link to page 2 
INSIGHTi
Supreme Court Nominations During Years
with a Closely Divided Senate
February 18, 2022
This Insight provides information and data related to Supreme Court nominations during years with a
closely divided Senate. For the purpose of this Insight, a “closely divided” Senate is defined as one for
which the margin that determined majority control of the chamber was two or fewer seats. Under such
circumstances, there have been 17 Supreme Court nominations submitted to the Senate during years when
it was closely divided—these 17 nominations represent 10% of the 164 Supreme Court nominations
submitted to the Senate since 1789.
With Justice Stephen Breyer announcing, on January 27, 2022, his intention to retire, and President Joe
Biden stating, on the same date, his intention to announce a nominee by the end of February 2022 for the
anticipated vacancy on the Court, a nomination submitted this year to the Senate, with its present party
division, would be the 18th Supreme Court nomination submitted to a closely divided Senate (under the
definition provided above).
Nominations Submitted During Past Presidencies
The first Supreme Court nomination submitted to a closely divided Senate occurred during the 3rd
Congress in 1793, when a political faction of Senators that supported the Washington Administration
(“Pro-Administration”) held 16 seats and a faction that opposed the Administration (“Anti-
Administration”) held 14 seats. As shown by Figure 1, the nominee, William Paterson, was confirmed
without a roll call vote.
Of the 17 nominations included in the figure, 10 (59%) occurred prior to the 20th century—including 3
nominations submitted during the presidency of Andrew Jackson and 3 submitted during the presidency
of Chester Arthur. Two nominees were also submitted to a closely divided Senate during the first term
(1885-1889) of President Grover Cleveland.
Of the 7 Supreme Court nominations that were submitted to a closely divided Senate since 1900, 5 were
submitted during the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower, when—during the 83rd, 84th, and 85th Congresses
(1953 to 1959)—each party held between 47 and 49 of the chamber’s 96 seats. The most recent Supreme
Court nomination submitted to a closely divided Senate occurred during the 115th Congress, with the
nomination of Brett Kavanaugh in 2018.
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
IN11862
CRS INSIGHT
Prepared for Members and
Committees of Congress
link to page 2 link to page 2 
Congressional Research Service
2
Figure 1. U.S. Supreme Court Nominations During Years with a Closely Divided Senate
(1790-2022)
Source: Congressional Research Service.
Note: For the purpose of this Insight, a closely divided Senate is defined as one for which the margin that determined
majority control of the chamber was two or fewer seats.
Final Senate Action on Past Nominations
Figure 1 provides the year of final action on each of the past nominations to the Court when there was a
closely divided Senate and also indicates whether they were approved by the Senate. Of the 17 past
Supreme Court nominations submitted to a closely divided Senate, 16 were confirmed by the Senate
(Roscoe Conkling declined the appointment after his nomination was approved).
One nomination to the Court, that of John Harlan in November 1954, was not acted upon by the Senate
before it adjourned in December 1954. President Eisenhower subsequently renominated Harlan to the
same vacancy in January 1955 and it was approved a few months later by the Senate. Overall, of the 16
nominees who had nominations submitted to a closely divided Senate, all were ultimately confirmed.
A number of well-known past Justices had their nominations to the Court approved by a closely divided
Senate, including Chief Justice Roger B. Taney in 1836; Chief Justice Earl Warren in 1954; Justice
Benjamin N. Cardozo in 1932; and Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. in 1957.
Senate Vote Margin on Past Nominations
As shown by Figure 1, 10 (62%) of the 16 Supreme Court nominations approved during years with a
closely divided Senate were confirmed by roll call vote and 6 (38%) were confirmed without a roll call
vote. Of the 10 nominations approved by roll call vote, 7 were confirmed by a margin of at least 14
link to page 2 Congressional Research Service
3
votes—with the nomination of John Harlan during the 84th Congress being approved by the greatest vote
margin (60 votes).
The 3 nominations confirmed by the smallest margins during years with a closely divided Senate include
the nominations of Stanley Matthews, confirmed during the 47th Congress by a margin of one vote (the
smallest margin of the 10 nominations approved by roll call vote); Lucius Lamar, confirmed during the
50th Congress by a margin of four votes; and Brett Kavanaugh, confirmed during the 115th Congress by a
margin of two votes.
In terms of the percentage of Senators voting on a nomination who also voted to approve it, 7 of the 10
nominations were confirmed with the support of at least 66% of Senators who voted on the nomination.
The nomination of Henry Baldwin during the 21st Congress received the greatest percentage of support
(41 of 43, or 95%, of Senators voted to confirm him) whereas the nominations of Brett Kavanaugh and
Stanley Matthews had the smallest percentage of Senators voting to confirm them (each receiving 51% of
the support of Senators who voted).
Cross-Party Support for Past Nominations
This particular information is not provided in Figure 1 but, despite the narrow margin of majority control
in each of the years with a closely divided Senate, each nomination received at least one vote, and often at
least several more, in support of the nomination from Senators not belonging to the same political party
(or political faction) as the nominating President.
Specifically, 21 Anti-Jacksonians voted to approve the Baldwin nomination; 5 Anti-Jacksonians voted to
approve the Taney nomination, as did 5 for the Barbour nomination; 14 Democrats voted to confirm
Matthews; 21 Democrats voted to confirm Gray; 13 Democrats voted to confirm Conkling; 3 Republicans
voted to confirm Lamar; 10 Republicans voted to confirm Fuller; 31 Democrats voted to confirm Harlan;
and 1 Democrat voted to confirm Kavanaugh.
Author Information
Barry J. McMillion
Analyst in American National Government
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff
to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of
Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of
information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role.
CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United
States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However,
as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the
permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.
IN11862 · VERSION 1 · NEW