INSIGHTi
Federal Regional Commissions: Great Lakes
Authority Established and Other Updates
January 31, 2023
For decades, Congress has indicated support for federal regional commissions and authorities (hereinafter
“commissions”) by providing appropriations for existing commissions and by occasionally authorizing
new commissions. During the 117th Congress, one new commission was established and two commissions
were activated. Congress authorized the Great Lakes Authority (GLA) in the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328). Also during the 117th Congress, the Senate confirmed the nominations of
federal co-chairpersons for the previously authorized Southeast Crescent Regional Commission (SCRC)
and Southwest Border Regional Commission (SBRC). This Insight summarizes actions taken in the 117th
Congress related to selected commissions, and includes considerations for the 118th Congress. See CRS
Reports IF11744 and IF11396 for considerations regarding forming and starting a commission,
respectively.
Background
The commissions are eight congressionally chartered, federal-state partnerships that were developed to
address economic distress in targeted geographic regions. The authorized commissions are:
Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC);
Delta Regional Authority (DRA);
Denali Commission;
Great Lakes Authority (GLA)—authorized in FY2023;
Northern Border Regional Commission (NBRC);
Northern Great Plains Regional Authority (NGPRA) (inactive);
Southeast Crescent Regional Commission (SCRC); and
Southwest Border Regional Commission (SBRC).
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The commissions share similar structures and functions. Except for the NGPRA and the Denali
Commission, each commission consists of a federal co-chairperson and the governors of the member
states. The commissions vary in terms of issues, appropriations, and service region and staff sizes. See
CRS Report R45997 for an overview of the commissions, including legislative and funding histories.
Changes to Commissions in the 117th Congress
A New Great Lakes Authority
P.L. 117-328 amended 40 U.S.C. §15301(a) to establish the GLA. The structure and functions of the GLA
are based on the model of the NBRC, SCRC, and SBRC, which were established in the Food,
Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-234). Prior to the enactment of P.L. 117-328, two bills
introduced in the 117th Congress also would have established the GLA with core economic development
and planning roles similar to those of existing commissions as well as additional roles (see H.R. 7131 and
S. 5180—both titled “the Great Lakes Authority Act of 2022”). The authorizing legislation requires that
before the GLA may convene, the President must nominate and the Senate must confirm a federal co-
chairperson. As of January 2023, President Biden had not nominated a federal co-chairperson for the
GLA.
The geographic boundaries of the authorized commissions’ regions are defined in statute, usually using
county-based designations. The GLA differs in that its service region is defined in statute based on federal
definitions of the area’s watershed (see Figure 1) so that the region
shall consist of areas in the watershed of the Great Lakes and the Great Lakes System (as such terms
are defined in section 118(a)(3) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1268(a)(3)),
in each of the following States: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio,
Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.
Figure 1. Great Lakes Authority
Source: Map created by CRS based on terms in P.L. 117-328 and U.S. Geological Survey data.
Notes: The GLA region consists of areas in the watershed of the Great Lakes and Great Lakes System in states
specifically designated in the statute.
Southeast Crescent Regional Commission
P.L. 110-234 authorized the SCRC in 2008. Thirteen years later, in 2021, the U.S. Senate confirmed the
SCRC’s first federal co-chairperson, Jennifer Clyburn Reed, thereby allowing the SCRC to convene and
begin activities. The SCRC hired its first chief of staff in 2022 and developed its bylaws and strategic plan
for FY2023 through FY2027. In FY2023, the SCRC plans to hire an executive director and develop a
competitive grant program as well as a separate J-1 visa program. Each fiscal year between 2010 and
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2020, the SCRC received $250,000 in appropriations. Appropriations increased annually after FY2020,
with P.L. 117-328 providing $20 million in FY2023.
Southwest Border Regional Commission
P.L. 110-234 also authorized the SBRC in 2008. With the appointment and confirmation of the first
federal co-chairperson, Juan Eduardo Sanchez, in December 2022, the SBRC may convene. Between
FY2021 and FY2023, the SBRC received $9 million in appropriations over this three-year period.
Congressional Considerations
Congress may consider directing commissions to undertake certain grant programs or other activities to
address specific congressional or regional interests. In addition to statutory requirements, the
commissions’ funding priorities and other initiatives are primarily determined through processes
involving input from the federal office, commission members (generally composed of member state
governors or their alternates), and community stakeholders.
Congress may consider changing how regions are defined or adding areas to the commissions’ regions.
Congress may also seek to create new commissions. Congress may further seek to amend program
requirements or planning and governance structures of the existing commissions. Additionally, Congress
may seek to examine the performance of the commissions, grant programs, or partnership activities and
how they may impact the conditions for economic development in their respective regions.
Funding Levels and Reauthorizations
Congress may consider reviewing the level of appropriations for some or all of the commissions. The
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328) provided annual appropriations for ARC, Denali
Commission, DRA, SCRC, SBRC, and NBRC, but P.L. 117-328 did not provide appropriations for the
GLA. The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA, P.L. 117-58) also authorized and provided
additional advance appropriations for the ARC in the amount of $200 million for each of FY2022 through
FY2026 (Divisions A and J).
Provisions impacting several commissions were included in the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018
(2018 farm bill; P.L. 115-334) that is scheduled to sunset on September 30, 2023. As Congress considers
drafting another farm bill, it may review provisions related to these commissions. For instance, the
authorization of appropriations for the DRA, SCRC, SBRC, and NBRC were extended through FY2023
by the 2018 farm bill. The 2018 farm bill also extended the date for the “termination of authority” for
DRA through FY2023. Separately, the IIJA extended the ARC’s authorization through FY2026.
Author Information
Julie M. Lawhorn
Analyst in Economic Development Policy
Congressional Research Service
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Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff
to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of
Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of
information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role.
CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United
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as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the
permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.
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