link to page 1 link to page 1 
Updated June 4, 2021
Defense Primer: U.S. Precision-Guided Munitions
The Department of Defense (DOD) defines a precision-
steer the bomb. The Paveway series was originally
guided munition (PGM) as a “guided weapon intended to
developed during the Vietnam War to enable tactical
destroy a point target and minimize collateral damage.”
aircraft—like the F-4 Phantom—to deliver precise
This includes air- and ship-launched missiles, multiple
munitions. Paveway has received many upgrades over
launched rockets, and guided bombs. PGMs typically use
the decades, most recently the Paveway III (developed
the global positioning system (GPS), laser guidance, or
in the 1990s), which improves low-altitude guidance.
inertial navigation systems to improve a weapon’s accuracy
Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM). JDAM is a tail
to reportedly less than 3 meters (approximately 10 feet).
kit that modifies unguided bombs—the 5,000 pound
Mk-82, 1,000 pound Mk-83, and 2,000 pound Mk-84
Recent operations have heavily relied on PGMs for counter-
insurgency operations. The recent National Defense
bombs—with GPS guidance (see Figure 2). When a
Strategy articulates a renewed focus on great power
JDAM kit is attached, the weapon is designated a guided
competition to combat anti-access/area denial (A2/AD)
bomb unit (GBU -31/32/38 depending on the weight of
systems. The wide proliferation of A2/AD is likely to
the bomb). JDAM has a reported range of 13 nautical
increase the operational utility of PGMs. In particular, peer
miles. The first operational use of a JDAM was during
competitors like China and Russia have developed
Operation Allied Freedom in Kosovo by a B-2 Spirit
sophisticated air defenses and anti-ship missiles that
bomber. JDAMs are used by all fixed-wing strike
increase the risk to U.S. forces entering and operating in
aircraft.
these regions. As a result, DOD has argued it requires
Figure 2. GBU-31 Joint Direct Attack Munition
longer-range precision munitions to meet these new threats.
Figure 1. U.S. Military Spending on PGMs FY2018-
FY2022 ($ in millions)
Source: https://militaryedge.org/armaments/gbu-31cv1-jdam/.
Hellfire Missile. The first Hellfire was introduced into
service in 1982 on the Army’s AH-64 Apache, using
laser guidance to target tanks, bunkers, and structures.
Hellfire missiles have a maximum effective range of 4.3
nautical miles. During the late 1990s and early 2000s,
Hellfire missiles were introduced on the MQ-1 Predator,
Source: Department of Defense Budget FY2019-2022 P-1
and later the MQ-9 Reaper, enabling unmanned aerial
Procurement budget requests, at https://comptrol er.defense.gov/
vehicles to provide a strike capability. Hellfire missiles
Budget-Materials/.
have become a preferred munition for operations in the
The U.S. military has become reliant on PGMs to execute
Middle East, particularly with increased utilization of
military operations (Figure 1), being used in ground, air,
and naval operations. Over the past five years, DOD
unmanned aircraft like MQ-1s and MQ-9s.
Joint Air-to-Ground Missile (JAGM). The Joint Air-
in FY2018, procured 68,800 munitions for $4.6 billion;
to-Ground Missile is designed to replace the Hellfire,
in FY2019, procured 60,600 munitions $4.3 billion;
TOW, and Maverick missiles. JAGM uses a new
in FY2020, procured 55,200 munitions $5.3 billion;
warhead/seeker paired with an existing AGM-114R
in FY2021, appropriated $3.8 billion for 39,500
rocket motor to provide improved target acquisition and
munitions; and
discrimination. JAGM underwent testing starting in
in FY2022, requested $3.1 billion 16,700 munitions.
2010, declaring initial operating capability in 2019
Air-Launched Precision Munitions
having successfully been integrated on the AH-64E
Paveway Laser Guided Bomb. The Paveway is a
Apache and AH-1Z Super Cobra attack helicopters.
family of guidance kits that attach to unguided bombs.
Joint Air-to-Surface Strike Munition (JASSM). The
The assembly includes a seeker on the nose of the bomb
JASSM is a 14-foot-long, 2,250-pound missile that can
that looks for a laser to mark a target and a tail kit to
be carried internally on B-1B Lancer and B-52
https://crsreports.congress.gov
link to page 2 link to page 2 link to page 2 
Defense Primer: U.S. Precision-Guided Munitions
Stratofortress aircraft, and externally on a number of
Guided Multiple Rocket Launch System (GMLRS).
tactical fighters, including the F-16 Falcon, F-15E Strike
GMLRS is a GPS-guided, 227-millimeter rocket that
Eagle, F/A-18 Hornet (see Figure 3), F/A-18E/F Super
was developed in 1999 and entered service in 2003. It is
Hornet, and F-35 Lightning II. In 2004, the Air Force
capable of being launched from the M270 multiple
developed an extended range version of the JASSM.
launch rocket system (MLRS) and the M142 HIMARS.
The JASSM-ER uses the same body as the previous
Precision Strike Missile (PrSM). The PrSM is a new
version, adding an improved infrared seeker, a two-way
development program intended to replace ATACMS.
datalink, and enhanced anti-jam GPS receiver.
PrSM can launch from the M270 and HIMARS. The
Figure 3. JASSM Attached to an F/A-18D Hornet
Army states that PrSM is designed to be able to launch
two missiles in a launcher pod compared to ATACMS’s
single missile, have a range in excess of 400 kilometers,
and have an anti-jam GPS antenna. The Army plans to
have the PrSM enter operational service in FY2023.
Naval Precision Munitions
Tomahawk Cruise Missile. The Tomahawk was
developed during the early- to mid-1970s. It is launched
from submarines and from surface combatants.
Tomahawk has a reported range of 870 NM at speeds of
Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:F-
Mach 0.85, and uses GPS and inertial navigation
18D_Hornet_(HN-466)Tour_de_Sky_2014-08-09_06_JDAM_AGM-
system. The Tomahawk Block IV is the latest variant.
154.JPG.
Standard Missile-6 (SM-6). The Standard Missile-6
Long Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRASM). LRASM
was originally designed as an anti-aircraft missile,
was conceived by the Defense Advanced Research
derived from the Navy’s SM-2 Block IV in 2004. Since
Projects Agency, using a JASSM missile body to
its development, the SM-6 has been integrated into the
replace the AGM-88 Harpoon. Flight testing began in
Navy’s Naval Integrated Fires-Counter Air (NIF-CA)
2012 with the B-1B and the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet.
program to strike enemy surface ships. The missile was
LRASM uses radio-frequency sensors and electro-
designed to receive targeting information from AEGIS
optical/infrared seekers for guidance.
radars and the E-2D Advanced Hawkeye in flight.
Ground-Launched Precision Munitions
Naval Strike Missile (NSM). The NSM (see Figure 5)
is an anti-ship low observable cruise missile capable of
Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS). ATACMS
flying close the surface of the ocean to avoid radar
is a 610-millimeter rocket that can be launched from
detection. The NSM is designed to fly multiple flight
either the M270 MLRS (two rockets) or the M142 High
profiles—different altitudes and speeds—with effective
Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) (one
ranges of between 100 and 300 nautical miles at a cruise
rocket) (see Figure 4). ATACMS was developed in the
speed of up to 0.9 Mach. The Navy has integrated the
1980s and later updated to use GPS guidance. In 2016,
NSM on its Littoral Combat Ship, which deployed to the
then-Secretary of Defense Ash Carter announced that
Pacific region in September 2019.
the Strategic Capabilities Office had developed a new
Figure 5. NSM at Launch
seeker for the ATACMS to target ships, enabling
multidomain operations.
Figure 4. ATACMS Launching
Source: https://www.naval-technology.com/news/us-navys-gabriel e-
giffords-lcs-launches-naval-strike-missile/.
CRS Products
CRS Report R45996, Precision-Guided Munitions: Background
and Issues for Congress, by John R. Hoehn.
John R. Hoehn, Analyst in Military Capabilities and
Source: https://www.lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/lockheed-
Programs
martin/mfc/pc/army-tacticle-missile-system-block-ia-unitary-atacms/
mfc-atacms-block-1a-unitary-pc.pdf.
IF11353
https://crsreports.congress.gov
Defense Primer: U.S. Precision-Guided Munitions
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to
congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress.
Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of information that has
been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the
United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be
reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include
copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you
wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.
https://crsreports.congress.gov | IF11353 · VERSION 10 · UPDATED