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Updated February 22, 2022
Social Security: The Windfall Elimination Provision (WEP) and
the Government Pension Offset (GPO)
Background
eligible for benefits in 2022, the PIA is determined based
Social Security is a work-related, federal insurance program
on the formula in Table 1. The dollar amounts in the table,
that provides monthly cash benefits to workers and their
known as bend points, are adjusted annually for average
eligible family members in the event of the worker’s
earnings growth.
retirement, disability, or death. A worker’s employment or
self-employment is considered covered by Social Security
Table 1. Social Security Benefit Formula for Workers
if the services performed in that job result in earnings that
Who Attain Age 62, Become Disabled, or Die in 2022
are taxable and creditable for program purposes. Although
participation in Social Security is compulsory for most
Factor
Average Indexed Monthly Earnings (AIME)
workers, about 6% of all workers in paid employment or
self-employment are not covered by Social Security.
90%
of the first $1,024 of AIME, plus
Noncovered workers include state and local government
32%
of AIME over $1,024 and through $6,172, plus
employees covered by alternative staff-retirement systems;
most permanent civilian federal employees hired before
15%
of AIME over $6,172
January 1, 1984, who are covered by the Civil Service
Source: CRS, based on Social Security Administration, Benefit
Retirement System (CSRS) or other alternative retirement
Formula Bend Points.
plan; employees covered by the Railroad Retirement
system; domestic, election, or farm workers with earnings
below certain thresholds; people with low levels of net
For people with 20 or fewer YOCs who become eligible for
earnings from self-employment; and certain nonimmigrants.
benefits in 2022, the WEP reduces the first factor from 90%
to 40%, resulting in a maximum reduction of $512 (90% of
The Windfall Elimination Provision (WEP) and the
$1,024 minus 40% of $1,024). For each year of substantial
Government Pension Offset (GPO) are two separate
earnings in covered employment or self-employment in
provisions that reduce regular Social Security benefits for
excess of 20, the first factor increases by 5%. For example,
workers and their eligible family members if the worker
the first factor is 45% for those with 21 YOCs. The WEP
receives (or is entitled to) a pension based on earnings from
factor reaches 90% for those with 30 or more YOCs and at
employment not covered by Social Security.
that point is phased out.
The Windfall Elimination Provision
The WEP includes a guarantee that the reduction in the
The WEP applies to most people who receive both a
benefit amount caused by the WEP formula can never
pension from noncovered work (including certain foreign
exceed more than one-half of the noncovered pension.
pensions) and Social Security benefits based on fewer than
Thus, for workers who become eligible for benefits in 2022,
30 years of substantial earnings in covered employment or
the maximum reduction under the WEP may be less than
self-employment. In 2022, the amount of substantial
$512. In addition, because the WEP reduces the initial
earnings in covered employment or self-employment
benefit amount before it is reduced or increased due to early
needed for a year of coverage (YOC) is $27,300. This
retirement, delayed retirement credits, COLAs, or other
amount is adjusted annually by the growth in average
factors, the difference between the final benefit with the
wages in the economy, provided a cost-of-living adjustment
WEP and the final benefit without the WEP may be less
(COLA) is payable. The WEP affects retired- or disabled-
than or greater than $512. However, the maximum WEP
worker beneficiaries and their eligible dependents.
reduction is still limited to 50% of the noncovered pension.
However, it does not affect survivor beneficiaries.
How Many People Are Affected by the WEP?
The Social Security benefit formula is progressive,
As of December 2021, about 2.0 million people (or about
replacing a greater share of career-average earnings for
3% of all Social Security beneficiaries) were affected by the
low-paid workers than for high-paid workers. The regular
WEP. Nearly 1.9 million of those affected were retired-
benefit formula applies three factors—90%, 32%, and
worker beneficiaries, which was about 4% of the entire
15%—to three different brackets of a worker’s average
retired-worker beneficiary population. The remaining
indexed monthly earnings (AIME), which is a measure of
affected individuals were disabled-worker beneficiaries and
career-average earnings in covered employment or self-
eligible family members of retired- or disabled-worker
employment. The result is the primary insurance amount
beneficiaries.
(PIA), which is the worker’s basic benefit before any
Legislative History and Rationale
adjustments are made for factors such as COLAs, early
retirement, or delayed retirement. For workers who become
The WEP was enacted in 1983 as part of major
amendments designed to shore up the financing of Social
https://crsreports.congress.gov
Social Security: The Windfall Elimination Provision (WEP) and the Government Pension Offset (GPO)
Security. Its purpose was to remove an unintended
same person were also entitled to a spousal benefit of $800,
advantage or “windfall” that the regular Social Security
then he or she would receive $200 per month from Social
benefit formula provided to workers who also had pensions
Security ($800 - $600 = $200). The other one-third of the
from noncovered employment. The regular formula was
noncovered government pension is assumed to be
intended to help workers who spent their careers in low-
equivalent to a supplementary private pension, which would
paying jobs, by providing them with a benefit that is
not cause a reduction in the Social Security spousal benefit.
relatively higher in relation to their career-average earnings
How Many People Are Affected by the GPO?
in covered employment than the benefit that is provided for
In December 2021, 723,970 Social Security beneficiaries,
workers with high career-average earnings.
or about 1% of all beneficiaries, had their benefits reduced
by the GPO. Of those directly affected by the GPO, 52%
However, the formula could not differentiate between those
were spouses and 48% were widow(er)s. The GPO affected
who worked in low-paid jobs throughout their careers and
17% of all spouse beneficiaries and 9% of all widow(er)
other workers who appeared to have been low paid because
beneficiaries. About 71% of all GPO-affected beneficiaries
they worked many years in jobs not covered by Social
had their benefits fully offset and about 29% had their
Security (these years are shown as zeros for Social Security
benefits partially offset.
benefit purposes). Thus, under the old law, workers who
were employed for only a portion of their careers in jobs
Legislative History and Rationale
covered by Social Security—even highly paid ones—also
The GPO was enacted in 1977, after the Supreme Court
received the advantage of the weighted formula, because
ruled that men were not required to prove that they received
their few years of covered earnings were averaged over
at least one-half of their support from their wives in order to
their entire working career to determine the average
qualify for husband’s or widower’s benefits. (Women were
covered earnings on which their Social Security benefits
not subject to an explicit dependency test, as they were
were based. The WEP is intended to remove this advantage.
presumed to be dependent on their husbands.) This ruling
made hundreds of thousands of male retirees who worked
The Government Pension Offset (GPO)
in noncovered government employment immediately
The GPO reduces the Social Security spouse’s or
eligible for Social Security benefits as spouses or widowers,
widow(er)’s benefits (hereinafter “spousal benefits”) of
adding hundreds of millions of dollars annually to the cost
most people who also receive a pension based on federal,
of the program and raising questions about whether these
state, or local government employment not covered by
were unnecessary or “windfall” benefits. To prevent the
Social Security. The program provides benefits to the
payment of full Social Security spousal benefits to people
spouses and widow(er)s of insured workers, because
receiving a pension from noncovered government
immediate family members are presumed to be dependent
employment, Congress created the GPO as part of the
on a worker for their financial support and thus are
Social Security Amendments of 1977 (P.L. 95-216), which
presumed to be in need of such benefits when the family
provided that 100% of the noncovered government pension
experiences a loss of income due to the worker’s retirement,
be subtracted from the Social Security spousal benefit.
disability, or death. In general, a spouse receives up to 50%
of the worker’s PIA, and a widow(er) receives up to 100%.
The dollar-for-dollar reduction implicitly assumed exact
equivalency between government pensions and Social
Under Social Security’s dual entitlement rule, a person’s
Security worker benefits. However, government pensions
spousal benefit is reduced, dollar-for-dollar, by the amount
often combined the elements of a worker’s Social Security
of his or her own Social Security retired- or disabled-
benefit and a pension intended to supplement Social
worker benefit but not below zero (i.e., a 100% offset). The
Security. Although a spouse covered under Social Security
difference, if any, is paid as a spousal benefit and is added
may have his or her spousal benefits reduced under the dual
to the worker’s Social Security benefit. In effect, the person
entitlement rule, that rule takes into account only his or her
receives the higher of the two Social Security benefit
worker’s Social Security benefits and does not count
amounts, but not both. For example, if a person is entitled
income he or she may have from a private pension.
to a $600 retired-worker benefit (based on his or her own
work history in covered employment) and an $800 spousal
In response to this criticism, Congress lowered the GPO
benefit (based on his or her spouse’s work history in
reduction to two-thirds of the noncovered government
covered employment), then the person would receive the
pension under the Social Security Amendments of 1983
$600 worker benefit plus the $200 difference between the
(P.L. 98-21). The House version of the 1983 amendments
worker benefit and the spousal benefit ($800 - $600 =
called for the reduction to be lowered to one-third of the
$200). The dual entitlement rule is an implicit test of a
noncovered government pension. The House proposed a
spouse’s or widow(er)’s dependency on an insured worker
one-third reduction the previous year based on the rationale
for his or her financial support.
that “thirty-three percent approximates the portion of the
The GPO is intended to replicate the dual entitlement rule
CSRS annuity which is equivalent to social security
for spouses and widow(er)s who receive pensions based on
retirement benefits for the average earner.” The Senate
noncovered employment. The Social Security spousal
version of the bill contained no such provision and thus
benefit is reduced by an amount equal to two-thirds of the
would have left standing the existing 100% offset. In
noncovered government pension (i.e., a 67% offset). If a
conference, lawmakers agreed to a two-thirds reduction.
person receives a monthly noncovered pension of $900,
two-thirds of that amount (or $600) is deducted from his or
Zhe Li, Analyst in Social Policy
her Social Security spousal benefit. For example, if the
IF10203
https://crsreports.congress.gov
Social Security: The Windfall Elimination Provision (WEP) and the Government Pension Offset (GPO)
Disclaimer
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https://crsreports.congress.gov | IF10203 · VERSION 15 · UPDATED