Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913-2023
September 14, 2023
Each new House elects a Speaker by roll call vote when it first convenes. Customarily, the
conference of each major party nominates a candidate whose name is placed in nomination. A
Valerie Heitshusen
Member normally votes for the candidate of his or her own party conference but may vote for
Specialist on Congress and
any individual, whether nominated or not. To be elected, a candidate must receive an absolute
the Legislative Process
majority of all the votes cast for individuals. This number may be less than a majority (now 218)

of the full membership of the House because of vacancies, absentees, or Members answering
“present.”

This report provides data on elections of the Speaker in each Congress since 1913, when the House first reached its present
size of 435 Members. During that period (63rd through 118th Congresses), a Speaker was elected seven times with the votes of
less than a majority of the full membership.
If a Speaker dies or resigns during a Congress, the House immediately elects a new one. Five such elections occurred since
1913. In the earlier two cases, the House elected the new Speaker by resolution; in the more recent three, the body used the
same procedure as at the outset of a Congress.
If no candidate receives the requisite majority, the roll call is repeated until a Speaker is elected. Since 1913, this procedure
has been necessary only in 1923 and 2023. In 1923, nine ballots were required before a Speaker was elected; in 2023, 15
ballots were required.
From 1913 through 1943, more often than not, some Members voted for candidates other than those of the two major parties.
The candidates in question were usually those representing the “progressive” group (reformers originally associated with the
Republican Party), and in some Congresses, their names were formally placed in nomination on behalf of that group. From
1945 through 1995, only the nominated Republican and Democratic candidates received votes, reflecting the establishment of
an exclusively two-party system at the national level.
In 12 of the 15 elections since 1997, however, some Members have voted for candidates other than the official nominees of
their parties. Only in the initial election in 2015 and the 2023 election, however, were any such candidates formally placed in
nomination. Usually, the additional candidates receiving votes have been other Members of the voter’s own party, but in one
instance, in 2001, a Member voted for the official nominee of the other party. In the 1997, 2013, 2015 (both instances), 2019,
and 2021 elections, as well as on some ballots during the 2023 election, votes were cast for candidates who were not then
Members of the House, including, in the initial 2015 election, the 2019 election, and the 2021 election, sitting Senators.
Although the Constitution does not so require, the Speaker has always been a Member of the House.
The report will be updated as additional elections for Speaker occur.

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Regular and Special Elections of the Speaker
The traditional practice of the House is to elect a Speaker by roll call vote upon first convening
after a general election of Representatives.1 Customarily, the conference of each major party in
the House selects a candidate whose name is formally placed in nomination before the roll call. A
Member may vote for one of these nominated candidates or for another individual.2 In the great
majority of cases, Members vote for the candidate nominated by their own party conferences,
since the outcome of this vote in effect establishes which party has the majority and therefore will
organize the House.
Table 1 presents data on the votes by which the Speaker of the House of Representatives was
elected in each Congress from 1913 (63rd Congress) through 2023 (118th Congress). It shows the
votes cast for the nominees of the two major parties, other candidates nominated from the floor,
and individuals not formally nominated.
Included in the table are not only the elections held regularly at the outset of each Congress but
also those held during the course of a Congress as a result of the death or resignation of a sitting
Speaker. Such elections have occurred five times during the period examined:
• in 1936 (74th Congress) upon the death of Speaker Joseph Byrns;
• in 1940 (76th Congress) upon the death of Speaker William Bankhead;
• in 1962 (87th Congress) upon the death of Speaker Sam Rayburn;
• in 1989 (101st Congress) upon the resignation of Speaker Jim Wright; and
• in 2015 (114th Congress) upon the resignation of Speaker John Boehner.
On the two earlier occasions among these five, the election was by resolution rather than by roll
call vote. On the more recent three, the same procedure was followed as at the start of a Congress.
Size of the House and Majority Required to Elect
The data presented here cover the period during which the permanent size of the House has been
set at 435 Members. This period corresponds to that since the admission of Arizona and New
Mexico as the 47th and 48th states in 1912. The actual size of the House was 436, and then 437, for
a brief period between the admission of Alaska and Hawaii (in 1958 and 1959) and the
reapportionment of Representatives following the 1960 census.
By practice of the House going back to its earliest days, an absolute majority of the Members
present and voting is required in order to elect a Speaker. A majority of the full membership of the
House (218, in a House of 435) is not required. Precedents emphasize that the requirement is for a
majority of “the total number of votes cast for a person by name.”3 A candidate for Speaker may

1 Until the 1830s, the Speaker was elected by secret ballot. See Asher C. Hinds, Hinds’ Precedents of the House of
Representative of the United States, vol. I (Washington, DC: GPO, 1906), §§187, 204-211. Also see Jeffrey A. Jenkins
and Charles Stewart III, Fighting for the Speakership: The House and the Rise of Party Government (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 2013).
2 Candidates may vote for themselves, although they have often declined to vote or voted “present.”
3 The Clerk, remarks from the chair (and parliamentary inquiry immediately following), Congressional Record, vol.
143, January 7, 1997, p. 117. See also Charles W. Johnson, John V. Sullivan, and Thomas J. Wickham Jr., House
Practice: A Guide to the Rules, Precedents, and Procedures of the House (Washington, DC: GPO, 2017), ch. 34, §3,
which states that “the Speaker is elected by a majority of Members-elect voting by surname, a quorum being present.”
See also U.S. Congress, House, Constitution, Jefferson’s Manual, and Rules of the House of Representatives, One
Hundred Seventeenth Congress, (compiled by) Jason A. Smith, Parliamentarian, 116th Cong., 2nd sess., H.Doc. 116-177
(Washington, DC: GPO, 2021), §27.
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receive a majority of the votes cast, and be elected, while failing to obtain a majority of the full
membership because some Members either are not present to vote or instead answer “present”
rather than voting for a candidate. During the period examined, this kind of result has occurred
seven times:
• in 1917 (65th Congress), “Champ” Clark was elected with 217 votes;
• in 1923 (68th Congress), Frederick Gillett was elected with 215 votes;
• in 1943 (78th Congress), Sam Rayburn was elected with 217 votes;
• in 1997 (105th Congress), Newt Gingrich was elected with 216 votes;
• in 2015 (114th Congress), John Boehner was elected with 216 votes;
• in 2021 (117th Congress), Nancy Pelosi was elected with 216 votes; and
• in 2023 (118th Congress), Kevin McCarthy was elected with 216 votes.
In addition, in 1931 (72nd Congress), the candidate of the new Democratic majority, John Nance
Garner (later Vice President), received 218 votes, a bare majority of the membership. The table
does not take into account the number of vacancies existing in the House at the time of the
election; it therefore cannot show whether any Speaker may have been elected lacking a majority
of the then qualified membership of the House.4
If no candidate obtains the requisite majority, the roll call is repeated. On these subsequent
ballots, Members may still vote for any individual; no restrictions have ever been imposed, such
as that the lowest candidate on each ballot must drop out, or that no new candidate may enter.
Because of the predominance of the two established national parties during the period examined,
only twice in the period has the House failed to elect on the first roll call.5 In 1923 (68th
Congress), in a closely divided House, both major party nominees initially failed to gain a
majority because of votes cast for other candidates by Members from the Progressive Party or
from the “progressive” wing of the Republican Party. Many of these Members agreed to vote for
the Republican candidate only on the ninth ballot, after the Republican leadership had agreed to
accept a number of procedural reforms these Members favored. Thus the Republican was
ultimately elected, although (as noted earlier) still with less than a majority of the full
membership.6 At the start of the 118th Congress (in 2023), the House was also closely divided,

4 The existence of vacancies at the point when a new House first convened was more common before the 20th
Amendment took effect in 1936. Until that time, a Congress elected in one November did not begin its term until
March of the following year, and did not convene until December of that year, unless the previous Congress provided
otherwise by law.
5 This occurrence, however, was more common before the period covered in this report, when the two-party system had
not become as thoroughly established nor the discipline accompanying it as pronounced.
6 Full results were as follows:
Ballot
Date
Gillett (R)
Garrett (D)
Cooper
Madden
Present
1
Dec. 3, 1923
197
195
17
5
4
2
Dec. 3
194
194
17
6
3
3
Dec. 3
195
196
17
5
3
4
Dec. 3
197
196
17
5
3
5
Dec. 4
197
197
17
5
3
6
Dec. 4
195
197
17
5
3
7
Dec. 4
196
198
17
5
3
8
Dec. 4
197
198
17
5
3
9
Dec. 5
215
197
0
2
4

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and the nominee of the majority party’s conference did not receive sufficient votes to be elected
due to some of the party’s Members casting votes for other candidates. After 15 ballots over
several days, during which majority party Members engaged in negotiations over policy and
procedural differences, the majority party’s nominated candidate was elected when multiple
Members voted “present.”7
Third and Additional Candidates
In the first portion of the period covered by Table 1, it was common for candidates other than
those of the two major parties to receive votes. Such action occurred in 11 of the 16 Congresses
(63rd-78th) that convened from 1913 through 1943. On 7 of those 11 occasions, candidates other
than those of the two major parties were formally nominated. These events reflect chiefly the
influence in Congress, during those three decades, of the progressive movement. The additional
nominations were offered in the name of that movement, and the votes cast for Members other
than the major party nominees also generally represent an expression of progressive sentiments.
During this period, the occurrence of additional nominations (displayed in the table) reflects
changing views of Members identifying themselves as “progressives” about whether to constitute
themselves in the House as a separate Progressive Party caucus or as a wing of the Republican
Party. So does the pattern of shifts in the party labels by which these nominees and others
receiving votes chose to designate themselves. The last formal Progressive Party nominee
appeared in 1937 (75th Congress). After defeats in the following election, the only two remaining
Members representing the Progressive Party were reduced to voting for each other for Speaker,
and beginning in 1947 (80th Congress), the last standard-bearer of the tendency accepted the
Republican label. The demise of this movement in the House represented the final stage in the
establishment of a two-party system at the national level.
From 1945 through 1995 (79th-104th Congresses), only the official nominees of the two major
parties received votes for Speaker. This pattern, in other words, persisted from the end of World

7 Full results were as follows:
Ballot
Date
McCarthy (R)
Jeffries (D)
Biggs
Jordan
Banks
Zeldin
Donalds
Trump
Hern
Present
1
Jan. 3, 2023
203
212
10
6
1
1
1
0
0
0
2
Jan. 3
203
212
0
19
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
Jan. 3
202
212
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
Jan. 4
201
212
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
1
5
Jan. 4
201
212
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
1
6
Jan. 4
201
212
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
1
7
Jan. 5
201
212
0
0
0
0
19
1
0
1
8
Jan. 5
201
212
0
0
0
0
17
1
2
1
9
Jan. 5
200
212
0
0
0
0
17
0
3
1
10
Jan. 5
200
212
0
0
0
0
13
0
7
1
11
Jan. 5
200
212
0
0
0
0
12
1
7
1
12
Jan. 6
213
211
0
4
0
0
0
0
3
0
13
Jan. 6
214
212
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
14
Jan. 6
216
212
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
2
15
Jan. 7
216
212
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6

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War II and the advent of the “modern Congress”8 until after the Republicans had regained the
majority in the 104th Congress (1995-1996) after four decades as the minority party. During this
period, the presumption became firmly established that a Member’s vote for Speaker will reliably
reflect his or her party membership.
The opening of the 105th Congress in 1997, accordingly, marked the first time since 1943 that
anyone other than the two major party candidates received votes for Speaker. In 12 of the 15
speakership elections since then (1997-2023), at least one Member has voted for a candidate other
than ones formally nominated by the major party conferences. Early in this period, votes cast for
other candidates seem to have usually reflected specific circumstances and events, but in the most
recent instances, some of them may be regarded as reflecting action by identifiable political
factions or groupings. During this period, only in the initial election of 2015 and in some of the
2023 ballots have the names of any candidates other than those of the party conferences been
formally placed in nomination.
The ballots in 1997, 2013, 2015 (both instances), 2019, 2021, and 2023 (for some ballots) were
also notable because votes were cast for candidates who were not Members of the House at the
time. In the initial election in 2015, two of the votes cast were for sitting Members of the Senate;
in 2019 and 2021, one such ballot was cast. In 2023, votes were cast for a former President of the
United States and a former Member of Congress. Although the Constitution does not require the
Speaker (or any other officer of either chamber) to be a Member, the Speaker has always been so;
it is not known that any votes for individuals other than Members to be Speaker had ever
previously been cast in the history of the House.
Notably, in 2001, a Member who bore the designation of one major party voted for the nominee
of the other. Although the table below does not indicate the party affiliation of the Members
voting for each candidate, examination of other available records confirms that no such action
had occurred at least for the previous half century.9

8 The “modern Congress” is usually reckoned from the implementation in the 80th Congress (1947-1948) of the
Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 (P.L. 79-601, 60 Stat. 812).
9 Subsequently, in organizing for that Congress (the 107th), the party caucus against whose nominee the Member voted
declined to provide him with committee assignments.
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Table 1. Votes Cast on Ballots Electing the Speaker, 1913-2023
Year
Republican Nominee
Votes
Democratic Nominee
Votes
Others Receiving Votes
Votes
1913
James R. Mann (IL)
111
James B. (“Champ”) Clark (MO)
272
Victor Murdock (P-KS)
18
Henry A. Cooper (R-WI)
4
John M. Nelson (R-WI)
1
1915
James R. Mann (IL)
195
James B. (“Champ”) Clark (MO)
222

1917
James R. Mann (IL)
205
James B. (“Champ”) Clark (MO)
217
Irvine L. Lenroot (R-WI)
2
Frederick H. Gil ett (R-MA)
2
1919
Frederick H. Gillett (MA)
228
James B. (“Champ”) Clark (MO)
172

1921
Frederick H. Gillett (MA)
297
Claude Kitchin (NC)
122

1923 (first ballot)
Frederick H. Gil ett (MA)
197
Finis J. Garrett (TN)
195
Henry A. Cooper (R-WI)
17
Martin B. Madden (R-IL)
5
(ninth ballot)
Frederick H. Gillett (MA)
215
Finis J. Garrett (TN)
197
Martin B. Madden (R-IL)
2
1925
Nicholas Longworth (OH)
229
Finis J. Garrett (TN)
173
Henry A. Cooper (R-WI)
13
1927
Nicholas Longworth (OH)
225
Finis J. Garrett (TN)
187

1929
Nicholas Longworth (OH)
254
John N. Garner (TX)
143

1931
Bertrand H. Snell (NY)
207
John N. Garner (TX)
218
George J. Schneider (R-WI)
5
1933
Bertrand H. Snell (NY)
110
Henry T. Rainey (IL)
302
Paul J. Kvale (F-L-MN)
5
1935
Bertrand H. Snell (NY)
95
Joseph W. Byrns (TN)
317
George J. Schneider (P-WI)
9
W.P. Lambertson (R-KS)
2
1936 (June 4)a

William B. Bankhead (AL)
voice vote

(H.Res. 543)b
1937
Bertrand H. Snell (NY)
83
William B. Bankhead (AL)
324
George J. Schneider (P-WI)
10
Fred L. Crawford (R-MI)
2
1939
Joseph W. Martin (MA)
168
William B. Bankhead (AL)
249
Merlin Hul (P-WI)
1
Bernard J. Gehrmann (P-WI)
1
1940 (Sept. 16)a

Sam Rayburn (TX) (H.Res. 602)b
voice vote

1941
Joseph W. Martin (MA)
159
Sam Rayburn (TX)
247
Merlin Hul (P-WI)
2
Bernard J. Gehrmann (P-WI)
1
1943
Joseph W. Martin (MA)
206
Sam Rayburn (TX)
217
Merlin Hul (P-WI)
1
Harry Sauthoff (P-WI)
1
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Year
Republican Nominee
Votes
Democratic Nominee
Votes
Others Receiving Votes
Votes
1945
Joseph W. Martin (MA)
168
Sam Rayburn (TX)
224

1947
Joseph W. Martin (MA)
244
Sam Rayburn (TX)
182

1949
Joseph W. Martin (MA)
160
Sam Rayburn (TX)
255

1951
Joseph W. Martin (MA)
193
Sam Rayburn (TX)
231

1953
Joseph W. Martin (MA)
220
Sam Rayburn (TX)
201

1955
Joseph W. Martin (MA)
198
Sam Rayburn (TX)
228

1957
Joseph W. Martin (MA)
199
Sam Rayburn (TX)
227

1959
Charles A. Halleck (IN)
148
Sam Rayburn (TX)
281

1961
Charles A. Halleck (IN)
170
Sam Rayburn (TX)
258

1962 (Jan. 10)a
Charles A. Halleck (IN)
166
John W. McCormack (MA)
248

1963
Charles A. Halleck (IN)
175
John W. McCormack (MA)
256

1965
Gerald R. Ford (MI)
139
John W. McCormack (MA)
289

1967
Gerald R. Ford (MI)
186
John W. McCormack (MA)
246

1969
Gerald R. Ford (MI)
187
John W. McCormack (MA)
241

1971
Gerald R. Ford (MI)
176
Carl B. Albert (OK)
250

1973
Gerald R. Ford (MI)
188
Carl B. Albert (OK)
236

1975
John J. Rhodes (AZ)
143
Carl B. Albert (OK)
287

1977
John J. Rhodes (AZ)
142
Thomas P. (“Tip”) O’Neill (MA)
290

1979
John J. Rhodes (AZ)
152
Thomas P. (“Tip”) O’Neill (MA)
268

1981
Robert H. Michel (IL)
183
Thomas P. (“Tip”) O’Neill (MA)
233

1983
Robert H. Michel (IL)
155
Thomas P. (“Tip”) O’Neill (MA)
260

1985
Robert H. Michel (IL)
175
Thomas P. (“Tip”) O’Neill (MA)
247

1987
Robert H. Michel (IL)
173
Jim Wright (TX)
254

1989
Robert H. Michel (IL)
170
Jim Wright (TX)
253

1989 (June 6)a
Robert H. Michel (IL)
164
Thomas S. Foley (WA)
251

1991
Robert H. Michel (IL)
165
Thomas S. Foley (WA)
262

1993
Robert H. Michel (IL)
174
Thomas S. Foley (WA)
255

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Year
Republican Nominee
Votes
Democratic Nominee
Votes
Others Receiving Votes
Votes
1995
Newt Gingrich (GA)
228
Richard A. Gephardt (MO)
202

1997
Newt Gingrich (GA)
216
Richard A. Gephardt (MO)
205
James Leach (R-IA)
2
Robert H. Michelc
1
Robert Walkerc
1
1999
J. Dennis Hastert (IL)
220
Richard A. Gephardt (MO)
205

2001
J. Dennis Hastert (IL)
222
Richard A. Gephardt (MO)
206
John P. Murtha (D-PA)
1
2003
J. Dennis Hastert (IL)
228
Nancy Pelosi (CA)
201
John P. Murtha (D-PA)
1
2005
J. Dennis Hastert (IL)
226
Nancy Pelosi (CA)
199
John P. Murtha (D-PA)
1
2007
John A. Boehner (OH)
202
Nancy Pelosi (CA)
233

2009
John A. Boehner (OH)
174
Nancy Pelosi (CA)
255

2011
John A. Boehner (OH)
241
Nancy Pelosi (CA)
173
Heath Shuler (D-NC)
11
John Lewis (D-GA)
2
Jim Costa (D-CA)
1
Dennis Cardoza (D-CA)
1
Jim Cooper (D-TN)
1
Marcy Kaptur (D-OH)
1
Steny H. Hoyer (D-MD)
1
2013
John A. Boehner (OH)
220
Nancy Pelosi (CA)
192
Eric Cantor (R-VA)
3
Allen Westc
2
Jim Cooper (D-TN)
2
John Lewis (D-GA)
1
Jim Jordan (R-OH)
1
Colin Powel c
1
Raúl R. Labrador (R-ID)
1
Justin Amash (R-MI)
1
John Dingell (D-MI)
1
David Walkerc
1
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Year
Republican Nominee
Votes
Democratic Nominee
Votes
Others Receiving Votes
Votes
2015
John A. Boehner (OH)
216
Nancy Pelosi (CA)
164
Daniel Webster (R-FL)
12
Louie Gohmert (R-TX)
3
Ted S. Yoho (R-FL)
2
Jim Jordan (R-OH)
2
Jeff Duncan (R-SC)
1
Sen. Rand Paul (R-KY)c
1
Colin Powel c
1
Trey Gowdy (R-SC)
1
Kevin McCarthy (R-CA)
1
Jim Cooper (D-TN)
1
Peter A. DeFazio (D-OR)
1
Sen. Jeff Sessions (R-AL)c
1
John Lewis (D-GA)
1
2015 (Oct. 29)a
Paul D. Ryan (WI)
236
Nancy Pelosi (CA)
184
Daniel Webster (R-FL)
9
Colin Powel c
1
Jim Cooper (D-TN)
1
John Lewis (D-GA)
1
2017
Paul D. Ryan (WI)
239
Nancy Pelosi (CA)
189
Tim Ryan (D-OH)
2
Daniel Webster (R-FL)
1
Jim Cooper (D-TN)
1
John Lewis (D-GA)
1
2019
Kevin McCarthy (CA)
192
Nancy Pelosi (CA)
220
Jim Jordan (R-OH)
5
Cheri Bustos (D-IL)
4
Sen. Tammy Duckworth (D-IL)c
2
Thomas Massie (R-KY)
1
Joseph Bidenc
1
John Lewis (D-GA)
1
Joseph P. Kennedy, III (D-MA)
1
Stephanie Murphy (D-FL)
1
Marcia L. Fudge (D-OH)
1
Stacey Abramsc
1

2021
Kevin McCarthy (CA)
209
Nancy Pelosi (CA)
216
Sen. Tammy Duckworth (D-IL)c
1
Rep. Hakeem Jeffries (D-NY)
1
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Year
Republican Nominee
Votes
Democratic Nominee
Votes
Others Receiving Votes
Votes
2023 (first ballot)
Kevin McCarthy (CA)
203
Hakeem S. Jeffries (NY)
212
Andy Biggs (R-AZ)
10
Jim Jordan (R-OH)
6
Jim Banks (R-IN)
1
Lee Zeldinc
1
Byron Donalds (R-FL)
1
(15th ballot)
Kevin McCarthy (CA)
214
Hakeem S. Jeffries (NY)
212

Source: Journals of the House of Representatives (for 2003-2011, Congressional Record, daily edition, and for 2013-2023, Clerk of the House website). Party designations are
taken from the Congressional Directory for the respective years since these reflect a Member’s official party self-designation; historical sources may differ as to the effective
party affiliation of certain individuals.
Key:
Elected candidate in bold.
“Other” candidate’s name formally placed in nomination in italics.
Party designations of “other” candidates: R = Republican, P = Progressive, F-L = Farmer-Labor.
Notes:
a. Special election to fil a vacancy in the speakership caused by death or resignation.
b. Elected by resolution, not by rol call from nominations.
c. Not a Member of the House at the time.

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Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913-2023

Author Information

Valerie Heitshusen

Specialist on Congress and the Legislative Process

Acknowledgments
This report was initially written by Richard S. Beth, former CRS Specialist on Congress and the Legislative
Process. Updates in recent years were coauthored with the current author, who is available to answer
inquiries from congressional clients on the topic.

Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and
under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other
than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in
connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not
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Congressional Research Service
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