Energy and Water Development:
July 28, 2021
FY2022 Appropriations
Mark Holt
The Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies appropriations bill provides funding
Specialist in Energy Policy
for civil works projects of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE); the Department of the

Interior’s Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and Central Utah Project (CUP); the Department
Corrie E. Clark
of Energy (DOE); the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC); the Appalachian Regional
Analyst in Energy Policy
Commission (ARC); and several other independent agencies. DOE typically accounts for about

80% of the bill’s funding.

Overall Funding Totals
President Biden formally submitted his FY2022 budget proposal to Congress on May 28, 2021. The budget requests for
agencies included in the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill total $55.473 billion, excluding budget
scorekeeping adjustments. This is $5.948 billion (12%) above the FY2021 enacted Energy and Water Development total of
$49.525 billion. The House Appropriations Committee approved the FY2022 Energy and Water Development funding bill on
July 16, 2021, by a 33-24 vote (H.R. 4549, H.Rept. 117-98). The bill is being combined in a “minibus” with six other
appropriations bills (H.R. 4502) for House floor consideration scheduled to begin in late July.
Energy and Water Development Appropriations, FY2020 Enacted Through FY2022 Request
Dollars in millions (and % change)
FY2021
Enacted (%
FY2022 House
FY2021 Request
Change
FY2022 Request
Committee (%
FY2020
(% Change from
from
(% Change from
Change from
Agency
Enacted
FY2020)
FY2020)
FY2021)
FY2021)
Corps of Engineers
7,650
5,966 (-22%)
7,795 (+2%)
6,793 (-13%)
8,658 (+11%)
Bureau of Reclamation/CUP
1,680
1,138 (-32%)
1,691 (+1%)
1,553 (-8%)
1,966 (+16%)
Department of Energy
38,657
35,732 (-8%)
39,627 (+3%)
46,982 (+19%)
45,463 (+15%)
Independent Agencies
407
333 (-18%)
414 (+2%)
481 (+16%)
458 (+11%)
Rescissions
-71
-610
-3
-336
-336
Total
48,324
42,559 (-12%)
49,525 (+2%)
55,473 (+12%)
56,208 (+13%)
Source: H.Rept. 117-98.
Notes: Totals exclude budget scorekeeping adjustments. CUP=Central Utah Project Completion Account. Enacted amounts do not
include emergency supplemental appropriations.
Major Issues
The FY2022 budget request for agencies in the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill includes several major
initiatives and issues that have attracted congressional attention. Some examples are noted below:
 Congressionally Directed Funding for Water Projects. Congressionally directed funding for site-specific
projects (community project funding) is being included in the FY2022 appropriations process, following an
“earmark moratorium” during the 112th to the 116th Congresses.
 Western Drought. As of early July 2021, 94% of the western United States was experiencing some level of
drought. The Administration proposed additional funding for several Reclamation drought response-related
activities, and some in Congress support additional funding for these purposes.
Increased Funding Request for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency. The Biden Administration is proposing a 65%
increase in the DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy appropriations account, following four years of steep
reductions proposed by the Trump Administration.
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Introduction and Overview
The Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies appropriations bill includes funding
for civil works projects of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), in Title I; the Department
of the Interior’s Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and Central Utah Project (CUP), in Title
II; the Department of Energy (DOE), in Title III; and a number of independent agencies,
including the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Appalachian Regional Commission
(ARC), in Title IV. Figure 1 compares the major components of the Energy and Water
Development appropriations bill from FY2021 through FY2022.
Figure 1. Funding for Major Components of Energy and Water Development
Appropriations Bill, FY2021 Through FY2022
(excluding emergency supplementals)

Sources: H.Rept. 117-98; Administration budget request for FY2022; H.R. 133 Explanatory Statement; Senate
Appropriations Committee majority draft Explanatory Statement for Energy and Water Development and
Related Agencies Appropriations Bil , 2021; H.R. 7617; H.Rept. 116-449; Explanatory Statement for Division C of
H.R. 1865, 116th Congress; S.Rept. 116-102; S. 2470; H.R. 2740; FY2021 Budget Appendix; and agency budget
justifications. Includes some adjustments; see tables 4-7 for details.
Notes: FY2021 DOE request total does not include asset sales and certain other offsets. Enacted amounts do
not include subsequent emergency supplemental appropriations. CUP = Central Utah Project Completion
Account.
President Biden formally submitted his FY2022 budget proposal to Congress on May 28, 2021.
The total request for agencies included in the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill
is $55.473 billion, excluding budget scorekeeping adjustments.1 This is $5.948 billion (12%)
above the FY2021 enacted Energy and Water Development appropriations total of $49.525
billion. The House Appropriations Committee approved the FY2022 Energy and Water

1 Budget “scorekeeping” refers to official determinations of spending amounts for congressional budget enforcement
purposes. These scorekeeping adjustments may include rescissions and offsetting revenues from various sources.
Scorekeeping adjustments are separate from emergency appropriations, which are outside of annual budget caps.
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Development appropriations bill on July 16, 2021 (H.R. 4549); the measure is to be included in a
seven-bill “minibus” (H.R. 4502) scheduled for floor consideration in late July.
FY2021 Energy and Water Development funding was provided by Division D of the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260), signed by President Trump on December
27, 2020. The enacted Energy and Water appropriations totaled $1.201 billion (2%) above the
FY2020 enacted level, including rescissions.2
Administration Request
DOE would receive $46.982 billion under the Administration’s FY2022 budget request
(excluding offsets)—an increase of $7.355 billion (19%) from the FY2021 enacted level. The
FY2022 request for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) is $4.732 billion, which is
$1.870 billion (65%) above the FY2021 enacted level. This includes a proposed $300 million
Build Back Better Challenge Grant program to encourage new approaches to clean energy
technology deployment. Nuclear Energy would increase from $1.508 billion in FY2021 to $1.851
billion in FY2022 (23%), and the Fossil Energy account (proposed to be renamed Fossil Energy
and Carbon Management) would increase by $140 million to $890 million (19%). DOE’s Office
of Science, which funds a wide range of research, would receive $7.440 billion, up $414 million
(6%) from the FY2021 enacted level. Funding for the Advanced Research Projects Agency—
Energy (ARPA-E), which received $427 million in FY2021, would be increased to $500 million
in FY2022 (up 17%), and a new Advanced Research Projects Agency—Climate (ARPA-C) would
be established with FY2022 funding of $200 million. The budget request includes $400 million to
establish the Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations, which would work to accelerate “the
maturation of near- and mid-term clean energy technologies and systems.”3 Environmental
Management (waste management and cleanup) would increase from $7.586 billion in FY2021 to
$8.012 billion in FY2022, excluding offsets (up $426 million, or 6%).
The National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), the DOE agency responsible for defense-
related nuclear activities, would increase slightly under the Administration request, from $19.732
billion in FY2021 to $19.743 billion in FY2022 (up $11 million, or less than 1%). Also proposed
for increases are DOE’s Office of Electricity (up $115 million, or 54%) and the Office of
Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response, which would take over responsibility
for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (up $45 million, or 29%).
The two water agencies in the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill would receive
funding reductions under the FY2022 budget request. Discretionary appropriations in the Energy
and Water bill for USACE would decline from $7.795 billion in FY2021 to $6.793 billion in
FY2022 (down $1.003 billion, or 13%). That funding would include four new construction
projects and seven new project studies (these projects and studies are referred to as new starts).
Reclamation (separately from CUP) would be reduced from $1.670 billion in FY2021 to $1.533
billion in FY2022 (down $137 million, or 8%).
Among the independent agencies funded by the bill, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
would receive an increase in total appropriations from $844 million in FY2021 to $888 million in
FY2022 (up $43 million, or 5%). NRC’s budget is mostly offset by nuclear industry fees, which
may vary from year to year; the Administration proposes an increase in the agency’s net

2 Most figures are taken from the House Appropriations Committee Report on the FY2022 Energy and Water
Development appropriations bill, H.Rept. 117-98.
3 DOE, Budget in Brief, June 2021, p. 90, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-budget-in-
brief-v4.pdf.
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appropriation from $123 million in FY2021 to $131 million in FY2022 (up $8 million, or 7%).
Funding for the Appalachian Regional Commission would increase from $180 million in FY2021
to $235 million in FY2022 (up $55 million, or 31%). Requested funding for smaller regional
authorities in the bill varies widely: Denali Commission (up 1%), Delta Regional Authority (no
change), Northern Border Regional Commission (up less than 1%), Southeast Crescent Regional
Commission (up 150%), and Southwest Border Regional Commission (up 900%).
House Committee Recommendation
The House Appropriations Committee approved the FY2022 Energy and Water Development
appropriations bill on July 16, 2021, by a vote of 33-24 (H.R. 4549, H.Rept. 117-98). The bill’s
total FY2022 funding is $56.208 billion, which is reduced by $2.982 billion in budget
scorekeeping adjustments to $53.226 billion.
DOE would receive $45.463 billion in the House Committee bill, which is $5.835 billion (15%)
above the FY2021 enacted level and $1.520 billion (3%) below the Administration’s request (all
figures excluding rescissions). The bill includes $3.768 billion for Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy, $906 million (32%) above the enacted FY2021 level and $964 million (20%)
below the Administration request. The Administration’s proposed ARPA-C would not be funded
by the committee bill; the existing ARPA-E would receive $100 million above the request (for a
total of $600 million) to fund some of the climate-related technologies proposed for ARPA-C,
according to the committee report. NNSA would receive $20.155 billion in the committee bill,
$423 million (2%) above the FY2021 enacted level and $412 million (2%) above the
Administration request.
The FY2022 committee-reported bill would provide substantial increases over the FY2021
enacted levels for USACE and Reclamation, in contrast to the reductions proposed by the
Administration. USACE would receive $8.658 billion, an increase of $862 million (11%) over the
FY2021 appropriation and $1.865 billion (27%) above the Administration request. Reclamation
would receive $1.966 billion, $275 million (16%) over FY2021 and $413 million (27%) more
than sought by the Administration. For the first time since the 111th Congress, the House
committee bill also includes about 100 earmarks for USACE and 8 for Reclamation projects.
FY2021 Enacted Funding
Division D of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260) provided $39.627 billion
for DOE (excluding offsets), which was $970 million (3%) above the FY2020 enacted level.
DOE energy programs received $12.445 billion for FY2021, $2.189 billion (15%) below the
FY2020 enacted level, with the reduction resulting almost entirely from rescissions of unused
loan and loan guarantee funding. NNSA received $19.732 billion for FY2021, $3.028 billion
(18%) above the FY2020 enacted level.
USACE received $7.796 billion for FY2021, $146 million (2%) above the FY2020 amount. The
Bureau of Reclamation received $1.670 billion, $10 million (1%) more than in FY2020.
Independent agencies were appropriated a net total of $414 million for FY2021, an increase of $7
million (2%) from FY2020. The Southwest Border Regional Commission received its first
funding ($250,000).4

4 For information on this and other regional commissions, see CRS Report R45997, Federal Regional Commissions
and Authorities: Structural Features and Function, by Michael H. Cecire.

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For more details, see CRS In Focus IF11462, Army Corps of Engineers: FY2021 Appropriations,
by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter, and CRS Report R46384, Energy and Water
Development: FY2021 Appropriations, by Mark Holt and Corrie E. Clark.
FY2022 Budgetary Limits
Congressional consideration of the annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill is
affected by certain procedural and statutory budget enforcement requirements. These consist
primarily of procedural limits on discretionary spending (spending provided in annual
appropriations acts) established in a budget resolution or through some other means, and
allocations of this amount that apply to spending under the jurisdiction of each appropriations
subcommittee.
The House passed a “deeming resolution” (H.Res. 467) on June 14, 2021, to set a FY2022
discretionary appropriations total of $1.506 trillion, which would accommodate the
Administration’s $1.5 trillion request. The House Appropriations Committee on July 16, 2021,
issued a report with suballocations of the FY2022 discretionary total (H.Rept. 117-91), pursuant
to section 302(b) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974. The 302(b) allocation for the Energy
and Water Development Subcommittee is $53.226 billion, the amount provided by the House
Appropriations Committee after budget scorekeeping adjustments.
Funding Issues and Initiatives
Several issues have drawn particular attention during congressional consideration of Energy and
Water Development appropriations for FY2022. The issues described in this section—listed
approximately in the order the affected agencies appear in the Energy and Water Development
bill—were selected based on total funding involved, percentage of proposed increases or
decreases, amount of congressional debate engendered, and potential impact on broader public
policy considerations.
Congressionally Directed Funding for Water Projects
The 117th Congress is pursuing inclusion of congressionally directed funding for site-specific
projects (referred to as “community project funding”) in the FY2022 appropriations process.
From the 112th through the 116th Congresses, moratorium policies limited congressionally
directed funding of these projects, which are sometimes referred to as earmarks. Funding for
specific water projects constitutes the majority of the annual budget request for USACE and
Reclamation; during the moratorium, Congress appropriated funding above the requested
amounts for categories of work without identifying specific projects. For FY2022, the Energy and
Water Development appropriations bill as approved by the House Appropriations Committee
would fund additional geographically specific projects that are not in the budget request
(earmarks): about 100 for USACE and 8 for Reclamation. The bill also would provide additional
funding under USACE’s Investigations, Construction, Mississippi River and Tributaries, and
Operation and Maintenance accounts and under Reclamation’s Water and Related Resources
account for the agencies to make additional project-level allocations in work plans to be delivered
to Congress after enactment.
The FY2022 budget request lowers the benefit-cost ratio (BCR) threshold used by recent
Administrations for funding USACE navigation and flood risk reduction construction projects.
The FY2022 request uses a BCR threshold of greater than 2.0 to 1 (i.e., benefits are at least two
times project costs), with some exceptions; previous requests often used 2.5 to 1. Under that BCR
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threshold, the Administration is proposing seven new studies and four new construction projects
(referred to as new starts) for USACE.
The FY2022 Energy and Water Development appropriations bill as approved by the House
Appropriations Committee would fund the new starts proposed by the Administration and a
limited number of additional new starts in the Investigations, Construction, and Mississippi River
and Tributaries accounts. Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund projects would receive an estimated
$2.05 billion, an increase of $370 million above FY2021 and $424.1 million above the request.
The bill provides these funds in accordance with the budgetary adjustments made by the CARES
Act (P.L. 116-136) and the Water Resources Development Act of 2020 (P.L. 116-260, Division
AA).
For more details, see CRS In Focus IF11846, Army Corps of Engineers: FY2022 Budget Request,
by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter, and CRS In Focus IF11855, Bureau of Reclamation:
FY2022 Appropriations, by Charles V. Stern.
Western Drought
As of early July 2021, approximately 94% of the western United States was experiencing some
level of drought.5 The Administration proposed additional funding (compared to recent requests)
for several of Reclamation’s drought-related programs, such as the Drought Response Program,
the WaterSMART Water and Energy Conservation Grants Program, and the Title XVI Water
Reuse and Recycling Program.6 Demand for these programs, which have the potential to help
conserve water and alleviate water supply shortages, is likely to be pronounced as a result of the
current drought; thus some in Congress support additional funding for them. The drought has also
led some members to argue for more funding for the construction of new water storage projects in
the West pursuant to Reclamation’s authorities under Section 4007 of the Water Infrastructure
Improvements for the Nation Act (WIIN ACT, P.L. 114-322).7 The executive branch typically
requests no such funding in the budget; Congress has added funding for this authority in every
year since FY2017.
The FY2022 Energy and Water Development appropriations bill as approved by the House
Appropriations Committee includes a number of targeted drought-related funding increases in
addition to the budget request, including $67 million for new water storage projects under Section
4007 of the WIIN Act and $50 million for projects to create or conserve Colorado River water
pursuant to the Lower Colorado River Drought Contingency Plan. The committee also included
$8.5 million in addition to the Administration request for the Drought Response Program.
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Funding Increases
The Biden Administration is proposing a 65% increase in the DOE Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy (EERE) appropriations account, from $2.862 billion in FY2021 to $4.732
billion in FY2022. The sharply higher request follows four years of steep reductions proposed by
the Trump Administration (but not approved by Congress). Programs with the largest requested
increases are the Federal Energy Management Program ($438 million, up 995%), State Energy

5 U.S. Drought Monitor, Western U.S. Percent Area in Drought as of July 6, 2021, https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/
DmData/DataGraphs.aspx.
6 More information on these programs, see the Bureau of Reclamation WaterSMART website at https://www.usbr.gov/
watersmart/.
7 For more information on these projects, see CRS In Focus IF10626, Reclamation Water Storage Projects: Section
4007 of the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act, by Charles V. Stern.
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Program ($300 million, up 480%), Wind Energy Technologies ($205 million, up 86%),
Geothermal Technologies ($164 million, up 55%), Vehicle Technologies ($595 million, up 49%),
Advanced Manufacturing ($551 million, up 39%), and Solar Energy Technologies ($387 million,
up 38%). The Administration is also proposing a Build Back Better Challenge Grants initiative
that would award $300 million in competitive block grants to states, territories, and tribes to
accelerate clean energy deployment. The request includes an unspecified amount of funding for
“programmatic infrastructure” to support the Administration’s proposed Energy Efficiency and
Clean Electricity Standard, which would require legislative authorization. The FY2022 House
Appropriations Committee bill would provide $3.768 billion for EERE, including $100 million
for Build Back Better Challenge Grants.
Advanced Reactor Demonstrations
DOE proposes to boost funding for its Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program by 48% in
FY2022, to $370 million. This includes $245 million for two advanced nuclear reactor
demonstration projects, with a cost-share of at least 50% from nonfederal sources. DOE
announced awards totaling $160 million for two advanced reactor demonstrations on October 13,
2020—a molten salt reactor and a high-temperature gas reactor.8 Another $50 million is being
requested in FY2022 for grants to reduce the technical risk of five additional reactor technologies
for possible future demonstration, with a nonfederal cost-share of at least 20%.
The budget request includes a 222% funding increase, to $145 million, for preliminary design of
the Versatile Test Reactor (VTR). The VTR would be a new reactor to provide fast (high energy)
neutrons for testing advanced reactor fuels and materials. DOE estimates the project’s total
construction cost at between $3 billion and $6 billion, with completion ranging from 2026 to
2030.9 Congress did not approve a large funding increase requested for the VTR in FY2021,
instead instructing DOE to give the Appropriations Committees “a plan for executing the
Versatile Test Reactor project via a public-private partnership with an option for a payment-for-
milestones approach.”10
DOE is requesting $33 million in FY2022 for a program authorized by the Energy Act of 2020
(Division Z of P.L. 116-260) to provide high-assay low-enriched uranium (HALEU) for advanced
reactors. Many advanced reactor technologies would require fuel made with HALEU, which is
uranium enriched to between 5% and 20% in the fissile isotope uranium-235. According to DOE,
“This subprogram will work to make available small quantities of HALEU from limited DOE
uranium inventories and leverage the HALEU enrichment demonstration capability in the short
term, in coordination with the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), and support the
private sector in its building out of commercial HALEU production and supply chain capability in
the U.S. for the long term.”11

8 DOE, Office of Nuclear Energy, “U.S. Department of Energy Announces $160 Million in First Awards under
Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program,” news release, October 13, 2020, https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-
department-energy-announces-160-million-first-awards-under-advanced-reactor.
9 Thomas J. O’Connor, VTR Program Director, DOE Office of Nuclear Energy, “Versatile Test Reactor Update,”
March 28, 2019, https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/
VTR%20NEAC%20Rev%202%20%28003%29_1.pdf.
10 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, Committee Print of the Committee on Appropriations, U.S. House of
Representatives, on H.R. 133/P.L. 116-240, Book 1, March 2021, p. 907, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CPRT-
117HPRT43749/pdf/CPRT-117HPRT43749.pdf.
11 DOE, FY 2022 Congressional Budget Justification, vol. 3, part 2, May 2021, p. 53, https://www.energy.gov/sites/
default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-budget-volume-3.2-v3.pdf.
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The House Appropriations Committee bill includes nearly the full request for the two advanced
reactor demonstrations and an additional $25 million for the five possible future demonstrations.
The bill includes $33 million for HALEU availability. However, no funds would be provided for
the VTR.
Office of Petroleum Reserves Organizational Realignment
The Administration proposes realigning the Office of Petroleum Reserves (OPR) to report to the
Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response (CESER) Assistant Secretary.
Currently, OPR is part of DOE’s Office of Fossil Energy. The OPR includes the Strategic
Petroleum Reserve (SPR) and its Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve (NGSR) component, along
with the Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve (NEHHOR—see next section). Programs related to
the sale of the Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale reserves are also within the OPR organization.
The House Appropriations Committee bill supports the proposed realignment under CESER. The
committee bill would increase funding for the SPR petroleum account, which is used for expenses
related to mandated SPR sales.
Termination of Funding for the Northeast Home Heating Oil
Reserve and the Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve
The Administration proposes to terminate funding for NEHHOR in FY2022. Established in 2000,
the reserve holds 1 million barrels of heating oil at commercial storage facilities in New England
to mitigate potential supply disruptions in the region. The Reserve was appropriated $6.5 million
for FY2021. At a Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee hearing on the DOE FY2022
budget request, Senator King of Maine noted that his state was the most reliant on heating oil in
the nation and that potential supply disruptions were “of grave concern.” Energy Secretary
Granholm replied that funding for the heating oil reserve was proposed for elimination because it
had never been used as intended. However, she said the unexpected shutdown of the Colonial
Pipeline in May, causing fuel disruptions along much of the East Coast, had illustrated the
potential need for the reserve. Granholm said the reserve had sufficient funding through mid-2022
and promised to work with King in keeping it operational after that.12 The FY2022 House
Appropriations Committee bill would continue funding the heating oil reserve at the FY2021
level.
The Administration’s FY2022 budget proposal does not request funding for the Northeast
Gasoline Supply Reserve. In recent years, carryover funding from previous appropriations has
been used to pay for NGSR expenses. The FY2022 budget request does not indicate whether or
not adequate carryover funds are available to pay for NGSR expenses during FY2022. The House
Appropriations Committee report directed DOE to maintain the NGSR and authorized regional
release and sale of refined product from the NGSR based on regional, rather than national, supply
interruptions.
Title XVII Loan Guarantee Subsidy Funding
The Administration’s FY2022 budget request includes $150 million to pay for credit subsidy
costs for qualifying projects. Subsidy costs for Title XVII loan guarantees are required by the

12 Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Full Committee Hearing to Examine the President’s FY 2022
Budget Request for the Department of Energy, June 15, 2022, https://www.energy.senate.gov/hearings/2021/6/full-
committee-hearing-to-examine-the-president-s-fy-2022-budget-request-for-the-department-of-energy.
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Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 (FCRA; Section 13201 of P.L. 101-58) and can be paid
through appropriations, by the borrower, or a combination thereof. Title XVII of the Energy
Policy Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-58, as amended at 42 U.S.C. §16511 et seq.) authorizes the
Department of Energy (DOE) to guarantee loans for projects that meet the following criteria:
(1) Avoid, reduce, utilize, or sequester air pollutants or greenhouse gas emissions, and
(2) Employ new or significantly improved technologies, including projects that employ elements
of commercial technologies in combination with new or significantly improved technologies.
To date, the original and ongoing Title XVII authority—referred to as Section 1703—has
provided financial support for one project. Most Title XVII loan guarantee commitments were
provided under a temporary authority—referred to as Section 1705—that expired in September
2011.
Approximately $23.9 billion of loan guarantee authority is currently available for Section 1703
projects, not accounting for any conditional commitments. One factor that has resulted in low
utilization of Section 1703 authority is the requirement for most borrowers to pay for all or a
portion of a project’s credit subsidy cost. Congress appropriated $170 million in 2011 for Section
1703 renewable energy and efficient energy projects. After a rescission and transfer, $161 million
is still available and to date these funds have not been used to support Section 1703 loan
guarantees.
The additional $150 million credit subsidy appropriation would be used to support “innovative
electric vehicle infrastructure, carbon management, and other clean energy projects,” according to
the Administration’s request. DOE expects that the appropriation will increase Title XVII loan
guarantee authority by $1.5 billion, over and above the existing $23.9 billion authority limit.13
Combined with Title XVII amendments in the Energy Act of 2020 (P.L. 116-260, Division Z),
additional credit subsidy appropriations could make the program more attractive to certain
borrowers and could increase utilization of Title XVII loan guarantee authority. The House
Appropriations Committee bill does not include the requested $150 million for credit subsidy
costs and instead would continue funding for DOE loan guarantee programs at their FY2021
levels.
Establishment of Advanced Research Project Agency—Climate
The Administration proposes to establish ARPA-C as a new agency within DOE, modeled after
the existing ARPA-E, to “accelerate transformational technological advances in areas that
industry by itself will not support because of technical and financial risk and uncertainty.” But
while ARPA-E focuses on innovative energy technologies, ARPA-C would include climate
change-related technologies “that encompass more than energy emissions,” according to the DOE
budget justification. Such research areas could include mitigation of non-energy greenhouse gas
emissions and enhancing climate change resiliency and adaptation. The Administration is
requesting $200 million in FY2022 to fund as many as six initial climate technology research
programs.14 The Administration’s proposed ARPA-C would not be funded by the House
Appropriations Committee bill, but the existing ARPA-E would receive $100 million above the
request (for a total of $600 million) to fund some of the climate-related technologies proposed for
ARPA-C.

13 DOE, FY 2022 Congressional Budget Justification, vol. 3, part 2, May 2021, p. 308, https://www.energy.gov/sites/
default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-budget-volume-3.2-v3.pdf.
14 Ibid., pp. 357-361.
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Proposed Office of Clean Energy Demonstration
The Administration is proposing $400 million for a new Office of Clean Energy Demonstration in
FY2022. The new office would “support a multi-year series of competitive solicitations in
collaboration with the private sector to conduct demonstrations,” starting in FY2022 with a
solicitation for commercial-scale energy storage, according to the DOE budget justification.15 A
related proposal would establish a separate appropriations account for DOE’s Office of
Technology Transitions, which facilitates the transfer of DOE-supported technologies toward
private-sector commercialization. The program would receive a 10% funding increase in FY2022,
to $19 million. The House Appropriations Committee bill includes the requested amount for
Technology Transitions and $200 million for the Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations.
No Further Funds for Uranium Reserve
The FY2022 budget request for the DOE Office of Nuclear Energy does not include further
funding for the DOE Uranium Reserve, following the FY2021 appropriation of $75 million to
establish the Reserve. The House Appropriations Committee bill also does not include further
funding for the Uranium Reserve.
This Trump Administration initiative called for DOE to purchase uranium from domestic uranium
producers over 10 years and have it converted to uranium hexafluoride (a necessary step in
making nuclear reactor fuel) by a domestic conversion facility. The initial $75 million for the
Uranium Reserve was included within the NNSA Weapons Activities account, where it is zeroed
out for FY2022. However, the FY2022 budget justification says DOE is “planning to establish a
uranium reserve by procuring uranium and conversion services for that uranium, storing the
domestically produced natural uranium hexafluoride (UF6) at commercial facilities in the United
States, and developing governance processes and criteria for the material’s end use.”16 The
nuclear industry is urging Congress to appropriate $150 million for the Uranium Reserve in
FY2022, according to media reports.17
According to DOE’s FY2021 budget justification, this stockpile of uranium would be available
for nuclear power operators in the event of a civilian nuclear fuel market disruption and provide a
source of U.S.-origin uranium for defense purposes. However, the justification noted that, for the
newly stockpiled uranium, “no immediate national security need has been identified.”18 The
FY2021 budget justification further explained that the proposed government purchases were also
intended to address “near-term challenges to the production and conversion of domestic
uranium,” which were under economic stress as well.19
For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11505, Uranium Reserve Program Proposal: Policy
Implications, by Lance N. Larson.

15 DOE, FY 2022 Congressional Budget Justification, DOE/CF-0172, vol. 2, p. 319, May 2021,
https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-budget-volume-2-v3.pdf.
16 DOE, FY 2022 Congressional Budget Justification, vol. 1, p. 141, May 2021, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/
files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-budget-volume-1-v4.pdf.
17 Jannetta, Andrea, “Industry Seeks $150 Million in FY-22 Appropriations for Uranium Reserve,” Platts Nuclear Fuel,
June 28, 2021, p. 1.
18 DOE, Budget in Brief, February 2020, p. 39, https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2020/02/f72/doe-fy2021-
budget-in-brief_0.pdf.
19 DOE, “Strategy to Restore American Nuclear Energy Leadership,” news release, April 23, 2020,
https://www.energy.gov/strategy-restore-american-nuclear-energy-leadership.
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Overall Level Funding for Weapons Activities
The FY2022 budget request for DOE Weapons Activities is less than 1% higher than the FY2021
enacted level ($15.484 billion vs. $15.345 billion). The FY2021 enacted appropriation for
Weapons Activities was 23% above the FY2020 level. Weapons Activities programs are carried
out by the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), a semiautonomous agency within
DOE. The House Appropriations Committee bill includes the requested amount for Weapons
Activities.
Under Weapons Activities, the FY2022 budget request included funding for several major nuclear
warhead life-extension programs (LEPs):
 NNSA is requesting $772 million for the B61-12 LEP in FY2022, a decrease of
$44 million (-5%) from the $816 million enacted for FY2021. The B61-12 LEP is
to combine four existing variants of the B61 gravity bomb. The first production
unit (FPU) had been scheduled for FY2020 but was delayed due to an issue with
capacitors used in six major electrical components. According to NNSA, FPU is
now scheduled for FY2022, and the program is to be completed in FY2026.
 NNSA is seeking $207 million for the W88 Alteration in FY2022, a reduction of
$50 million (-19%) from the $257 million enacted in FY2020. The program is to
upgrade the arming-fuzing-firing system on the warhead and refresh the
warhead’s conventional high explosives. This warhead is carried on a portion of
the D-5 (Trident) submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs). NNSA
expected to provide the FPU of this warhead in 2020, but according to NNSA,
the delivery was delayed due to an issue with capacitors used in three major
components. According to its budget documents, NNSA now estimates that it
will provide the FPU in FY2021 and continue full production in FY2022.
 NNSA requests $1.08 billion for the W80-4 in FY2022, an increase of $80
million (8%) over the $1.0 billion enacted in FY2010. This is the warhead for a
new long-range cruise missile. The LEP would seek to use common components
from other LEPs and to improve warhead safety and security. The increase in the
budget request for FY2022 reflected an increase in the scope of work on the
program. The FPU is scheduled for FY2025.
 NNSA is requesting $691 million for the W87-1 warhead modification program
for FY2022, an increase of $150 million (28%) over the $541 million enacted for
FY2021. The Air Force plans to deploy the W87-1 on the new U.S. land-based
intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), the Ground-Based Strategic Deterrent
(GBSD). NNSA has indicated that the FPU for the W87-1 is currently planned
for FY2030. However, the FY2021 budget documents noted that the W87-0
warhead, which is currently deployed on U.S. ICBMs, will also be “qualified and
deployed onto the GBSD.” This would provide the Air Force with an alternative
warhead if the W87-1 FPU is delayed.20
For more information, see CRS Report R44442, Energy and Water Development Appropriations:
Nuclear Weapons Activities, by Amy F. Woolf.

20 DOE, FY 2022 Congressional Budget Justification, vol. 1, pp. 80, 83, May 2021, https://www.energy.gov/sites/
default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-budget-volume-1-v4.pdf.
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Cleanup of Former Nuclear Sites: Adequacy of Proposed Funding
and Transfers
DOE’s Office of Environmental Management (EM) is responsible for environmental cleanup and
waste management at the department’s nuclear facilities. The $7.596 billion request for EM
activities for FY2022 is $10 million (about a tenth of 1%) above the FY2021 enacted level. The
budgetary components of the EM program are Defense Environmental Cleanup and Non-Defense
Environmental Cleanup, both up by 6%, and the Uranium Enrichment Decontamination and
Decommissioning Fund, which includes an offset of $416 million (5%). A proposed reduction of
$104 million (-6%) for cleanup of the Hanford (WA) nuclear site drew criticism from Senator
Cantwell at a Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee hearing on DOE’s FY2022
budget request. She told Energy Secretary Jennifer Granholm that the DOE budget request for
Hanford cleanup was at least $900 million below the amount needed for DOE to keep its
commitments to state and federal environmental regulators. Granholm responded that DOE was
negotiating within the Administration for additional funding.21
The FY2022 request includes a proposal to transfer management of the Formerly Utilized Sites
Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP) from USACE to the Office of Legacy Management (LM),
the DOE office responsible for long-term stewardship of remediated sites. The transfer had also
been proposed for FY2020 and FY2021; it was not approved by Congress. The FY2022 LM
budget request includes $250 million for FUSRAP, the same as appropriated to USACE for the
program in FY2020. According to the DOE budget justification, “There would be no change to
the execution of the work: USACE will continue to conduct cleanup of FUSRAP sites and LM
will continue to conduct LTS&M [long-term surveillance and maintenance] after cleanup
activities are completed.”22
The House Appropriations Committee bill does not include the proposed FUSRAP transfer.
Bill Status and Recent Funding History
Table 1 indicates the steps taken during consideration of FY2022 Energy and Water Development
appropriations. (For more details, see the CRS Appropriations Status Table at http://www.crs.gov/
AppropriationsStatusTable/Index.)
Table 1. Status of Energy and Water Development Appropriations, FY2022
Subcommittee
Markup

Final Approval

House
House
Senate
Senate
Conf.
Public
House
Senate Comm.
Passed
Comm.
Passed
Report
House
Senate
Law
7/12/21

7/16/21

Source: CRS Appropriations Status Table.
Note: Dates wil be added as action on the bil is taken.

21 Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Full Committee Hearing to Examine the President’s FY 2022
Budget Request for the Department of Energy, June 15, 2022, https://www.energy.senate.gov/hearings/2021/6/full-
committee-hearing-to-examine-the-president-s-fy-2022-budget-request-for-the-department-of-energy.
22 DOE, FY 2022 Congressional Budget Request, Budget in Brief, p. 95, May 2021, https://www.energy.gov/sites/
default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-budget-in-brief-v4.pdf.
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Table 2 includes budget totals for energy and water development appropriations enacted for
FY2015 through FY2021 and major stages of consideration for FY2022.
Table 2. Energy and Water Development Appropriations,
FY2015-FY2022 Request
(budget authority in billions of current dollars)
FY2022
FY2022
FY2015 FY2016 FY2017 FY2018 FY2019 FY2020 FY2021 Request H. Com.

34.8
37.3
37.4a
43.2b
44.7c
48.3d
49.5
55.0e
56.2e

Source: Compiled by CRS from totals provided by congressional budget documents.
Notes: Figures exclude permanent budget authorities and reflect rescissions.
a. Amount does not include $1.0 bil ion in emergency funding for the USACE (P.L. 114-254).
b. Amount does not include $17.4 bil ion in emergency funding for USACE and DOE (P.L. 115-123).
c. Amount does not include supplemental funding provided by P.L. 116-20 ($3.258 bil ion for USACE and
$15.85 mil ion for Reclamation).
d. Amount does not include supplemental funding provided by P.L. 116-136.
e. Does not include budget scorekeeping adjustments.
Description of Major Energy and Water Programs
The annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill includes four titles: Title I—Corps
of Engineers—Civil; Title II—Department of the Interior (Bureau of Reclamation and Central
Utah Project); Title III—Department of Energy; and Title IV—Independent Agencies, as shown
in Table 3. Major programs in the bill are described in this section in the approximate order they
appear in the bill. Previous appropriations and the amounts recommended and approved during
the major stages of the FY2021 appropriations process are shown in the accompanying tables,
and additional details about many of these programs are provided in separate CRS reports as
indicated. For a discussion of current funding issues related to these programs, see “Funding
Issues and Initiatives,” above. Congressional clients may obtain more detailed information by
contacting CRS analysts listed in CRS Report R42638, Appropriations: CRS Experts, by James
M. Specht and Justin Murray.
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Table 3. Energy and Water Development Appropriations Summary
(budget authority in millions of current dollars)
FY2018
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
FY2021
FY2022
F2022 H.
Title
Approp.
Approp.
Approp.
Request
Approp.
Request
Com.
Title I: Corps of
6,827
6,999
7,650
5,966
7,795
6,793
8,658
Engineers
Title II: CUP and
1,480
1,565
1,680
1,138
1,691
1,553
1,966
Reclamation
Title III: Department
34,569
35,709
38,657
35,732
39,625
46,646
45,127
of Energy
Title IV: Independent
392
390
407
333
414
481
458
Agencies
General provisions
—
21
—
—
—
—
—
Subtotal
43,268
44,684
48,395
43,169
49,525
55,473
56,208
Rescissions and
-49
-24
-71
-610
-73
-1,848
-2,982
Scorekeeping
Adjustmentsa
E&W Total
43,219
44,660
48,324
42,559
49,452
53,625
53,226
Sources: H.Rept. 117-98; FY2022 agency budget justifications; Explanatory statement for H.R. 133, 116th
Congress; FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft; H.R. 7617; H.Rept. 116-449; President’s
Budget FY2021; Explanatory Statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress; S.Rept. 116-102; S. 2470;
H.R. 2740; CBO Current Status Report; H.Rept. 116-83; H.Rept. 115-929; S.Rept. 115-258; and P.L. 115-31 and
explanatory statement. Subtotals may include other adjustments. Columns may not sum to totals because of
rounding and adjustments.
a. Budget “scorekeeping” refers to official determinations of spending amounts for congressional budget
enforcement purposes. These scorekeeping adjustments may include rescissions and offsetting revenues
from various sources.
Agency Budget Justifications
FY2022 budget justifications for the largest agencies funded by the annual Energy and Water
Development appropriations bill can be found through the links below. The justifications provide
detailed descriptions and funding breakouts for programs, projects, and activities under the
agencies’ jurisdiction.
 Title I, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Civil Works, http://www.usace.army.mil/
Missions/CivilWorks/Budget
 Title II
 Bureau of Reclamation, https://www.usbr.gov/budget/
 Central Utah Project, https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/fy2022-cupca-
budget-justification.pdf
 Title III, Department of Energy, https://www.energy.gov/cfo/articles/fy-2022-
budget-justification
 Title IV, Independent Agencies
 Appalachian Regional Commission, https://www.arc.gov/budget-
performance-and-policy

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 Nuclear Regulatory Commission, https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-
collections/nuregs/staff/sr1100/
 Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, https://www.dnfsb.gov/about/
congressional-budget-requests
 Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board, http://www.nwtrb.gov/about-us/
plans
Army Corps of Engineers
USACE is an agency in the Department of Defense with both military and civilian
responsibilities. Under its civil works program, which is funded by the Energy and Water
Development appropriations bill, USACE plans, builds, operates, and in some cases maintains
water resource facilities for coastal and inland navigation, riverine and coastal flood risk
reduction, and aquatic ecosystem restoration.23
In recent decades, Congress has generally authorized USACE studies, construction projects, and
other activities in omnibus water authorization bills, typically titled as Water Resources
Development Acts (WRDA), prior to funding them through appropriations legislation. Recent
Congresses enacted the following omnibus water resources authorization acts: in June 2014, the
Water Resources Reform and Development Act of 2014 (WRRDA, P.L. 113-121); in December
2016, the Water Resources Development Act of 2016 (Title I of P.L. 114-322, the Water
Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act [WIIN Act]); in October 2018, the Water
Resources Development Act of 2018 (Title I of P.L. 115-270, America’s Water Infrastructure Act
of 2018 [AWIA 2018]); and in December 2020, the Water Resources Development Act of 2020
(Division AA of P.L. 116-260, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021). These acts consisted
largely of authorizations for new USACE projects, and they altered numerous USACE policies
and procedures.24
Unlike for highways and in municipal water infrastructure programs, federal funds for USACE
are not distributed to states or projects based on formulas or delivered via competitive grants.
Instead, USACE generally is directly involved in planning, designing, and managing the
construction of projects that are cost-shared with nonfederal project sponsors.
From the 112th to the 116th Congresses, earmark moratorium policies limited congressionally
directed funding of site-specific projects (i.e., earmarks). Prior to the 112th Congress, Congress
would direct funds to specific projects not in the budget request or increase funds for certain
projects. For FY2011-FY2021, Congress appropriated additional funding for categories of
USACE work without identifying specific projects. During that period, after congressional
enactment of the appropriations legislation and accompanying report language on priorities and
other guidance for use of the additional funding, the Administration developed a work plan that
reported on (1) the studies and construction projects selected to receive funding for the first time
(new starts) and (2) the specific projects receiving additional funds. For FY2022, the House
Appropriations Committee designated funding for specific USACE studies and project in
appropriations bills and also provided additional funding for USACE to allocate at the project-
level in a work plan. For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11462, Army Corps of

23 Military responsibilities are funded through the Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies
appropriations bill.
24 For more information on USACE authorization legislation, see CRS In Focus IF11322, Water Resources
Development Acts: Primer, by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand, and CRS Report R45185, Army Corps of
Engineers: Water Resource Authorization and Project Delivery Processes, by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand.
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Engineers: FY2021 Appropriations, by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter, and CRS Report
R46320, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Annual Appropriations Process and Issues for Congress,
by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter. Table 4 shows USACE appropriations accounts from
FY2018-FY2021 and the FY2022 budget request.
Table 4. Army Corps of Engineers
(budget authority in millions of current dollars)
FY2018
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
FY2021
FY2022
FY2022
Program
Approp.
Approp.
Approp.
Request
Approp.
Request
H. Com.
Investigations and
123.0
125.0
151.0
102.6
153.0
105.8
155.0
Planning
Construction
2,085.0
2,183.0
2,681.0
2,173.2a
2,692.6
1,792.4
2,591.7
Mississippi River
425.0
368.0
375.0
209.9a
380.0
269.7
370.0
and Tributaries
(MR&T)
Operation and
3,630.0
3,739.5
3,790.0
1,996.5a
3,849.7
2,502.9
4,817.0
Maintenance
(O&M)
Regulatory
200.0
200.0
210.0
200.0
210.0
204.4
212.0
General
185.0
193.0
203.0
187.0
206.0
199.3
208.0
Expenses
FUSRAPb
139.0
150.0
200.0
0
250.0
0
250.0
Flood Control
35.0
35.0
35.0
77.0
35.0
35.0
35.0
and Coastal
Emergencies
(FCCE)
Office of the
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
Asst. Secretary of
the Army
Water

14.2c
0
14.2c
Infrastructure
Finance and
Innovation
(WIFIA) Program
Harbor

1,015.0

1,625.9

Maintenance
Trust Fund
Inland

0

52.2

Waterways Trust
Fund
Rescissions

-0.5

Total Title I
6,827.0
6,998.5
7,650.0
5,966.2
7,795.0
6,792.5
8,657.9
Sources: H.Rept. 117-98; USACE Civil Works FY2022 Budget; Explanatory statement for H.R. 133, 116th
Congress; FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft; H.R. 7617, H.Rept. 116-449; President’s
Budget, FY2021; Explanatory Statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress; S.Rept. 116-102; S. 2470;
H.R. 2740; CBO Current Status Report; H.Rept. 116-83; FY2020 Budget Justification; H.Rept. 115-929; S.Rept.
115-258; S.Rept. 115-132; H.Rept. 115-230; and P.L. 115-31 and explanatory statement. FY2020 and FY2021
request numbers can be found at https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Budget/. Columns may not
sum to totals because of rounding.
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a. In the Administration’s request, some activities that would have previously been funded in these accounts
were proposed to be funded directly from the Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund (HMTF) and Inland
Waterway Trust Fund (IWTF) accounts. That is, the Administration proposed funding eligible USACE
activities directly from the trust funds. This would replace the current practice of having USACE’s O&M,
Construction, and MR&T accounts incur expenses for HMTF-eligible and IWTF-eligible activities, and for
these expenses to be reimbursed from the HMTF and IWTF accounts. For example, HMTF-eligible
maintenance dredging would no longer be funded by the O&M account and reimbursed by the HMTF;
instead the dredging would be funded directly from the HMTF account. Similar proposals were not enacted
in FY2019, FY2020, and FY2021.
b. Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program. The Administration’s FY2020, FY2021, and FY2022
requests proposed transferring administration and funding of FUSRAP to the DOE Office of Legacy
Management. The proposal was not enacted in FY2020 or FY2021.
c. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, created a new USACE account to support direct loans and for
the cost of guaranteed loans, as authorized by the Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014
(Title V, Subtitle C of P.L. 113-121). The FY2022 budget request does not request funding for this account.
Bureau of Reclamation and Central Utah Project
Most of the large dams and water diversion structures in the West were built by, or with the
assistance of, the Bureau of Reclamation. While the Corps of Engineers built hundreds of flood
control and navigation projects, Reclamation’s original mission was to develop water supplies,
primarily for irrigation to reclaim arid lands in the West for farming and ranching. Reclamation
has evolved into an agency that assists in meeting the water demands in the West while working
to protect the environment and the public’s investment in Reclamation infrastructure. The
agency’s municipal and industrial water deliveries have more than doubled since 1970.
Today, Reclamation manages hundreds of dams and diversion projects, including more than 300
storage reservoirs, in 17 western states. These projects provide water to approximately 10 million
acres of farmland and 31 million people. Reclamation is the largest wholesale supplier of water in
the 17 western states and the second-largest hydroelectric power producer in the nation.
Reclamation facilities also provide substantial flood control, recreation, and other benefits.
Reclamation facility operations are often controversial, particularly for their effect on fish and
wildlife species and because of conflicts among competing water users during drought conditions.
As with the Corps of Engineers, the Reclamation budget is made up largely of individual project
funding lines, rather than general programs that would not be covered by congressional earmark
requirements. Therefore, as with USACE, these Reclamation projects have often been subject to
earmark disclosure rules. The moratorium on earmarks through FY2021 restricted congressional
steering of money directly toward specific Reclamation projects. For FY2022, the rules are again
allowing congressionally directed funding for specific Reclamation projects.
Reclamation’s single largest account, Water and Related Resources, encompasses the agency’s
traditional programs and projects, including construction, operations and maintenance, dam
safety, and ecosystem restoration, among others.25 Reclamation also typically requests funds in a
number of smaller accounts, and has proposed additional accounts in recent years.

25 The Water and Related Resources Account is largely funded by the Reclamation Fund, which receives and
distributes receipts related to a number of federal activities (including royalties received from oil and gas leasing on
federal lands). For more on this fund and financing of selected Reclamation Projects, see CRS Report R41844, The
Reclamation Fund: A Primer, by Charles V. Stern.
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Implementation and oversight of the Central Utah Project, also funded by Title II, is conducted by
a separate office within the Department of the Interior.26
For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11855, Bureau of Reclamation: FY2022
Appropriations, by Charles V. Stern. Previous appropriations and the amounts recommended and
approved during the major stages of the FY2022 appropriations process are shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Bureau of Reclamation and CUP
(budget authority in millions of current dollars)
FY2018
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
FY2021
FY2022
FY2022
Program
Approp
Approp Approp Request Approp Request
H Com
Water and Related
1,332.1
1,392.0
1,512.2
979.0
1,521.1
1,379.1
1,792.0
Resources
Policy and Administration
59.0
61.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
64.4
64.4
CVP Restoration Fund
41.4
62.0
54.8
55.9
55.9
56.5
56.5
(CVPRF)
Calif. Bay-Delta (CALFED)
37.0
35.0
33.0
33.0
33.0
33.0
33.0
Gross Current
1,469.5
1,550.0
1,660.0
1,127.9
1,670.0 1,532.9
1,945.9
Reclamation Authority
Central Utah Project
10.5
15.0
20.0
10.0
21.0
20.0
20.0
(CUP) Completion
Total, Reclamation
1,480.0
1,565.0
1,680.0
1,137.9
1,691.0 1,552.9
1,965.9
and CUP

Sources: H.Rept. 117-98; Reclamation and CUP FY2022 congressional budget justifications, explanatory
statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft; H.R. 7617,
H.Rept. 116-449; President’s Budget, FY2021; Explanatory Statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th
Congress; S.Rept. 116-102; H.R. 2740; CBO Current Status Report; H.Rept. 116-83; FY2020 Budget
Justifications; H.Rept. 115-929; S.Rept. 115-258; S.Rept. 115-132; H.Rept. 115-230; and P.L. 115-31 and
explanatory statement. Excludes offsets and permanent appropriations.
Notes: Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding. CVP = Central Valley Project.
Department of Energy
The Energy and Water Development appropriations bill has funded all DOE programs since
FY2005. Major DOE activities are authorized under multiple energy statutes and include (1)
R&D on renewable energy, energy efficiency, nuclear power, fossil energy, and electricity; (2) the
Strategic Petroleum Reserve; (3) energy statistics, projections, and analysis; (4) general science;
(5) loan programs; (6) environmental cleanup; and (7) nuclear weapons and nonproliferation
programs. Table 6 provides the recent funding history for DOE programs, which are briefly
described further below.

26 The Central Utah Project moves water from the Colorado River basin in eastern Utah to the western slopes of the
Wasatch Mountain range. It was authorized in 1956 under the Colorado River Storage Project Act (P.L. 84-485). For
more information, see the CUP website at https://www.cupcao.gov/.
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Table 6. Department of Energy
(budget authority in millions of current dollars)
FY2018
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
FY2021
FY2022
FY2022

Approp. Approp. Approp. Request Approp. Request H. Com.
ENERGY PROGRAMS

Energy Efficiency and
2,321.8
2,379.0
2,777.3
719.6
2,861.8
4,732.0
3,768.0
Renewable Energy
Electricity Delivery and
248.3

Energy Reliabilitya
Electricity Delivery

156.0
190.0
195.0
211.7
327.0
267.0
Cybersecurity, Energy

120.0
156.0
184.6
156.0
201.0
177.0
Security, and Emerg. Resp.
Nuclear Energyb
1,205.1
1,326.1
1,493.4
1,179.9
1,507.6
1,850.5
1,675.0
Fossil Energy and Carbon
726.8
740.0
750.0
730.6
750.0
890.0
820.0
Management
Uranium Reserve

150.0
0c
0
0
Naval Petroleum and Oil
4.9
10.0
14.0
13.0
13.0
13.7
13.7
Shale Reserves
Strategic Petroleum
260.4
245.0
205.0
119.1
189.0
204.4
204.4
Reserved
Northeast Home Heating
6.5
10.0
10.0
-84.0
6.5
0
6.5
Oil Reserve
Energy Information
125.0
125.0
126.8
128.7
126.8
126.8
129.1
Administration
Non-Defense
298.4
310.0
319.2
275.8
319.2
338.9
333.9
Environmental Cleanup
Uranium Enrichment
840.0
841.1
881.0
806.2
841.0
831.3
831.3
Decontamination and
Decommissioning Fund
Science
6,259.9
6,585.0
7,000.0
5,837.8
7,026.0
7,440.0
7,320.0
Office of Technology

19.5
19.5
Transitions
Office of Clean Energy

400.0
200.0
Demonstration
AI Technology Office

4.9
0

Advanced Research
353.3
366.0
425.0
-310.7
427.0
500.0
600.0
Projects Agency—Energy
(ARPA-E)
Advanced Research

200.0
0
Projects Agency—Climate
(ARPA-C)
Nuclear Waste Disposal
0
0
0
27.5
27.5
7.5
27.5
Departmental Admin.
189.7
165.9
161.0
136.1
166.0
321.8
272.0
(net)
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FY2018
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
FY2021
FY2022
FY2022

Approp. Approp. Approp. Request Approp. Request H. Com.
Office of Inspector
49.0
51.3
54.2
57.7
57.7
78.0
78.0
General
International Affairs

0
0
33.0
0

Office of Indian Energy
0
18.0
22.0
8.0
22.0
122.0
70.0
Advanced Technology
5.0
5.0
5.0
0
5.0
5.0
5.0
Vehicles Manufacturing
(ATVM) Loans
ATVM Rescission of

-1,903.0

Emergency Funding
Title 17 Loan Guarantee
23.0
18.0
29.0
-384.7
29.0
179.0
29.0
Title 17 Rescission of

-363.0

Emergency Funding
Tribal Indian Energy Loan
1.0
1.0
2.0
-8.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
Guarantee
TOTAL, ENERGY
12,918.0 13,472.4 14,633.6
9,819.7 12,444.8 18,790.2
16,848.8
PROGRAMS
Weapons Activities
10,642.1
11,100.0
12,457.1 15,602.0
15,345.0
15,484.3
15,484.3
Nuclear Nonproliferation
1,999.2
1,930.0
2,164.4
2,031.0
2,260.0
1,934.0
2,340.0
Naval Reactors
1,620.0
1,788.6
1,648.4
1,684.0
1,684.0
1,860.7
1,866.7
Office of Admin./Salaries
407.6
410.0
434.7
454.0
443.2
464.0
464.0
and Expenses
Total, NNSA
14,669.0 15,228.6 16,704.6 19,771.0 19,732.2 19,743.0
20,155.0
Defense Environmental
5,988.0
6,024.0
6,255.0
4,983.6
6,426.0
6,841.7
6,592.0
Cleanup
Other Defense Activities
840.0
860.3
906.0
1,054.7
920.0
1,170.0
932.0
TOTAL, DEFENSE
21,497.0 22,112.9 23,865.6 25,809.3 27,078.2 27,754.7
28,510.3
ACTIVITIES

Southwestern
11.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
Western
93.4
89.4
89.2
89.4
89.4
90.8
90.8
Falcon and Amistad O&M
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2

TOTAL, PMAs
105.0
100.0
99.8
100.0
100.0
101.4
101.4
General provisions

-12.7
-607.0
-2.0

-334.0
DOE total
34,569.1 35,708.9 38,657.2 35,732.2 39,627.3 46,982.3
45,462.5
appropriations
Offsets and adjustments
-49.0
-23.6
-70.9
-610.2
-2.2
-336.0
-336.0
Total, DOE
34,520.1 35,685.3 38,586.3 35,122.1 39,625.0 46,646.3
45,126.5
Sources: H.Rept. 117-98; DOE FY2022 congressional budget justification, explanatory statement for H.R. 133,
116th Congress; FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft; H.R. 7617; H.Rept. 116-449;
President’s Budget, FY2021; Explanatory Statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress; S.Rept. 116-
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102; H.R. 2740; CBO Current Status Report; H.Rept. 116-83; H.Rept. 115-929; S.Rept. 115-258; S.Rept. 115-
132; H.Rept. 115-230; and P.L. 115-31 and explanatory statement.
Notes: Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding. AI = Artificial Intelligence.
a. The Office of Electric Delivery and Energy Reliability was split in FY2019 into the Office of Electricity
Delivery and the Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response.
b. Includes appropriations under defense budget function.
c. Uranium Reserve funding of $75 mil ion provided under Weapons Activities account.
d. Includes SPR Petroleum Account.
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) conducts research and
development on transportation energy technology, energy efficiency in buildings and
manufacturing processes, and the production of solar, wind, geothermal, and other renewable
energy. EERE also administers formula grants to states.
The Sustainable Transportation program area includes electric vehicles, vehicle efficiency,
hydrogen and fuel cells, and alternative fuels. DOE’s electric vehicle program includes several
goals for 2030, including “decreasing vehicle battery cell cost to achieve cost parity with internal
combustion engines” and “eliminating dependence on critical materials such as cobalt, nickel, and
graphite.” The program also supports demonstrations of electrified medium and heavy trucks,
according to the FY2022 DOE budget justification.27
Renewable power programs focus on electricity generation from solar, wind, water, and
geothermal sources. They are also developing concentrated solar technologies to produce high-
temperature heat that could replace fossil fuels in steel manufacturing and other industrial
processes. In the energy efficiency program area, the advanced manufacturing program focuses
on improving the energy efficiency of manufacturing processes and on the manufacturing of
energy-related products. The building technologies program includes R&D on lighting, space
conditioning, windows, and control technologies to reduce building energy-use intensity. The
energy efficiency program provides two types of formula grants to states: weatherization grants
for improving the energy efficiency of low-income housing units and state energy planning
grants.28
For more details on energy efficiency grants, see CRS Report R46418, The Weatherization
Assistance Program Formula, by Corrie E. Clark and Lynn J. Cunningham.
Electricity Delivery, Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Energy Reliability
The Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response (CESER) is the federal
government’s lead entity for energy sector-specific responses to energy security emergencies—
whether caused by physical infrastructure problems or by cybersecurity issues. The office
conducts R&D on energy infrastructure security technology; provides energy sector security
guidelines, training, and technical assistance; and enhances energy sector emergency
preparedness and response.29

27 DOE, FY2022 Budget in Brief, May 2021, p. 31, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-
budget-in-brief-v4.pdf.
28 Ibid., p. 32.
29 Ibid., p. 47.
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The Office of Electricity (OE) leads DOE efforts “to strengthen, transform, and improve energy
infrastructure so that consumers have access to secure and resilient sources of energy.” OE uses a
model of North American energy vulnerabilities for analyzing transmission and other energy
infrastructure needs. Other activities include pursuing megawatt-scale electricity storage,
integrating electric power system sensing technology, and analyzing electricity-related policy
issues.30 The office also includes the DOE power marketing administrations, which are funded
from separate appropriations accounts.
Nuclear Energy
DOE’s Office of Nuclear Energy (NE) supports R&D on technologies to improve the efficiency
and economic viability of existing U.S. nuclear power plants, development and demonstration of
advanced reactor technologies, and R&D on nuclear fuel cycle technologies. The FY2022 DOE
budget justification calls NE “a key element of the Administration’s plan to put the United States
(U.S.) on a path to net-zero emissions by 2050.”31
The Reactor Concepts program area comprises research on advanced reactors, including
advanced small modular reactors, and research to enhance the “sustainability” of existing
commercial light water reactors. Advanced reactor research focuses on “Generation IV” reactors,
as opposed to the existing fleet of commercial light water reactors, which are generally classified
as generations II and III. To help develop those technologies, NE is developing a Versatile Test
Reactor that would allow fuels and materials to be tested in a fast neutron environment (in which
neutrons would not be slowed by water, graphite, or other “moderators”).
The Fuel Cycle Research and Development program includes generic research on nuclear waste
management and disposal. One of the program’s primary activities is the development of
technologies to separate the radioactive constituents of spent fuel for reuse or solidifying into
stable waste forms. Other major research areas in the Fuel Cycle R&D program include the
development of accident-tolerant fuels for existing commercial reactors, evaluation of fuel cycle
options, and development of improved technologies to prevent diversion of nuclear materials for
weapons. The program is also developing sources of high-assay low enriched uranium (HALEU),
in which uranium is enriched to between 5% and 20% in the fissile isotope U-235, for potential
use in advanced reactors. HALEU would be required for several designs currently receiving cost-
shared support by DOE’s Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program. For more information, see
CRS Report R45706, Advanced Nuclear Reactors: Technology Overview and Current Issues, by
Danielle A. Arostegui and Mark Holt.
Fossil Energy and Carbon Management
The Fossil Energy and Carbon Management Research, Development, Demonstration, and
Deployment program (FECM)32 supports research related to coal, natural gas, and petroleum. The
program also supports operations at the National Energy Technology Laboratory. Major focus
areas in recent years include development of carbon capture technologies; characterization of
geologic formations capable of permanently storing carbon dioxide; development of new uses for
carbon dioxide and coal; and developing new power plant technologies to more efficiently use

30 Ibid., p. 37.
31 Ibid., p. 57.
32 FECM was referred to as the Fossil Energy Research and Development program in previous budget requests and
appropriations reports. The Biden Administration renamed the program, and the change is included in the House
Appropriations Committee’s FY2022 Energy and Water Development appropriations bill and report.
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fossil fuels to generate electricity. The request “re-focuses from traditional fossil combustion-
centric activities” to “climate-centric activities,” such as carbon capture, utilization, and storage
(CCUS), reducing methane leaks from fossil fuels systems, hydrogen produced from fossil fuels,
and carbon removal.33 Some of these activities are continuing from previous years and others
were authorized by the Energy Act of 2020.
The House Appropriations Committee-passed bill and report supported R&D activities related to
carbon capture, carbon removal, hydrogen, and other technologies aimed at reducing greenhouse
gas emissions associated with fossil fuel use. The Committee report identified many of these
activities as crosscutting initiatives, and directed FECM to coordinate with EERE, the Office of
Science, and other specified programs.
For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11861, Funding for Carbon Capture and Carbon
Removal at DOE, by Ashley J. Lawson.
Strategic Petroleum Reserve
Authorized in 1975 by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (P.L. 94-163, as amended; 42
U.S.C. §6201 et seq.), the SPR fulfills two statutory policy objectives: (1) reduce the economic
impact of oil supply disruptions, and (2) carry out U.S. obligations under the Agreement on an
International Energy Program (IEP)—a multilateral agreement subject to international law.
Currently, the SPR consists of a crude oil reserve in Texas and Louisiana and a smaller refined
petroleum product reserve in several Northeastern states.
Since the SPR was established, its crude oil stocks have been used on three occasions in response
to emergency oil supply disruptions. More frequently, SPR authorities have been used to
exchange crude oil with refiners following natural disasters (i.e., hurricanes) and other regional
supply disruption events.34 The Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve—established in 2014—has
never been utilized.
With limited utilization in response to emergency oil supply disruptions, growing U.S. crude oil
production, and rapidly declining net petroleum imports—one key metric used to determine IEP
emergency oil stock obligations—Congress began requiring DOE to draw down and sell SPR
crude oil to pay for other legislative priorities. Since 2015, Congress has enacted seven laws
mandating the sale of 271 million barrels of crude oil. Additionally, Congress has required DOE
to sell approximately $1.5 billion of SPR crude oil to pay for an SPR modernization program.35
Science and ARPA-E
The DOE Office of Science conducts basic research in six program areas: advanced scientific
computing research, basic energy sciences, biological and environmental research, fusion energy
sciences, high-energy physics, and nuclear physics. According to DOE’s FY2022 budget

33 DOE, FY2022 Budget in Brief, May 2021, p. 51, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-
budget-in-brief-v4.pdf.
34 For additional information about SPR releases, see U.S. Department of Energy, History of SPR Releases, at
https://www.energy.gov/fe/services/petroleum-reserves/strategic-petroleum-reserve/releasing-oil-spr, accessed
November 12, 2020.
35 For additional information about congressionally required SPR oil sales, see Strategic Petroleum Reserve: Mandated
and Modernization Sales, by Phillip Brown, a congressional distribution memo available to congressional clients by
request from the author.
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justification, the Office of Science “is the nation’s largest Federal supporter of basic research in
the physical sciences.”36
DOE’s Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR) program focuses on developing and
maintaining computing and networking capabilities for science and research in applied
mathematics, computer science, and advanced networking. The program plays a key role in the
DOE-wide effort to advance the development of exascale computing, which seeks to build a
computer that can solve scientific problems 1,000 times faster than today’s best machines. DOE
has asserted that the department is on a path to have a capable exascale machine by the early
2020s.
Basic Energy Sciences (BES), the largest program area in the Office of Science, focuses on
understanding, predicting, and ultimately controlling matter and energy at the electronic, atomic,
and molecular levels. The program supports research in disciplines such as condensed matter and
materials physics, chemistry, and geosciences. BES also provides funding for scientific user
facilities (e.g., the National Synchrotron Light Source II, and the Linac Coherent Light Source-
II), and certain DOE research centers and hubs (e.g., Energy Frontier Research Centers, as well as
the Batteries and Energy Storage and Fuels from Sunlight Energy Innovation Hubs).
Biological and Environmental Research (BER) seeks a predictive understanding of complex
biological, climate, and environmental systems across a continuum from the small scale (e.g.,
genomic research) to the large (e.g., Earth systems and climate). Within BER, Biological Systems
Science focuses on plant and microbial systems, while Biological and Environmental Research
supports climate-relevant atmospheric and ecosystem modeling and research. BER facilities and
centers include four Bioenergy Research Centers and the Environmental Molecular Science
Laboratory at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
Fusion Energy Sciences (FES) seeks to increase understanding of the behavior of matter at very
high temperatures and to establish the science needed to develop a fusion energy source. FES
provides funding for the ITER project, a multinational effort to design and build an experimental
fusion reactor.
The High Energy Physics (HEP) program conducts research on the fundamental constituents of
matter and energy, including studies of dark energy and the search for dark matter. Nuclear
Physics supports research on the nature of matter, including its basic constituents and their
interactions. A major project in the Nuclear Physics program is the construction of the Facility for
Rare Isotope Beams at Michigan State University.
Two significant research efforts in the Office of Science cut across multiple program areas:
quantum information science, which aims to use quantum physics to process information, and
artificial intelligence and machine learning, which use computerized systems that work and react
in ways commonly thought to require intelligence.
ARPA-E is a separate DOE office authorized by the America COMPETES Act (P.L. 110-69) to
support transformational energy technology research projects. DOE budget documents describe
ARPA-E’s mission as overcoming long-term, high-risk technological barriers to the development
of energy technologies.
For more details, see CRS Report R46341, Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding:
FY2021, coordinated by John F. Sargent Jr.

36 DOE, FY2022 Budget in Brief, May 2021, p. 21, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/doe-fy2022-
budget-in-brief-v4.pdf.

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Loan Guarantees and Direct Loans
DOE’s Loan Programs Office provides loan guarantees for projects that deploy innovative energy
technologies, as authorized by Title 17 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT05, P.L. 109-
58), direct loans for advanced vehicle manufacturing technologies, and loan guarantees for tribal
energy projects. Section 1703 of EPACT05 authorized loan guarantees for advanced energy
technologies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and Section 1705 authorized a temporary
program through FY2011 for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects.
Title 17 allows DOE to provide loan guarantees for up to 80% of construction costs for eligible
energy projects. In general, successful applicants must pay an up-front fee, or “subsidy cost,” to
cover potential losses under the loan guarantee program. Under the loan guarantee agreements,
the federal government would repay all covered loans if the borrower defaulted. Such guarantees
would reduce the risk to lenders and allow them to provide financing at below-market interest
rates.
DOE currently has more than $40 billion in authority available to make direct loans and loan
guarantees in the following categories:37
 Advanced Fossil Energy Projects Loan Guarantees, $8.5 billion;
 Advanced Nuclear Energy Projects Loan Guarantees, $10.9 billion;
 Renewable Energy and Efficient Energy Projects Loan Guarantees, up to $4.5
billion;
 Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program, $17.7 billion in
direct loan authority; and
 Tribal Energy Loan Guarantee Program, up to $2 billion in partial loan guarantee
authority.
To date, the only loan guarantees under Section 1703 have been to the consortium building two
new nuclear reactors at the Vogtle plant in Georgia, totaling about $12 billion.38 Another nuclear
loan guarantee is being sought by NuScale Power to build a small modular reactor in Idaho.39
Energy Information Administration
The U.S. Energy Information Administration was established within DOE as the lead federal
agency for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating data on U.S. and world energy supply and
consumption. EIA data collection spans the energy system from supply and transport to
consumption. All energy sources are included in EIA’s data and analysis products, though some
(e.g., petroleum) are more detailed than others (e.g., renewables). The explanatory statement for
the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, directed DOE to submit a report to the House and
Senate Appropriations Committees on improving EIA’s energy modeling capabilities “to be able
to simulate deep decarbonization scenarios, including economy-wide net-zero emissions

37 DOE, “Products and Services,” as of April 23, 2020, https://www.energy.gov/lpo/title-xvii/products-
services#innovativeenergy.
38 DOE, “Secretary Perry Announces Financial Close on Additional Loan Guarantees During Trip to Vogtle Advanced
Nuclear Energy Project,” news release, March 22, 2019, https://www.energy.gov/articles/secretary-perry-announces-
financial-close-additional-loan-guarantees-during-trip-vogtle.
39 NuScale Power, “NuScale Power, LLC Submits Part II of DOE Loan Guarantee Application,” news release,
September 6, 2017, http://newsroom.nuscalepower.com/press-release/nuscale-power-llc-submits-part-ii-doe-loan-
guarantee-application. More information about DOE loans and loan guarantees is at the Loan Programs Office website,
https://www.energy.gov/lpo/loan-programs-office.
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policies.” For more details, see CRS Report R46524, The U.S. Energy Information
Administration, coordinated by Ashley J. Lawson.
Nuclear Weapons Activities
In the absence of explosive testing of nuclear weapons, the United States has adopted a science-
based program to maintain and sustain confidence in the reliability of the U.S. nuclear stockpile.
Congress established the Stockpile Stewardship Program in the National Defense Authorization
Act for Fiscal Year 1994 (P.L. 103-160). The goal of the program, as amended by the National
Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 (P.L. 111-84, §3111), is to ensure “that the
nuclear weapons stockpile is safe, secure, and reliable without the use of underground nuclear
weapons testing.” The program is operated by NNSA, a semiautonomous agency within DOE
established by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 (P.L. 106-65, Title
XXXII). NNSA implements the Stockpile Stewardship Program through the activities funded by
the Weapons Activities account in the NNSA budget.
Most of NNSA’s weapons activities take place at the nuclear weapons complex, which consists of
three laboratories (Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM; Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, CA; and Sandia National Laboratories, NM and CA); four production sites (Kansas
City National Security Campus, MO; Pantex Plant, TX; Savannah River Site, SC; and Y-12
National Security Complex, TN); and the Nevada National Security Site (formerly the Nevada
Test Site). NNSA manages and sets policy for the weapons complex; contractors to NNSA
operate the eight sites. Radiological activities at these sites are subject to oversight and
recommendations by the independent Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, funded by Title IV
of the annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill.
NNSA reorganized and renamed its program areas in its FY2021 budget request. The four main
programs, each with a request of over $2 billion for FY2021, include the following:
 Stockpile Management, which contains many of the projects included in Directed
Stockpile Work from previous years, supports work directly on nuclear weapons.
These include life extension programs, warhead surveillance, maintenance, and
other activities.
 Stockpile Production programs focus on maintaining and expanding the
production capabilities for the components of nuclear weapons that are critical to
weapons performance. According to NNSA, these include primaries, canned
subassemblies, radiation cases, and non-nuclear components.
 Stockpile Research, Technology, and Engineering replaces the Research,
Development, Test, and Evaluation program area. These programs provide the
scientific foundation for science-based stockpile decisions.
 Infrastructure and Operations maintains, operates, and modernizes the NNSA
infrastructure. It supports construction of new facilities and funds deferred
maintenance in older facilities.
Nuclear Weapons Activities also has several smaller programs, including the following:
 Secure Transportation Asset, providing for safe and secure transport of nuclear
weapons, components, and materials;
 Defense Nuclear Security, providing operations, maintenance, and construction
funds for protective forces, physical security systems, personnel security, and
related activities; and
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 Information Technology and Cybersecurity, whose elements include
cybersecurity, secure enterprise computing, and Federal Unclassified Information
Technology.
For more information, see CRS Report R44442, Energy and Water Development Appropriations:
Nuclear Weapons Activities, by Amy F. Woolf, and CRS Report R45306, The U.S. Nuclear
Weapons Complex: Overview of Department of Energy Sites, by Amy F. Woolf and James D.
Werner.
Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation
DOE’s nonproliferation and national security programs provide technical capabilities to support
U.S. efforts to prevent, detect, and counter the spread of nuclear weapons worldwide. These
programs are administered by NNSA’s Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation (DNN).
The Materials Management and Minimization program conducts activities to minimize and,
where possible, eliminate stockpiles of weapons-useable material around the world. Major
activities include conversion of reactors that use highly enriched uranium (useable for weapons)
to low-enriched uranium, removal and consolidation of nuclear material stockpiles, and
disposition of excess nuclear materials.
Global Materials Security has three major program elements. International Nuclear Security
focuses on increasing the security of vulnerable stockpiles of nuclear material in other countries.
Radiological Security promotes the worldwide reduction and security of radioactive sources
(typically used in medical and industrial devices), including the removal of surplus sources and
substitution of technologies that do not use radioactive materials. Nuclear Smuggling Detection
and Deterrence works to improve the capability of other countries to halt illicit trafficking of
nuclear materials.
Nonproliferation and Arms Control works to “strengthen the nonproliferation and arms control
regimes through innovative policy development and implementation to prevent proliferation,
ensure peaceful nuclear uses, and enable verifiable nuclear reductions,” according to the FY2022
DOE justification.40 This program conducts reviews of nuclear export applications and
technology transfer authorizations, implements treaty obligations, and analyzes nonproliferation
policies and proposals.
For more information, see CRS Report R44413, Energy and Water Development Appropriations
for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation: In Brief, by Mary Beth D. Nikitin.
Cleanup of Former Nuclear Weapons Production and Research Sites
The development and production of nuclear weapons since the beginning of the Manhattan
Project41 during World War II resulted in a waste and contamination legacy managed by DOE that
continues to present substantial challenges. DOE also manages legacy environmental

40 DOE, FY2022 Budget in Brief, May 2021, p. vol. 1, p. 73, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/doe-
fy2022-budget-in-brief-v4.pdf.
41 As described by the Manhattan Project National Historical Park, “The Manhattan Project was a massive, top secret
national mobilization of scientists, engineers, technicians, and military personnel charged with producing a deployable
atomic weapon during World War II. Coordinated by the US Army, Manhattan Project activities were located in
numerous locations across the United States.” The nuclear weapons activities begun by the Manhattan Project are now
the responsibility of DOE. See National Park Service, Manhattan Project National Historical Park website,
https://www.nps.gov/mapr/learn/historyculture/index.htm.
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contamination at sites used for nondefense nuclear research. In 1989, DOE established the Office
of Environmental Management (EM) primarily to consolidate its responsibilities for the cleanup
of former nuclear weapons production sites that had been administered under multiple offices.42
DOE has identified more than 100 separate sites in over 30 states that historically were involved
in the production of nuclear weapons and nuclear energy research for civilian purposes.43
Responsibility for long-term stewardship at sites where remediation is complete or remedies are
in place is transferred from EM to the separate DOE Office of Legacy Management and other
offices within DOE.44 Some of the smaller sites for which DOE initially was responsible were
transferred to the Army Corps of Engineers in 1997 under the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial
Action Program. Once USACE completes the cleanup of a FUSRAP site, it is transferred back to
LM, which has its own DOE funding subaccount within Other Defense Activities.
EM is funded by three appropriations accounts. The Defense Environmental Cleanup account is
the largest in terms of funding, and it finances the cleanup of former nuclear weapons production
sites. The Non-Defense Environmental Cleanup account funds the cleanup of federal nuclear
energy research sites. Title XI of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (P.L. 102-486) established the
Uranium Enrichment Decontamination and Decommissioning Fund to pay for the cleanup of
three federal facilities that enriched uranium for national defense and civilian purposes.45 Those
facilities are located near Paducah, KY; Piketon, OH (Portsmouth plant); and Oak Ridge, TN.
DOE declared the cleanup of the Oak Ridge enrichment site complete on October 13, 2020.46
Title X of P.L. 102-486 authorized the reimbursement of uranium and thorium producers for their
costs of cleaning up contamination attributable to uranium and thorium sold to the federal
government.47
The adequacy of funding for the Office of Environmental Management to attain cleanup
milestones across the entire site inventory has been a recurring issue. Cleanup milestones are
enforceable measures incorporated into compliance agreements negotiated among DOE, the
Environmental Protection Agency, and the states. These milestones establish time frames for the
completion of specific actions to satisfy applicable requirements at individual sites.
Power Marketing Administrations
DOE’s four Power Marketing Administrations were established to sell the power generated by
various federal dams. The PMAs operate in 34 states; their assets consist primarily of
transmission infrastructure in the form of more than 33,000 miles of high voltage transmission
lines and 587 substations. PMA customers are responsible for repaying all power program
expenses, plus the interest on capital projects. Since FY2011, power revenues associated with the
PMAs have been classified as discretionary offsetting receipts (i.e., receipts that are available for
spending by the PMAs), thus the agencies are sometimes noted as having a “net-zero” spending

42 In 1989, DOE created the Office of Environmental Restoration and Waste Management, which later was renamed the
Office of Environmental Management.
43 For a list of active and completed sites, see the EM “Cleanup Sites” web page and interactive map at
http://energy.gov/em/cleanup-sites.
44 The Office of Legacy Management administers the long-term stewardship of DOE sites that do not have a continuing
mission once cleanup remedies are in place. Sites that have a continuing mission are transferred to the DOE offices that
administer those missions, which are responsible for their long-term stewardship.
45 42 U.S.C. §2297g.
46 DOE, Office of Environmental Management, “Workers Achieve Historic Cleanup of Uranium Enrichment
Complex,” news release, October 13, 2020, https://www.energy.gov/em/articles/workers-achieve-historic-cleanup-
uranium-enrichment-complex.
47 42 U.S.C. §2296a.
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authority. Only the capital expenses of the Western Area Power Administration (WAPA) and
Southwestern Power Administration (SWPA) are supported by appropriations from Congress.
For more information, see CRS Report R45548, The Power Marketing Administrations:
Background and Current Issues, by Richard J. Campbell.
Independent Agencies
Independent agencies that receive funding in Title IV of the Energy and Water Development bill
include the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the Appalachian Regional Commission
(ARC), and the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board. NRC is by far the largest of the
independent agencies, with a total budget of nearly $900 million. However, as noted in the
description of NRC below, about 90% of NRC’s budget is offset by fees, so that the agency’s net
appropriation is less than half of the total funding in Title IV. NRC and ARC are discussed in
more detail below. The recent appropriations history for all the Title IV agencies is shown in
Table 7.
Table 7. Independent Agencies Funded by Energy and Water Development
Appropriations
(budget authority in millions of current dollars)
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
FY2021
FY2022
FY2022
Program
Approp.
Approp.
Request
Approp.
Request
H. Com.
Appalachian Regional Commission
165.0
175.0
165.0
180.0
235.0
210.0
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
911.0
855.6
863.4
844.4
887.7
887.7
(Revenues)
-780.8
-728.1
-740.4
-721.4
-756.7
-756.7
Net NRC (including Inspector General)
130.1
127.5
123.0
123.0
131.0
131.0
Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board
31.0
31.0
28.8
31.0
31.0
31.0
Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.8
3.8
Denali Commission
15.0
15.0
7.3
15.0
15.1
15.0
Delta Regional Authority
25.0
30.0
2.5
30.0
30.1
30.0
Northern Border Regional Commission
20.0
25.0
0.9
30.0
30.1
32.0
Southeast Crescent Regional Commission
0.3
0.3
0
1.0
2.5
2.5
Southwest Border Regional Commission

0.3
2.5
2.5
Total
390.0
407.3
333.1
413.9
481.1
457.8
Sources: H.Rept. 117-98; FY2022 agency budget justifications; explanatory statement for H.R. 133, 116th
Congress; FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft; H.R. 7617; H.Rept. 116-449; FY2021
President’s Request; Explanatory Statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress; S.Rept. 116-102; S.
2470; H.R. 2740; CBO Current Status Report; H.Rept. 116-83; H.Rept. 115-929; S.Rept. 115-258; S.Rept. 115-
132; H.Rept. 115-230; P.L. 115-31 and explanatory statement.
Note: Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding.
Appalachian Regional Commission
Established in 1965,48 the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) is a regional economic
development agency. It awards grants and contracts to state and local governments and nonprofit

48 Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965, P.L. 89-4.
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organizations to foster economic opportunities, improve workforce skills, build critical
infrastructure, strengthen natural and cultural assets, and improve leadership skills and capacity in
the region. ARC’s authorizing statute defines the Appalachian Region as including all of West
Virginia and parts of Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North
Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. More than 25 million
people currently live in the region as defined.
ARC provides funding to several hundred projects each year, with particular focus on the region’s
most economically distressed counties. Major areas of infrastructure support include broadband
communication systems, transportation, and water and wastewater systems. ARC has supported
development of the Appalachian Development Highway System (ADHS), a planned 3,000-mile
system of highways that connect with the U.S. Interstate Highway System. According to ARC,
91.1% of ADHS is “under construction or open to traffic.”49
Since FY2016, Congress has appropriated approximately $50 million per year as a set-aside for
ARC’s POWER Initiative (Partnerships for Opportunity and Workforce and Economic
Revitalization), which assists communities impacted by the decline of the coal industry. The
POWER Initiative funds a variety of economic, workforce, and community development projects
to stabilize and stimulate economic activity in affected communities.
For more background on ARC and other regional commissions and authorities, see CRS Report
R45997, Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Structural Features and Function, by
Michael H. Cecire, and CRS In Focus IF11140, Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities:
Overview of Structure and Activities, by Michael H. Cecire.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
NRC is an independent agency that establishes and enforces safety and security standards for
nuclear power plants and users of nuclear materials. Major appropriations categories for NRC are
shown in Table 8. Nuclear Reactor Safety is NRC’s largest program and is responsible for
licensing and regulating the U.S. fleet of 93 power reactors, plus two under construction. NRC is
also responsible for licensing and regulating nuclear waste facilities, such as the proposed
underground nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, NV (for which no funding was
requested or provided for FY2021).
NRC is required by law to offset its total budget, excluding specified items, through fees charged
to nuclear reactor owners and other holders of NRC licenses. Budget items excluded from fee
recovery include prior-year balances, development of advanced reactor regulations, international
activities, and non-site-specific homeland security. As a result, NRC’s net appropriation request
for FY2022 is about 15% of the agency’s total budget.
Table 8. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Funding Categories
(budget authority in millions of current dollars)
FY2018
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
FY2021
FY2022
FY2022
Funding Category
Approp. Approp. Approp. Request Approp. Request H. Com.
Nuclear Reactor Safety
462.6
469.8
433.4
452.9
452.8
477.4
477.4
Nuclear Materials and
113.0
108.6
103.2
102.9
102.9
107.3
107.3
Waste Safety

49 For more information, see ARC home page at https://www.arc.gov.
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FY2018
FY2019
FY2020
FY2021
FY2021
FY2022
FY2022
Funding Category
Approp. Approp. Approp. Request Approp. Request H. Com.
Decommissioning and
27.1
25.4
21.4
22.8
22.8
22.9
22.9
Low-Level Waste
Yucca Mountain
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Licensing
Corporate Support
296.4
299.6
289,1
271.4
271.4
266.3
266.3
Integrated University
15.5
15.0
2.5
0
16.0
0
16.0
Program
Prior-Year Balances

-20
-38.4

-35.0
0
-16.0
Inspector General
13.3
12.6
12.1
13.5
13.5
13.8
13.8
Total
922.0
911.0
823.1
863.4
844.4
887.7
887.7
Source: H.Rept. 117-98; NRC FY2022 congressional budget justification; explanatory statement for H.R. 133,
116th Congress; FY2021 Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft; H.R. 7617; H.Rept. 116-449; NRC
FY2021 Budget Justification; Explanatory Statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress; S.Rept. 116-102;
H.R. 2740; H.Rept. 116-83; H.Rept. 115-929, NRC FY2020 Budget Justification; H.Rept. 115-697; S.Rept. 115-
258.
Note: Fee offsets and some adjustments are excluded.
Congressional Hearings
The following hearings were held by the Energy and Water Development subcommittees of the
House and Senate Appropriations Committees on the FY2022 budget request. Testimony and
opening statements are posted on most of the web pages cited for each hearing, along with
webcasts in many cases.
House
 Department of Energy, May 6, 2021, https://appropriations.house.gov/events/
hearings/fy-2022-budget-request-for-the-department-of-energy.
 Corps of Engineers and Bureau of Reclamation, May 24, 2021,
https://appropriations.house.gov/events/hearings/fy-2022-budget-request-for-the-
us-army-corps-of-engineers-and-bureau-of-reclamation.
Senate
 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation, June 9, 2021,
https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/hearings/a-review-of-the-fiscal-year-
2022-budget-submission-for-the-us-army-corps-of-engineers-and-the-bureau-of-
reclamation.
Department of Energy, June 23, 2021, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/hearings/a-review-
of-the-fiscal-year-2022-budget-submission-for-the-us-department-of-energy-including-the-
national-nuclear-security-administration.

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Author Information

Mark Holt
Corrie E. Clark
Specialist in Energy Policy
Analyst in Energy Policy

Acknowledgments
Former CRS Research Assistant Danielle A. Arostegui developed the spreadsheet used for appropriations
analysis in this report.
Key Policy Staff
Area of Expertise
Name
General (Coordinator)
Mark Holt
Corps of Engineers
Anna Normand
Nicole Carter
Bureau of Reclamation
Charles V. Stern
Renewable energy
Corrie E. Clark
Energy efficiency
Corrie E. Clark
Fossil energy research
Ashley Lawson
Strategic Petroleum Reserve
Phil ip Brown
Nuclear energy
Mark Holt
Science and ARPA-E
Daniel Morgan
Quantum Information Science
Patricia Moloney Figliola
Artificial intelligence
Laurie A. Harris
Nuclear weapons stewardship
Amy Woolf
Nonproliferation
Mary Beth Nikitin
DOE Environmental Management
David Bearden
Lance Larson
Power Marketing Administrations
Charles V. Stern
Bonneville Power Administration
Charles V. Stern
Federal regional authorities and
Michael H. Cecire
commissions
Alyssa R. Casey
Appropriations legislative procedures
James V. Saturno
Bil Heniff
Megan Lynch
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Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
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under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other
than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in
connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not
subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in
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