of 2020 (Division Z of P.L. 116-260) and other recent laws. FECM also focuses on research
into producing hydrogen from fossil fuels and using hydrogen in the power sector.
For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11861, DOE’s Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
and Carbon Removal Programs, by Ashley J. Lawson; CRS In Focus IF12163, Department of
Energy Funding for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Programs FY2022, by Martin C. Offutt;
and CRS Report R44902, Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) in the United States, by
Angela C. Jones and Ashley J. Lawson.
Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR)
Authorized in 1975 by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (P.L. 94-163, as amended; 42
U.S.C. §§6201 et seq.), the SPR fulfills two statutory policy objectives: (1) reduce the economic
impact of oil supply disruptions, and (2) carry out U.S. obligations under the Agreement on an
International Energy Program (IEP)—a multilateral, voluntary agreement subject to international
law. Currently, the SPR consists of a government-owned crude oil reserve in Texas and Louisiana
and a smaller gasoline reserve in several northeastern states leased from commercial storage
operators.
Since the SPR was established, various administrations directed crude oil drawdowns on four
occasions in response to emergency oil supply disruptions. During FY2022, emergency SPR
authorities aimed to address anticipated oil supply disruptions following Russia’s military
invasion of Ukraine. The Biden Administration released 180 million barrels during FY2022, the
largest ever emergency SPR release.42 More frequently, DOE uses SPR authorities to exchange
crude oil with refiners following natural disasters (i.e., hurricanes) and other regional supply
disruption events.43 The Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve—established in 2014—has never
been utilized.
Because of limited utilization in response to emergency oil supply disruptions prior to the 2022
Ukraine war, growing U.S. crude oil production, and rapidly declining net petroleum imports—
one key metric used to determine IEP emergency oil stock obligations—Congress began requiring
DOE to draw down and sell SPR crude oil to pay for other legislative priorities. Between 2015
and 2021, Congress enacted eight laws mandating the sale of 358.6 million barrels of crude oil.
Congress cancelled 140 million barrels of these mandated sales in the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2023. Additionally, Congress required DOE to sell approximately $1.5

42 CRS Insight IN11916, Strategic Petroleum Reserve Oil Releases: October 2021 Through October 2022, by Phillip
Brown; DOE, “SPR Quick Facts,” https://www.energy.gov/ceser/spr-quick-facts.
43 For additional information about SPR releases, see U.S. Department of Energy, History of SPR Releases, at
https://www.energy.gov/fe/services/petroleum-reserves/strategic-petroleum-reserve/releasing-oil-spr, accessed
February 27, 2023.
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billion of SPR crude oil to pay for an SPR modernization program.44 (For further policy changes
proposed for FY2024, see section on “Strategic Petroleum Reserve Rescissions, Sales, and
Closing of Gasoline Reserve.”)
Science
The DOE Office of Science conducts basic research in six program areas: advanced scientific
computing research, basic energy sciences, biological and environmental research, fusion energy
sciences, high-energy physics, and nuclear physics. According to DOE’s FY2024 budget
justification, the Office of Science “is the Nation’s largest Federal sponsor of basic research in the
physical sciences and the lead Federal agency supporting fundamental scientific research for our
Nation’s energy future.”45
DOE’s Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR) program focuses on developing and
maintaining computing and networking capabilities for science and research in applied
mathematics, computer science, and advanced networking. The program plays a key role in the
DOE-wide effort to advance the development of exascale computing, with the first exascale
system starting operation at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in May 2022.46
Basic Energy Sciences (BES), the largest program area in the Office of Science, focuses on
understanding, predicting, and ultimately controlling matter and energy at the electronic, atomic,
and molecular levels. The program supports research in disciplines such as condensed matter and
materials physics, chemistry, and geosciences. BES also provides funding for scientific user
facilities (e.g., the National Synchrotron Light Source II, and the Linac Coherent Light Source-
II), and certain DOE research centers and hubs (e.g., Energy Frontier Research Centers, as well as
the Batteries and Energy Storage and Fuels from Sunlight Energy Innovation Hubs).
Biological and Environmental Research (BER) seeks a predictive understanding of complex
biological, climate, and environmental systems across a continuum from the small scale (e.g.,
genomic research) to the large (e.g., Earth systems and climate). Within BER, Biological Systems
Science focuses on plant and microbial systems, while Biological and Environmental Research
supports climate-relevant atmospheric and ecosystem modeling and research. BER facilities and
centers include four Bioenergy Research Centers and the Environmental Molecular Science
Laboratory at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
Fusion Energy Sciences (FES) seeks to increase understanding of the behavior of matter at very
high temperatures and to establish the science needed to develop a fusion energy source. FES
provides funding for the ITER project, a multinational effort to design and build an experimental
fusion reactor.
The High Energy Physics (HEP) program conducts research on the fundamental constituents of
matter and energy, including studies of dark energy and the search for dark matter. Nuclear
Physics supports research on the nature of matter, including its basic constituents and their

44 For additional information about congressionally required SPR oil sales, see Strategic Petroleum Reserve: Mandated
and Modernization Sales, by Phillip Brown, a congressional distribution memorandum available to congressional
clients by request from the author.
45 DOE, FY2024 Congressional Budget Justification, March 2023, vol. 5, p. 7, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/
files/2023-03/doe-fy-2024-budget-vol-5-science-v3.pdf.
46 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, “Frontier Supercomputer Debuts as World’s Fastest, Breaking Exascale Barrier,”
May 30, 2022, https://www.ornl.gov/news/frontier-supercomputer-debuts-worlds-fastest-breaking-exascale-barrier. An
exascale computer can perform one quintillion floating point operations per second. See Tim Greene, “World’s First
Exascale Supercomputer Is the World’s Fastest,” Network World, May 31, 2022, https://www.networkworld.com/
article/3662040/worlds-first-exascale-supercomputer-is-the-worlds-fastest.html.
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interactions. A major project in the Nuclear Physics program is the construction of the Electron-
Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, NY.
Two significant research efforts in the Office of Science cut across multiple program areas:
quantum information science, which aims to use quantum physics to process information, and
artificial intelligence and machine learning, which use computerized systems that work and react
in ways commonly thought to require intelligence.
For more details, see CRS Report R47564, Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding:
FY2024, coordinated by John F. Sargent Jr.
Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy
ARPA-E is a DOE office authorized by the America COMPETES Act (P.L. 110-69) to support
transformational energy technology research projects. DOE budget documents describe ARPA-
E’s mission as overcoming long-term, high-risk technological barriers to the development of
energy technologies. According to DOE, since 2009 ARPA-E has provided $3.43 billion in R&D
funding to 1,503 projects, and 204 project teams have raised more than $11.4 billion in private
sector follow-on funding.47
Loan Guarantees and Direct Loans
DOE’s Loan Programs Office provides loan guarantees and direct loans under several authorities:
Title 17 (XVII), Tribal, and ATVM for projects that deploy innovative energy technologies, as
authorized by Title XVII of EPACT05, as amended at 43 U.S.C. §§16511 et seq., direct loans for
advanced vehicle manufacturing technologies, and loan guarantees for tribal energy projects.
Section 1703 of EPACT05 authorized loan guarantees for advanced energy technologies that
reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and Section 1705 authorized a temporary program through
FY2011 for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects. Loans and guarantees for tribal
energy projects are authorized under section 503 of EPACT05.
Title XVII allows DOE to provide loan guarantees for up to 80% of construction costs for eligible
energy projects. In general, successful applicants must pay an up-front fee, or “subsidy cost,” to
cover potential losses under the loan guarantee program. IRA appropriated $3.600 billion for
Section 1703 subsidy costs. IRA also established a time-limited (available through FY2026),
$250 billion Title 17 loan guarantee commitment authority—Section 1706—for “Energy
Infrastructure Reinvestment Financing.” IRA appropriated $5.000 billion to carry out the Section
1706 program.
Under the loan guarantee agreements, the federal government would repay all covered loans if the
borrower defaulted. Such guarantees would reduce the risk to lenders and allow them to provide
financing at below-market interest rates. DOE currently has more than approximately $60 billion
in authority available to make direct loans and loan guarantees.
To date, the only loan guarantees under Section 1703 awarded have been to the consortium
building two new nuclear reactors at the Vogtle plant in Georgia, totaling about $12 billion, and
for a Utah hydrogen storage project, with a guarantee of $500 million.48 As of November 2023,

47 ARPA-E, “Our Impact,” web page viewed May 4, 2023, https://arpa-e.energy.gov/about/our-impact.
48 DOE, “Secretary Perry Announces Financial Close on Additional Loan Guarantees During Trip to Vogtle Advanced
Nuclear Energy Project,” news release, March 22, 2019, https://www.energy.gov/articles/secretary-perry-announces-
financial-close-additional-loan-guarantees-during-trip-vogtle; and DOE, “DOE Announces First Loan Guarantee for a
Clean Energy Project in Nearly a Decade,” June 8, 2022, https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-announces-first-loan-
guarantee-clean-energy-project-nearly-decade.
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applications for 189 additional loan guarantees totaling approximately $174.7 billion were under
consideration by the DOE Loan Programs Office.49
For more information on tribal loans and guarantees, see CRS In Focus IF11793, Indian Energy
Programs at the Department of Energy, by Corrie E. Clark, Mark Holt, and Lexie Ryan.
Energy Information Administration
The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) was established within DOE as the lead
federal agency for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating data on U.S. and world energy supply
and consumption. EIA data collection spans the energy system from supply and transport to
consumption. All energy sources are included in EIA’s data and analysis products, though some
(e.g., petroleum) are more detailed than others (e.g., renewables). Recent areas of congressional
interest include improvements to EIA’s computer models used to project U.S. energy supply and
demand over time, and EIA’s data collection related to energy consumption in residential and
commercial buildings and by cryptocurrency miners. For more details, see CRS Report R46524,
The U.S. Energy Information Administration, coordinated by Ashley J. Lawson.
Nuclear Weapons Activities
In the absence of explosive testing of nuclear weapons, the United States has adopted a science-
based program to maintain and sustain confidence in the reliability of the U.S. nuclear stockpile.
Congress established the Stockpile Stewardship Program in the National Defense Authorization
Act for Fiscal Year 1994 (P.L. 103-160). The goal of the program, as amended by the National
Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 (P.L. 111-84, §3111), is to ensure “that the
nuclear weapons stockpile is safe, secure, and reliable without the use of underground nuclear
weapons testing.” The program is operated by NNSA, a semiautonomous agency within DOE
established by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 (P.L. 106-65, Title
XXXII). NNSA implements the Stockpile Stewardship Program through the activities funded by
the Weapons Activities account in the NNSA budget.
Most of NNSA’s weapons activities take place at the nuclear weapons complex, which consists of
three laboratories (Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM; Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, CA; and Sandia National Laboratories, NM and CA); four production sites (Kansas
City National Security Campus, MO; Pantex Plant, TX; Savannah River Site, SC; and Y-12
National Security Complex, TN); and the Nevada National Security Site (formerly the Nevada
Test Site). NNSA manages and sets policy for the weapons complex; contractors to NNSA
operate the eight sites. Radiological activities at these sites are subject to oversight and
recommendations by the independent Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, funded by Title IV
of the annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill.
NNSA’s budget has four major Weapons Activities program areas:
• Stockpile Management supports work directly on nuclear weapons. These
include life extension programs, warhead surveillance, maintenance, and
other activities.
• Production Modernization programs focus on maintaining and expanding the
production capabilities for the components of nuclear weapons that are
critical to weapons performance. According to NNSA, these include

49 DOE Loan Programs Office, “Monthly Application Activity Report,” November 2023, https://www.energy.gov/lpo/
monthly-application-activity-report. More information about DOE loans and loan guarantees is at the Loan Programs
Office website, https://www.energy.gov/lpo/loan-programs-office.
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primaries, canned subassemblies, radiation cases, and non-nuclear
components.
• Stockpile Research, Technology, and Engineering provides the scientific and
technical foundation for science-based stockpile decisions.
• Infrastructure and Operations maintains, operates, and modernizes the
NNSA infrastructure. It supports construction of new facilities and funds
deferred maintenance in older facilities.
Nuclear Weapons Activities also has several smaller programs, including the following:
• Secure Transportation Asset, providing for safe and secure transport of
nuclear weapons, components, and materials;
• Defense Nuclear Security, providing operations, maintenance, and
construction funds for protective forces, physical security systems, personnel
security, and related activities; and
• Information Technology and Cybersecurity, whose elements include
cybersecurity, secure enterprise computing, and Federal Unclassified
Information Technology.
Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation
DOE’s nonproliferation and national security programs provide technical capabilities to support
U.S. efforts to prevent, detect, and counter the spread of nuclear weapons worldwide. These
programs are administered by NNSA’s Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation (DNN).
• The Materials Management and Minimization program conducts activities to
minimize and, where possible, eliminate stockpiles of weapons-useable
material around the world, such as conversion of reactors that use highly
enriched uranium (useable for weapons) to low-enriched uranium.
• Global Materials Security works to increase the security of vulnerable
stockpiles of nuclear material in other countries, promotes the worldwide
removal, reduction, and security of radioactive sources (typically used in
medical and industrial devices), and improves the capability of other
countries to halt illicit trafficking of nuclear materials.
• The Nonproliferation and Arms Control program conducts reviews of nuclear
export applications and technology transfer authorizations, implements treaty
obligations, and analyzes nonproliferation policies and proposals.
• The Bioassurance Program, established in FY2023, aims to expand DOE’s
role in biodefense and develop national laboratory capabilities “to anticipate,
detect, assess, and mitigate emerging biothreats.”
• Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation Research and Development (DNN R&D)
advances U.S. capabilities to detect and characterize threats such as foreign
nuclear material and weapons production, diversion of special nuclear
material, and nuclear detonations.
• The Nonproliferation Construction program disposes of excess U.S. weapons
plutonium through a “dilute and dispose” strategy.
This account also includes the Nuclear Counterterrorism and Incident Response Program
(NCTIR), which evaluates nuclear and radiological threats and develops emergency preparedness
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plans, including organizing scientific teams to provide rapid response to nuclear or radiological
incidents or accidents worldwide.
For more information, see CRS Report R44413, Energy and Water Development Appropriations
for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation: In Brief, by Mary Beth D. Nikitin.
Cleanup of Former Nuclear Weapons Production and Research Sites
The development and production of nuclear weapons since the beginning of the Manhattan
Project50 during World War II resulted in a waste and contamination legacy managed by DOE that
continues to present substantial challenges. DOE also manages legacy environmental
contamination at sites used for nondefense nuclear research. In 1989, DOE established the Office
of Environmental Management primarily to consolidate its responsibilities for the cleanup of
former nuclear weapons production sites that had been administered under multiple offices.51
DOE has identified more than 100 separate sites in over 30 states that historically were involved
in the production of nuclear weapons and nuclear energy research for civilian purposes.52
Responsibility for long-term stewardship at sites where remediation is complete or remedies are
in place is transferred from EM to the separate DOE Office of Legacy Management (LM) and
other offices within DOE.53 Some of the smaller sites for which DOE initially was responsible
were transferred to the Army Corps of Engineers in 1997 under the Formerly Utilized Sites
Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP). Once USACE completes the cleanup of a FUSRAP site, it
is transferred back to LM, which has its own DOE funding subaccount within Other Defense
Activities.
Power Marketing Administrations
DOE’s four Power Marketing Administrations (PMAs) were established to sell the power
generated by various federal dams. The PMAs operate in 34 states; their assets consist primarily
of transmission infrastructure in the form of more than 33,000 miles of high voltage transmission
lines and 587 substations. PMA customers are responsible for repaying all power program
expenses, plus the interest on capital projects. Since FY2011, power revenues associated with the
PMAs have been classified as discretionary offsetting receipts (i.e., receipts that are available for
spending by the PMAs), thus the agencies are sometimes noted as having a “net-zero” spending
authority. Only the capital expenses of the Western Area Power Administration (WAPA) and
Southwestern Power Administration (SWPA) are supported by appropriations from Congress.

50 As described by the Manhattan Project National Historical Park, “The Manhattan Project was a massive, top secret
national mobilization of scientists, engineers, technicians, and military personnel charged with producing a deployable
atomic weapon during World War II. Coordinated by the US Army, Manhattan Project activities were located in
numerous locations across the United States.” The nuclear weapons activities begun by the Manhattan Project are now
the responsibility of DOE. See National Park Service, Manhattan Project National Historical Park website,
https://www.nps.gov/mapr/learn/historyculture/index.htm.
51 In 1989, DOE created the Office of Environmental Restoration and Waste Management, which later was renamed the
Office of Environmental Management.
52 For a list of active and completed sites, see the EM “Cleanup Sites” web page and interactive map at
http://energy.gov/em/cleanup-sites.
53 The Office of Legacy Management administers the long-term stewardship of DOE sites that do not have a continuing
mission once cleanup remedies are in place. Sites that have a continuing mission are transferred to the DOE offices that
administer those missions, which are responsible for their long-term stewardship.
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Independent Agencies
Independent agencies that receive funding in Title IV of the Energy and Water Development bill
include the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the Appalachian Regional Commission
(ARC), and the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board. NRC is by far the largest of these
independent agencies, with a total budget of nearly $900 million. However, as noted in the
description of NRC below, about 85% of NRC’s budget is offset by fees, so that the agency’s net
appropriation is less than half of the total funding in Title IV. NRC and ARC are discussed in
more detail below. The recent appropriations history and FY2024 budget request for all the Title
IV agencies, including proposed initial funding for the newly authorized Great Lakes Authority, is
shown in Table 13. (For more about the GLA, see the “Funding Issues and Initiatives” section.)
Additional FY2024 appropriations were provided by IIJA for ARC and other regional
commissions and authorities as shown in Table 13.
Table 13. Independent Agencies Funded by Energy and Water Development
Appropriations
(budget authority in millions of current dollars)
FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
FY2024
FY2024
FY2024
Program
Approp
Approp
Approp
Approp Request
House
S.Comm.
Appalachian Regional
175.0
180.0
195.0
200.0
235.0
200.0
200.0
Commission
Nuclear Regulatory
855.6
844.4
887.7
927.2
979.2
979.2
957.5
Commission
(Revenues)
-728.1
-721.4
-756.7
-790.2
-823.2
-823.2
-820.4
Net NRC (including
127.5
123.0
131.0
137.0
156.0
156.0
137.1
Inspector General)
Defense Nuclear Facilities
31.0
31.0
36.0
41.4
47.2
45.0
42.0
Safety Board
Nuclear Waste Technical
3.6
3.6
3.8
3.9
4.1
4.1
4.1
Review Board
Denali Commission
15.0
15.0
15.1
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
Delta Regional Authority
30.0
30.0
30.1
30.1
30.1
30.1
30.1
Great Lakes Authority




5.0
5.0
2.5
Northern Border Regional
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
41.0
Commission
Southeast Crescent Regional
0.3
1.0
5.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
Commission
Southwest Border Regional

0.3
2.5
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
Commission
Total
407.3
413.9
453.5
494.4
559.4
523.2
498.8
Sources: H.Rept. 118-126; S.Rept. 118-72; H.R. 4394; President’s FY2024 budget; P.L. 117-328 and explanatory
statement; President’s FY2022 budget; explanatory statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; President’s FY2021
budget; explanatory statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress.
Note: Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding.
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Table 14. Additional Appropriations in IIJA for Regional Commissions and
Authorities
(budget authority in millions of current dollars)
IIJA
IIJA
IIJA
IIJA
FY2025-
FY2022
FY2023
FY2024
FY2026
Regional Commission or Authority
Approp
Approp
Approp
Approp
Appalachian Regional Commission
200.0
200.0
200.0
400.0
Delta Regional Authority (DRA)
150.0



Denali Commission
75.0



Northern Border Regional Commission (NBRC)
150.0



Southeast Crescent Regional Commission
5.0



(SCRC)
Southwest Border Regional Commission (SBRC)
1.3



Source: H.Rept. 118-126; S.Rept. 118-72; H.Rept. 117-394.
Notes: Funding for the federal regional commissions and authorities in the IIJA has varying periods of availability.
Appropriations for ARC are available through FY2026, with $200 mil ion to be allocated each fiscal year starting
in FY2022 and continuing through FY2026. Appropriations for the DRA, Denali Commission, NBRC, SCRC, and
SBRC are available until expended.
Appalachian Regional Commission
Established in 1965,54 the Appalachian Regional Commission is a regional economic
development agency. It awards grants and contracts to state and local governments and nonprofit
organizations to foster economic opportunities, improve workforce skills, build critical
infrastructure, strengthen natural and cultural assets, and improve leadership skills and capacity in
the region. ARC’s authorizing statute defines the Appalachian Region as including all of West
Virginia and parts of Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North
Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. More than 25 million
people currently live in the region as defined.
ARC provides funding to several hundred projects each year, with particular focus on the region’s
most economically distressed counties. Major areas of infrastructure support include broadband
communication systems, transportation, and water and wastewater systems. ARC has supported
establishment of the Appalachian Development Highway System (ADHS), a planned 3,000-mile
system of highways that connect with the U.S. Interstate Highway System. According to ARC,
91.1% of ADHS is “under construction or open to traffic.”55
Since FY2016, Congress has appropriated approximately $50 million per year as a set-aside for
ARC’s POWER Initiative (Partnerships for Opportunity and Workforce and Economic
Revitalization), which assists communities impacted by the decline of the coal industry. In
FY2023, Congress directed ARC to allocate $65 million to the POWER Initiative. The POWER
Initiative funds a variety of economic, workforce, and community development projects to
stabilize and stimulate economic activity in affected communities.
For more background on ARC and other regional commissions and authorities, see CRS In Focus
IF11140, Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Overview of Structure and Activities,

54 Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965, P.L. 89-4.
55 For more information, see ARC home page at https://www.arc.gov.
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by Julie M. Lawhorn. For more background on the POWER Initiative, see CRS Report R46015,
The POWER Initiative: Energy Transition as Economic Development, by Julie M. Lawhorn.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission is an independent agency that establishes and enforces
safety and security standards for nuclear power plants and users of nuclear materials. Major
appropriations and budget request categories for NRC are shown in Table 15. Nuclear Reactor
Safety is NRC’s largest program and is responsible for licensing and regulating the U.S. fleet of
93 power reactors, plus two under construction. NRC is also responsible for licensing and
regulating nuclear waste facilities, such as the proposed underground nuclear waste repository at
Yucca Mountain, NV (which has received no new appropriations since FY2010).
NRC is required by law to offset its total annual appropriation, excluding specified items, through
fees charged to nuclear reactor owners and other holders of NRC licenses. NRC does not retain
the fee revenue, but instead sends it to the U.S. Treasury. Budget items excluded from fee
recovery include prior-year balances, development of advanced reactor regulations, international
activities, and nonsite-specific homeland security. As a result, NRC’s net appropriation is about
15% of the agency’s total budget.
Table 15. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Funding Categories
(budget authority in millions of current dollars)
FY2020
FY2021
FY2022
FY2023
FY2024
FY2024
FY2024
Funding Category
Approp
Approp
Approp
Approp Request
House
S.Comm.
Nuclear Reactor Safety
433.4
452.8
477.4
490.7
530.8
530.8
530.8
Nuclear Materials and
103.2
102.9
107.3
111.6
126.0
126.0
126.0
Waste Safety
Decommissioning and
21.4
22.8
22.9
23.9
27.0
27.0
27.0
Low-Level Waste
Corporate Support
289.1
271.4
266.3
285.3
304.0
304.0
304.0
Integrated University
2.5
16.0
16.0
16.0


16.0
Program
Prior-Year Balances
-38.4
-35.0
-16.0
-16.0



Inspector General
12.1
13.5
13.8
15.8
18.6
18.6
15.8
Total
823.1
844.4
887.7
927.2
1,006.4
1,006.4
1,019.5
Carryover




-27.1
-27.1
-62.0
Net




979.2
979.2
957.5
Sources: H.Rept. 118-126; S.Rept. 118-72; H.R. 4394; NRC FY2024 congressional budget justification; P.L. 117-
328 and explanatory statement; NRC FY2022 congressional budget justification; explanatory statement for H.R.
133, 116th Congress; NRC FY2021 Budget Justification; explanatory statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th
Congress.
Note: Fee offsets and some adjustments are excluded.
Congressional Hearings
The following hearings were held by the Energy and Water Development subcommittees of the
House and Senate Appropriations Committees on the FY2024 budget request. Testimony and
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opening statements are posted on most of the web pages cited for each hearing, along with
webcasts in many cases.
House
• Corps of Engineers and Bureau of Reclamation, March 29, 2023,
https://appropriations.house.gov/legislation/business-meetings/budget-
hearing-fiscal-year-2024-request-army-corps-engineers-and
• Department of Energy, March 23, 2023, https://appropriations.house.gov/
legislation/hearings/budget-hearing-fiscal-year-2024-request-department-
energy
Senate
• Corps of Engineers and Bureau of Reclamation, April 26, 2023,
https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/hearings/a-review-of-the-fiscal-year-
2024-budget-request-for-the-us-army-corps-of-engineers-and-the-bureau-of-
reclamation
• Department of Energy, May 3, 2023, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/
hearings/a-review-of-the-fiscal-year-2024-budget-request-for-the-us-
department-of-energy-including-the-national-nuclear-security-administration

Author Information

Mark Holt
Anna E. Normand
Specialist in Energy Policy
Specialist in Natural Resources Policy



Key Policy Staff
Area of Expertise
Name
General (Coordinators)
Mark Holt
Anna Normand
Corps of Engineers
Anna Normand
Nicole Carter
Bureau of Reclamation
Charles V. Stern
Renewable energy
Corrie E. Clark
Energy efficiency
Corrie E. Clark
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Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations

Fossil energy research
Ashley Lawson
Hydrogen
Martin Offutt
Strategic Petroleum Reserve
Phil ip Brown
Nuclear energy
Mark Holt
Science and ARPA-E
Daniel Morgan
Quantum Information Science
Patricia Moloney Figliola
Artificial intelligence
Laurie A. Harris
Loan programs
Phil ip Brown
Nuclear weapons stewardship
Alexandra Neenan
Nonproliferation
Mary Beth Nikitin
DOE Environmental Management
David Bearden
Lance Larson
Power Marketing Administrations
Charles V. Stern
Bonneville Power Administration
Charles V. Stern
Federal regional authorities and
Julie Lawhorn
commissions
Appropriations legislative procedures
James V. Saturno
Bil Heniff
Megan Lynch


Disclaimer
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shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and
under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other
than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in
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