Estimated ESEA Title I-A FY2023 and FY2024
September 27, 2023
State Grants Under the House Appropriations
Rebecca R. Skinner
Committee Subcommittee-Approved Bill
Specialist in Education
Policy
Title I-A of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) provides aid to local

educational agencies (LEAs) for the education of disadvantaged children. Title I-A grants
Isobel Sorenson
provide supplementary educational and related services to low-achieving and other students
Research Assistant
attending elementary and secondary schools with relatively high concentrations of children from

low-income families. In recent years, Title I-A has also been used as a vehicle to which a number
of requirements affecting broad aspects of public elementary and secondary education for all

students have been attached as conditions for receiving Title I-A grants.
The Title I-A program receives appropriations on an annual basis in the Department of Education (ED) title of the Labor,
Health and Human Services, Education and Other Related Agencies (Labor-HHS-ED) appropriations act. The program
received $18.4 billion in FY2023 through Division H of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328;
hereinafter referred to as the “FY2023 L-HHS-ED appropriations act” or “FY2023 enacted appropriations”). The FY2024
Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill was considered and approved by voice vote by the House Appropriations Committee
(HAC) Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education on July 14, 2023 (hereinafter referred to as the
“HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill”). If this bill were enacted into law, it would
substantially reduce the amount of funding available for the Title I-A program for FY2023. The bill would also provide
FY2024 Title I-A appropriations, but at a funding level that would be less than the FY2023 enacted appropriations level.
In practice, ED makes Title I-A grants for a given fiscal year based on the forward funding provided for the current fiscal
year and the advance appropriations provided for the following fiscal year. For example, when ED determines Title I-A
grants for the 2023-2024 school year (SY) under FY2023 enacted appropriations, the appropriations being used include
forward funding provided for FY2023 ($7.5 billion) and advance appropriations provided for FY2024 ($10.8 billion). An
initial portion of Title I-A funds are awarded by ED on July 1, and the remaining funds are awarded on October 1.
Collectively, all of these funds are being provided for SY2023-2024.
The HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill would rescind $8.7 billion of the FY2024
advance appropriations for Title I-A that were provided in the FY2023 L-HHS-ED appropriations act, resulting in a total of
$9.7 billion (a decrease of 47.16% from $18.4 billion) being available for SY2023-2024. In general, the practical effect of the
proposed rescission, if it were to be enacted, would be that the remainder of the Title I-A grants that ED otherwise would
have been distributing for SY2023-2024 on October 1, 2023, would be substantially cut. (Note that there are many
uncertainties about how such a rescission would be implemented if it were enacted after October 1, 2023.) The reductions in
estimated total state grant amounts (the sum of grant amounts awarded on July 1 and October 1) range from $18.3 million
(42.72%) in Vermont to $975.3 million (46.25%) in California. In terms of percentage losses, the estimated decreases in state
grant amounts range from 42.72% in Vermont to 53.78% in Maryland.
The HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill would provide $12.4 billion for Title I-A
grants for SY2024-2025, a proposed increase of 27.16%, over what the bill would provide for SY2023-2024. This, however,
is $6 billion less than what would be provided for Title I-A for SY2023-2024 under the FY2023 enacted appropriations.
Thus, while estimated state grants would be higher for SY2024-2025 under the HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-
HHS-ED appropriations bill than they would be for SY2023-2024 under the same bill, they would be lower than estimated
state grants for SY2023-2024 under FY2023 enacted appropriations.

Congressional Research Service

link to page 11 Estimated ESEA Title I-A FY2023 and FY2024 State Grants Under HAC Subcommittee Bill

Introduction
Title I-A of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) authorizes aid to local educational
agencies (LEAs) for the education of disadvantaged children. Title I-A grants provide supplementary
educational and related services to low-achieving and other students attending elementary and secondary
schools with relatively high concentrations of children from low-income families. In recent years, Title I-
A has also included a number of requirements affecting broad aspects of public elementary and secondary
education for all students, which have been attached as conditions for receiving Title I-A grants. The
ESEA was most recently comprehensively reauthorized by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA; P.L.
114-95).
The Title I-A program receives appropriations on an annual basis in the Department of Education (ED)
title of the Labor, Health and Human Services, Education and Other Related Agencies (Labor-HHS-ED)
appropriations act. The program received $18.4 billion in FY2023 through Division H of the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328; hereinafter referred to as the “FY2023 L-HHS-ED
appropriations act” or “FY2023 enacted appropriations”), which accounted for over 60% of all
appropriations provided for ESEA programs. The FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill was
considered and agreed to by voice vote by the House Appropriations Committee (HAC) Subcommittee on
Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education on July 14, 2023 (hereinafter referred to as the “HAC
subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill”).1 If that bill were enacted into law,
it would substantially reduce the amount of funding available for the Title I-A program for FY2023.2 The
bill would also provide FY2024 Title I-A appropriations, but at a funding level that would be less than the
FY2023 enacted appropriations level.
This report has been prepared in response to congressional interest in Title I-A appropriations and the
possible effects of the HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill on these
appropriations for FY2023 and FY2024. The report begins with an overview of the Title I-A formulas,
providing background information for understanding how the formulas work. This is followed by a
discussion of the FY2023 enacted appropriations and the FY2023 and FY2024 proposed appropriations
included in the HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill. The next part
of the report discusses how these appropriations levels were analyzed to estimate state grants under the
Title I-A program. The final section of the report analyzes estimated state grants under the FY2023
enacted appropriations, changes to FY2023 enacted appropriations included in the HAC subcommittee-
approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill, and FY2024 appropriations included in the HAC
subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill.
Title I-A Formulas
Title I-A of the ESEA authorizes aid to LEAs for the education of disadvantaged children. Title I-A grants
provide supplementary educational and related services to low-achieving and other students attending
elementary and secondary schools with relatively high concentrations of children from low-income
families. In recent years, Title I-A has also been used as a vehicle to which a number of requirements
affecting broad aspects of public elementary and secondary education for all students have been attached
as conditions for receiving Title I-A grants.

1 A copy of the bill text is available at https://docs.house.gov/meetings/AP/AP07/20230714/116252/BILLS-118—AP—
LaborHHS-FY24LHHSSubcommitteeMark.pdf. The introduced bill was not amended during subcommittee consideration of it.
2 There are many uncertainties about how such a rescission would be implemented if it were enacted after October 1, 2023. See
the discussion in “Proposed Title I-A Appropriations for the 2023-2024 and 2024-2025 School Years” for further information.
Congressional Research Service

1

link to page 9 Estimated ESEA Title I-A FY2023 and FY2024 State Grants Under HAC Subcommittee Bill

Under Title I-A, funds are allocated to LEAs via states using four different allocation formulas specified
in statute: the (1) Basic Grant formula, (2) Concentration Grant formula, (3) Targeted Grant formula, and
(4) EFIG formula. Annual appropriations bills specify that portions of each year’s appropriation be
allocated under each of these different formulas.3 Under three of the formulas—Basic Grant,
Concentration Grant, and Targeted Grant—grants are initially calculated at the LEA level. State grants are
the total of allocations for all LEAs in the state,4 adjusted for state minimum grant provisions. Under
EFIG, grants are first calculated for each state overall and then funds are subsequently suballocated to
LEAs within a state using a different formula. Once funds reach LEAs, the amounts allocated under the
four formulas are combined and used jointly.5
For each formula, a maximum grant is calculated by multiplying a formula child count, consisting
primarily of estimated numbers of school-age children living in families in poverty, by an expenditure
factor, which is based on state average per pupil expenditures (APPE) for public elementary and
secondary education. In some formulas, additional factors are multiplied by the formula child count and
expenditure factor. These maximum grants are then ratably reduced so that in the aggregate they equal the
level of available appropriations for each formula, taking into account a variety of state and LEA
minimum grant and hold harmless provisions. In general, LEAs must have a minimum number of formula
children and/or a minimum formula child rate to be eligible to receive a grant under a specific Title I-A
formula. Some LEAs may qualify for a grant under only one formula, while other LEAs may be eligible
to receive grants under multiple formulas. Table 1 at the end of this section summarizes various
characteristics of the four Title I-A formulas.
Formula Child Count and Formula Child Rate
The population used to determine Title I-A grants for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto
Rico (hereinafter referred to as states) includes children who are ages 5-17 and meet at least one of the
following criteria: living in (1) families in poverty, according to estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau’s
Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE) program6; (2) institutions for neglected or delinquent
children or in foster homes; or (3) families with income above the federal poverty level but who receive
local assistance through Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF).7 Each of these counts is
updated annually. To obtain the percentage of children in an LEA that are formula children (also referred
to as the formula child rate), the formula child count is divided by the total number of children ages 5-17
living in the LEA’s geographic boundaries. The data on the total number of children also are based on

3 ESEA, Section 1122 limits the amount of funds that may be provided through Basic Grant and Concentration Grant formulas to
the FY2001 appropriations levels ($7.398 billion and $1.365 billion, respectively). In practice, Congress has provided less than
the FY2001 level of funding for the Basic Grant formula since FY2002 and less than the FY2001 level of funding for
Concentration Grant formula since FY2011. For example, in FY2023 the appropriation for the Basic Grant formula was $6.459
billion, and the appropriation for the Concentration Grant formula was $1.362 billion. ESEA, Section 1122 requires that any
funds in excess of the FY2001 appropriations levels for the Basic Grant and Concentration Grant formulas must be divided
evenly between the Targeted Grant and EFIG formulas. In practice, the appropriations acts have divided all appropriations not
provided for the Basic Grant or Concentration Grant formulas evenly between the Targeted Grant and EFIG formulas.
4 For the purposes of the Title I-A program, state is defined as the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.
5 For more information on the use of Title I-A funds, see U.S. Department of Education, State and Local Implementation of the
No Child Left Behind Act: Volume VI—Targeting and Uses of Federal Education Funds, 2009, http://www2.ed.gov/rschstat/eval/
disadv/nclb-targeting/nclb-targeting.pdf.
6 SAIPE produces single-year estimates of income and poverty for all U.S. states and counties as well as estimates of school-age
children in poverty for all 13,000+ school districts.
7 For a description of the TANF program, see CRS In Focus IF10036, The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
Block Grant.
Congressional Research Service

2

link to page 9 Estimated ESEA Title I-A FY2023 and FY2024 State Grants Under HAC Subcommittee Bill

SAIPE estimates. In FY2023, children in poor families accounted for 97.15% of the total formula child
count, aligning with the first criterion listed above.8
To be eligible to receive a grant under each of the formulas, an LEA must meet certain eligibility
requirements. The eligibility requirements vary from formula to formula. As detailed in Table 1, the
thresholds that an LEA must meet with respect to its formula child count and formula child rate are lower
for the Basic Grant formula than for the other formulas, while the Concentration Grant formula has the
highest thresholds that an LEA must meet in terms of number of formula children or formula child rate.
The Targeted Grant and EFIG formulas each have the same eligibility criteria, which are similar to the
Basic Grant formula eligibility requirements but with a higher formula child rate threshold.
Weighted LEA Formula Child Counts for Targeted Grant and EFIG
Formulas
Both the Targeted Grant and EFIG formulas utilize a weighted formula child count to increase aid to
LEAs with the highest numbers or percentages of formula children. In general, children counted in the
formulas are assigned weights on the basis of (1) each LEA’s formula child rate (commonly referred to as
percentage weighting) and (2) each LEA’s number of formula children (commonly referred to as number
weighting). The weights are applied under number weighting and under percentage weighting in a
stepwise manner to all LEAs for which ED calculates Title I-A grants to produce two weighted formula
counts. The higher of the two weighted counts is used to determine LEA grant amounts. In general, the
higher an LEA’s formula child count or formula child rate is, the higher its grant amount per child counted
in the formula will be.
Expenditure Factor
For LEAs in a given state, the expenditure factor for all four Title I-A formulas is equal to state APPE for
public elementary and secondary education,9 subject to a minimum and a maximum percentage of the
national average, further multiplied by 0.40. State APPE is subject to a minimum of 80% and a maximum
of 120% of the national APPE for Basic, Concentration, and Targeted Grants. That is, if a state’s APPE is
less than 80% of the national APPE, the state’s APPE is automatically raised to 80% of the national
APPE. If a state’s APPE is more than 120% of the national APPE, the state’s APPE is automatically
reduced to 120% of the national APPE. For EFIG, the minimum and maximum thresholds for state APPE
relative to national APPE are 85% and 115%, respectively. After adjustments, should they be needed, a
state’s APPE is multiplied by 0.40 as specified in statute.

8 This is based on unpublished data provided to CRS by ED on July 13, 2023.
9 State APPE is based on (1) the aggregate current expenditures of all LEAs in the state plus any direct expenditures by the state
for the operation of those LEAs, divided by (2) the aggregate number of children in average daily attendance to whom those
LEAs provided free public education. For the purposes of determining state APPE, current expenditures include expenditures to
provide a free public education, including those for administration, instruction, attendance and health services, pupil
transportation services, operation and maintenance of plant, fixed charges, and net expenditures to cover deficits for food services
and student body activities. Current expenditures do not include expenditures from community services, capital outlay, debt
service, or any expenditures made from funds received under ESEA Title I. In addition, to have state APPE reflect only state and
local education costs, other federal revenue items that are large enough to have a “substantive effect on current expenditures” are
removed. For example, revenue from the National School Lunch Program administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture is
removed from the numerator. (For more information, see U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
Study of the Title I, Part A Grant Program Mathematical Formulas, May 2019, p. 17, https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2019/
2019016.pdf.)
Congressional Research Service

3

Estimated ESEA Title I-A FY2023 and FY2024 State Grants Under HAC Subcommittee Bill

LEA Hold Harmless and State Minimum Grant Provisions
All four formulas contain hold harmless provisions to prevent large decreases in LEA grant amounts from
year to year, assuming appropriations are sufficient to provide hold harmless amounts. Assuming
appropriations are sufficient, a Title I-A hold harmless amount is the minimum grant amount an LEA will
receive in a given year based on a specified percentage of the LEA’s prior-year grant amount. Under all
four formulas, LEAs with a relatively high percentage of formula children receive a higher hold harmless
level. More specifically, the hold harmless rate under each formula is 85% of the previous-year grant if
the LEA’s percentage of formula children is less than 15%; 90% if the LEA’s percentage of formula
children is at or above 15% and less than 30%; and 95% if the LEA’s percentage of formula children is at
or above 30%. To benefit from the hold harmless provisions under each formula, an LEA must meet the
eligibility requirements for the specific formula. The exception to this requirement is that LEAs that met
the eligibility requirements to receive a Concentration Grant but fail to meet the requirements in a
subsequent year will continue to receive a grant based on the hold harmless provisions for four additional
years after the year in which the LEA last met eligibility requirements.
All four formulas have state minimum grant provisions. State minimum grant amounts for each formula
are calculated in part or in whole based on a specified percentage of the level of appropriations provided
to each formula. This percentage is higher under the Targeted Grant and EFIG formulas than it is under
the Basic and Concentration Grant formulas.
Factors Included Only in the EFIG Formula
The EFIG formula includes two factors used to determine state-level grants that are not included in any of
the other three formulas—the effort factor and the equity factor. The effort factor for each state is based
on APPE for public elementary and secondary education compared to personal per capita income (PCI)
for each state compared to the ratio of those figures for the nation as a whole.10 In general, the effort
factor benefits states that have a relatively high level of spending on education relative to the PCI in their
state. Similar to the expenditure factor, the effort factor is also bounded, but with more narrow bounds of
0.95 and 1.05. These relatively narrow bounds diminish the influence of the effort factor in the
determination of state grants. The effort factor is the same for all LEAs in a given state.
The equity factor for each state is determined based on variations in current expenditures per pupil
(CEPP)11 among the LEAs in the state. A measure of disparity referred to as the coefficient of variation
(CV) measures the average amount of difference within a state among each LEA’s CEPP and the state
average CEPP.12 The CV is subtracted from 1.3 to produce a state’s equity factor. The application of the
equity factor results in higher grants to states with less variation in CEPP (i.e., lower CV) among their
LEAs and lower grants to states with greater variation in CEPP (i.e., higher CV) among their LEAs. That
is, the equity factor favors states that have the least amount of disparity in spending among their LEAs.

10 More specifically, the effort factor is a ratio of the three-year average state APPE for public elementary and secondary
education to the three-year average state PCI divided by the ratio of the three-year average national APPE to the three-
year average national PCI.
11 The CEPP includes all current expenditures, including instruction, support services, and food services. It does not exclude
federal programs in the determination of current expenditures. This is in contrast to the state APPE calculation, which excludes
federal programs “that may have a substantive effect on current expenditures.” To calculate the CEPP for an LEA, current
expenditures are divided by the sum of (1) total enrollment plus (2) the number of formula children multiplied by 1.4. (For more
information, see U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Study of the Title I, Part A Grant
Program Mathematical Formulas, May 2019, p. 19, https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2019/2019016.pdf.)
12 Only LEAs that enroll more than 200 students are included in the calculation. Statutory provisions set the CV for jurisdictions
having a single LEA (District of Columbia, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico) at 0.0. Statutory provisions also set the CV for Alaska,
Kansas, and New Mexico at 0.1.
Congressional Research Service

4

link to page 9 Estimated ESEA Title I-A FY2023 and FY2024 State Grants Under HAC Subcommittee Bill

In addition to determining state grant amounts under EFIG, the equity factor is also used in the
determination of LEA weighted student counts for the purposes of suballocating grants to LEAs.
Depending on a state’s CV, one of three sets of weights is used in determining an LEA’s weighted formula
child count.13 While the use of the equity factor in determining state grants rewards states where variation
of CEPP among LEAs varies the least, at the LEA level higher weights are generally used in determining
weighted student counts for LEAs in states where CEPP among LEAs varies more (i.e., a state has a
higher CV). Within a state with more variation in CEPP among its LEAs, the use of higher sets of weights
results in higher grants for LEAs with a relatively high number of formula children or a relatively high
formula child rate relative to what would be provided if only a single set of weights were used.
Conversely, the lower the variation in CEPP among LEAs in a given state, the lower the weights used to
determine weighted formula child counts. Thus, in a state with less variation in CEPP among its LEAs,
the use of the weights produces smaller differences in the weighted formula child counts of LEAs with a
relatively high number of formula children or a relatively high formula child rate as compared with other
LEAs in the state.
Summary of Formula Characteristics
Table 1 provides a summary of the Title I-A formula characteristics discussed in this section.

13 LEAs in states with an equity factor of less than 0.10 (meaning that there is less variation in CEPP among the LEAs
in the state) receive the lowest set of weights. LEAs in states with an equity factor of 0.10 to less than 0.20 receive
weights that are generally higher than those used for the aforementioned set of LEAs. LEAs in states with an equity factor of 0.20
or higher (meaning that there is greater variation in CEPP among LEAs in the state) receive the highest set of weights.
For example, some of the weights accorded to LEAs in the latter group are twice as high as those accorded to LEAs in
the first group.
Congressional Research Service

5

Table 1. Overview of ESEA Title I-A Allocation Formula Characteristics
Education Finance
Concentration Grant
Incentive Grant (EFIG)
Formula Characteristic
Basic Grant Formula
Formula
Targeted Grant Formula
Formula
Formula child count
Children ages 5-17 meeting at least
Same as Basic Grants
Same as Basic Grants
Same as Basic Grants
one of the following criteria: living in
(1) families in poverty, according to
estimates from the U.S. Census
Bureau’s Small Area Income and
Poverty Estimates (SAIPE) program;
(2) institutions for neglected or
delinquent children or in foster homes;
or (3) families with income above the
federal poverty level but who receive
local assistance through Temporary
Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
Formula child rate
The percentage of children ages 5-17 Same as Basic Grants
Same as Basic Grants
Same as Basic Grants
residing in a given LEA who are
formula children, calculated by dividing
the number of formula children in an
LEA by the number of children ages 5-
17 who reside in the LEA’s geographic
boundaries
Formula child eligibility threshold 10 or more formula children AND a More than 6,500 formula
10 or more formula children
Same as Targeted Grants
for LEAs
formula child rate of more than 2%
children OR a formula child
AND a formula child rate of 5%
rate of more than 15% AND
or more
must meet the eligibility
requirements for Basic Grants
Weighting of formula child count None
None
At all stages of the allocation
For allocation of funds within
by number of formula children (i.e.,
process, formula children are states only, formula children are
number weighting) or formula child
assigned weights on the basis of assigned weights on the basis of
rate
each LEA’s number of formula each LEA’s number of formula
children and formula child rate children and formula child rate
and the state’s equity factor
CRS-6

link to page 10 link to page 10 link to page 10
Education Finance
Concentration Grant
Incentive Grant (EFIG)
Formula Characteristic
Basic Grant Formula
Formula
Targeted Grant Formula
Formula
Expenditure factor
State average expenditures per pupil Same as Basic Grants
Same as Basic Grants
Same as Basic Grants, except
for public K-12 education, subject to a
that the minimum is 85% and
minimum of 80% and maximum of
the maximum is 115% of the
120% of the national average, further
national average
multiplied by 0.40
Minimum state granta
Up to 0.25% of total funding available Up to 0.25% of total funding
Up to 0.35% of total funding
Up to 0.35% of total funding
for state grants under the Basic Grant available for state grants under available for state grants under available for state grants under
formula, subject to a series of caps
the Concentration Grant
the Targeted Grant formula,
the EFIG formula, subject to a
formula, subject to a series of subject to a series of caps
series of caps
caps
LEA hold harmless
85%–95% of the previous-year grant, Same as Basic Grants except
Same as Basic Grants
Same as Basic Grants
depending on the LEA’s formula child that LEAs are eligible for the
rate, applicable only to LEAs meeting hold harmless for up to four
the formula’s eligibility thresholds
years after they no longer meet
the eligibility threshold
Stages in the grant calculation
Grants are calculated at the LEA level, Same as Basic Grants
Same as Basic Grants
Grants are first calculated for
process
subject to state minimum provisions
states overall, then state grants
are allocated to LEAs in a
separate process
Additional formula factors
None
None
None
State effort and equity factors
are applied in the calculation of
state total grantsb,c
Source: Table prepared by CRS based on an analysis of the ESEA.
a. Formula child counts are used to determine the caps on the minimum grants under all four formulas. Under Basic Grants, Concentration Grants, and Targeted
Grants, only formula children in LEAs eligible for Title I-A are included in the determination of the state minimum grant amounts. Under EFIG, all formula children,
regardless of whether or not they reside in an LEA eligible for Title I-A, are included in the determination of the state minimum grant amounts.
b. The effort factor is calculated based on average per pupil expenditures for public K-12 education compared to personal per capita income for each state compared
to the nation as a whole.
c. The equity factor is determined based on variations in average per pupil expenditures among the LEAs in each state.
CRS-7

link to page 12 Estimated ESEA Title I-A FY2023 and FY2024 State Grants Under HAC Subcommittee Bill

Proposed Title I-A Appropriations for the 2023-2024 and
2024-2025 School Years
As previously discussed, the Title I-A program receives appropriations on an annual basis in the
Department of Education title of the Labor-HHS-ED appropriations act. The program receives both
forward funding and advance appropriations.14 Forward funding for Title I-A becomes available during
the last quarter of the budget year (i.e., July 1) but remains available through the following fiscal year. For
example, forward funding included in FY2023 enacted appropriations became available on July 1, 2023,
and will remain available through September 30, 2024. Advance appropriations for Title I-A become
available one fiscal year after the budget year covered by a given appropriations act and are available for
only that fiscal year. For example, advance appropriations included in the FY2023 Labor-HHS-ED
appropriations act will become available on October 1, 2023, and remain available through September 30,
2024.
Appropriations Terminology
Forward funding: Funding that becomes available beginning late into the fiscal year and remains available into at least one
following fiscal year. This type of funding is available for many of the elementary and secondary education formula grant
programs, including Title I-A, administered by ED. In practice, forward funding for these programs is provided on July 1 and
remains available until September 30 of the following fiscal year. This facilitates the obligation of funds for school-related
activities prior to the start of the school year. It also aligns funding with the fiscal year used by many local educational
agencies, which runs from July 1 to June 30.
Advance appropriations: Funding that becomes available for obligation one or more fiscal years after the budget year
covered by the appropriations act. Advance appropriations are provided annually for a few programs administered by ED,
including Title I-A. These Title IV-A funds become available on October 1 of the fiscal year following the budget year
covered by the appropriations act.
In practice, ED makes Title I-A grants for a given fiscal year based on the forward funding provided for
the current fiscal year and the advance appropriations provided for the following fiscal year. For example,
when ED determines Title I-A grants for the 2023-2024 school year (SY), the appropriations being used
include forward funding provided for FY2023 ($7.5 billion) and advance appropriations provided for
FY2024 ($10.8 billion).15 An initial portion of Title I-A funds were awarded by ED on July 1, 2023, and
the remaining funds are awarded on October 1, 2023. Collectively, all of these funds are being provided
for SY2023-2024.
The HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill would rescind $8.7 billion
of the FY2024 advance appropriations for Title I-A that were provided in the FY2023 L-HHS-ED
appropriations act.16 The practical effect of the proposed rescission if it were to be enacted would be that
the remainder of the Title I-A grants that ED otherwise would have been distributing for SY2023-2024 on
October 1, 2023, would be substantially cut.17 Proposed changes to the amount of funding available for
Title I-A grants for SY2023-2024 are detailed in Table 2.

14 For a detailed discussion of forward funding and advance appropriations, see CRS Report R43482, Advance Appropriations,
Forward Funding, and Advance Funding: Concepts, Practice, and Budget Process Considerations.
15 These appropriations were provided in Division H, Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328).
16 The rescission of funds is included in Division H, Title III, Section 313 of the HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-
HHS-ED appropriations bill.
17 There are many uncertainties about how such a rescission would be implemented if it were enacted after October 1, 2023.
Congressional Research Service

8

link to page 13 Estimated ESEA Title I-A FY2023 and FY2024 State Grants Under HAC Subcommittee Bill

Table 2. Proposed Title I-A Appropriations for the 2023-2024 School Year
(dollars in thousands)
A
B
C
D
E
Adjusted Appropriations
Available for SY2023-2024
Enacted
Based on the HAC
Percentage
Title I-A
Appropriations
Subcommittee-Approved
Difference
Difference
Appropriations
for SY2023-2024
Appropriations Bill
(Col. C – Col. B) (Col. D / Col. B)
Forward funding
(FY2023 funding)
$7,545,625
$7,545,625
$0
0.00%
Advance appropriations
(FY2024 funding)
$10,841,177
$2,169,778
-$8,671,399
-79.99%
Total
$18,386,802
$9,715,403
-$8,671,399
-47.16%
Source: CRS analysis of Title I-A appropriations provisions that were included in Division H, Title III of the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328) and the HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill
available at https://docs.house.gov/meetings/AP/AP07/20230714/116252/BILLS-118—AP—LaborHHS-
FY24LHHSSubcommitteeMark.pdf. No draft report text has been released by the House Labor-HHS-ED subcommittee as
of the cover date of this report.
Notes: The rescission of advance appropriations for FY2024 is included in Division H, Title III, Section 313 of the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328). To determine how the rescission of $8.7 billion would affect the
Title I-A formulas, it was assumed that each formula would continue to receive the same share of advance appropriations
as it would receive under FY2023 enacted appropriations.
The HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill also includes forward
funding (FY2024 funds) and advance appropriations (FY2025 funds) for Title I-A. Collectively, these are
funds that ED would award as FY2024 Title I-A grants that would be used for SY2024-2025. As detailed
in Table 3, when compared to the enacted appropriations for SY2023-2024, the proposed appropriations
for SY2024-2025 would result in a decline of $6.0 billion (32.81%) in Title I-A funding. When compared
to the proposed adjusted appropriations for SY2023-2024 (after accounting for the proposed rescission of
$8.7 billion from those funds that have already been enacted for Title I-A grants for SY2023-2024), the
proposed appropriations for SY2024-2025 would result in a $2.6 billion (27.16%) increase in Title I-A
appropriations.
As no detailed appropriations table accompanied the HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-
ED appropriations bill, CRS determined the amount of forward funding and advanced appropriations that
would be available for Title I-A using the bill text. The bill text indicates that a total of $13,055,290,000
would be provided for the Education for the Disadvantaged account (the account that includes
appropriations for Title I-A). Of these funds, $2,126,990,000 would become available on July 1, 2024
(forward funding), and $10,841,177,000 would become available on October 1, 2024 (advance
appropriations). The remainder of the funds ($87,123,000) would become available on the first day of the
FY2024 fiscal year. The bill also indicates the programs that would receive these appropriations, which
are the same programs that received appropriations under this account in the FY2023 Labor-HHS-ED
appropriations act. These programs include the following:
• Title I-A;
• Education of Migratory Children (ESEA Title I-C);
• Prevention and Intervention Programs for Children and Youth Who Are Neglected,
Delinquent, or At-Risk (ESEA Title I-D);
• Comprehensive Literacy State Development Grants (ESEA Title II-B);
Congressional Research Service

9

Estimated ESEA Title I-A FY2023 and FY2024 State Grants Under HAC Subcommittee Bill

• Innovative Approaches to Literacy (ESEA Title II-B); and
• Special Programs for Migrant Students (Higher Education Act, Title IV-A-5)
Of these programs, only Title I-A receives advance appropriations.18
The HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill specifies the amount of
funding that would be provided to each of the Title I-A formulas, totaling $12,354,302,000 of the
proposed appropriations for the Education for the Disadvantaged account. This total accounts for all of
the $10,841,177,000 in advance appropriations and a portion of the remaining funding that, when added
to the advance appropriations, sums to $12,354,302,000. Thus, Title I-A would receive $1,513,125,000 in
forward funding (FY2024 funds) and $10,841,177,000 in advance appropriations (FY2025 funds).19 The
other programs listed above would receive the remaining $700,988,000 in proposed appropriations.
Table 3. Proposed Title I-A Appropriations for the 2024-2025 School Year
(dollars in thousands)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Proposed SY2024-2025
Compared with Adjusted
Proposed SY2024-2025 Appropriations for SY2023-
Compared with Enacted
2024 Based on the HAC
Appropriations for
Subcommittee-Approved

SY2023-2024
SY2024-2025
SY2023-2024
Appropriations Bill
Adjusted
Appropriations Appropriations
Available for
Available for
SY2023-2024
SY2024-2025
Based on the
Based on the
HAC
HAC
Subcommittee-
Subcommittee-
Percentage
Percentage
Enacted
Approved
Approved
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Title I-A
Appropriations Appropriations Appropriations
(Col. D –
(Col. E /
(Col. D –
(Col. G /
Appropriations for SY2023-2024
Bill
Bill
Col. B)
Col. B)
Col. C)
Col. C)
Forward funding
$7,545,625
$7,545,625
$1,513,125
-$6,032,500
-79.95%
-$6,032,500
-79.95%
Advance
appropriations
$10,841,177
$2,169,778
$10,841,177
$0
0.00%
$8,671,399
399.64%
Total
$18,386,802
$9,715,403
$12,354,302
-$6,032,500
-32.81%
$2,638,899
27.16%
Source: CRS analysis of Title I-A appropriations provisions that were included in Division H, Title III of the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328) and the HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill
available at https://docs.house.gov/meetings/AP/AP07/20230714/116252/BILLS-118—AP—LaborHHS-
FY24LHHSSubcommitteeMark.pdf. No draft report text has been released by the House Labor-HHS-ED subcommittee as
of the cover date of this report.
Notes: The rescission of advance appropriations for FY2024 is included in Division H, Title III, Section 313 of the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328). To determine how the rescission of $8.7 billion would affect the
Title I-A formulas, it was assumed that each formula would continue to receive the same share of advance appropriations
as it would receive under FY2023 enacted appropriations.

18 U.S. Department of Education, Education for the Disadvantaged: FY2024 Budget Request, https://www2.ed.gov/about/
overview/budget/budget24/justifications/a-ed.pdf.
19 The relevant budget justifications for FY2024 indicate that the Title I-A program receives forward funding and advance
appropriations (U.S. Department of Education, Education for the Disadvantaged: FY2024 Budget Request, https://www2.ed.gov/
about/overview/budget/budget24/justifications/a-ed.pdf).
Congressional Research Service

10

link to page 14 Estimated ESEA Title I-A FY2023 and FY2024 State Grants Under HAC Subcommittee Bill

Title I-A Appropriations for FY2023 and Proposed Title
I-A Appropriations for FY2024
From an appropriations standpoint, the appropriations for Title I-A can also be discussed in terms of the
appropriations provided for an actual fiscal year (as opposed to how funds are considered in practice by
ED and used by states, LEAs, and schools). From this perspective, FY2023 appropriations are a
combination of the forward funding provided for FY2023 in the FY2023 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations
act20 and the advance appropriation provided for FY2023 in the FY2022 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations
act.21 Similarly, FY2024 appropriations under the proposal would be a combination of the forward
funding that would be provided for FY2024 in the HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED
appropriations bill, and the net of the advance appropriation already enacted for FY2024 in the FY2023
Labor-HHS-ED appropriations act minus the accompanying rescission included in the HAC
subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill. The HAC subcommittee-approved
FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill would reduce the amount of forward funding for FY2024
relative to FY2023 by $6.0 billion (79.95%). In addition, the HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024
Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill would rescind $8.7 billion (79.99%) of the funds provided for advance
appropriations for FY2024. These proposed reductions in forward funding and advance appropriations
would have the combined effect of lowering the overall FY2024 appropriations for Title I-A relative to
the appropriations provided for FY2023 by $14.7 billion (79.98%). Table 4 depicts this comparison.
Table 4. Enacted FY2023 Title I-A Appropriations and Proposed FY2024 Title I-A
Appropriations
(dollars in thousands)
A
B
C
D
E
FY2024 Appropriations HAC
Percentage
Title I-A
FY2023 Enacted
Subcommittee-Approved
Difference
Difference
Appropriations
Appropriations
Appropriations Bill
(Col. C – Col. B)
(Col. D / Col. B)
Forward funding
$7,545,625
$1,513,125
-$6,032,500
-79.95%
Advance
$10,841,177
$2,169,778
-$8,671,399
-79.99%
appropriations
Total
$18,386,802
$3,682,903
-$14,703,899
-79.98%
Source: CRS analysis of Title I-A appropriations provisions that were included in Division H, Title III of the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-103); Division H, Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328);
and the HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill available at https://docs.house.gov/
meetings/AP/AP07/20230714/116252/BILLS-118—AP—LaborHHS-FY24LHHSSubcommitteeMark.pdf. No draft report text
has been released by the House Labor-HHS-ED subcommittee as of the cover date of this report.
Notes: The rescission of advance appropriations for FY2024 is included in Division H, Title III, Section 313 of the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328). To calculate the forward funding appropriation for Title I-A funds
that would be provided through forward funding for FY2024 under the HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-
ED appropriations bill, it was assumed that level funding would be provided for programs authorized by Title I-C and Title
I-D of the ESEA. Without an accompanying detailed appropriations table, which would typically be provided in an
accompanying committee report, it is not possible to know for certain whether this assumption is correct.

20 Division H, Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328).
21 Division H, Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-103).
Congressional Research Service

11

link to page 12 link to page 13 link to page 12 link to page 13 link to page 17 link to page 17 Estimated ESEA Title I-A FY2023 and FY2024 State Grants Under HAC Subcommittee Bill

The subsequent analysis presented in this report focuses on enacted and proposed appropriations for Title
I-A grants that ED will use to make grants for SY2023-2024 and SY2024-2025 (Table 2 and Table 3),
and not the total budgetary effects by fiscal year.
Methodology for Analyzing Proposed Appropriations
for the 2023-2024 and 2024-2025 School Years
This section discusses the methodology used to analyze proposed appropriations for SY2023-2024
(referred to as “FY2023 grants” from this point forward) and SY2024-2025 (referred to as “FY2024
grants” from this point forward). As discussed previously, to make grants for SY2023-2024, ED will use
FY2023 forward funding and FY2024 advance appropriations for Title I-A provided in the FY2023 L-
HHS-ED appropriations act. The HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations
bill would rescind $8.7 billion of the FY2024 advance appropriation included in the FY2023 L-HHS-ED
appropriations act (Table 2). Similarly, ED will use FY2024 appropriations to make grants for SY2024-
2025. These appropriations would include the FY2024 forward funding and FY2025 advance
appropriations for Title I-A provided in the HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED
appropriations bill (Table 3).
Three Sets of Estimated Grants
For the purposes of the analysis, three sets of estimated grants have been calculated:
1. Estimated FY2023 grants (for SY2023-2024) have been calculated based on the
provisions included in the FY2023 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations act.
2. Estimated FY2023 grants (for SY2023-2024) have also been calculated based on the
provisions detailed in the FY2023 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations act, with the $8.7
billion rescission to advance appropriations included in the HAC subcommittee-approved
FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill.
3. Estimated FY2024 grants (for SY2024-2025) have been calculated based on the HAC
subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill. For estimation
purposes, FY2024 grants were calculated assuming that the $8.7 billion rescission
affecting FY2023 grant amounts had been applied, as the determination of Title I-A
grants for a given year (i.e., FY2024) depends, in part, on grant amounts received the
previous year (i.e., FY2023).22
Table 5 provides total appropriations (forward funding and advance appropriations) for each of the
aforementioned scenarios. It also provides the amount and share of the total appropriation provided to
each Title I-A formula. Prior to determining LEA grant amounts, funds are reserved from the
appropriation for the Basic Grant formula for the U.S. Census Bureau, the outlying areas,23 and the
Bureau of Indian Education (BIE). Funds are also reserved from the other three Title I-A formulas for the
outlying areas and the BIE. Table 5 details the amount available for grants to LEAs after these
reservations of funds are made.

22 If the HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill were enacted, this would include enactment of
FY2024 appropriations that would be used to make grants for SY2024-2025 and the rescission of FY2024 advance
appropriations that will be used to make grants for SY2023-2024.
23 The outlying areas include American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin
Islands.
Congressional Research Service

12

link to page 17 Estimated ESEA Title I-A FY2023 and FY2024 State Grants Under HAC Subcommittee Bill

As detailed in Table 5, for FY2023 the HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED
appropriations bill would substantially reduce the amount of funding available under the Concentration
Grant, Targeted Grant, and EFIG formulas for FY2023 relative to enacted appropriations. For FY2024,
the HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill would increase funding for
these three formulas relative to the amount proposed for FY2023 but would reduce the amount of funding
available for the Basic Grant formula relative to the proposed FY2023 amount.

Congressional Research Service

13

Table 5. Enacted and Proposed Appropriations for Making Title I-A Grants for the 2023-2024 and 2024-2025 School Years
(dollars in thousands)
Adjusted Appropriations Available for SY2023-2024 Appropriations Available for SY2024-2025 Based on
Based on the HAC Subcommittee-Approved
the HAC Subcommittee-Approved

Enacted Appropriations for SY2023-2024
Appropriations Bill
Appropriations Bill
Amount
Amount
Amount
Available for
Available for
Available for
State and LEA
State and LEA
State and LEA
Grants After
Grants After
Grants After
Amount
Share of Total
Reservation of
Amount
Share of Total
Reservation of
Amount
Share of Total
Reservation of
Formula
Appropriated
Appropriations
Funds
Appropriated
Appropriations
Funds
Appropriated
Appropriations
Funds
Basic Grant
$6,459,401
35.13%
$6,383,403
$5,848,489
60.20%
$5,779,211
$1,906,901
15.44%
$1,880,980
Concentration
Grant
$1,362,301
7.41%
$1,347,316
$272,654
2.81%
$269,655
$1,362,301
11.03%
$1,347,316
Targeted Grant
$5,282,550
28.73%
$5,224,442
$1,797,130
18.50%
$1,777,362
$4,542,550
36.77%
$4,492,582
Education Finance
Incentive Grant
(EFIG)
$5,282,550
28.73%
$5,224,442
$1,797,130
18.50%
$1,777,362
$4,542,550
36.77%
$4,492,582
Total
$18,386,802
100.00%
$18,179,602
$9,715,403
100.00%
$9,603,589
$12,354,302
100.00%
$12,213,460
Source: Table prepared by CRS based on data available from the U.S. Department of Education, Budget Service, https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget23/
23action.pdf, and Title I-A appropriations provisions that were included in Division H, Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328) and the HAC
subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill available at https://docs.house.gov/meetings/AP/AP07/20230714/116252/BILLS-118—AP—LaborHHS-
FY24LHHSSubcommitteeMark.pdf. No draft report text has been released by the House Labor-HHS-ED subcommittee as of the cover date of this report.
Notes: The amount appropriated under each formula and overall includes forward funding and advance appropriations. Prior to making grants to LEAs under the Basic
Grant formula, $5 million is reserved for the U.S. Census Bureau. After making this reservation, an additional 1.1% is reserved for the outlying areas and the Bureau of
Indian Education (BIE). For all other formulas, 1.1% is reserved for the outlying areas and the BIE prior to making grants to LEAs. Details may not sum to totals due to
rounding. To determine how the rescission of $8.7 billion would affect the Title I-A formulas, it was assumed that each formula would continue to receive the same
share of advance appropriations as it would receive under FY2023 enacted appropriations. As the rescission of advance appropriations would have a more substantial
effect on appropriations for the Concentration Grant, Targeted Grant, and EFIG formulas than the Basic Grant formula, which would receive most of its FY2023
appropriations through forward funding, the share of Title I-A funds provided by formula for SY2023-2024 under the HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-
ED appropriations bill would differ from the share of Title I-A funds provided by formula under the FY2023 enacted appropriations. Similarly, the share of Title I-A funds
provided by each formula for SY2024-2025 would differ from the share of funds provided for SY2023-2024 under both enacted FY2023 appropriations and the HAC
subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill because the HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill would reduce
forward funding for SY2024-2025 while substantially increasing advance appropriations. This would result in substantially less Title I-A funding being provided for SY2024-
2025 through the Basic Grants formula than would be provided for SY2023-2024 under both enacted FY2023 appropriations and the HAC subcommittee-approved
FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill. To calculate appropriations by Title I-A formula that would be provided through forward funding for SY2024-2025 under the
HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill, it was assumed that level funding would be provided for programs authorized by Title I-C and
CRS-14

Title I-D of the ESEA. Without an accompanying detailed appropriations table, which would typically be provided in an accompanying committee report, it is not possible
to know for certain whether this assumption is correct.

CRS-15

link to page 12 link to page 13 link to page 21 link to page 12 link to page 13 link to page 21 Estimated ESEA Title I-A FY2023 and FY2024 State Grants Under HAC Subcommittee Bill

Data
Estimates provided in this report are based on unpublished data used by ED to determine FY2023
grants.24 The FY2023 data are preliminary and are expected to change prior to the determination
of final FY2023 Title I-A grants. In addition, data needed to determine FY2024 grants are not yet
available, so estimated FY2024 Title I-A grants were calculated using the preliminary FY2023
Title I-A data. All estimated state grants presented in this report are provided solely to assist in
comparisons of the relative impact of various appropriations levels and of formula alternatives to
inform the legislative process. They are not intended to predict specific amounts that states or
LEAs will receive for any fiscal year under Title I-A.
Estimated State Grant Amounts
This section provides estimated state grants for FY2023, which are funds that would be used
primarily during SY2023-2024.25 Grant estimates are provided for FY2023 based on enacted
FY2023 appropriations and the HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED
appropriations bill, which would rescind $8.7 billion in advance appropriations that have been
appropriated for use during SY2023-2024 (Table 2). Grant estimates are also provided for
FY2024, which are funds that would be used primarily during SY2024-2025, based on the HAC
subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill (Table 3). Table 6 presents
estimated FY2023 and FY2024 grants to states based on enacted FY2023 appropriations and the
HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill.
For the purposes of discussing the findings, estimated FY2023 grant amounts refer to funds that
will be used primarily during SY2023-2024. This includes forward funding provided for FY2023
($7.5 billion) and advance appropriations provided for FY2024 ($10.8 billion) in the FY2023
enacted appropriations. It also includes the provision in the HAC subcommittee-approved
FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill that would rescind $8.7 billion of these advance
appropriations (Table 2).
Estimated FY2024 grants refer to funds that will be used primarily during SY2024-2025. This
includes forward funding provided for FY2024 ($1.5 billion) and advance appropriations
provided for FY2025 ($10.8 billion) in the HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-
ED appropriations bill (Table 3).
When estimated FY2023 grants to states under the HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-
HHS-ED appropriations bill ($9.6 billion available for state grants) are compared with estimated
FY2023 grants to states based on the enacted appropriations for FY2023 ($18.2 billion available
for state grants), every state is estimated to receive a lower grant amount (Table 6). The
reductions in estimated grant amounts range from $18.3 million (42.72%) in Vermont to $975.3
million (46.25%) in California. In terms of percentage losses, the estimated decreases in state
grant amounts range from 42.72% in Vermont to 53.78% in Maryland. As the proposed funding
levels for FY2023 under the Concentration Grant, Targeted Grant, and EFIG formulas are
substantially lower than the appropriations available in FY2022, many states would only receive
the minimum grant amount under one or more of the Title I-A formulas, resulting in smaller

24 These data were provided to CRS by ED on July 13, 2023.
25 Title I-A funds provided for SY2023-2024 through forward funding and advance appropriations would remain
available through September 30, 2024, which would include the start of SY2024-2025.
Congressional Research Service

16

Estimated ESEA Title I-A FY2023 and FY2024 State Grants Under HAC Subcommittee Bill

estimated overall Title I-A state grants than are estimated to be received based on the FY2023
enacted appropriations
When the estimated FY2024 state grant amounts ($12.2 billion available for state grants) are
compared with the estimated FY2023 state grant amounts based on enacted appropriations ($18.2
billion available for state grants), every state is estimated to receive a lower grant amount in
FY2024 than in FY2023. The reductions in grant amounts range from $7.4 million (17.30%) in
Vermont to $718.7 million (34.08%) in California. In terms of percentage losses, the estimated
decreases in state grant amounts range from 17.30% in Vermont to 38.28% in Washington.
When the estimated allocations across FY2023 and FY2024 under the HAC subcommittee-
approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill are examined, the following trends emerge.
In FY2024, an estimated $12.2 billion would be available for state grants, which is more than the
$9.6 billion estimated to be available for FY2023 state grant amounts—which would be affected
by the $8.7 billion rescission. Under this comparison, every state is estimated to receive a higher
Title I-A grant in FY2024. The increases in grant amounts range from $10.9 million (44.37%) in
Vermont to $261.6 million (35.90%) in New York. In terms of percentage increases, the estimated
increases in state grant amounts range from 15.42% in Arizona to 68.25% in Hawaii. As
discussed previously, however, these estimated FY2024 grants amounts would be substantially
lower than estimated grant amounts based on FY2023 enacted appropriations ($18.2 billion
available for state grants).
Congressional Research Service

17

Table 6. Enacted and Proposed Appropriations for Making Title I-A Grants
to States for the 2023-2024 and 2024-2025 School Years
(dollars in thousands)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
Comparison Between Comparison Between
Comparison Between
Estimated FY2024
Estimated FY2024
FY2023 Grants at the
Grants at the
Grants at the Proposed
Proposed Adjusted
Proposed
Appropriations Level of
Estimated FY2023
Appropriations Level Estimated FY2024 Appropriations Level
$12.4 Billion and
Grant Amount at Estimated FY2023
of $9.7 Billion and
Grants at the
of $12.4 Billion and
Estimated FY2023
the Enacted
Grants at the
Estimated FY2023
Proposed
Estimated FY2023
Grants at the Proposed
Appropriations
Proposed Adjusted Grants at the Enacted
Appropriations
Grants at the Enacted
Adjusted
Level of $18.4
Appropriations
Appropriations Level
Level of $12.4
Appropriations Level Appropriations Level of

Billion
Level of $9.7 Billion
of $18.4 Billion
Billion
of $18.4 Billion
$9.7 Billion
Share of
Share of
Share of
Funds
Funds
Percentage
Funds
Percentage
Percentage
Available
Available Difference
Difference
Available Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Estimated for Grants Estimated for Grants (Col. D –
(Col. F /
Estimated for Grants (Col. H –
(Col. J /
(Col. H –
(Col. L /
State
Grants
to States
Grants
to States
Col. B)
Col. B)
Grants
to States
Col. B)
Col. B)
Col. D)
Col. D)
Alabama
$303,248
1.67%
$156,006
1.62%
-$147,242
-48.56%
$204,867
1.68%
-$98,381
-32.44%
$48,861
31.32%
Alaska
$53,818
0.30%
$30,645
0.32%
-$23,174
-43.06%
$42,979
0.35%
-$10,839
-20.14%
$12,335
40.25%
Arizona
$356,284
1.96%
$200,378
2.09%
-$155,907
-43.76%
$231,270
1.89%
-$125,014
-35.09%
$30,892
15.42%
Arkansas
$177,374
0.98%
$96,373
1.00%
-$81,001
-45.67%
$115,923
0.95%
-$61,450
-34.64%
$19,551
20.29%
California
$2,108,646
11.60%
$1,133,307
11.80%
-$975,339
-46.25%
$1,389,973
11.38%
-$718,673
-34.08%
$256,666
22.65%
Colorado
$187,558
1.03%
$99,495
1.04%
-$88,062
-46.95%
$118,617
0.97%
-$68,941
-36.76%
$19,121
19.22%
Connecticut
$156,416
0.86%
$88,041
0.92%
-$68,374
-43.71%
$102,702
0.84%
-$53,713
-34.34%
$14,661
16.65%
Delaware
$58,188
0.32%
$32,298
0.34%
-$25,889
-44.49%
$47,293
0.39%
-$10,895
-18.72%
$14,995
46.43%
District of Columbia
$61,296
0.34%
$33,331
0.35%
-$27,965
-45.62%
$50,611
0.41%
-$10,685
-17.43%
$17,280
51.84%
Florida
$1,037,808
5.71%
$528,184
5.50%
-$509,624
-49.11%
$716,849
5.87%
-$320,959
-30.93%
$188,665
35.72%
Georgia
$675,012
3.71%
$354,614
3.69%
-$320,398
-47.47%
$453,744
3.72%
-$221,268
-32.78%
$99,130
27.95%
Hawaii
$73,088
0.40%
$34,068
0.35%
-$39,020
-53.39%
$57,320
0.47%
-$15,768
-21.57%
$23,252
68.25%
CRS-18

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
Comparison Between Comparison Between
Comparison Between
Estimated FY2024
Estimated FY2024
FY2023 Grants at the
Grants at the
Grants at the Proposed
Proposed Adjusted
Proposed
Appropriations Level of
Estimated FY2023
Appropriations Level Estimated FY2024 Appropriations Level
$12.4 Billion and
Grant Amount at Estimated FY2023
of $9.7 Billion and
Grants at the
of $12.4 Billion and
Estimated FY2023
the Enacted
Grants at the
Estimated FY2023
Proposed
Estimated FY2023
Grants at the Proposed
Appropriations
Proposed Adjusted Grants at the Enacted
Appropriations
Grants at the Enacted
Adjusted
Level of $18.4
Appropriations
Appropriations Level
Level of $12.4
Appropriations Level Appropriations Level of

Billion
Level of $9.7 Billion
of $18.4 Billion
Billion
of $18.4 Billion
$9.7 Billion
Share of
Share of
Share of
Funds
Funds
Percentage
Funds
Percentage
Percentage
Available
Available Difference
Difference
Available Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Estimated for Grants Estimated for Grants (Col. D –
(Col. F /
Estimated for Grants (Col. H –
(Col. J /
(Col. H –
(Col. L /
State
Grants
to States
Grants
to States
Col. B)
Col. B)
Grants
to States
Col. B)
Col. B)
Col. D)
Col. D)
Idaho
$62,701
0.34%
$34,653
0.36%
-$28,048
-44.73%
$49,374
0.40%
-$13,327
-21.25%
$14,721
42.48%
Illinois
$766,841
4.22%
$395,302
4.12%
-$371,539
-48.45%
$506,040
4.14%
-$260,801
-34.01%
$110,738
28.01%
Indiana
$286,435
1.58%
$152,034
1.58%
-$134,401
-46.92%
$183,454
1.50%
-$102,981
-35.95%
$31,420
20.67%
Iowa
$114,432
0.63%
$63,653
0.66%
-$50,779
-44.37%
$78,236
0.64%
-$36,197
-31.63%
$14,583
22.91%
Kansas
$120,795
0.66%
$67,368
0.70%
-$53,426
-44.23%
$82,819
0.68%
-$37,976
-31.44%
$15,451
22.93%
Kentucky
$276,235
1.52%
$149,270
1.55%
-$126,965
-45.96%
$186,367
1.53%
-$89,868
-32.53%
$37,097
24.85%
Louisiana
$404,100
2.22%
$201,531
2.10%
-$202,569
-50.13%
$276,618
2.26%
-$127,482
-31.55%
$75,087
37.26%
Maine
$62,310
0.34%
$34,095
0.36%
-$28,215
-45.28%
$47,865
0.39%
-$14,446
-23.18%
$13,769
40.39%
Maryland
$354,315
1.95%
$163,761
1.71%
-$190,555
-53.78%
$241,168
1.97%
-$113,147
-31.93%
$77,408
47.27%
Massachusetts
$290,496
1.60%
$151,595
1.58%
-$138,901
-47.82%
$187,780
1.54%
-$102,716
-35.36%
$36,185
23.87%
Michigan
$530,856
2.92%
$286,645
2.98%
-$244,211
-46.00%
$349,347
2.86%
-$181,509
-34.19%
$62,702
21.87%
Minnesota
$188,517
1.04%
$102,174
1.06%
-$86,342
-45.80%
$118,378
0.97%
-$70,139
-37.21%
$16,203
15.86%
Mississippi
$233,875
1.29%
$128,954
1.34%
-$104,921
-44.86%
$155,146
1.27%
-$78,729
-33.66%
$26,192
20.31%
Missouri
$273,979
1.51%
$148,654
1.55%
-$125,325
-45.74%
$176,724
1.45%
-$97,255
-35.50%
$28,069
18.88%
Montana
$57,694
0.32%
$32,288
0.34%
-$25,406
-44.04%
$47,533
0.39%
-$10,161
-17.61%
$15,245
47.22%
Nebraska
$80,367
0.44%
$41,837
0.44%
-$38,531
-47.94%
$59,187
0.48%
-$21,180
-26.35%
$17,350
41.47%
CRS-19

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
Comparison Between Comparison Between
Comparison Between
Estimated FY2024
Estimated FY2024
FY2023 Grants at the
Grants at the
Grants at the Proposed
Proposed Adjusted
Proposed
Appropriations Level of
Estimated FY2023
Appropriations Level Estimated FY2024 Appropriations Level
$12.4 Billion and
Grant Amount at Estimated FY2023
of $9.7 Billion and
Grants at the
of $12.4 Billion and
Estimated FY2023
the Enacted
Grants at the
Estimated FY2023
Proposed
Estimated FY2023
Grants at the Proposed
Appropriations
Proposed Adjusted Grants at the Enacted
Appropriations
Grants at the Enacted
Adjusted
Level of $18.4
Appropriations
Appropriations Level
Level of $12.4
Appropriations Level Appropriations Level of

Billion
Level of $9.7 Billion
of $18.4 Billion
Billion
of $18.4 Billion
$9.7 Billion
Share of
Share of
Share of
Funds
Funds
Percentage
Funds
Percentage
Percentage
Available
Available Difference
Difference
Available Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Estimated for Grants Estimated for Grants (Col. D –
(Col. F /
Estimated for Grants (Col. H –
(Col. J /
(Col. H –
(Col. L /
State
Grants
to States
Grants
to States
Col. B)
Col. B)
Grants
to States
Col. B)
Col. B)
Col. D)
Col. D)
Nevada
$173,054
0.95%
$83,728
0.87%
-$89,326
-51.62%
$125,469
1.03%
-$47,585
-27.50%
$41,740
49.85%
New Hampshire
$52,870
0.29%
$30,108
0.31%
-$22,762
-43.05%
$42,129
0.34%
-$10,741
-20.32%
$12,021
39.93%
New Jersey
$465,627
2.56%
$239,888
2.50%
-$225,740
-48.48%
$300,582
2.46%
-$165,045
-35.45%
$60,694
25.30%
New Mexico
$140,440
0.77%
$75,599
0.79%
-$64,841
-46.17%
$99,086
0.81%
-$41,354
-29.45%
$23,487
31.07%
New York
$1,454,598
8.00%
$728,707
7.59%
-$725,891
-49.90%
$990,287
8.11%
-$464,311
-31.92%
$261,580
35.90%
North Carolina
$523,164
2.88%
$282,545
2.94%
-$240,618
-45.99%
$346,581
2.84%
-$176,583
-33.75%
$64,036
22.66%
North Dakota
$49,280
0.27%
$28,009
0.29%
-$21,270
-43.16%
$39,658
0.32%
-$9,622
-19.52%
$11,649
41.59%
Ohio
$654,480
3.60%
$349,894
3.64%
-$304,585
-46.54%
$433,028
3.55%
-$221,452
-33.84%
$83,134
23.76%
Oklahoma
$224,661
1.24%
$118,657
1.24%
-$106,004
-47.18%
$147,887
1.21%
-$76,774
-34.17%
$29,229
24.63%
Oregon
$164,145
0.90%
$84,023
0.87%
-$80,122
-48.81%
$105,141
0.86%
-$59,004
-35.95%
$21,119
25.13%
Pennsylvania
$762,338
4.19%
$398,825
4.15%
-$363,513
-47.68%
$498,031
4.08%
-$264,307
-34.67%
$99,206
24.87%
Puerto Rico
$447,705
2.46%
$255,978
2.67%
-$191,727
-42.82%
$304,536
2.49%
-$143,169
-31.98%
$48,558
18.97%
Rhode Island
$61,608
0.34%
$32,617
0.34%
-$28,991
-47.06%
$47,930
0.39%
-$13,679
-22.20%
$15,313
46.95%
South Carolina
$285,184
1.57%
$153,622
1.60%
-$131,562
-46.13%
$190,363
1.56%
-$94,821
-33.25%
$36,741
23.92%
South Dakota
$57,246
0.31%
$32,123
0.33%
-$25,123
-43.89%
$46,632
0.38%
-$10,614
-18.54%
$14,508
45.16%
Tennessee
$346,349
1.91%
$187,062
1.95%
-$159,288
-45.99%
$230,001
1.88%
-$116,348
-33.59%
$42,940
22.95%
CRS-20

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
Comparison Between Comparison Between
Comparison Between
Estimated FY2024
Estimated FY2024
FY2023 Grants at the
Grants at the
Grants at the Proposed
Proposed Adjusted
Proposed
Appropriations Level of
Estimated FY2023
Appropriations Level Estimated FY2024 Appropriations Level
$12.4 Billion and
Grant Amount at Estimated FY2023
of $9.7 Billion and
Grants at the
of $12.4 Billion and
Estimated FY2023
the Enacted
Grants at the
Estimated FY2023
Proposed
Estimated FY2023
Grants at the Proposed
Appropriations
Proposed Adjusted Grants at the Enacted
Appropriations
Grants at the Enacted
Adjusted
Level of $18.4
Appropriations
Appropriations Level
Level of $12.4
Appropriations Level Appropriations Level of

Billion
Level of $9.7 Billion
of $18.4 Billion
Billion
of $18.4 Billion
$9.7 Billion
Share of
Share of
Share of
Funds
Funds
Percentage
Funds
Percentage
Percentage
Available
Available Difference
Difference
Available Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Estimated for Grants Estimated for Grants (Col. D –
(Col. F /
Estimated for Grants (Col. H –
(Col. J /
(Col. H –
(Col. L /
State
Grants
to States
Grants
to States
Col. B)
Col. B)
Grants
to States
Col. B)
Col. B)
Col. D)
Col. D)
Texas
$1,813,242
9.97%
$969,433
10.09%
-$843,809
-46.54%
$1,221,418
10.00%
-$591,824
-32.64%
$251,985
25.99%
Utah
$78,723
0.43%
$44,422
0.46%
-$34,300
-43.57%
$58,702
0.48%
-$20,021
-25.43%
$14,279
32.14%
Vermont
$42,812
0.24%
$24,524
0.26%
-$18,288
-42.72%
$35,405
0.29%
-$7,407
-17.30%
$10,881
44.37%
Virginia
$332,366
1.83%
$170,611
1.78%
-$161,755
-48.67%
$214,299
1.75%
-$118,067
-35.52%
$43,688
25.61%
Washington
$304,044
1.67%
$160,446
1.67%
-$143,598
-47.23%
$187,667
1.54%
-$116,377
-38.28%
$27,220
16.97%
West Virginia
$105,348
0.58%
$59,692
0.62%
-$45,657
-43.34%
$77,009
0.63%
-$28,339
-26.90%
$17,317
29.01%
Wisconsin
$242,695
1.33%
$126,790
1.32%
-$115,905
-47.76%
$156,668
1.28%
-$86,027
-35.45%
$29,879
23.57%
Wyoming
$44,940
0.25%
$25,731
0.27%
-$19,209
-42.74%
$36,768
0.30%
-$8,172
-18.18%
$11,037
42.89%
Subtotal for 50
states, the District
of Columbia, and
Puerto Rico
$18,179,602
100.00%
$9,603,589
100.00% -$8,576,014
-47.17% $12,213,460
100.00% -$5,966,143
-32.82%
$2,609,871
27.18%
Outlying Areas
$73,527
—
$38,842
—
-$34,686
-47.17%
$49,397
—
-$24,130
-32.82%
$10,556
27.18%
Bureau of Indian
Education
$128,673
—
$67,973
—
-$60,700
-47.17%
$86,445
—
-$42,228
-32.82%
$18,472
27.18%
Census
$5,000
—
$5,000
—
$0
0.00%
$5,000
—
$0
0.00%
$0
0.00%
CRS-21

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
Comparison Between Comparison Between
Comparison Between
Estimated FY2024
Estimated FY2024
FY2023 Grants at the
Grants at the
Grants at the Proposed
Proposed Adjusted
Proposed
Appropriations Level of
Estimated FY2023
Appropriations Level Estimated FY2024 Appropriations Level
$12.4 Billion and
Grant Amount at Estimated FY2023
of $9.7 Billion and
Grants at the
of $12.4 Billion and
Estimated FY2023
the Enacted
Grants at the
Estimated FY2023
Proposed
Estimated FY2023
Grants at the Proposed
Appropriations
Proposed Adjusted Grants at the Enacted
Appropriations
Grants at the Enacted
Adjusted
Level of $18.4
Appropriations
Appropriations Level
Level of $12.4
Appropriations Level Appropriations Level of

Billion
Level of $9.7 Billion
of $18.4 Billion
Billion
of $18.4 Billion
$9.7 Billion
Share of
Share of
Share of
Funds
Funds
Percentage
Funds
Percentage
Percentage
Available
Available Difference
Difference
Available Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Estimated for Grants Estimated for Grants (Col. D –
(Col. F /
Estimated for Grants (Col. H –
(Col. J /
(Col. H –
(Col. L /
State
Grants
to States
Grants
to States
Col. B)
Col. B)
Grants
to States
Col. B)
Col. B)
Col. D)
Col. D)
Total
Appropriation
$18,386,802
—
$9,715,403
— -$8,671,399
-47.16% $12,354,302
— -$6,032,500
-32.81%
$2,638,899
27.16%
Source: Table prepared by CRS based on analysis of unpublished data provided by the U.S. Department of Education, Budget Service, and Title I-A appropriations
provisions that were included in Division H, Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328) and the HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-
HHS-ED appropriations bill available at https://docs.house.gov/meetings/AP/AP07/20230714/116252/BILLS-118—AP—LaborHHS-FY24LHHSSubcommitteeMark.pdf. No
draft report text has been released by the House Labor-HHS-ED subcommittee as of the cover date of this report.
Notes: Details may not add to totals due to rounding. Percentages were calculated based on unrounded numbers. After required reservations from the appropriation
for Title I-A, $18.2 billion was available for FY2023 grants to LEAs under enacted FY2023 appropriations, $9.6 billion was available for FY2023 grants to LEAs after
incorporating the $8.7 billion rescission to Title I-A FY2024 advance appropriations included in the HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations
bill, and $12.2 billion was available for FY2024 grants to LEAs under the HAC subcommittee-approved FY2024 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations bill. To determine how the
rescission of $8.7 billion would affect the Title I-A formulas, it was assumed that each formula would continue to receive the same share of advance appropriations as it
would receive under FY2023 enacted appropriations. Preliminary FY2023 estimates under enacted appropriations were calculated by CRS and match estimates shared by
ED on July 13, 2023.

CRS-22

Estimated ESEA Title I-A FY2023 and FY2024 State Grants Under HAC Subcommittee Bill

Author Information

Rebecca R. Skinner
Isobel Sorenson
Specialist in Education Policy
Research Assistant

Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and
under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other
than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in
connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not
subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in
its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or
material from a third party, you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you wish to
copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.

Congressional Research Service
R47732 · VERSION 1 · NEW
23