Legislative Branch Agency Appointments:
March 16, 2023
History, Processes, and Recent Actions
Ida A. Brudnick
The leaders of the legislative branch agencies and entities—the Government Accountability
Specialist on the Congress
Office (GAO), the Library of Congress (LOC), the Congressional Research Service (CRS), the

Government Publishing Office (GPO, formerly Government Printing Office), the Office of the
Architect of the Capitol (AOC), the U.S. Capitol Police (USCP), the Congressional Budget

Office (CBO), the Office of Congressional Workplace Rights (OCWR), and the Congressional
Office for International Leadership (COIL, formerly the Open World Leadership Center)—are appointed in a variety of
manners.
Four agencies are led by a person appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate; two are appointed by
Congress (i.e., by designated Members or officers); one is appointed by the Librarian of Congress; one is appointed by a
board of directors; and one is appointed by the Librarian of Congress on behalf of the board of trustees.
Congress has periodically examined the procedures used to appoint these officers with the aim of protecting the prerogatives
of, and ensuring accountability to, Congress within the framework of the advice and consent appointment process established
in Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution.
This report contains information on the legislative branch agency heads’ appointment processes, length of tenures (if terms
are set), reappointment or removal provisions (if any), salaries and benefits, and most recent appointments.
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Introduction
The leaders of legislative branch agencies and entities—the Government Accountability Office,
the Library of Congress, the Government Publishing Office (formerly Government Printing
Office), the Office of the Architect of the Capitol, the U.S. Capitol Police, the Congressional
Budget Office, the Congressional Research Service, the Office of Congressional Workplace
Rights, and the Congressional Office for International Leadership (formerly the Open World
Leadership Center)—are appointed in a variety of manners.
The first four agencies are led by a person appointed by the President, with the advice and
consent of the Senate. The next two are appointed by Congress (i.e., by designated Members or
officers), the next by the Librarian of Congress, the next by a board of directors, and the last is
appointed by the Librarian of Congress on behalf of the board of trustees.
Congress has periodically examined the procedures used to appoint legislative branch officers
with the aim of protecting the prerogatives of, and ensuring accountability to, Congress within the
framework of the advice and consent appointment process established in Article II, Section 2 of
the Constitution.1 Legislation to alter the appointment process for legislative branch agencies and
entities has periodically been introduced for many years.2 Questions remain about various reform
proposals, including the ability of Congress to remove the President from the appointment
process for some of these positions. These may depend upon the implication or interpretation of
the Appointments Clause of the Constitution, the definition of an “officer of the United States,”
the specific office or agency in question, and whether or not a change in appointing authority
would require any revision in the powers and duties of legislative branch agency leaders. Some
previous reforms and proposals have also attempted to find a role for the House of
Representatives, which does not play a formal role in the confirmation of presidential nominees,
in the search for legislative branch officials.
Overview by Legislative Branch Agency or Entity
The following sections contain information on the legislative branch agency heads’ appointment
processes, length of tenures (if terms are set), reappointment or removal provisions (if any),
salaries and benefits, and most recent appointments. Information is provided on each agency and
summarized in Table 1.
The report does not address all statutorily established appointive positions in the legislative
branch. Additional positions—including some deputies, inspectors general, counsels, and leaders
of service units or divisions—are beyond the scope of this report, but may be addressed in other
CRS products.

1 This section states: The President “shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall
appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the
United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but
the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone,
in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.”
2 For example, see H.R. 8616, S. 2206, and S. 2205 (94th Cong.); S. 1278 and H.R. 63 (93rd Cong.); and H.R. 17102
(92nd Cong.). In more recent Congresses, the Legislative Branch Officer Appointment Act of 2005 (H.R. 4446, 109th
Cong.) and the Architect of the Capitol Appointment Act of 2008 (H.R. 6656, 110th Cong.) were introduced and
referred to committees, although no further action was taken. In the 111th Congress, two measures (H.R. 2185 and H.R.
2843) were introduced to remove the President from the Architect appointment process and shift it to the congressional
leaders and chairs and ranking Members of specific congressional committees. H.R. 2843, the Architect of the Capitol
Appointment Act of 2010, passed the House on February 3, 2010, but received no further consideration.
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Table 1. Legislative Branch Agency and Entity Executives: Summary of Appointment
Process, Tenure, and Salaries
Agency
Salary
(Top Official)
Appointment Process
Tenure
(in 2022)a
Architect of the Capitol Advice and Consent;
10 years
Equivalent to Level II of
(Architect of the
congressional commission
May be reappointed
the Executive Schedulea
Capitol)
recommends names to the
President
Government
Advice and Consent;
15 years
Equivalent to Level II of
Accountability Office
congressional commission
Not eligible for
the Executive Schedulea
(Comptrol er General)
recommends names to the
reappointment
President
Government Publishing
Advice and Consent
10 years
Equivalent to Level II of
Office
May be reappointed
the Executive Schedulea
(Director)
Library of Congress
Advice and Consent
10 years
Equivalent to Level II of
(Librarian of Congress)
May be reappointed
the Executive Schedulea
Congressional Research Appointed by the Librarian
None specified in law
“the greater of the rate of
Service
after consultation with the
pay in effect for level III of
(Director)
Joint Committee on the Library
the Executive Schedule”
or “the maximum annual
rate of basic pay payable . .
for positions at agencies
with a [certified]
performance appraisal
system”a
Capitol Police
Appointed by the Capitol
None specified in law
Equivalent to Level II of
(Chief)
Police Board
the Executive Schedulea
Congressional Budget
Appointed by Speaker and
4 years
Maximum rate of
Office
President pro tempore after
May be reappointed
compensation paid to
(Director)
consideration of
employees of the Senate,
recommendations of the
which is also equivalent to
Committees on the Budget
Level II of the Executive
Schedulea
Office of Congressional
Appointed by Chair of the
5 years
Established by Chair of the
Workplace Rights
Board of Directors of the
May serve up to two
Board at a rate not to
(Executive Director)
Office of Congressional
terms
exceed the maximum rate
Workplace Rights, subject to
of compensation paid to
the approval of the Board
employees of the Senate,
which is also equivalent to
Level II of the Executive
Schedulea
Congressional Office
Appointed by the Librarian of
None specified in law
Established by the Board
for International
Congress on behalf of the
at a rate not to exceed
Leadership
Board of Trustees
Level III of the Executive
(Executive Director)
Schedulea
Source: Congressional Research Service. See sections on the individual positions for additional information.
Notes:
a. For information on 2023 rates for certain senior officials, see https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/
pay-leave/salaries-wages/pay-executive-order-2023-adjustments-of-certain-rates-of-pay.pdf. In addition, OPM
Salary Table No. 2023-EX, “Rates of Basic Pay for the Executive Schedule (EX),” effective January 2023,
includes the official 2023 EX rates, which are also the payable rates for officials not covered by the freeze. It
also states: “Note: Section 747 of division E of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, continues a
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freeze on the payable rates of pay for certain senior political officials through the end of the last day of the
last pay period that begins in calendar year 2023 (i.e., January 13, 2024, for those on the standard biweekly
pay period cycle). See https://www.chcoc.gov/content/continued-pay-freeze-certain-senior-political-officials-
7 for more information.” From calendar year 2014 through calendar year 2018, legislation limited pay
increases for certain appointees who are paid at rates equal to the Executive Schedule (P.L. 113-76, Division
E, title VII, §741, January 17, 2014; P.L. 113-235, Division E, title VII, §738, December 16, 2014; P.L. 114-113,
Division E, title VII, §738, December 18, 2015; P.L. 115-31, Division E, title VII, §738, May 5, 2017; P.L. 115-
141, Division E, title VII, §738, March 23, 2018). The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019 (P.L. 116-6,
Division D, title VII, §749, February 15, 2019) applied a modified pay freeze to calendar year 2019. The
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 (P.L. 116-93, Division C, title VII, §749, December 20, 2019), the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260, Division E, title VII, §748, December 27, 2020), the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-103, Division E, §747, March 15, 2022), and the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328, Division E, §747, December 29, 2022) continued this
modified freeze. Level II is the salary for many deputy secretaries and heads of independent agencies (5
U.S.C. §5313). The 2023 Level II rate for officials not covered by the freeze is $212,100. The 2023 Level II
rate for officials covered by the freeze is $183,100. For positions linked to the maximum rate of
compensation of Senate employees, see 2 U.S.C. §4575(f) (Gross rate of compensation of employees paid
by Secretary of Senate, general limitation).
Architect of the Capitol
Pursuant to the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 1990,3 the Architect is “appointed by the
President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate for a term of 10 years.”4 The act also
established a congressional commission responsible for recommending individuals to the
President for the position of Architect of the Capitol. The commission, originally consisting of the
Speaker of the House of Representatives, the President pro tempore of the Senate, the majority
and minority leaders of the House of Representatives and the Senate, and the chairs and the
ranking minority Members of the Committee on House Administration and the Senate Committee
on Rules and Administration, was expanded in 1995 to include the chairs and ranking minority
Members of the House and Senate Appropriations Committees.5
Prior to 1989, the Architect was selected by the President for an unlimited term without any
formal involvement of Congress. The FY1990 act, however, followed numerous attempts dating
at least to the 1950s to alter the appointment procedure to provide a role for Congress. The
proposals included requiring the advice and consent of the Senate,6 establishing a commission to
recommend names to the President, and removing the appointment process from the President
and instead making the Architect appointed solely by Congress.
In the 111th Congress, two measures (H.R. 2185 and H.R. 2843) were introduced to remove the
President from the Architect appointment process and shift it to congressional leaders and chairs
and ranking Members of specific congressional committees. Under both measures, the Architect
would still serve a 10-year term. Under H.R. 2843, as reported, the Architect would have been
appointed jointly by the same 14-member panel, equally divided between the House and Senate,
which currently is responsible for recommending candidates to the President. This bill was
reported by the Committee on House Administration (H.Rept. 111-372) on December 10, 2009.
The Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure was discharged from further consideration

3 P.L. 101-163, November 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1068, 2 U.S.C. §1801.
4 2 U.S.C. §1801(a)(1).
5 P.L. 104-19, July 27, 1995, 109 Stat. 220.
6 For example, S. 2760 (96th Cong., S.Rept. 96-818) passed the Senate on November 24, 1980, but received no further
action.
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the same day. The House agreed to the bill, as amended to include an 18-member panel,7 also
equally divided between the House and Senate, by voice vote on February 3, 2010. H.R. 2843
was received in the Senate and referred to the Committee on Rules and Administration, although
no further action was taken.
Under the earlier bill (H.R. 2185, 111th Congress), which was introduced on April 30, 2009, the
Architect would have been appointed jointly by the Speaker of the House, the Senate majority
leader, the minority leaders in the House and Senate, the chairs and ranking minority Members of
the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations, and the chairs and ranking minority
Members of the Committee on House Administration and Senate Committee on Rules and
Administration. This bill followed similar legislation (H.R. 6656, 110th Congress), with the same
12-member appointing panel, introduced on July 30, 2008. Both bills were referred to two
committees, but no further action was taken.8
On December 20, 2022, S. 5319, a bill to establish procedures for the removal of the Architect of
the Capitol, was introduced in the Senate. It was referred to the Committee on Rules and
Administration, but no further action was taken during the 117th Congress. A similar bill, S. 97
(118th Congress), was introduced on January 26, 2023, and referred to the Committee on Rules
and Administration.
The salary for the Architect has been statutorily changed a few times in recent years. Beginning
with the enactment of the FY2002 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, the Architect was
compensated at an “annual rate which is equal to the lesser of the annual salary for the Sergeant at
Arms of the House of Representatives or the annual salary for the Sergeant at Arms and
Doorkeeper of the Senate.”9 In general, this level was equivalent to $1,500 below the salary of
Members of Congress.
Pursuant to the FY2020 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, the pay for the Architect of the
Capitol was set “at an annual rate which is equal to the maximum rate of pay in effect under
section 4575(f) of Title II” of the U.S. Code (e.g., maximum rate of compensation of Senate
employees).10
A provision included in the House-reported FY2021 legislative branch appropriations bill, H.R.
7611, proposed setting pay for the Architect at Level II of the Executive Schedule. This provision
was not included in the FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft bill or the
FY2021 Consolidated Appropriations (P.L. 116-260). A similar provision setting pay at Level II
of the Executive Schedule was included in the House-passed FY2022 legislative branch
appropriations bill, H.R. 4346, but not the Senate Appropriations Committee chairman’s draft

7 The bill, as amended, would have included the following in addition to the original 14-member panel: the chair and
ranking minority Member of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives, a
Member of the Senate to be designated by the majority leader of the Senate, and a Member of the Senate to be
designated by the minority leader of the Senate.
8 For additional information, see “Table A-1. Proposals to Alter the Appointment of the Architect: 1959-Present” in the
Appendix of CRS Report R41074, Architect of the Capitol: Evolution and Implementation of the Appointment
Procedure, by Ida A. Brudnick.
9 This language was included in the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2002 (P.L. 107-68, §129, November 12,
2001, 115 Stat 579-580, 2 U.S.C. §1802 note). Prior to 2001, the position was linked to Level III of the Executive
Schedule.
10 P.L. 116-94, December 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2775, 2 U.S.C. §1802.
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bill. This provision was included in the FY2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 117-
103).11
Most Recent Appointment
The Acting Architect of the Capitol is Chere Rexroat, who is also the Chief Engineer.12
On February 13, 2023, previous Architect J. Brett Blanton was informed by the White House that
his appointment as Architect was terminated. The termination followed a hearing of the
Committee on House Administration on February 9, 2023,13 and an inspector general report
issued on October 26, 2022.14
Mr. Blanton was nominated to be Architect of the Capitol by President Donald J. Trump on
December 9, 2019. The nomination was referred to the Senate Committee on Rules and
Administration. The committee held a hearing on December 12, 2019, and Blanton was
confirmed by voice vote in the Senate on December 19, 2019.
Previously, Stephen T. Ayers was nominated by President Obama for a 10-year term on February
24, 2010. The nomination was referred to the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration.
The committee held a hearing on April 15, 2010, and Ayers was confirmed by voice vote in the
Senate on May 12, 2010. Ayers was previously the Deputy Architect/Chief Operating Officer and
had served as Acting Architect of the Capitol following the February 4, 2007, retirement of
former Architect of the Capitol Alan Hantman. Upon the retirement of Ayers on November 23,
2018, Christine Merdon, the Deputy Architect of the Capitol/Chief Operating Officer, became the
Acting Architect of the Capitol. After her resignation in August 2019, Thomas J. Carroll served as
Acting Architect of the Capitol until the confirmation of Blanton.
Government Accountability Office
Pursuant to 31 U.S.C. §703(a)(1), the Comptroller General shall be “appointed by the President,
by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.” This procedure dates to the establishment of
the agency in 1921.15 Additionally, a commission procedure established in 1980 recommends
individuals to the President in the event of a vacancy.16 The commission consists of the Speaker
of the House, the President pro tempore of the Senate, the majority and minority leaders of the
House and Senate, the chairs and ranking minority Members of the Senate Committee on
Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs and the House Committee on Oversight and

11 P.L. 117-103, March 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 526, 2 U.S.C. §1802.
12 Pursuant to 2 U.S.C. §1804, the Deputy Architect of the Capitol acts as the Architect of the Capitol during a vacancy
in that position. At the time of Mr. Blanton’s termination as Architect, the deputy position was vacant.
13 See U.S. Congress, Committee on House Administration, The Looking Ahead Series: The Architect of the Capitol’s
Strategic Plan for the 118th Congress, 118th Cong., 1st sess., February 9, 2023, at https://cha.house.gov/committee-
activity/hearings/looking-ahead-series-architect-capitols-strategic-plan-118th-congress.
14 See “J. Brett Blanton, Architect of the Capitol, Abused His Authority, Misused Government Property and Wasted
Taxpayer Money, Among Other Substantiated Violations,” Architect of the Capitol, Office of Inspector General,
October, 26, 2022, available at https://www.oversight.gov/report/AOC/J-Brett-Blanton-Architect-Capitol-Abused-His-
Authority-Misused-Government-Property-and.
15 Ch. 18, §302, June 10, 1921, 42 Stat. 23. For additional information on discussion prior to enactment, see
Congressional Record, June 4, 1920 pp. 8609-8613; Congressional Record, May 3, 1921, pp. 982-984; Congressional
Record, May 5, 1921, p. 1079; Congressional Record, May 27, 1921, pp. 1855-1859. For a more recent discussion, see
H.R. 4296 and Congressional Record, October 21, 1998, p. S12980.
16 P.L. 96-226, 94 Stat. 314-315, April 3, 1980; 31 U.S.C. §703(a)(2).
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Government Reform. The commission is to recommend at least three individuals for this position
to the President, although the President may request additional names.
The Comptroller General is appointed to a 15-year term and may not be reappointed.17 The
Comptroller General may be removed by “(A) impeachment; or (B) joint resolution of Congress,
after notice and an opportunity for a hearing” and only by reason of permanent disability;
inefficiency; neglect of duty; malfeasance; or a felony or conduct involving moral turpitude.18
The salary of the Comptroller General is equal to Level II of the Executive Schedule.19
Additionally, a law enacted in 1953 established a separate retirement system for the Comptroller
General.20
Most Recent Appointment
Gene L. Dodaro, then-chief operating officer at GAO, became the acting Comptroller General on
March 13, 2008, upon the resignation of David M. Walker,21 who had previously been confirmed
on October 21, 1998. The White House announced Dodaro’s nomination to a 15-year term as
Comptroller General on September 22, 2010. The Senate Committee on Homeland Security and
Governmental Affairs held a hearing on the nomination on November 18, 2010, and Dodaro was
confirmed by the Senate by voice vote on December 22, 2010.
Government Publishing Office
The Government Publishing Office (GPO; formerly Government Printing Office) was established
in 1861. The U.S. Code, at 44 U.S.C. §301, states that the President “shall nominate and, by and
with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint a suitable person to take charge of and manage
the Government Publishing Office. The title shall be Director of the Government Publishing
Office.”

17 31 U.S.C. §703(b).
18 31 U.S.C. §703(e). See also Myers v. United States (1926); Humphrey’s Executor v. United States (1935); and
Bowsher v. Synar (1986).
19 P.L. 97-258, September 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 889, 31 U.S.C. §703(f)(1). The FY2024 budget request includes an
administrative provision to increase the salary to the payable rate for “Executive Schedule level I in effect on December
31, 2022, except that if at any time during fiscal year 2024 the payable rate for Executive Schedule level I is greater
than the rate payable for Executive Schedule level I in effect on December 31, 2022, the payable rate of pay of the
Comptroller General shall be that greater rate.” (U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U.S.
Government Fiscal Year 2024, Budget Appendix, Legislative Branch, §8001, p. 38, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-
content/uploads/2023/03/leg_fy2024.pdf).
20 This “annuity for life [is] equal to the pay the Comptroller General is receiving on completion of the term or at the
time of retirement,” subject to increases (67 Stat. 229, 31 U.S.C. §772 et seq.). For additional discussion, see U.S.
Congress, Senate Committee on Government Operations, Comptroller General, Retirement, S.Rept. 594, 83rd Cong., 1st
sess. (Washington: GPO, 1953), p. 1; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Legislative Branch
Appropriations, 2008, report to accompany H.R. 2771, 110th Cong., 1st sess., H.Rept. 110-198 (Washington: GPO,
2007), p. 31; and, Response by Gene L. Dodaro, U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee
on the Legislative Branch, Legislative Branch Appropriations for 2009, hearings, part 2, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., April
10, 2008 (Washington: GPO, 2008), pp. 705-706.
21 Pursuant to 31 U.S.C. §703, “The Comptroller General shall designate an officer or employee of the Government
Accountability Office to act as Comptroller General when the Comptroller General and Deputy Comptroller General
are absent or unable to serve or when the offices of Comptroller General and Deputy Comptroller General are vacant.”
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The current appointment language was enacted in 2014,22 although the use of the advice and
consent procedure for this position can be traced back much further.23 P.L. 117-213 (S. 4791, 117th
Congress; enacted October 17, 2022), established a term of 10 years for the director of GPO, with
the possibility of reappointment by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate.
The director’s pay is equivalent to Level II of the Executive Schedule.24
Most Recent Appointment
On October 17, 2019, Hugh Halpern was nominated as director of GPO. The nomination was
referred to the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration. The committee held a hearing on
November 14, 2019, and Halpern was confirmed by voice vote in the Senate on December 4,
2019.
From November 2017 until the confirmation of Halpern, multiple officials served as acting
director. GPO’s managing director of plant operations, John Crawford, become acting deputy
director on April 1, 2019. GPO’s former chief administrative officer, Herbert H. Jackson Jr.,
served as acting deputy director from July 1, 2018, until his retirement on March 31, 2019. His
service followed the retirement of Andrew M. Sherman, formerly GPO’s chief of staff, who had
been serving as acting deputy director following the retirement of Acting GPO Director Jim
Bradley on March 6, 2018. Bradley, previously the GPO deputy director, had assumed this role
following the departure of the previous director, Davita Vance-Cooks, in November 2017. Vance-
Cooks had been nominated by President Obama on May 9, 2013, to be public printer, as the head
of the GPO was then known, and confirmed by the Senate by voice vote on August 1, 2013.
During this vacancy period, Robert C. Tapella was twice nominated to be director. Previously,
Tapella served in this role from October 4, 2007 (confirmed by the Senate by voice vote) until
December 28, 2010. He was subsequently nominated on June 18, 2018. The nomination was
referred to the Committee on Rules and Administration. No further action was taken prior to the
end of the 115th Congress, and the nomination was returned to the President pursuant to Senate
Rule XXXI. President Trump renominated Tapella on January 16, 2019. The nomination was
referred to the Committee on Rules and Administration. A message from the President
withdrawing the nomination was received in the Senate on June 24, 2019.25
Library of Congress
The Library of Congress was established in 1800. The U.S. Code, at 2 U.S.C. §136, states: “The
Librarian of Congress shall make rules and regulations for the government of the Library.”

22 P.L. 113-235, div. H, December 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537, 2538. The 2014 act also deleted references to gender and
bookbinding as well as changing the title of the agency and its director.
23 See, for example: P.L. 90-620, October 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1239; and previously, nomination of John D. Defrees to be
Superintendent of Public Printing, Senate Executive Journal, March 16, 1861, p. 307, and March 20, 1861, p. 319;
designation as congressional printer in ch. 61,14 Stat. 399, February 22, 1867 and debate in Cong. Globe, 39th Cong.,
2nd sess., vol. 37, pt. 2, February 18, 1867, pp. 499-500; return to prior process in ch. 246, 19 Stat. 105, July 31, 1876;
and ch. 23, 28 Stat. 603, January 12, 1895.
24 This rate was established with the FY2004 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act (P.L. 108-83, September 30, 2003,
117 Stat. 1033, 44 U.S.C. §303). Pay for the Public Printer previously was equivalent to Level III of the Executive
Schedule.
25 Available at https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/thirteen-nominations-one-withdrawal-sent-
senate/.
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Until an act of February 19, 1897,26 which made the appointment subject to the advice and
consent of the Senate, the Librarian was appointed solely by the President.
The tenure of the Librarian was amended in 2015 (2 U.S.C. §136-1). The Librarian of Congress
Succession Modernization Act of 2015, S. 2162, was introduced in the Senate on October 7,
2015, and agreed to the same day by unanimous consent. It was agreed to in the House without
objection on October 20 and signed by President Obama on November 5, 2015 (P.L. 114-86). The
act establishes a term limit of 10 years, with the possibility of reappointment by the President, by
and with the advice and consent of the Senate. Previously, there was no set term of office for the
Librarian.
The U.S. Code, at 2 U.S.C. §136a-2, states: “the Librarian of Congress shall be compensated at an
annual rate of pay which is equal to the annual rate of basic pay payable for positions at Level II
of the Executive Schedule under section 5313 of title 5.”27
Most Recent Appointment
Carla D. Hayden was nominated to a 10-year term as Librarian of Congress by President Obama
on February 24, 2016.28 The Senate Committee on Rules and Administration held a hearing on the
nomination on April 20, 2016, and ordered the nomination favorably reported on June 9.29
Hayden was confirmed as the 14th Librarian of Congress on July 13, 2016 (74-18, record vote
number 128).
Hayden succeeded James H. Billington, who retired effective September 30, 2015. Billington had
been confirmed as Librarian of Congress by the Senate on July 24, 1987.30
Congressional Research Service
The Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 provides that the Librarian of Congress appoint the
director of the Congressional Research Service (CRS) “after consultation with the Joint
Committee on the Library.”31 Pursuant to the FY2020 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, the
compensation for the director is set “at the greater of the rate of pay in effect for level III of the
Executive Schedule under section 5314 of title 5 or the maximum annual rate of basic pay
payable under section 5376 of such title for positions at agencies with a performance appraisal
system certified under section 5307(d) of such title.”32 There is no set term of office.33

26 29 Stat. 544. For a lengthy discussion, see also Congressional Record, December 19, 1896, pp. 311-319.
27 From 1983 until the passage of the FY2000 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, the Librarian was compensated
at a rate equivalent to Level III of the Executive Schedule (P.L. 98-63, July 30, 1983, 97 Stat. 336, and P.L. 106-57,
September 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 424, 2 U.S.C. §136a-2 and §166).
28 See also https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/02/24/president-obama-announces-his-intent-
nominate-carla-d-hayden-librarian.
29 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, Nomination of Dr. Carla D. Hayden to be Librarian
of Congress, 114th Cong., 2nd sess., April 20, 2016, S.Hrg. 114-285 (Washington: GPO, 2016). Pursuant to the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-113), Billington was designated Librarian of Congress Emeritus.
30 For additional information on prior Librarians, see http://www.loc.gov/loc/legacy/librs.html.
31 2 U.S.C. §166.
32 2 U.S.C. §166. Most recently amended by P.L. 116-94, December 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3208. See also 5 U.S.C. §5307
(P.L. 114-113, December 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2674).
33 2 U.S.C. §166.
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Most Recent Appointment
Mary B. Mazanec, who served as acting director of CRS following the retirement of former
Director Daniel P. Mulhollan on April 2, 2011, was appointed director by the Librarian of
Congress on December 5, 2011.
U.S. Capitol Police
2 U.S.C. §1901 states: “There shall be a captain of the Capitol police and such other members
with such rates of compensation, respectively, as may be appropriated for by Congress from year
to year. The Capitol Police shall be headed by a Chief who shall be appointed by the Capitol
Police Board and shall serve at the pleasure of the Board.” The last sentence was inserted in
1979,34 struck by the FY2003 Consolidated Appropriations Resolution,35 and restored in 2010 by
the U.S. Capitol Police Administrative Technical Corrections Act.36
Pay for the chief has been adjusted multiple times: (1) pursuant to a 1979 law, pay for the chief
was equal to Level IV of the Executive Schedule; (2) pursuant to a 2000 law, pay was linked to
the Senior Executive Service; and (3) pursuant to a 2002 law, pay was equal to $2,500 less than
House or Senate officers.37 From 2003 until statutorily amended in 2019, the compensation for
the chief of the Capitol Police was “equal to $1,000 less than the lower of the annual rate of pay
in effect for the Sergeant-at-Arms of the House of Representatives or the annual rate of pay in
effect for the Sergeant-at-Arms and Doorkeeper of the Senate.”38
Pursuant to the FY2020 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, the pay for the chief of the
Capitol Police was “$1,000 less than the maximum rate of pay in effect under section 4575(f) of
Title II” of the U.S. Code (e.g., maximum rate of compensation of Senate employees).39
A provision included in the House-reported FY2021 legislative branch appropriations bill, H.R.
7611, would have set pay for the chief at Level II of the Executive Schedule. This provision was
not included in the FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft bill or the FY2021
Consolidated Appropriations (P.L. 116-260).40 A similar provision setting pay at Level II of the
Executive Schedule was included in the House-passed FY2022 legislative branch appropriations
bill, H.R. 4346, but not the Senate Appropriations Committee chairman’s draft bill. This
provision was included in the FY2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 117-103).41

34 P.L. 96-152, December 20, 1979, 93 Stat. 1099.
35 P.L. 108-7, February 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 368.
36 P.L. 111-145, March 4, 2010, 124 Stat. 54, 55.
37 P.L. 107-117 (January 10, 2002, 115 Stat. 2319) established the chief’s salary at a level “not to exceed $2,500 less
than the lesser of the annual salary for the Sergeant at Arms of the House of Representatives or the annual salary for the
Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper of the Senate.” The FY2001 Consolidated Appropriations Act linked pay for the
chief to the former level ES–4 of the Senior Executive Service (P.L. 106-554, December 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763,
2763A-107). The chief had previously been paid at a rate equal to the annual rate determined by the Capitol Police
Board but not to exceed the basic pay payable for Level IV of the Executive Schedule (P.L. 96-152, December 20,
1979, 93 Stat. 1099). 2 U.S.C. §1902 and §1903 notes.
38 P.L. 108-7, February 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 368.
39 P.L. 116-94, December 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2775, 2 U.S.C. §1902.
40 For additional information on FY2021 actions, see CRS Report R46469, Legislative Branch: FY2021
Appropriations, by Ida A. Brudnick.
41 P.L. 117-103, March 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 526, 2 U.S.C. §1902.
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Most Recent Appointment
The Capitol Police Board announced the appointment of J. Thomas Manger as chief of the U.S.
Capitol Police, effective July 23, 2021.42
Previously, Yogananda D. Pittman served as the acting chief of police/assistant chief of police for
protective and intelligence operations following the January 8, 2021, resignation of Chief Steven
A. Sund, who had served as chief since June 13, 2019.43 Chief Sund followed Matthew R.
Verderosa, who had served as chief since March 20, 2016.44
Congressional Budget Office
The director of the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) has been appointed wholly by Congress
since the creation of the post with the passage of the Congressional Budget Act in 1974. The act
stipulates that the director is appointed for a four-year term “by the Speaker of the House of
Representatives and the President pro tempore of the Senate after considering recommendations
received from the Committees on the Budget of the House and the Senate, without regard to
political affiliation and solely on the basis of his fitness to perform his duties.”45 The director may
be reappointed, and either chamber can remove the director by simple resolution.46 Additionally, a
director appointed “to fill a vacancy prior to the expiration of a term shall serve only for the
unexpired portion of that term” and an “individual serving as Director at the expiration of a term
may continue to serve until his successor is appointed.”47
From the establishment of CBO until the enactment of the FY2000 Consolidated Appropriations
Act (P.L. 106-113), the director was paid at a rate equivalent to Level III of the Executive
Schedule. Subsequently, the CBO director was paid at an annual rate equivalent to the lower of
the highest annual rate of compensation of any officer of the House or any officer of the Senate.
Pursuant to the FY2020 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, the pay for the CBO director was
set “at an annual rate of pay that is equal to the maximum rate of pay in effect under section
4575(f) of Title II” of the U.S. Code (e.g., maximum rate of compensation of Senate
employees).48 The FY2022 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, in turn, amended 2 U.S.C.

42 U.S. Capitol Police, “Capitol Police Board Announces Selection of USCP Chief of Police,” press release, July 22,
2021, available at https://www.uscp.gov/media-center/press-releases/capitol-police-board-announces-selection-uscp-
chief-police. The Police Executive Research Forum “assist[ed] the Capitol Police Board with the selection process”
(see Police Executive Research Forum, “Chief of Police: United States Capitol Police,” at
https://www.policeforum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=952:chief-of-police—united-states-
capitol-police&catid=20:site-content).
43 U.S. Capitol Police, “Capitol Police Board Selects Steven Sund as Chief of United States Capitol Police,” press
release, June 14, 2019, available at https://www.uscp.gov/media-center/press-releases/capitol-police-board-selects-
steven-sund-chief-united-states-police.
44 U.S. Capitol Police, “The Capitol Police Board Announces the Appointment of Assistant Chief of Police Matthew R.
Verderosa as New Chief of the United States Capitol Police,” February 24, 2016, available at https://www.uscp.gov/
media-center/press-releases/capitol-police-board-announces-appointment-assistant-chief-police.
45 2 U.S.C. §601(a).
46 2 U.S.C. §601(a)(4).
47 2 U.S.C. §601(a)(3).
48 P.L. 116-94, December 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2775, 2 U.S.C. §601(a)(5). A provision included in the House-reported
FY2021 legislative branch appropriations bill, H.R. 7611, would have set pay for the CBO Director at Level II of the
Executive Schedule. This provision was not included in the FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft
bill or the FY2021 Consolidated Appropriations (P.L. 116-260). This language was not included in FY2022 legislation.
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§4575(f) to establish a maximum annual amount equivalent to “the annual rate of basic pay in
effect for level II of the Executive Schedule under section 5313 of title 5.”49
Most Recent Appointment
Phillip Swagel, the current director of CBO, began his service on June 3, 2019. He follows Keith
Hall, who began his service on April 1, 2015.50
Office of Congressional Workplace Rights
The Office of Congressional Workplace Rights (OCWR; formerly the Office of Compliance) was
renamed by the Congressional Accountability Act of 1995 Reform Act.51
2 U.S.C. §1382 states that the chair of the board of directors of the Office of Congressional
Workplace Rights, “subject to the approval of the Board, shall appoint and may remove an
Executive Director. Selection and appointment of the Executive Director shall be without regard
to political affiliation and solely on the basis of fitness to perform the duties of the Office.”52 The
executive director must be “an individual with training or expertise in the application of laws
referred to in section 1302(a)” of Title II of the U.S. Code.53
The chair of the board may set the compensation of the executive director. Pursuant to the
FY2020 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, the pay for the executive director “may not
exceed the maximum rate of pay in effect under section 4575(f) of Title II” of the U.S. Code (i.e.,
maximum rate of compensation of Senate employees).54 The FY2022 Legislative Branch
Appropriations Act, in turn, amended 2 U.S.C. §4575(f) to establish a maximum annual amount
equivalent to “the annual rate of basic pay in effect for level II of the Executive Schedule under
section 5313 of title 5.”55
Previously
 Pursuant to the FY2008 Consolidated Appropriations Act, the chair of the board
could fix the annual rate of pay for the executive director at a rate not to exceed
the lesser of House or Senate officers.56
 Pursuant to the Congressional Accountability Act of 1995, which established the
office, the maximum pay for the executive director had been Level V of the
Executive Schedule.57

49 P.L. 117-103, March 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 527.
50 For additional information, see CRS Report RL31880, Congressional Budget Office: Appointment and Tenure of the
Director and Deputy Director, by Megan S. Lynch; http://www.cbo.gov/about/overview.
51 P.L. 115-397, December 21, 2018.
52 P.L. 104-1, January 23, 1995, 109 Stat. 26.
53 P.L. 104-1, January 23, 1995, 109 Stat. 26.
54 P.L. 116-94, December 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2775, 2 U.S.C. §1382(a)(2)(B). A provision included in the House-
reported FY2021 legislative branch appropriations bill, H.R. 7611, would have set pay for the OCWR executive
director at Level II of the Executive Schedule. This provision was not included in the FY2021 Senate Appropriations
Committee majority draft bill or the FY2021 Consolidated Appropriations (P.L. 116-260).
55 P.L. 117-103, March 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 527.
56 P.L. 110-161, December 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2237.
57 P.L. 104-1, January 23, 1995, 109 Stat. 26.
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Separate legislation, P.L. 110-164, amended the Congressional Accountability Act and altered
eligibility and tenure restrictions for the executive director by allowing current or former
employees of the Office to serve in this capacity. The legislation also permits the executive
director, deputy executive directors,58 and general counsel,59 who formerly were limited to one
five-year term in their positions, to serve up to two terms.60
Most Recent Appointment
On November 9, 2022, the OCWR Board of Directors announced the appointment of Patrick N.
Findlay as the OCWR’s executive director.61
Previously, Teresa M. James served as acting executive director and deputy executive director for
the House of Representatives. Her service followed that of Susan Tsui Grundmann, who was
appointed to a five-year term as executive director commencing January 2017.62 She succeeded
Barbara J. Sapin, who was appointed in 2013.
Congressional Office for International Leadership
The office, formerly known as the Open World Leadership Center,63 is led by an executive
director who is appointed by the Librarian of Congress on behalf of the Board of Trustees. The
executive director is “compensated at the annual rate specified by the Board, but in no event shall
such rate exceed level III of the Executive Schedule under section 5314 of title 5.”64
Most Recent Appointment
Librarian of Congress Carla Hayden, at the recommendation of the Board of Trustees, announced
the appointment of Jane Sargus as executive director, effective January 8, 2018.65

58 The chair of the board of directors, subject to the approval of the board, appoints a deputy executive director for the
Senate and a deputy executive director for the House of Representatives. The chair may fix the compensation for the
deputy executive directors at a rate not to exceed 96% of the lesser of the highest annual rate of House or Senate
officers (2 U.S.C. §1382).
59 The chair of the board of directors, subject to the approval of the board, also appoints a general counsel. The chair
may fix the general counsel’s compensation at a rate not to exceed the lesser of the highest annual rate of House or
Senate officers (2 U.S.C. §1382).
60 P.L. 110-164, December 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2459. Other laws addressed the permissible number of terms of
members of the board of directors (P.L. 108-349, P.L. 111-114, P.L. 114-6, and P.L. 115-19).
61 See https://www.ocwr.gov/news/press-releases/press-releases-ocwr-appoints-new-executive-director/.
62 On August 4, 2021, President Biden announced his intention to nominate Susan Tsui Grundmann for member of the
Federal Labor Relations Authority (see White House, “President Biden Announces 11 Key Nominations,” press
release, August 4, 2021, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/08/04/president-biden-
announces-11-key-nominations-2/). The nomination was returned to the President at the end of the 1st session of the
117th Congress, pursuant to the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate.
President Biden renominated Ms. Grundmann on January 4, 2022, and she was confirmed on May 12, 2022.
63 The FY2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act changed the name from the Open World Leadership Center to the
Congressional Office for International Leadership (P.L. 117-103, 136 Stat., 522, March 15, 2022).
64 2 U.S.C. §1151.
65 See https://www.openworld.gov/press-releases/jane-sargus-appointed-executive-director-open-world-leadership-
center.
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Author Information

Ida A. Brudnick

Specialist on the Congress

Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and
under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other
than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in
connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not
subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in
its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or
material from a third party, you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you wish to
copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.

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