COVID-19 Relief Assistance to Small
May 5, 2021
Businesses: Issues and Policy Options
Robert Jay Dilger
The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several types of programs to support
Senior Specialist in
small businesses, including direct disaster loan programs for businesses, homeowners, and
American National
renters; loan guaranty and venture capital programs; management and technical assistance
Government
training programs; and contracting programs. Congressional interest in these programs has

become especially acute in the wake of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic’s
Bruce R. Lindsay
widespread adverse economic impact on the national economy.
Specialist in American
National Government
This report provides a brief description of the SBA’s programs and examines congressional

action to assist small businesses during and immediately following the Great Recession (2007-
2009) and during the COVID-19 pandemic, including the following:
Sean Lowry
Analyst in Public Finance


P.L. 116-123, the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations
Act, 2020, provided the SBA an additional $20 million for SBA disaster assistance

administrative expenses and made economic injury from the coronavirus an eligible
expense for SBA’s Economic Injury Disaster Loans (EIDL).
 P.L. 116-136, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act), among other
provisions, provided $349 billion to support SBA’s Section 7(a) lending programs and create a new
Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) to provide forgivable loans to small businesses, small 501(c)(3)
nonprofit organizations, and small 501(c)(19) veterans organizations adversely affected by COVID-19. The
loans were originally available through June 30, 2020, and had a two-year term at 1% interest.
 P.L. 116-139, the Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act (Enhancement Act),
among other provisions, provided $321.335 billion to support up to $659 billion in Section 7(a) lending.
 P.L. 116-142, the Paycheck Protection Program Flexibility Act, among other provisions, extended the PPP
loan forgiveness covered period from 8 weeks after the loan’s origination date to the earlier of 24 weeks or
December 31, 2020. PPP borrowers could use the 8-week-covered period if they received their loan prior to
enactment (June 5, 2020).
 P.L. 116-147, to extend the authority for commitments for the paycheck protection program, extended the
PPP covered loan period from June 30, 2020, to August 8, 2020, and authorized $659 billion for PPP loan
commitments and $30 billion for 7(a) loan commitments.
 P.L. 116-260, the Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act (Division N,
Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021), among other provisions, extended the PPP
through March 31, 2021, increased the program’s authorization amount from $659 billion to $806.45
billion, and authorized second-draw PPP loans of up to $2 million.
 P.L. 117-2, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, among other provisions, increased the PPP
authorization amount to $813.7 billion and provided $53.6 billion for SBA program enhancements,
including $28.6 billion for a restaurant revitalization grant program.
 P.L. 117-6, the PPP Extension Act of 2021, extended the acceptance of PPP applications through May 31,
2021, and authorized the SBA to process any pending applications submitted on or before that date through
June 30, 2021.
Some of the small business relief provisions enacted during the 116th and 117th Congresses are similar to provisions enacted
during the 111th Congress to assist small businesses during and immediately following the Great Recession. However, the
more recent legislation is much broader in scope and cost than the earlier legislation and includes loan deferrals, loan
forgiveness, and greatly expanded eligibility, including, for the first time, specified types of nonprofit organizations.
One lesson learned from the actions taken during the 111th Congress is the potential benefits of providing additional funding
for the SBA’s Office of Inspector General (OIG) and the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to assist Congress in its
oversight of these programs. Their audits and program reviews can provide an early warning if unforeseen administrative
problems should arise and serve as a deterrent to fraud.
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COVID-19 Relief Assistance to Small Businesses: Issues and Policy Options

Introduction
The Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several types of programs to support small
businesses, including
 direct disaster loan programs for businesses, homeowners, and renters to assist
their recovery from natural disasters;
 loan guaranty and venture capital programs to enhance small business access to
capital;
 small business management and technical assistance training programs to assist
business formation and expansion; and
 contracting programs to increase small business opportunities in federal
contracting.
Congressional interest in the SBA’s programs has increased in recent years, primarily because
small businesses are viewed as a means to stimulate economic activity and create jobs.
Congressional interest, however, has become especially acute in the wake of the Coronavirus
Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic’s widespread adverse economic impact on the national
economy, including productivity losses, supply chain disruptions, major labor dislocation, and
significant financial pressure on both businesses and households.
This report begins with an overview of legislation considered during the 116th and 117th
Congresses to assist small businesses adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. It then
provides an overview of SBA disaster loans and discusses various issues related to providing
disaster assistance to small businesses adversely affected by COVID-19. It then presents an
overview of SBA access to capital programs (including the 7(a) loan guarantee, 504/CDC loan
guarantee, and Microloan programs), SBA management and technical training programs (Small
Business Development Centers [SBDCs], Women Business Centers [WBCs], SCORE, and
Microloan technical assistance), and SBA contracting programs. This is followed by a discussion
of legislation enacted during the 111th Congress to assist small businesses during and immediately
following the Great Recession (2007-2009).
As discussed below, some of the provisions included in legislation enacted during the 116th and
117th Congresses to assist small businesses adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic were
included in legislation enacted during the 111th Congress to assist small businesses during and
immediately following the Great Recession, including SBA fee waivers and increased loan limits.
However, the legislation enacted during the 116th and 117th Congresses is much larger in scope
and cost than the legislation enacted during the 111th Congress and includes loan deferrals, loan
forgiveness, and greatly expanded eligibility, including, for the first time, specified types of
nonprofit organizations.
Legislative and Administrative Efforts to Assist
Small Businesses During the 116th Congress
P.L. 116-123, the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act,
2020, was the first act to include provisions targeting SBA assistance to small businesses
adversely affected by COVID-19. The act provided the SBA an additional $20 million for SBA
disaster assistance administrative expenses and deemed the coronavirus to be a disaster under the
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SBA’s Economic Injury Disaster Loan (EIDL) program. This change made economic injury from
the coronavirus an eligible EIDL expense.
At that time, the SBA had $1.1 billion in disaster loan credit subsidies available, enough to
support between $7 billion and $8 billion in disaster loans. Anticipating high demand, the SBA
initially reduced the maximum COVID-19 EIDL loan amount from the statutory imposed $2
million lending cap to $500,000. Due to unprecedented demand, on May 3, 2020, the SBA
lowered the maximum COVID-19 EIDL loan amount to six-months of economic injury up to
$150,000.1
P.L. 116-136, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act), enacted on
March 27, 2020, made numerous changes to SBA programs, including the creation of the
Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), which are loans 100% guaranteed by the SBA with a
maximum term of 10 years and a maximum interest rate of no more than 4%. These loans are
available to small businesses, small 501(c)(3) nonprofit organizations, and small 501(c)(19)
veterans organizations—and are eligible for loan forgiveness. The SBA announced that the loans
would have a two-year term at a 1% interest rate.
The CARES Act provided deferment relief for PPP loans and existing loans made under the 7(a),
504/CDC, and Microloan programs. The act also appropriated $349 billion for PPP loan
guarantees and subsidies (to remain available through FY2021), $10 billion for Emergency EIDL
Advance Payment grants, $675 million for the SBA’s salaries and expenses account, $562 million
for disaster loans, $25 million for the SBA’s Office of Inspector General (OIG), $265 million for
entrepreneurial development programs ($192 million for small business development centers
(SBDCs), $48 million for women’s business centers (WBCs), and $25 million for SBA resource
partners to provide online information and training), and $17 billion for six months of debt relief
for the SBA’s 7(a), 504/CDC, and Microloan programs.
A summary of the CARES Act’s major small business-related provisions is presented in the
Appendix.
On March 30, 2020, the SBA updated its website to allow COVID-19-related EIDL applicants an
option to request an Emergency EIDL Advance Payment grant.2
The SBA started accepting PPP loan applications on April 3, 2020.3 Because the SBA neared its
$349 billion authorization limit for Section 7(a) lending, which at that time included the PPP, the
SBA stopped accepting new PPP loan applications on April 15, 2020.4 A total of 1,661,367 PPP

1 Additionally, on April 3, 2020, the Small Business Administration (SBA) lowered the COVID-19 Economic Injury
Disaster Loan (EIDL) lending cap from $500,000 to $15,000. On April 11, 2020, the SBA restored the cap to $500,000.
See SBA, Office of Inspector General (OIG), Inspection of Small Business Administration’s Initial Disaster Assistance
Response to the Coronavirus Pandemic, Report Number 21-02, October 28, 2020, pp. 9, 10, at https://www.sba.gov/
document/report-21-02-inspection-small-business-administrations-initial-disaster-assistance-response-coronavirus-
pandemic.
2 EIDL applicants that applied for a COVID-19-related EIDL prior to March 30, 2020, were required to reapply for an
Emergency EIDL Advance Payment grant.
3 The SBA accepted Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loan applications from independent contractors and self-
employed starting on April 10, 2020.
4 SBA, “Statement by Secretary Mnuchin and Administrator Carranza on the Paycheck Protection Program and
Economic Injury Disaster Loan Program,” April 15, 2020, at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-newsroom/press-
releases-media-advisories/statement-secretary-mnuchin-and-administrator-carranza-paycheck-protection-program-and-
economic (hereinafter SBA, “Statement by Secretary Mnuchin and Administrator Carranza on the Paycheck Protection
Program and Economic Injury Disaster Loan Program”).
P.L. 116-136, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) authorized $349 billion for
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loans were approved by 4,975 lenders, totaling $342,277,999,103. Most of the loans (74%) were
for less than $150,000. The average loan amount was $206,022.5
The SBA also stopped accepting COVID-19-related EIDL and Emergency EIDL Advance
Payment grant applications on April 15, 2020, because the SBA was approaching its disaster loan
assistance credit subsidy limit.6 COVID-19-related EIDL and Emergency EIDL Advance
Payment grant applications already received continued to be processed on a first-in first-out basis.
The SBA resumed the acceptance of new PPP loan applications on April 27, 2020, following
enactment of the Paycheck Protection Program and Healthcare Enhancement Act (Enhancement
Act; P.L. 116-139) on April 24, 2020. The Enhancement Act increased the SBA’s Section 7(a)
loan authorization limit from $349 billion to $659 billion and appropriated $321.335 billion to
support that level of lending. The act also appropriated $50 billion for EIDL (to support $367.1
billion in loan authority), $10 billion for Emergency EIDL advance payments (grants), and $2.1
billion for SBA salaries and expenses.
The SBA began accepting new EIDL and Emergency EIDL Advance Payment grant applications
on a limited basis on May 4 to accommodate agricultural businesses that were provided COVID-
19-related EIDL eligibility by the Enhancement Act. The SBA also processed applications from
agricultural businesses that had submitted an EIDL application prior to the legislative change.
Those agricultural businesses did not need to reapply. All other EIDL loan applications that were
submitted before the SBA stopped accepting new applications on April 15 continued to be
processed on a first-in, first-out basis.7 The SBA resumed the acceptance of new EIDL and
Emergency EIDL Advance Payment applications from all borrowers on June 15, 2020.8
A summary of the Enhancement Act’s major small business-related provisions is presented in the
Appendix.
Numerous proposals to amend the PPP were introduced throughout the spring, summer, and fall
of 2020, including
 H.R. 6800, the Health and Economic Recovery Omnibus Emergency Solutions
Act (Heroes Act), which was passed by the House on May 15, 2020;
 S. 4321, the Continuing Small Business Recovery and Paycheck Protection
Program Act, which was introduced in the Senate on July 27, 2020; and
 H.R. 925, the (updated) Heroes Act, which was passed by the House on October
1, 2020.
A summary of these bills’ major small business-related provisions is presented in the Appendix.

general business loans authorized under Section 7(a) of the Small Business Act. This authorization limit applied to the
7(a) lending programs as well as to the PPP.
5 SBA, “Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) Report through April 16, 2020, at 12 PM EST,” at https://content.sba.gov/
sites/default/files/2020-05/PPP%20Deck%20copy.pdf.
6 SBA, “Statement by Secretary Mnuchin and Administrator Carranza on the Paycheck Protection Program and
Economic Injury Disaster Loan Program.”
7 SBA, “Economic Injury Disaster Loan Emergency Advance,” May 4, 2020, at https://www.sba.gov/funding-
programs/loans/coronavirus-relief-options/economic-injury-disaster-loan-emergency-advance.
8 SBA, “SBA’s Economic Injury Disaster Loans and Advance Program Reopened to All Eligible Small Businesses and
Non-Profits Impacted by COVID-19 Pandemic,” June 15, 2020, at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-newsroom/
press-releases-media-advisories/sbas-economic-injury-disaster-loans-and-advance-program-reopened-all-eligible-
small-businesses-and?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery.
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As negotiations among House and Senate leaders continued over these and other legislative
proposals, several changes to the PPP were agreed to. For example, P.L. 116-142, the Paycheck
Protection Program Flexibility Act, enacted on June 5, 2020, among other provisions,
 extended the PPP loan forgiveness covered period from 8 weeks after the loan’s
origination date to the earlier of 24 weeks after the loan’s origination date or
December 31, 2020;
 provided borrowers that received a PPP loan prior to the date of enactment (June
5, 2020) the option to use the CARES Act’s loan forgiveness covered period of
eight weeks after the loan’s origination date;
 replaced the 75%/25% rule on the use of PPP loan proceeds for loan forgiveness
purposes with the requirement that at least 60% of the loan proceeds be used for
payroll costs and up to 40% be used for covered mortgage interest, rent, and
utility payments;9
 provided borrowers a “safe harbor” from the loan forgiveness rehiring
requirement if the borrower is unable to rehire an individual who was an
employee of the recipient on or before February 15, 2020, or if the borrower can
demonstrate an inability to hire similarly qualified employees on or before
December 31, 2020;
 provided borrowers another “safe harbor” from the loan forgiveness rehiring
requirement if the business can document that it was unable to operate between
February 15, 2020, and the end of the covered period at the same level of
business activity as before February 15, 2020, due to compliance with
requirements established or guidance issued between March 1, 2020, and
December 31, 2020, by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration, related to the maintenance of standards for sanitation,
social distancing, or any other worker or customer safety requirement related to
COVID-19 (the SBA indicates that this safe harbor includes state and local
government directives based on these requirements or guidance);10
 established a minimum PPP loan maturity of five years for loans made on or after
the date of enactment; and
 extended the PPP loan deferral period from six months (under SBA regulations)
to the date that the SBA remits the borrower’s loan forgiveness amount to the
lender or, if the borrower does not apply for loan forgiveness, 10 months after the
end of the borrower’s loan forgiveness covered period.
Under the act, June 30, 2020, remained the last date on which a PPP loan application could be
approved. A summary of the Paycheck Protection Program Flexibility Act is presented in the
Appendix.
As required by the CARES Act, the SBA stopped accepting new PPP loan applications at
midnight on June 30, 2020.

9 If a borrower uses less than 60% of the PPP loan amount for payroll costs during the forgiveness covered period, the
borrower will continue to be eligible for partial loan forgiveness, subject to at least 60% of the loan forgiveness amount
having been used for payroll costs.
10 SBA and Treasury, “Business Loan Program Temporary Changes; Paycheck Protection Program – Revisions to Loan
Forgiveness and Loan Review Procedures Interim Final Rules,” 85 Federal Register 38309, June 26, 2020.
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P.L. 116-147, to extend the authority for commitments for the paycheck protection program and
separate amounts authorized for other loans under Section 7(a) of the Small Business Act, and for
other purposes, enacted on July 4, 2020, extended the PPP covered loan period from June 30,
2020, to August 8, 2020, and authorized $659 billion for PPP loan commitments and $30 billion
for 7(a) loan commitments. The Senate passed the bill by voice vote on June 30, 2020, and the
House passed it by unanimous consent on July 1, 2020.
On July 11, 2020, the SBA announced that it had stopped accepting Emergency EIDL Advance
Payment grant applications because the program had reached its authorization limit of $20 billion
in grants.11 The SBA approved 5,781,390 Emergency EIDL Advance Payment grant
applications.12 As of February 15, 2021, the SBA had approved 3,734,701 COVID-19-related
EIDL loans, totaling over $203 billion.13
As required by P.L. 116-147, the SBA stopped accepting PPP loan applications on August 8,
2020.
As of August 8, 2020, the SBA had approved, after cancellations, 5,212,128 PPP loans, totaling
over $525 billion (see Table 1). For comparative purposes, that loan approval amount is more
than the amount the SBA has approved in all of its loan programs, including disaster loans, during
the last 29 years (from October 1, 1991, through December 31, 2019; $509.9 billion).14
Table 1. Paycheck Protection Program Loan Approvals, After Cancellations, Through
August 8, 2020
Average Loan
Number of Loans
Amount
Characteristic
Approved
Amount Approved
Approved
Lenders
Approvals
5,212,128
$525,012,201,124
$100,729
5,460
(after cancellations)
Source: Small Business Administration (SBA), “Additional Program Information: approvals as of August 8, 2020,”
at https://www.sba.gov/funding-programs/loans/coronavirus-relief-options/paycheck-protection-program.
Note: Cancellations include duplicative loans, loans not closed for any reason, and loans that have been paid off.
As of August 8, 2020, four industry sectors had received at least 10% of PPP net loan amounts:
 Health Care and Social Assistance (12.9%);
 Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services (12.7%);

11 SBA, “SBA provided $20 billion to Small Businesses and Non-Profits Through the Emergency Economic Injury
Disaster Loan Advance Program,” press release, July 11, 2020, at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-newsroom/press-
releases-media-advisories/sba-provided-20-billion-small-businesses-and-non-profits-through-economic-injury-disaster-
loan.
As of April 24, 2020, the SBA had approved nearly 1.2 million Emergency EIDL grants, totaling $4.8 billion. See
SBA, “COVID-19 EIDL Advance Reports, April 24, 2020,” at https://www.sba.gov/document/report-covid-19-eidl-
advance-report-04-24-20.
12 SBA, “Disaster Assistance Update EIDL Advance July 15, 2020 (figures as of July 14, 2020),” at
https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/EIDL%20COVID-19%20Advance%207.15.20.pdf.
13 SBA, “SBA Disaster Assistance Update Nationwide EIDL Loans/COVID-19, February 16, 2021 (figures as of
February 15, 2021),” at https://www.sba.gov/document/report-covid-19-eidl-loans-report-2021.
14 SBA, “WDS Lending Data File,” October 18, 2019; and SBA, “Small Business Administration loan program
performance: Table 2 - Gross Approval Amount by Program, December 31, 2019,” at https://www.sba.gov/document/
report-small-business-administration-loan-program-performance.
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 Construction (12.4%); and
 Manufacturing (10.3%).15
House and Senate leaders continued negotiations on legislation to reopen and amend the PPP
throughout the summer and fall. P.L. 116-260, the Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses,
Nonprofits, and Venues Act (Division N, Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of
2021), enacted on December 27, 2020, among other provisions,
 extends the PPP loan covered period from August 8, 2020, to March 31, 2021;
 expands the list of allowable uses of proceeds and loan forgiveness to include
personal protective equipment, supplier costs, payments for software, cloud
computing, and other human resources and accounting needs, and costs related to
property damage from public disturbances that occurred in 2020 that are not
covered by insurance;
 allows borrowers to select a PPP loan forgiveness covered period of either 8
weeks after the loan’s origination date or 24 weeks after the loan’s origination
date regardless of when the loan was disbursed;
 creates a simplified loan forgiveness application process for loans of $150,000 or
less, which includes an application form that is not more than one page in length
and only requires borrowers to provide a description of the number of employees
the borrower was able to retain because of the loan, the estimated amount of the
loan amount spent on payroll costs, and the total loan amount. The borrower must
also attest that they complied with all PPP loan requirements. Borrowers must
retain relevant employment records for four years following submission of the
form and other relevant records for three years. The SBA retains the right to
review and audit these loans for fraud. Reporting of demographic information is
optional;
 allows PPP borrowers that have fewer than 300 employees, have or will use the
full amount of their PPP loan, and can document quarterly revenue losses of at
least 25% in the first, second, or third quarter of 2020 relative to the same quarter
of 2019 to receive a second-draw PPP loan of up to $2 million;
 increases the PPP loan authorization level from $659 billion to $806.45 billion,
appropriates an additional $284.45 billion for the PPP, and rescinds $146.5
billion from the SBA’s business loans program account (appropriated funds that
were not spent prior to enactment);
 sets aside funds for new and smaller small businesses, for borrowers in low- and
moderate-income communities, and for community and smaller lenders. These
set asides include $15 billion across first and second draw PPP loans for lending
by community financial institutions; $15 billion across first and second draw PPP
loans for lending by insured depository institutions, credit unions, and farm credit
system institutions with consolidated assets of less than $10 billion; $35 billion
for new first draw PPP borrowers; and $15 billion and $25 billion for first draw
and second draw PPP loans, respectively, for borrowers with a maximum of 10
employees or for loans less than $250,000 to borrowers in low- or moderate-
income neighborhoods;

15 SBA, “Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) Report: Approvals through August 8, 2020; Industry by NAICS Sector,”
at https://www.sba.gov/document/report-paycheck-protection-program-report-through-august-8-2020.
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 extends the covered period for Emergency EIDL advance payments (grants) from
December 31, 2020, to December 31, 2021, extends the time for the SBA to
approve and disburse the funds from three to 21 days, and repeals the
requirement that borrowers deduct the amount of their EIDL advance payment
from their PPP loan forgiveness amount if the advance payment was refinanced
into their PPP loan;
 appropriates $20 billion for an EIDL Targeted advance payment (grant) program
that provides a $10,000 advance payment to borrowers located in low-income
communities that have suffered a revenue loss greater than 30% over specified
time periods and have no more than 300 employees; applicants that meet these
requirements and received an Emergency EIDL advance payment previously are
eligible to receive an amount equal to the difference of what the borrower
received and $10,000. The SBA is required to provide first priority in awarding
the grants to eligible borrowers located in low-income communities that received
an Emergency EIDL advance payment of less than $10,000 previously, and
second priority to eligible first-time applicants located in low-income
communities;
 increases the 7(a) loan guarantee program’s authorization limit from $30 billion
to $75 billion in FY2021, and appropriates $1.918 billion for 7(a) loan guarantee
program subsidy costs, and costs related to (1) increasing the 7(a) program’s loan
guarantee percentage from 75% and 85%, depending on the loan amount, to 90%
for all 7(a) loans; (2) increasing the SBAExpress loan amount from $350,000 to
$1 million on January 1, 2021 (reverts permanently to $500,000 on October 1,
2021); (3) increasing the SBAExpress loan guarantee percentage from 50% to
75% for loans of $350,000 or less (reverts permanently to 50% for all
SBAExpress loans on October 1, 2021); (4) waiving 7(a) and 504/CDC lender
and borrower fees in FY2021; and (5) providing lower interest rates for the
504/CDC refinancing program;
 appropriates $3.5 billion to resume the first six months of payments of principal,
interest, and fees for SBA 7(a) loans, 504/CDC loans, and Microloans, capped at
$9,000 per month per borrower. Payments are dependent on when the loan was
disbursed, the type of loan received, and the business’s industry. For example, the
SBA will pay at least three additional monthly payments on loans that were in
repayment before March 27, 2020, starting with the next payment due on or after
February 1, 2021. After the first three monthly payments are provided, businesses
with an SBA Community Advantage loan, Microloan, or operating in specified
economically hard-hit industries will receive an additional five monthly
payments.16 Also, loans approved from February 1, 2021, through September 30,
2021, will receive six monthly payments beginning with the first payment due;
 appropriates $15 billion for a new Shuttered Venue Operators Grant program to
provide grants to eligible live venue operators or promoters, theatrical producers,
live performing arts organization operators, museum operators, motion picture
theatre operators, or talent representatives who demonstrate a 25% reduction in

16 Economically hard-hit industries are defined as those industries assigned a North American Industry Classification
System (NAICS) code beginning with 61, 71, 72, 213, 315, 448, 451, 481, 485, 487, 511, 512, 515, 532, or 812 (food
service and accommodation; arts, entertainment and recreation; education; and laundry and personal care services).
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revenue over specified time periods.17 The SBA can award an initial grant to
eligible individuals or entities of up to $10 million based on a specified formula
and a supplemental grant equal to half of the initial grant, also based on a
specified formula. Funding must be used for specified purposes, such as payroll,
rent, utilities, and personal protective equipment; and
 appropriates $57 million for Microloan program enhancements, including $50
million for Microloan technical assistance grants and $7 million in loan credit
subsidies to support up to $64 million in additional Microloan lending.
Legislative and Administrative Efforts to Assist
Small Businesses During the 117th Congress
On January 6, 2021, the SBA released two interim final rules to enable implementation of P.L.
116-260’s PPP-related provisions.18 On January 8, 2021, the SBA announced that it would reopen
the PPP loan portal on January 11, 2021, on a restricted basis. Initially, only community financial
institutions were allowed to submit PPP loan applications (first-draw loans were accepted starting
on January 11 and second-draw loans were accepted starting on January 13) as a means to
promote PPP loan access for minority, underserved, veteran and women-owned small
businesses.19 Community financial institutions are generally recognized as more likely to serve
these populations than are other lending institutions.
The SBA reopened the PPP loan portal to PPP-eligible lenders with $1 billion or less in assets on
January 15, 2021, and to all PPP-eligible lenders on January 19, 2021.20
In addition, in an effort to enhance PPP access for smaller entities, the SBA announced on
February 22, 2021, that it would restrict PPP loan applications to businesses and nonprofit
organizations with fewer than 20 employees for 14 days, starting on February 24, 2021.21 The
SBA also announced several regulatory changes, effective the first week in March 2021, to
“advance equity goals,” including revising the formula that determines the loan amount for sole
proprietors, independent contractors, and self-employed individuals to enable them to receive
more financial support;22 establishing a $1 billion set aside for sole proprietors, independent

17 For additional information and analysis concerning the Shuttered Venue Operators Grant Program, see CRS Report
R46689, SBA Shuttered Venue Operators Grant Program (SVOG), by Robert Jay Dilger and Sean Lowry.
18 These rules were subsequently printed in the Federal Register on January 14, 2021. See SBA and Department of the
Treasury, “Business Loan Program Temporary Changes; Paycheck Protection Program as Amended by Economic Aid
Act,” 86 Federal Register 3692-3712, January 14, 2021; and SBA and Department of the Treasury, “Business Loan
Program Temporary Changes; Paycheck Protection Program Second Draw Loans,” 86 Federal Register 3712-3723,
January 14, 2021.
19 SBA, “Guidance on Accessing Capital for Minority, Underserved, Veteran and Women-Owned Business Concerns,”
January 6, 2021, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/2021-01/
Guidance%20on%20Accessing%20Capital%20for%20Minority%20Underserved%20Veteran%20and%20Women%20
Owned%20Business%20Concerns%20.pdf?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery; and SBA, “SBA and
Treasury Announce PPP Re-Opening; Issue New Guidance,” January 8, 2021.
20 SBA, “SBA Re-Opening Paycheck Protection Program to Small Lenders on Friday, January 15 and All Lenders on
Tuesday, January 19,” at https://www.sba.gov/article/2021/jan/13/sba-re-opening-paycheck-protection-program-small-
lenders-friday-january-15-all-lenders-tuesday.
21 SBA, “Biden Administration takes steps to promote equitable access to SBA Relief,” February 22, 2021, at
https://www.sba.gov/page/coronavirus-covid-19-small-business-guidance-loan-resources.
22 Previously, “PPP rules defined payroll costs for individuals who file an IRS Form 1040, Schedule C as payroll costs
(if employees exist) plus net profits, which is net earnings from self-employment.” Effective March 4, 2021, these
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contractors, and self-employed individuals that do not have employees and are located in low-
and moderate-income areas; and making it clear that legal U.S. residents who are not citizens are
eligible and if they use an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN) to pay their taxes
they may use their ITIN as an identifier when applying for a PPP loan.23
In a related development, on January 20, 2021, the Biden Administration requested an additional
$50 billion for SBA program enhancements in its “American Rescue Plan,” including $25 billion
for a Restaurant Revitalization grant program.24 During congressional consideration of the
proposal, Congress increased the Restaurant Revitalization grant program’s funding to $28.6
billion and accepted the Administration’s other small business proposals.
Specifically, P.L. 117-2, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, provided an additional $53.6
billion for SBA program enhancements, including
 $28.6 billion for the Restaurant Revitalization grant program to provide grants of
up to $10 million per entity (up to $5 million per physical location, limited to 20
locations) to restaurants and other food and beverage-related establishments that
have experienced COVID-19-related revenue loss;
 $15 billion for the Targeted Economic Injury Disaster Loan Advance payment
program;
 $7.25 billion for the PPP;
 $1.25 billion for the Shuttered Venue Operators Grant Program;
 $840 million for administrative costs to prevent, prepare and respond to the
COVID-19 pandemic, including expenses related to PPP, SVOG, and grants to
restaurants;
 $460 million for the disaster loan program ($70 million for credit subsidies and
$390 million for administrative costs);
 $100 million for a community navigator pilot grant program to improve small
business access to COVID-19-related assistance programs;
 $75 million for outreach, education, and improving the SBA website; and
 $25 million for SBA’s Office of Inspector General for oversight, to remain
available until expended.25

individuals (the self-employed, sole proprietors, and independent contractors) “may elect to calculate the owner
compensation share of its payroll costs—that is, the share of its payroll costs that represents compensation of the
owner—based on either (i) net profit or (ii) gross income.” See SBA, “Business Loan Program Temporary Changes;
Paycheck Protection Program – Revisions to Loan Amount Calculation and Eligibility,” 86 Federal Register 13149-
13156, March 8, 2021.
23 The SBA also eliminated “an exclusionary restriction on PPP access for small business owners with prior non-fraud
felony convictions, consistent with a bipartisan congressional proposal” and “federal student loan debt delinquency and
default as disqualifiers to participating in the PPP.” See SBA, “SBA Prioritizes Smallest of Small Businesses in the
Paycheck Protection Program,” February 22, 2021, at https://www.sba.gov/article/2021/feb/22/sba-prioritizes-smallest-
small-businesses-paycheck-protection-program; and The (Biden) White House, “Fact Sheet: Biden-Harris
Administration Increases Lending to Small Businesses in Need, Announces Changes to PPP to Further Promote
Equitable Access to Relief,” February 22, 2021, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/
2021/02/22/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-increases-lending-to-small-businesses-in-need-announces-changes-
to-ppp-to-further-promote-equitable-access-to-relief/.
24 The (Biden) White House, “President Biden Announces American Rescue Plan,” January 20, 2021, at
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/legislation/2021/01/20/president-biden-announces-american-rescue-plan/.
25 U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Small Business, “Committee Approves $50 Billion in Small Business
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On March 24, 2021, the SBA announced that, as of April 6, 2021, the maximum COVID-
19 EIDL would be increased to 24 months of economic injury up to $500,000 from 6
months of economic injury up to $150,000. The SBA indicated that it would contact
existing EIDL borrowers via email to provide details about how they can request an
increase.26
In addition, P.L. 117-6, the PPP Extension Act of 2021, signed into law on March 30, 2021,
extended the acceptance of PPP applications through May 31, 2021, and authorized the SBA to
process any pending applications submitted on or before that date through June 30, 2021.
On May 4, 2021, the SBA informed lenders that due to budgetary limitations it was limiting new
PPP loan applications to community financial institutions and would continue to process
applications that had already been submitted.27
As of May 2, 2021, the SBA had approved more than 10.7 million PPP loans totaling over $780.4
billion, including more than 5.6 million PPP loans totaling over $258.2 billion during 2021 (see
Table 2).
Table 2. Paycheck Protection Program Loan Approvals, After Cancellations, Through
May 2, 2021
Average Loan
Number of Loans
Net Amount
Amount
Characteristic
Approved
Approved
Approved
2021 Approvals
5,641,576
$258,225,607,900
$45,772
2020 Approvals
5,142,862
$522,247,636,240
$101,548
Total Approvals
10,784,438
$780,473,244,140
$72,370
(after cancellations)
Source: Small Business Administration (SBA), “Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) Data: Approvals through
May 2, 2021,” at https://www.sba.gov/document/report-paycheck-protection-program-weekly-reports-2021.
Note: Cancellations include duplicative loans, loans not closed for any reason, and loans that have been paid off.
Disaster Loans
Overview
SBA disaster assistance is provided in the form of loans, not grants, which must be repaid to the
federal government. The SBA’s disaster loans are unique in two respects: (1) they go directly to
the ultimate borrower, and (2) they are not limited to small businesses.28

Aid for COVID Relief Package,” February 10, 2021, at https://smallbusiness.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?
DocumentID=3559.
26 SBA, “SBA to Increase Lending Limit for COVID-19 Economic Injury Disaster Loans,” March 24, 2021, at
https://www.sba.gov/article/2021/mar/24/sba-increase-lending-limit-covid-19-economic-injury-disaster-loans.
27 National Association of Government Guaranteed Lenders (NAGGL), “Recent PPP Updates,” May 4, 2021, at
https://www.naggl.org/.
28 13 C.F.R. §123.200.
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SBA disaster loans for physical damage are available to individuals, businesses of all sizes, and
nonprofit organizations in declared disaster areas.29 SBA disaster loans for economic injury
(EIDL) are available to eligible small businesses, small agricultural cooperatives, small
businesses engaged in aquaculture, and most private, nonprofit organizations in declared disaster
areas. The SBA issues about 80% of its direct disaster loans to individuals and households
(renters and property owners) to repair and replace homes and personal property. The SBA
disbursed $401 million in disaster loans in FY2016, $889 million in FY2017, $3.59 billion in
FY2018, $1.5 billion in FY2019, and $178.5 billion in FY2020 (primarily for COVID-19-related
assistance).30
Types of Disaster Loans
The SBA Disaster Loan Program includes home disaster loans, business physical disaster loans,
and EIDLs.31 This report focuses on the EIDL program because it is currently being used to
address the adverse economic impact of COVID-19 on small businesses and other EIDL-eligible
organizations.
P.L. 116-123, the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act,
2020, deemed the coronavirus to be a disaster under the EIDL program. This change made
economic injury from the coronavirus an eligible EIDL expense. The act also provided the SBA
an additional $20 million for disaster loan administrative expenses.
For a discussion of all SBA disaster loans, see CRS Report R41309, The SBA Disaster Loan
Program: Overview and Possible Issues for Congress, by Bruce R. Lindsay.
Economic Injury Disaster Loans
EIDLs provide up to $2 million for working capital (including fixed debts, payroll, accounts
payable and other bills that cannot be paid because of the disaster’s impact) to help small
businesses, small agricultural cooperatives, small businesses engaged in aquaculture, and most
private, nonprofit organizations meet their financial obligations and operating expenses that
cannot be met as a direct result of the disaster.32
As mentioned, due to unprecedented demand, in March 2020, the SBA lowered the maximum
COVID-19 EIDL amount from $2 million to $500,000, and, on May 3, 2020, reduced it to six
months of economic injury up to $150,000. On March 24, 2021, the SBA announced that, as of
April 6, 2021, the maximum COVID-19 EIDL would be increased to 24 months of economic
injury up to $500,000.33

29 13 C.F.R. §123.105 and 13 C.F.R. §123.203.
30 SBA, Office of Legislative and Congressional Affairs, “WDS Report Amount Fiscal Year 2019, Table 1.4
Disbursements by Program,” October 18, 2019; and SBA, “Agency Financial Report, Fiscal Year 2020,” p. 82, at
https://www.sba.gov/document/report-agency-financial-report.
31 The SBA also offers military reservist economic injury disaster loans. These loans are available when economic
injury is incurred as a direct result of a business owner or an essential employee being called to active duty. These loans
are generally not associated with disasters. See CRS Report R42695, SBA Veterans Assistance Programs: An Analysis
of Contemporary Issues, by Robert Jay Dilger and Sean Lowry.
32 SBA, “Fact Sheet – Economic Injury Disaster Loans, California Declaration #16332,” March 19, 2020, at
https://disasterloan.sba.gov/ela/Declarations/DeclarationDetails?declNumber=3485&direct=false (hereinafter cited as
SBA, “Fact Sheet”).
33 SBA, “SBA to Increase Lending Limit for COVID-19 Economic Injury Disaster Loans,” March 24, 2021, at
https://www.sba.gov/article/2021/mar/24/sba-increase-lending-limit-covid-19-economic-injury-disaster-loans.
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Public nonprofit organizations and several specific business types are not eligible for EIDL
assistance. Ineligible businesses include, but are not limited to, the following:
 businesses that do not meet the SBA’s small business eligibility criteria,
including the SBA’s size standards;
 businesses that derive more than one-third of their annual gross revenue from
legal gambling activities;
 casinos and racetracks;
 religious organizations;
 political and lobbying concerns;
 government-owned concerns (expect for businesses owned or controlled by a
Native American tribe); and
 businesses determined by the SBA to have credit available elsewhere.34
EIDL loan amounts are based on actual economic injury and financial needs, regardless of
whether the business or eligible nonprofit suffered any property damage. If an applicant is a
major source of employment, the SBA may waive the $2 million statutory limit.35 In addition,
EIDL loan proceeds cannot be used to refinance long-term debt, expand facilities, pay dividends
or bonuses, or for relocation.36
Applicants must have a credit history acceptable to the SBA, the ability to repay the loan, and
present collateral for all EIDL loans over $25,000 if available. The SBA collateralizes real estate
or other assets when available, but it will not deny a loan for lack of collateral.37
EIDL interest rates are determined by formulas established in law (discussed later) and are fixed
for the life of the loan. EIDL interest rate ceilings are statutorily set at no more than 4% per
annum. EIDL applicants are not eligible if the SBA determines that the applicant has credit
available elsewhere.
EIDL loans can have maturities up to 30 years. The SBA determines an appropriate installment
payment based on each borrower’s financial condition, which, in turn, determines the loan term.38
There are no prepayment penalties.
SBA EIDL assistance is not automatically available. It must be requested in one of two ways: (1)
a state or territory governor can submit a request to the President for a major disaster declaration
under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act39 or (2) a state or
governor can submit a request for SBA EIDL from the SBA Administrator under the Small
Business Act.
There was some initial concern that COVID-19 would not be a declarable disaster under the
Small Business Act because it did not meet the legal definition for a disaster. As mentioned, to
prevent any potential ambiguity, Title II of P.L. 116-123 deemed the coronavirus a disaster under

34 SBA, “Disaster Assistance Program, SOP 50 30 9, pp. 70, 71, at https://www.sba.gov/document/sop-50-30-9-
disaster-assistance-program-posted-05-31 (hereinafter cited as SBA, “Disaster Assistance Program SOP”).
35 SBA, “Fact Sheet.”
36 For the full list of ineligible uses of EIDL loan proceeds, see SBA, “Disaster Assistance Program SOP,” pp. 75-76.
37 SBA, “Fact Sheet.”
38 SBA, “Fact Sheet.”
39 P.L. 93-288, as amended. Tribal nations are also authorized to request and receive major disaster assistance.
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Section 7(b)(2)(D) of the Small Business Act, making economic injury from the coronavirus an
eligible expense under the SBA’s Economic Injury Disaster Loan program.
Initial EIDL Response to COVID-19
On March 16, 2020, the SBA Administrator began issuing declarations for SBA EIDLs in
response to states seeking SBA disaster assistance for small businesses.40 The SBA changed its
requirement that a state or territory “provide documentation certifying that at least five small
businesses have suffered substantial economic injury as a result of the disaster, with at least one
business located in each declared county/parish.”41 Under new criteria, states and territories now
“are only required to certify that at least five small businesses within the state/territory have
suffered substantial economic injury, regardless of where the businesses are located.”42 The SBA
announced that under the new criteria EIDL assistance may be available statewide instead of just
within specific identified counties in declarations related to COVID-19.
EIDL Funding
Prior to the CARES Act’s enactment, the SBA had about $1.1 billion in disaster loan credit
subsidy available to support about $7 billion to $8 billion in disaster loans. Loan credit subsidy is
the amount provided to cover the government’s cost of extending or guaranteeing credit.43 The
loan credit subsidy amount is about one-seventh of the cost of each disaster loan.44 The credit
subsidy amount is used to protect the government against the risk of estimated shortfalls in loan
repayments. There was some concern that the SBA’s funding for disaster loan credit subsidies
would have proven to be insufficient to meet the demand for disaster loans now that EIDL
eligibility has been extended to economic injuries related to COVID-19.
The CARES Act addressed this issue by providing an additional $562 million to support disaster
loans and $10 billion to support the Emergency EIDL grant program. As mentioned, the Paycheck
Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act (P.L. 116-139) appropriated an additional
$50 billion for EIDL and $10 billion for Emergency EIDL grants. P.L. 116-260, the Economic
Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act (Division N, Title III of the

40 A similar definitional issue may exist under the Stafford Act which does not specify an infectious disease as an
incident in its definition of a major disaster. There are, however, indications that the President considers COVID-19 a
major disaster. See the White House, Letter from President Donald J. Trump on Emergency Determination Under the
Stafford Act, March 13, 2020, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/letter-president-donald-j-trump-
emergency-determination-stafford-act/.
41 SBA, SBA Updates Criteria on States for Requesting Disaster Assistance Loans for Small Businesses Impacted by
Coronavirus (COVID-19), March 17, 2020, at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-newsroom/press-releases-media-
advisories/sba-updates-criteria-states-requesting-disaster-assistance-loans-small-businesses-impacted (hereinafter cited
as SBA, SBA Updates Criteria on States for Requesting Disaster Assistance).
42 SBA, SBA Updates Criteria on States for Requesting Disaster Assistance.
43 “The Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 (FCRA) requires agencies to estimate the cost to the government of
extending or guaranteeing credit. This cost, referred to as subsidy cost, equals the net present value of estimated cash
flows from the government (e.g., loan disbursements and claim payments to lenders) minus estimated cash flows to the
government (e.g., loan repayments, interest payments, fees, and recoveries on defaulted loans) over the life of the loan,
excluding administrative costs.” See U.S. Government Accountability Office, Current Method to Estimate Credit
Subsidy Costs Is More Appropriate for Budget Estimates Than a Fair Value Approach, GAO-16-41, January 29, 2016,
p. i, at https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-16-41.
44 SBA, FY2021 Congressional Budget Justification FY2019 Annual Performance Report,” p. 13, at
https://www.sba.gov/document/report—congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report (hereinafter
cited as SBA, FY2021 Congressional Budget Justification FY2019 Annual Performance Report”).
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Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021), appropriated an additional $20 billion for the EIDL
Targeted advance payment (grant) program. P.L. 117-2, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021,
appropriated an additional $15 billion for the Targeted Economic Injury Disaster Loan Advance
payment program and $460 million for the disaster loan program ($70 million for credit subsidies
and $390 million for administrative costs).
Surge Issues and Loan Processing Times
Historically, the majority (80%) of SBA disaster loans have been for individuals and households.
The significant number of businesses that will likely apply for EIDL assistance because of the
economic damage the coronavirus caused may require the SBA to enhance its disaster business
loan portfolio and increase staff to meet demand. As mentioned, in anticipation of increased EIDL
demand, Title II of P.L. 116-123 provided the SBA with an additional $20 million, to remain
available until expended, for SBA Disaster Loan Program administrative expenses.
A Government Accountability Office (GAO) report found that the SBA provided disaster loans in
roughly 18 days or less in response to Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria in 2017.45 Although
the 2017 hurricanes created a high demand at that time for SBA disaster loans, it is unclear if
GAO’s findings can be extrapolated to the current COVID-19 pandemic. The sheer volume of
EIDL applications in response to COVID-19 could be significantly higher because COVID-19
affects a much larger number of small businesses and organizations. In addition, the time needed
for the SBA to expand the disaster loan portfolio and hire and train new and existing staff could
compromise loan processing times.
Loan processing times may be of significant concern to Congress and business owners alike. If
loans are not processed quickly enough, businesses nationwide may suffer economic damage and,
potentially, collapse. Consequently, Congress may examine options that could expedite loan
processing, such as increased staffing and surge capabilities, waiving application requirements,
and the use of expedited loans or bridge loans.
Expedited Disaster Loans and Bridge Loans
In response to criticism of SBA’s disaster loan processing following the Gulf Coast hurricanes of
2005 and 2008, Congress passed P.L. 110-234, the Small Business Disaster Response and Loan
Improvements Act of 2008.46 The act created several programs to improve the disaster loan
processing.47 Among them were the following:
 Expedited Disaster Assistance Loan Program (EDALP) to provide eligible EIDL
applicants with expedited access to short-term guaranteed loans of up to
$150,000.48
 Immediate Disaster Assistance Program (IDAP) to provide eligible EIDL
applicants with guaranteed bridge loans of up to $25,000 from private-sector

45 U.S. Government Accountability Office, Disaster Loan Processing Was Timelier, but Planning Improvements and
Pilot Program Evaluation Needed, GAO-20-369, March 9, 2020, at https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-20-168.
46 P.L. 110-234, the Small Business Disaster Response and Loan Improvements Act of 2008 (Title XII, subtitle B of the
Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008), as amended by P.L. 110-246, the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of
2008 (Title XII, subtitle B of the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008) (hereinafter cited as P.L. 110-234).
47 SBA, “Immediate, Expedited, and Private Disaster Assistance Loan Programs,” 80 Federal Register 63715-63717,
October 21, 2015.
48 P.L. 110-234, Sec. 12085.
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lenders, with an SBA decision within 36 hours of a lender’s application on behalf
of a borrower.49
 Private Disaster Assistance Program (PDAP) to make guaranteed loans available
to homeowners and eligible EIDL applicants in an amount up to $2 million.50
The SBA, however, had difficulty implementing these programs. In his statement before the
House Committee on Small Business, then-acting (and now the current) SBA Inspector General,
Hannibal “Mike” Ware, stated the following:
In the wake of disasters like Hurricane Sandy, congressional representatives expressed
concern that SBA did not effectively develop and utilize programmatic innovations
intended to assist in disbursing funds quickly and effectively. For instance, SBA did not
implement statutory provisions of the Immediate Disaster Assistance Program (IDAP),
Economic Injury Disaster Assistance Program (EDAP), and the Private Disaster Assistance
Programs (PDAP), collectively known as the “Guaranteed Disaster Assistance Programs”
mandated by Congress in 2008. These provisions were enacted with the expectation that
they would allow SBA to provide expedited disaster loans in partnership with private sector
lenders. These provisions remain unimplemented.51
He added that the SBA had difficulty implementing the programs because private lenders were
reluctant to participate in the program. He mentioned the following impediments:
[the] cost of program participation under the current pricing structure and the lender’s lack
of infrastructure to deliver loans that meet SBA standards (such as evaluating eligibility
and duplication of benefits); loan terms that include longer maturities than conventional
lending practices; the high cost of providing these loans; inadequate collateral security; and
their lack of expertise in the home loan sector. Lenders were also concerned that loan
guarantees would be denied due to improper eligibility determinations.
Because these programs had limited use, Congress included a provision in P.L. 115-141, the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018, which permanently cancelled $2.6 million in unobligated
balances available for the IDAP and the EDALP.
The CARES Act addressed loan processing issues by authorizing the SBA Administrator, in
response to economic injuries caused by COVID-19, to
 waive the “credit not available elsewhere” requirement,
 approve an applicant based solely on their credit score,
 not require applicants to submit a tax return or tax return transcript for approval,
 waive any rules related to the personal guarantee on advances and loans of not
more than $200,000, and
 waive the requirement that the applicant needs to be in business for the one-year
period before the disaster declaration (except that no waiver may be made for a
business that was not in operation on January 31, 2020).

49 P.L. 110-234, Sec. 12084.
50 P.L. 110-234, Sec. 12083.
51 Testimony of Hannibal “Mike” Ware, Acting Inspector General, United States Small Business Administration, U.S.
Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Storm Watch: Making Sure SBA’s Disaster Loan Program Is
Prepared, 115th Cong., 1st sess., April 26, 2017, p. 33.
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SBA EIDL Repayment and Forgiveness
Under present law and regulations, the first SBA EIDL payment is normally due five months after
disbursement. However, on March 23, 2020, the SBA announced that it would defer payments on
existing disaster loans through December 31, 2020, “to help borrowers during this unprecedented
time.”52 The SBA also announced that payments on new EIDL loans would be deferred for one
year (interest does accrue).
Additionally, on March 12, 2021, the SBA extended the deferment period for all COVID-19-
related EIDL and other disaster loans until 2022. Specifically, all disaster loans made in calendar
year 2020 will have a first payment due extended from 12 months to 24 months from the date of
the note, and all disaster loans made in calendar year 2021 will have a first payment due extended
from 12 months to 18 months from the date of the note.53
The CARES Act authorized the SBA to provide complete payment deferment relief, for not less
than six months and not more than one year, for Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) borrowers if
the borrower was in operation on February 15, 2020, and had an application for a covered loan
approved or pending approval on or after the date of enactment. The SBA subsequently deferred
PPP loan payments for six months. However, interest continued to accrue on these loans during
the six-month deferment.54
PPP loans can also be forgiven, in whole or in part, under specified conditions related to the
borrower’s retention of employees and wages. Federal loan forgiveness is rare, but has been used
in the past to help businesses that were having difficulty repaying their loans. For example, loan
forgiveness was granted after Hurricane Betsy, when President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the
Southeast Hurricane Disaster Relief Act of 1965.55 Section 3 of the act authorized the SBA
Administrator to grant disaster loan forgiveness or issue waivers for property lost or damaged in
Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi as a result of the hurricane. The act stated that
to the extent such loss or damage is not compensated for by insurance or otherwise, (1)
shall at the borrower’s option on that part of any loan in excess of $500, (A) cancel up to
$1,800 of the loan, or (B) waive interest due on the loan in a total amount of not more than
$1,800 over a period not to exceed three years; and (2) may lend to a privately owned
school, college, or university without regard to whether the required financial assistance is
otherwise available from private sources, and may waive interest payments and defer
principal payments on such a loan for the first three years of the term of the loan.56
Disaster Grants
Historically, businesses that suffer uninsured loss as a result of a major disaster declaration are
not eligible for Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) grant assistance, and grant
assistance from other federal sources is limited. On some occasions, Congress has provided

52 SBA, “Carranza Implements Automatic Deferment on Existing SBA Disaster Loans Through End of 2020,” March
23, 2020, at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-newsroom/press-releases-media-advisories/carranza-implements-
automatic-deferment-existing-sba-disaster-loans-through-end-2020.
53 SBA, “SBA Extends Deferment Period for all COVID-19 EIDL and Other Disaster Loans until 2022,” March 12,
2021.
54 SBA, “Business Loan Program Temporary Changes; Paycheck Protection Program,” 85 Federal Register 20813,
April 15, 2020.
55 P.L. 89-339, 79 Stat. 1301.
56 P.L. 89-339, 79 Stat. 1301.
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disaster assistance to businesses through the Department of Housing and Urban Development’s
(HUD’s) Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program. The CDBG program provides
loans and grants to eligible businesses to help them recover from disasters as well as grants
intended to attract new businesses to the disaster-stricken area. In a few cases, CDBG has also
been used to compensate businesses and workers for lost wages or revenues.
Although the President issued the first major disaster declaration to New York for COVID-19,57
CDBG disaster assistance is not available for all major disasters. States can use CDBG funding to
respond to emergencies or other “urgent needs” through the conventional CDBG entitlement and
states program,58 but existing (or future) CDBG monies generally must be reprogrammed in
consultation with HUD to respond to the emergency.59 For these reasons, CDBG is generally used
for long-term recovery needs rather than providing immediate, direct disaster assistance.
Thus, advocates of providing disaster grants to small businesses generally focus on FEMA or the
SBA. Advocates of enlisting FEMA to administer the program argue that FEMA already has grant
processing operations in place, making it relatively easier to expand the operations to include
small businesses disaster grants rather than establishing new grant-making operations within
SBA. They also argue that having FEMA administer the small business disaster grant program
may limit duplication of administrative functions between FEMA and SBA. It would also provide
access to FEMA’s Disaster Relief Fund (DRF) which, as of July 31, 2020, had roughly $74
billion for disaster assistance activities.60
In contrast, advocates of using the SBA to administer the program argue that it already has a
framework in place to evaluate business disaster needs and disaster loan eligibility.
Another concern about providing grants to businesses is whether businesses provided SBA EIDL
will be eligible for grant assistance. For example, in some cases homeowners and businesses that
accepted disaster loans were deemed ineligible for disaster grants. This may make some
businesses reluctant to apply for SBA EIDL and instead hold out for the possibility of a grant.
Congress may therefore allow businesses to use grant money to pay down their SBA EIDL.
Another potential concern is waste, fraud, and abuse. For example, Section 1210 of the Disaster
Recovery Reform Act of 2018 (DRRA, Division D of P.L. 115-254) prohibits the President from
determining loans as duplicative assistance provided all federal assistance is used toward loss
resulting from an emergency or major disaster under the Stafford Act. Consequently, businesses

57 Federal Emergency Management Agency, New York Covid-19 Pandemic (DR-4480), March 3, 2020, at
https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4480.
58 For example, the City of Seattle is currently administering $10,000 grants to small businesses using CDBG funds to
respond to COVID-19.
59 For eligible Community Development Block Grant activities related to COVID-19, see U.S. Department of Housing
and Urban Development, “Quick Guide to CDBG Eligible Activities to Support Infectious Disease Response,” March
19, 2020, at https://files.hudexchange.info/resources/documents/Quick-Guide-CDBG-Infectious-Disease-Response.pdf.
60 Federal Emergency Management Agency, Disaster Relief Fund: Monthly Report, August 7, 2020, at
https://www.fema.gov/about/reports-and-data/disaster-relief-fund-monthly-reports. For more information on the DRF
see CRS Report R45484, The Disaster Relief Fund: Overview and Issues, by William L. Painter.
Also, on August 8, 2020, President Trump issued a memorandum directing “up to $44 billion from the Disaster Relief
Fund at the statutorily mandated 75 percent Federal cost share be made available for lost wages assistance to eligible
claimants, to supplement State expenditures in providing these payments. At least $25 billion of total DRF balances
will be set aside to support ongoing disaster response and recovery efforts and potential 2020 major disaster costs.” See
President Donald Trump, “Memorandum on Authorizing the Other Needs Assistance Program for Major Disaster
Declarations Related to Coronavirus Disease 2019,” August 8, 2020, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-
actions/memorandum-authorizing-needs-assistance-program-major-disaster-declarations-related-coronavirus-disease-
2019/.
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that obtain SBA EIDL and a grant for the same purposes would conceivably not be required to
pay back the duplicative award.
The CARES Act authorized the SBA Administrator to provide up to $10,000 as an advance
payment in the amount requested within three days after receiving an EIDL application from an
eligible entity. Applicants were not required to repay the advance payment, referred to in the
CARES Act as an Emergency EIDL grant, even if subsequently denied an EIDL loan. Due to
anticipated demand, the SBA limited Emergency EIDL grants to $1,000 per employee, up to a
maximum of $10,000.
The CARES Act addressed waste, fraud, and abuse by providing the SBA’s OIG $25 million for
oversight of the SBA’s administration of its lending programs and for investigations to serve as a
general deterrent to fraud, waste, and abuse.
As mentioned, the Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act (P.L. 116-
139) appropriated an additional $10 billion for Emergency EIDL grants. P.L. 116-260, the
Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act (Division N, Title III of
the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021), appropriated an additional $20 billion for the
EIDL Targeted advance payment (grant) program. SBA’s OIG is to receive $20 million of that
amount “to prevent waste, fraud, and abuse” in the awarding of the grants. Also, P.L. 117-2, the
American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, appropriated an additional $15 billion for the Targeted
Economic Injury Disaster Loan Advance payment program.
SBA EIDL Interest Rates
SBA EIDL interest rates for COVD-19 are 3.75% for businesses and 2.75% for nonprofit
organizations.61
SBA disaster loan interest rates have been a long-standing congressional concern. First, there is
concern about the ability of disaster victims to pay off their loans. Second, there is concern about
how interest rates are determined given the complexity of the statutory language about disaster
loan interest rates. 15 U.S.C. §636(d)(5)(C)) states that interest rates are “in the case of a
business, private nonprofit organization, or other concern, including agricultural cooperatives,
unable to obtain credit elsewhere, not to exceed 4 per centum per annum.”62 To determine EIDL
interest rates, SBA uses a formula under 15 U.S.C. §636(d)(4)(A):
Notwithstanding the provisions of the constitution of any State or the laws of any State
limiting the rate or amount of interest which may be charged, taken, received, or reserved,
the maximum legal rate of interest on any financing made on a deferred basis pursuant to
this subsection shall not exceed a rate prescribed by the Administration, and the rate of
interest for the Administration’s share of any direct or immediate participation loan shall
not exceed the current average market yield on outstanding marketable obligations of the
United States with remaining periods to maturity comparable to the average maturities of
such loans and adjusted to the nearest one-eighth of 1 per centum, and an additional amount
as determined by the Administration, but not to exceed 1 per centum per annum: Provided,
That for those loans to assist any public or private organization for the handicapped or to
assist any handicapped individual as provided in paragraph (10) of this subsection, the
interest rate shall be 3 per centum per annum.

61 SBA, SBA Updates Criteria on States for Requesting Disaster Assistance Loans for Small Businesses Impacted by
Coronavirus (COVID-19), March 17, 2020, at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-newsroom/press-releases-media-
advisories/sba-updates-criteria-states-requesting-disaster-assistance-loans-small-businesses-impacted.
62 Only businesses and nonprofit organizations that cannot get credit elsewhere are eligible for SBA EIDL.
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Congress could request SBA to reevaluate its interpretation of 15 U.S.C. §636(d)(4)(A) and
provide detailed information explaining how the formula provides nonprofit organizations with
lower interest rates than small businesses. Alternatively, Congress could change the formula
under the Small Business Act if it considered the language ambiguous, or it could designate an
interest rate (including a zero interest rate) for all SBA EIDL for the duration of COVID-19.
SBA Capital Access Programs
Overview
The SBA has authority to make direct loans but, with the exception of disaster loans and loans to
Microloan program intermediaries, has not exercised that authority since 1998.63 The SBA
indicated that it stopped issuing direct business loans primarily because the subsidy rate was “10
to 15 times higher” than the subsidy rate for its loan guaranty programs.64 Instead of making
direct loans, the SBA guarantees loans issued by approved lenders to encourage those lenders to
provide loans to small businesses “that might not otherwise obtain financing on reasonable terms
and conditions.”65 With few exceptions, to qualify for SBA assistance, an organization must be
both a for-profit business and small.66
What Is a “Small Business”?
To participate in any of the SBA loan guaranty programs, a business must meet the Small
Business Act’s definition of small business. This is a business that
 is organized for profit;
 has a place of business in the United States;
 operates primarily within the United States or makes a significant contribution to
the U.S. economy through payment of taxes or use of American products,
materials, or labor;
 is independently owned and operated;

63 Prior to October 1, 1985, the SBA provided direct business loans to qualified small businesses. From October 1,
1985, to September 30, 1994, SBA direct business loan eligibility was limited to qualified small businesses owned by
individuals with low incomes or located in areas of high unemployment, owned by Vietnam-era or disabled veterans,
owned by the handicapped or certain organizations employing them, and certified under the minority small business
capital ownership development program. Microloan program intermediaries were also eligible. On October 1, 1994,
SBA direct loan eligibility was limited to Microloan program intermediaries and small businesses owned by the
handicapped. Funding to support direct loans to the handicapped through the Handicapped Assistance (renamed the
Disabled Assistance) Loan program ended in 1996. The last loan under the Disabled Assistance Loan program was
issued in FY1998. See U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Summary of Activities, 105rd Cong., 2nd
sess., January 2, 1999, H.Rept. 105-849 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1999), p. 8.
64 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Small Business, Hearing on the Proposed Fiscal Year 1995 Budget for the
Small Business Administration, 103rd Cong., 2nd sess., February 22, 1994, S.Hrg. 103-583 (Washington, DC: GPO,
1994), p. 20.
65 SBA, Fiscal Year 2010 Congressional Budget Justification, p. 30, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/
Congressional_Budget_Justification_2010.pdf.
66 The SBA provides financial assistance to nonprofit organizations to provide training to small business owners and to
provide loans to small businesses through the SBA Microloan program. Also, nonprofit child care centers are eligible
to participate in SBA’s Microloan program.
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 is not dominant in its field on a national basis;67 and
 does not exceed size standards established, and updated periodically, by the
SBA.68
The business may be a sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, or any other legal form.
What Is “Small”?69
The SBA uses two measures to determine if a business is small: SBA-derived industry specific
size standards or a combination of the business’s net worth and net income. For example,
businesses participating in the SBA’s 7(a) loan guaranty program are deemed small if they either
meet the SBA’s industry-specific size standards for firms in 1,047 industrial classifications in 18
subindustry activities described in the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)
or do not have more than $15 million in tangible net worth and not more than $5 million in
average net income after federal taxes (excluding any carryover losses) for the two full fiscal
years before the date of the application. All of the company’s subsidiaries, parent companies, and
affiliates are considered in determining if it meets the size standard.70
The SBA’s industry size standards vary by industry, and they are based on one of the following
four measures: the firm’s (1) average annual receipts in the previous three (or five) years, (2)
number of employees, (3) asset size, or (4) for refineries, a combination of number of employees
and barrel per day refining capacity. Historically, the SBA has used the number of employees to
determine if manufacturing and mining companies are small and average annual receipts for most
other industries.
The SBA’s size standards are designed to encourage competition within each industry. They are
derived through an assessment of the following four economic factors: “average firm size,
average assets size as a proxy of start-up costs and entry barriers, the 4-firm concentration ratio as
a measure of industry competition, and size distribution of firms.”71 The SBA also considers the
ability of small businesses to compete for federal contracting opportunities and, when necessary,
several secondary factors “as they are relevant to the industries and the interests of small
businesses, including technological change, competition among industries, industry growth
trends, and impacts of size standard revisions on small businesses.”72

67 13 C.F.R. §121.105.
68 P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, requires the SBA to conduct a detailed review of not less than
one-third of the SBA’s industry size standards every 18 months beginning on the new law’s date of enactment
(September 27, 2010) and ensure that each size standard is reviewed at least once every five years.
69 For additional information and analysis, see CRS Report R40860, Small Business Size Standards: A Historical
Analysis of Contemporary Issues, by Robert Jay Dilger.
70 13 C.F.R. §121.201 and P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Act of 2010, §1116. Alternative Size Standards.
71 SBA, Office of Government Contracting and Business Development, “SBA Size Standards Methodology,” April
2019, p. 29, at https://www.sba.gov/document/support—size-standards-methodology-white-paper (hereinafter cited as
SBA, “SBA Size Standards Methodology”).
72 SBA, “SBA Size Standards Methodology,” p. 1.
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SBA Loan Guarantee Programs
Overview
The SBA provides loan guarantees for small businesses that cannot obtain credit elsewhere. Its
largest loan guaranty programs are the 7(a) loan guaranty program, the 504/CDC loan guaranty
program, and the Microloan program.
The SBA’s loan guaranty programs require personal guarantees from borrowers and share the risk
of default with lenders by making the guaranty less than 100%. In the event of a default, the
borrower owes the amount contracted less the value of any collateral liquidated. The SBA can
attempt to recover the unpaid debt through administrative offset, salary offset, or IRS tax refund
offset. Most types of businesses are eligible for loan guarantees. A list of ineligible businesses
(such as insurance companies, real estate investment firms, firms involved in financial
speculation or pyramid sales, and businesses involved in illegal activities) is contained in 13
C.F.R. §120.110.73 With one exception, nonprofit and charitable organizations are also
ineligible.74
Most of these programs charge fees to help offset program costs, including costs related to loan
defaults. In most instances, the fees are set in statute. For example, for 7(a) loans with a maturity
exceeding 12 months, the SBA is authorized to charge lenders an up-front guaranty fee of up to
2% for the SBA guaranteed portion of loans of $150,000 or less, up to 3% for the SBA guaranteed
portion of loans exceeding $150,000 but not more than $700,000, and up to 3.5% for the SBA
guaranteed portion of loans exceeding $700,000. Lenders who have a 7(a) loan that has a SBA
guaranteed portion in excess of $1 million can be charged an additional fee not to exceed 0.25%
of the guaranteed amount in excess of $1 million.
7(a) loans are also subject to an ongoing servicing fee not to exceed 0.55% of the outstanding
balance of the guaranteed portion of the loan.75 In addition, lenders are authorized to collect fees
from borrowers to offset their administrative expenses.
The SBA’s goal is to achieve a zero subsidy rate, meaning that the appropriation of budget
authority for new loan guaranties is not required.
In an effort to assist small business owners, the SBA has, from time-to-time, reduced its fees. For
example, in FY2019, the SBA waived the annual service fee for 7(a) loans of $150,000 or less
made to small businesses located in a rural area or a HUBZone and reduced the up-front one-time
guaranty fee for these loans from 2% to 0.6667% of the guaranteed portion of the loan.76
In an effort to assist small businesses adversely affected by COVID-19, the CARES Act
permanently required the SBA to waive the up-front, one-time guaranty fee on all veteran loans
under the 7(a) SBAExpress program.77 In addition, P.L. 116-260, the Economic Aid to Hard-Hit

73 Title 13 of the Code of Federal Regulations can be viewed at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/
collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2016&go=Go.
74 P.L. 105-135, the Small Business Reauthorization Act of 1997, expanded the SBA’s Microloan program’s eligibility
to include borrowers establishing a nonprofit child care business.
75 15 U.S.C. §636(a)(23)(a).
76 SBA, “SBA Information Notice: 7(a) Fees Effective on October 1, 2018,” at https://www.sba.gov/document/
information-notice-5000-180010-7a-fees-effective-october-1-2018.
77 The SBA had waived the up-front, one-time guaranty fee on all veteran loans under the 7(a) SBAExpress program
from January 1, 2014, through the end of FY2015. P.L. 114-38 made the SBAExpress program’s veteran fee waiver
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Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act (Division N, Title III of the Consolidated
Appropriations Act of 2021), waives SBA fees in the 7(a) and 504/CDC loan guarantee programs
in FY2021.
The 7(a) Loan Guaranty Program78
The 7(a) loan guaranty program is named after the section of the Small Business Act that
authorizes it. The loans are made by SBA lending partners (mostly banks but also some other
financial institutions) and partially guaranteed by the SBA. Borrowers may use 7(a) loan proceeds
to establish a new business or to assist in the operation, acquisition, or expansion of an existing
business. 7(a) loan proceeds may be used to
 acquire land (by purchase or lease);
 improve a site (e.g., grading, streets, parking lots, landscaping), including up to
5% for community improvements such as curbs and sidewalks;
 purchase one or more existing buildings;
 convert, expand, or renovate one or more existing buildings;
 construct one or more new buildings;
 acquire (by purchase or lease) and install fixed assets;
 purchase inventory, supplies, and raw materials;
 finance working capital; and
 refinance certain outstanding debts.79
Lenders are permitted to charge borrowers fees to recoup specified expenses and are allowed to
charge borrowers “a reasonable fixed interest rate” or, with the SBA’s approval, a variable
interest rate.80 The SBA uses a multistep formula to determine the maximum allowable fixed
interest rate for all 7(a) loans (with the exception of the Export Working Capital Program and
Community Advantage loans) and periodically publishes that rate and the maximum allowable
variable interest rate in the Federal Register.81
In May 2021, the maximum allowable fixed interest rates are 11.25% for 7(a) loans of $25,000 or
less; 10.25% for loans over $25,000 but not exceeding $50,000; 9.25% for loans over $50,000 up
to and including $250,000; and 8.25% for loans greater than $250,000.82

permanent, except during any upcoming fiscal year for which the President’s budget, submitted to Congress, includes a
cost for the 7(a) program, in its entirety, that is above zero. The SBA waived the fee, pursuant to P.L. 114-38, in
FY2016, FY2017, FY2018, and FY2019. P.L. 116-136, the CARES Act, removed the requirement that the cost for the
7(a) program is above zero.
78 For further information and analysis, see CRS Report R41146, Small Business Administration 7(a) Loan Guaranty
Program, by Robert Jay Dilger.
79 13 C.F.R. §120.120.
80 13 C.F.R. §120.213.
81 SBA, “Maximum Allowable 7(a) Fixed Interest Rates,” 83 Federal Register 55478, November 6, 2018. For the
previously used fixed interest rates formula, see SBA, “Business Loan Program Maximum Allowable Fixed Rate,” 74
Federal Register 50263-50264, September 30, 2009. The SBA has a separate formula for Community Advantage loan
interest rates and does not prescribe interest rates for the Export Working Capital Loans, but it does monitor the rates
charged for reasonableness.
82 Colson Services Corp., “SBA Base Rates,” New York, at https://info.bnymellon.com/colson-sba-base-rates.html.
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Maximum interest rates allowed on variable-rate 7(a) loans are pegged to either the prime rate,
the 30-day London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) plus 3%, or the SBA optional peg rate,
which is a weighted average of rates that the federal government pays for loans with maturities
similar to the guaranteed loan. The allowed spread over the prime rate, LIBOR base rate, or SBA
optional peg rate depends on the loan amount and the loan’s maturity (under seven years or seven
years or more).83 The adjustment period can be no more than monthly and cannot change over the
life of the loan.
In FY2020, the SBA approved 42,302 7(a) loans, totaling $22.6 billion.84 In FY2019, there were
1,708 active lending partners providing 7(a) loans.
As mentioned, the CARES Act appropriated $17 billion to pay the principal, interest, and any
associated fees that are owed on an existing 7(a) loan, 504/CDC loan, or Microloan and for loans
subsequently approved and fully disbursed prior to September 27, 2020, for a six-month period.85
Of this amount, $7.1 billion was spent and the remainder was rescinded by P.L. 116-260, the
Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act (Division N, Title III of
the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021).86
P.L. 116-260 appropriated $3.5 billion to resume SBA’s monthly debt relief payments, capped at
$9,000 per month per borrower. The SBA is authorized to provide up to an additional eight
monthly payments, depending on the availability of funds, when the loan was disbursed, the type
of loan received, and the business’s industry.
Because the SBA has determined that the $3.5 billion provided is insufficient to make the
maximum number of monthly payments authorized in P.L. 116-260, the SBA has announced that
it will pay two additional monthly payments on 7(a) and 504/CDC loans that were in repayment
before March 27, 2020, starting with the next payment due on or after February 1, 2021. After the
first two monthly payments are provided, businesses with an SBA Community Advantage loan,
Microloan, or operating in specified economically hard-hit industries will receive an additional
three monthly payments. Loans approved from February 1, 2021, through September 30, 2021,
will receive three monthly payments beginning with the first payment due.87
P.L. 116-260 also waives SBA fees for the 7(a) and 504/CDC loan guarantee programs in FY2021
and increases the 7(a) program’s current guaranty rate from 85% for loans of $150,000 or less

83 SBA, “SOP 50 10 5(K): Lender and Development Company Loan Programs,” (effective April 1, 2019), p. 153, at
https://www.sba.gov/document/sop-50-10-5-lender-development-company-loan-programs.
84 SBA, “Weekly Approvals Report with data as of 9/30 for each FY,” September 30, 2020, at https://www.sba.gov/
sites/default/files/2020-10/WebsiteReport_asof_20200930-508.pdf.
85 Payments for loans in a regular servicing status begin on the next payment due. Payments for loans in deferment
begin on the next payment due following the deferment period.
86 SBA, “SBA Extends Crucial Lifeline to Borrowers Impacted by COVID-19 with Debt Relief,” January 10, 2021, at
https://www.sba.gov/article/2021/jan/10/sba-extends-crucial-lifeline-borrowers-impacted-covid-19-debt-relief.
P.L. 116-260 rescinded $146.5 billion in unobligated balances in the SBA’s business loan’s program account, which
included PPP and debt relief funding.
87 SBA, “Adjustment to Number of Months of Section 1112 Payments in the 7(a), 504 and Microloan Programs Due to
Insufficiency of Funds,” SBA Procedural Notice, 5000-20095, February 16, 2021, at https://www.sba.gov/document/
procedural-notice-5000-20095-adjustment-number-months-section-1112-payments-7a-504-microloan-programs-due-
insufficiency-funds.
Economically hard-hit industries are defined as those assigned a North American Industry Classification System
(NAICS) code beginning with 61, 71, 72, 213, 315, 448, 451, 481, 485, 487, 511, 512, 515, 532, or 812 (food service
and accommodation; arts, entertainment and recreation; education; and laundry and personal care services).
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and 75% for loans greater than $150,000 (up to a maximum guaranty of $3.75 million—75% of
$5 million) to 90% through October 1, 2021.
The 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program88
The 504/CDC loan guaranty program uses Certified Development Companies (CDCs), which are
private, nonprofit corporations established to contribute to economic development within their
communities. Each CDC has its own geographic territory. The program provides long-term,
fixed-rate loans for major fixed assets, such as land, structures, machinery, and equipment.
Program loans cannot be used for working capital, inventory, or repaying debt. A commercial
lender provides up to 50% of the financing package, which is secured by a senior lien. The
CDC’s loan of up to 40% is secured by a junior lien. The SBA backs the CDC with a guaranteed
debenture.89 The small business must contribute at least 10% as equity.
To participate in the program, small businesses cannot exceed $15 million in tangible net worth
and cannot have average net income of more than $5 million for two full fiscal years before the
date of application. Also, CDCs must intend to create or retain one job for every $75,000 of the
debenture ($120,000 for small manufacturers) or meet an alternative job creation standard if they
meet any one of 15 community or public policy goals.
Maximum 504/CDC participation in a single project is $5 million and $5.5 million for
manufacturers and specified energy-related projects; the minimum is $25,000. There is no limit
on the project size. Loan maturity is 10 years for equipment and 20 or 25 years for real estate.
Unguaranteed financing may have a shorter term. The maximum fixed interest rate allowed is
established when the debenture backing the loan is sold and is pegged to an increment above the
current market rate for 5-year and 10-year U.S. Treasury issues.
The SBA is authorized to charge CDCs
 a one-time, up-front guaranty fee of up to 0.5% of the debenture (0.5% in
FY2021),
 an annual servicing fee of up to 0.9375% of the unpaid principal balance
(0.4517% for regular 504/CDC loans and 0.4865% for 504/CDC debt refinance
loans in FY2021),
 a funding fee (not to exceed 0.25% of the debenture), an annual development
company fee (0.125% of the debenture’s outstanding principal balance), and
 a one-time participation fee (0.5% of the senior mortgage loan if in a senior lien
position to the SBA and the loan was approved after September 30, 1996).
In addition, CDCs are allowed to charge borrowers a processing (or packaging) fee of up to 1.5%
of the net debenture proceeds and a closing fee, servicing fee, late fee, assumption fee, Central
Servicing Agent (CSA) fee, other agent fees, and an underwriters’ fee.
In FY2020, the SBA approved 7,119 504/CDC loans, totaling over $5.8 billion.90 In FY2019, 212
CDCs provided at least one 504/CDC loan.91

88 For further information and analysis, see CRS Report R41184, Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan
Guaranty Program, by Robert Jay Dilger.
89 A debenture is a bond that is not secured by a lien on specific collateral.
90 SBA, “Weekly Approvals Report with data as of 9/30 for each FY,” September 30, 2020, at https://www.sba.gov/
sites/default/files/2020-10/WebsiteReport_asof_20200930-508.pdf.
91 SBA, FY2021 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2019 Annual Performance Report, pp. 41, 166.
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As mentioned, the CARES Act appropriated $17 billion to provide six monthly debt relief
payments for 7(a), 504/CDC, and Microloan borrowers with loans that were fully disbursed prior
to September 27, 2020. P.L. 116-260 appropriated $3.5 billion to resume up to eight monthly debt
relief payments, depending on the availability of funds, when the loan was disbursed, the type of
loan received, and the business’s industry. The SBA has announced that the $3.5 billion
appropriation will enable the agency to provide two additional monthly payments on 7(a) and
504/CDC loans that were in repayment before March 27, 2020, starting with the next payment
due on or after February 1, 2021. After the first two monthly payments are provided, businesses
with an SBA Community Advantage loan, Microloan, or operating in specified economically
hard-hit industries will receive an additional three monthly payments. Loans approved from
February 1, 2021, through September 30, 2021, will receive three monthly payments beginning
with the first payment due.92
In addition, in an effort to assist small businesses adversely affected by COVID-19, P.L. 116-260
waives SBA fees in the 7(a) and 504/CDC loan guarantee programs in FY2021.
504/CDC Refinancing Program
During the Great Recession (2007-2009), Congress authorized the SBA to temporarily allow,
under specified circumstances, the use of 504/CDC program funds to refinance existing
commercial debt (e.g., not from SBA-guaranteed loans) for business expansion under the
504/CDC program.93 In 2010, Congress authorized, for two years, the expansion of the types of
projects eligible for refinancing of existing debt under the 504/CDC program to include projects
not involving business expansion, provided the projects met specific criteria.94 In the 114th
Congress, Congress reinstated the expansion of the types of projects eligible for refinancing under
the 504/CDC loan guaranty program in any fiscal year in which the refinancing program and the
504/CDC program as a whole do not have credit subsidy costs.95 Specifically, each CDC is
required to limit its refinancing so that, during any fiscal year, the new refinancing does not
exceed 50% of the dollars it loaned under the 504/CDC program during the previous fiscal year.

92 SBA, “Adjustment to Number of Months of Section 1112 Payments in the 7(a), 504 and Microloan Programs Due to
Insufficiency of Funds,” SBA Procedural Notice, 5000-20095, February 16, 2021, at https://www.sba.gov/document/
procedural-notice-5000-20095-adjustment-number-months-section-1112-payments-7a-504-microloan-programs-due-
insufficiency-funds.
93 P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA). The specified circumstances include the
following: the amount of existing indebtedness does not exceed 50% of the project cost of the expansion; the proceeds
of the indebtedness were used to acquire land, including the building situated thereon, to construct a building thereon,
or to purchase equipment; the existing indebtedness is collateralized by fixed assets; the existing indebtedness was
incurred for the benefit of a small business; the financing is used only for refinancing existing indebtedness or costs
related to the project being financed; the refinancing provides a substantial benefit to the borrower; the borrower has
been current on all payments due on the existing debt for not less than one year preceding the date of refinancing; and
the financing provided will have better terms or rate of interest than the existing indebtedness.
94 P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010. A project that does not involve the expansion of a small business
concern may include the refinancing of qualified debt if (I) the amount of the financing is not be more than 90% of the
value of the collateral for the financing, except that, if the appraised value of the eligible fixed assets serving as
collateral for the financing is less than the amount equal to 125% of the amount of the financing, the borrower may
provide additional cash or other collateral to eliminate any deficiency; (II) the borrower has been in operation for all of
the two-year period ending on the date of the loan; and (III) for a financing for which the Administrator determines
there will be an additional cost attributable to the refinancing of the qualified debt, the borrower agrees to pay a fee in
an amount equal to the anticipated additional cost.
95 P.L. 114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016. For additional information and analysis, see CRS Report
R41184, Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program, by Robert Jay Dilger.
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This limitation may be waived if the SBA determines that the refinance loan is needed for good
cause.
Commercial loans eligible for the 504/CDC refinancing program being used to finance long-term
fixed asset debt cannot have a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio of more than 90% of the fair market
value of the eligible fixed asset(s) serving as collateral. Loans that are used to partly refinance
eligible business operating expenses (e.g., salaries, rent, utilities) cannot exceed an LTV ratio of
more than 85% of the fair market value of the collateral. The fees associated with the 504/CDC
refinancing program are the same as the 504/CDC loan guaranty program except the ongoing
guaranty servicing fee may vary. In FY2020, the annual guaranty servicing fee is 0.3205% for
regular 504/CDC loans and 0.322% for 504/CDC debt refinance loans.
In FY2019, the SBA approved 166 refinancing loans totaling $154.8 million.96
The P.L. 116-260-authorized 504/CDC loan guarantee fee waiver and debt relief payments also
apply to the 504/CDC refinancing program.
The Microloan Program97
The Microloan program provides direct loans to qualified nonprofit intermediary Microloan
lenders that, in turn, provide “microloans” of up to $50,000 to small businesses and nonprofit
child care centers. Microloan lenders also provide marketing, management, and technical
assistance to Microloan borrowers and potential borrowers.
The program was authorized in 1991 as a five-year demonstration project and became operational
in 1992. It was made permanent, subject to reauthorization, by P.L. 105-135, the Small Business
Reauthorization Act of 1997. Although the program is open to all small businesses, it targets new
and early stage businesses in underserved markets, including borrowers with little to no credit
history, low-income borrowers, and women and minority entrepreneurs in both rural and urban
areas who generally do not qualify for conventional loans or other, larger SBA guaranteed loans.
Microloans can be used for working capital and acquisition of materials, supplies, furniture,
fixtures, and equipment. Loans cannot be made to acquire land or property. Loan terms are up to
seven years.
The SBA charges intermediaries an interest rate that is based on the five-year Treasury rate,
adjusted to the nearest one-eighth percent (called the Base Rate), less 1.25% if the intermediary
maintains a historic portfolio of Microloans averaging more than $10,000 and less 2% if the
intermediary maintains a historic portfolio of Microloans averaging $10,000 or less. The Base
Rate, after adjustment, is called the Intermediary’s Cost of Funds. The Intermediary’s Cost of
Funds is initially calculated one year from the date of the note and is reviewed annually and
adjusted as necessary (called recasting). The interest rate cannot be less than zero.
On loans of more than $10,000, the maximum interest rate that can be charged to the borrower is
the interest rate charged by the SBA on the loan to the intermediary, plus 7.75%. On loans of
$10,000 or less, the maximum interest rate that can be charged to the borrower is the interest

96 SBA, Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs, “WDS Report Amount and Count Summary, September 30,
2019: DRAFT Table 2.7. Approvals by Program and Cohort,” October 18, 2018. For historical data, see Table 3 in
CRS Report R41184, Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program, by Robert Jay Dilger.
97 For further information and analysis, see CRS Report R41057, Small Business Administration Microloan Program,
by Robert Jay Dilger.
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charged by the SBA on the loan to the intermediary, plus 8.5%. Rates are negotiated between the
borrower and the intermediary and typically range from 6% to 9%.
The SBA does not charge intermediaries up-front or ongoing service fees under the Microloan
program.
In FY2020, 5,890 small businesses received a Microloan, totaling $85 million.98 The average
Microloan was $14,434 and the average interest rate was 6.5%.99
As mentioned, the CARES Act appropriated $17 billion to provide six monthly debt relief
payments for 7(a), 504/CDC, and Microloan borrowers with loans that were fully disbursed prior
to September 27, 2020. P.L. 116-260 appropriated $3.5 billion to resume up to eight monthly debt
relief payments, depending on the availability of funds, when the loan was disbursed, the type of
loan received, and the business’s industry. The SBA has announced that the $3.5 billion
appropriation will enable the agency to provide two additional monthly payments on 7(a) and
504/CDC loans that were in repayment before March 27, 2020, starting with the next payment
due on or after February 1, 2021. After the first two monthly payments are provided, businesses
with an SBA Community Advantage loan, Microloan, or operating in specified economically
hard-hit industries will receive an additional three monthly payments. Loans approved from
February 1, 2021, through September 30, 2021, will receive three monthly payments beginning
with the first payment due.100
SBA Loan Enhancements to Address the Great Recession
Many of the proposals under consideration to address the capital needs of small businesses
adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic were used to address the severe economic
slowdown during and immediately following the Great Recession (2007-2009). The main
difference is that given the unique nature of the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on households,
especially physical distancing and the resulting decrease in consumer spending, there is an added
emphasis today on SBA loan deferrals, loan forgiveness, and expanded eligibility, including, for
the first time, specified types of nonprofit organizations.
During the 111th Congress, P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
(ARRA), provided the SBA an additional $730 million, including $375 million to temporarily
subsidize the 7(a) and 504/CDC loan guaranty programs’ fees ($299 million) and to temporarily
increase the 7(a) program’s maximum loan guaranty percentage to 90% ($76 million).101 ARRA
also included provisions designed to increase the amount of leverage issued under the SBA’s
Small Business Investment Company (SBIC venture capital) program.102 SBICs provide loans
and equity investments in small businesses.

98 SBA, “Nationwide Microloan Report, October 1, 2019 through September 30, 2020,” November 18, 2020.
99 SBA, “Nationwide Microloan Report, October 1, 2019 through September 30, 2020,” November 18, 2020.
100 SBA, “Adjustment to Number of Months of Section 1112 Payments in the 7(a), 504 and Microloan Programs Due to
Insufficiency of Funds,” SBA Procedural Notice, 5000-20095, February 16, 2021, at https://www.sba.gov/document/
procedural-notice-5000-20095-adjustment-number-months-section-1112-payments-7a-504-microloan-programs-due-
insufficiency-funds.
101 SBA, “Recovery Act Agency Plan,” May 15, 2009, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/recovery_act_reports/
sba_recovery_act_plan.pdf.
102 For additional information and analysis, see CRS Report R41456, SBA Small Business Investment Company
Program, by Robert Jay Dilger.
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ARRA’s funding for the fee subsidies and 90% maximum loan guaranty percentage was about to
be exhausted in November 2009, when Congress passed the first of six laws to provide additional
funding to extend the loan subsidies and 90% maximum loan guaranty percentage.
 P.L. 111-118, the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2010, provided the
SBA $125 million to continue the fee subsidies and 90% maximum loan guaranty
percentage through February 28, 2010.
 P.L. 111-144, the Temporary Extension Act of 2010, provided the SBA $60
million to continue the fee subsidies and 90% maximum loan guaranty
percentage through March 28, 2010.
 P.L. 111-150, an act to extend the Small Business Loan Guarantee Program, and
for other purposes, provided the SBA authority to reprogram $40 million in
previously appropriated funds to continue the fee subsidies and 90% maximum
loan guaranty percentage through April 30, 2010.
 P.L. 111-157, the Continuing Extension Act of 2010, provided the SBA $80
million to continue the SBA’s fee subsidies and 90% maximum loan guaranty
percentage through May 31, 2010.
 P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, provided $505 million (plus
an additional $5 million for administrative expenses) to continue the SBA’s fee
subsidies and 90% maximum loan guaranty percentage from the act’s date of
enactment (September 27, 2010) through December 31, 2010.
 P.L. 111-322, the Continuing Appropriations and Surface Transportation
Extensions Act, 2011, authorized the SBA to use funds provided under the Small
Business Jobs Act of 2010 to continue the SBA’s fee subsidies and 90%
maximum loan guaranty percentage through March 4, 2011, or until available
funding is exhausted.
On January 3, 2011, the SBA announced that the fee subsidies and 90% maximum guarantee
percentage ended because funding for these enhancements had been exhausted.103
In addition to providing additional funding for fee subsidies, P.L. 111-240, among other
provisions,
 increased the 7(a) program’s gross loan limit from $2 million to $5 million;
 increased the 504/CDC Program’s loan limits from $1.5 million to $5 million for
“regular” borrowers, from $2 million to $5 million if the loan proceeds are
directed toward one or more specified public policy goals, and from $4 million to
$5.5 million for manufacturers;
 temporarily expanded for two years the eligibility for low-interest refinancing
under the SBA’s 504/CDC program for qualified debt;
 temporarily increased for one year the SBAExpress Program’s loan limit from
$350,000 to $1 million (expired on September 26, 2011);

103 SBA, “Jobs Act Supported More Than $12 Billion in SBA Lending to Small Businesses in Just Three Months,”
January 3, 2011, at https://www.sba.gov/content/jobs-act-supported-more-12-billion-sba-lending-small-businesses-just-
three-months.
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 increased the Microloan Program’s loan limit for borrowers from $35,000 to
$50,000; and increased the loan limits for Microloan intermediaries after their
first year in the program from $3.5 million to $5 million;
 authorized the U.S. Treasury to make up to $30 billion of capital investments for
a Small Business Lending Fund ($4 billion was issued);104
 authorized to be appropriated $1.5 billion for the State Small Business Credit
Initiative Program;105
 authorized a three-year Intermediary Lending Pilot Program to allow the SBA to
make direct loans to not more than 20 eligible nonprofit lending intermediaries
each year totaling not more than $20 million. The intermediaries, in turn, would
be allowed to make loans to new or growing small businesses, not to exceed
$200,000 per business;
 established an alternative size standard for the 7(a) and 504/CDC loan programs
to enable more small businesses to qualify for assistance;106 and
 provided small businesses with about $12 billion in tax relief.107
There were also efforts during the 111th and 112th Congresses to require the SBA to reinstate
direct lending to small businesses.
During the 111th Congress
 H.R. 3854, the Small Business Financing and Investment Act of 2009, was
passed by the House on October 29, 2009, by a vote of 389-32. It would have
authorized a temporary SBA direct lending program.108
During the 112th Congress
 H.R. 3007, the Give Credit to Main Street Act of 2011, introduced on September
21, 2011, and referred to the House Committee on Small Business, would have
authorized the SBA to provide direct loans to small businesses that have been in
operation as a small business for at least two years prior to its application for a

104 For additional information and analysis, see CRS Report R42045, The Small Business Lending Fund, by Robert Jay
Dilger.
105 For additional information and analysis, see CRS Report R42581, State Small Business Credit Initiative:
Implementation and Funding Issues, by Robert Jay Dilger.
106 P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, established the following interim alternative size standard for
both the 7(a) and 504/CDC programs: the business qualifies as small if it does not have a tangible net worth in excess
of $15 million and does not have an average net income after federal taxes (excluding any carry-over losses) in excess
of $5 million for two full fiscal years before the date of application.
107 P.L. 111-240 raised the exclusion of gains on the sale or exchange of qualified small business stock from the federal
income tax to 100%, with the full exclusion applying only to stock acquired the day after the date of enactment through
the end of 2010; increased the deduction for qualified start-up expenditures from $5,000 to $10,000 in 2010, and raised
the phaseout threshold from $50,000 to $60,000 for 2010; placed limitations on the penalty for failure to disclose
reportable transactions based on resulting tax benefits; allowed general business credits of eligible small businesses for
2010 to be carried back five years; exempted general business credits of eligible small businesses in 2010 from the
alternative minimum tax; allowed a temporary reduction in the recognition period for built-in gains tax; increased
expensing limitations for 2010 and 2011 and allowed certain real property to be treated as Section 179 property;
allowed additional first-year depreciation for 50% of the basis of certain qualified property; and removed cellular
telephones and similar telecommunications equipment from listed property so their cost can be deducted or depreciated
like other business property.
108 H.R. 3854, the Small Business Financing and Investment Act of 2009 (111th Congress), §111. Capital Backstop
Program.
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direct loan. The maximum loan amount would have been the lesser of 10% of the
firm’s annual revenues or $500,000.
 H.R. 5835, the Veterans Access to Capital Act of 2012, introduced on May 18,
2012, and referred to the House Committee on Small Business, would have
authorized the SBA to provide up to 20% of the annual amount available for
guaranteed loans under the 7(a) and 504/CDC loan guaranty programs,
respectively, in direct loans to veteran-owned and -controlled small businesses.
Current Issues, Debates, and Lessons Learned
During the 111th Congress (2009-2010), there was a consensus in Congress that the federal
government had to take decisive action to address the capital needs of small businesses, primarily
as a means to promote job retention and creation. Similar sentiments are being expressed today as
Congress considers proposals to assist small businesses adversely affected by the COVID-19
pandemic.
Many Members of Congress argued during the 111th Congress that the SBA should be provided
additional resources to assist small businesses in acquiring capital necessary to start, continue, or
expand operations with the expectation that in so doing small businesses will create jobs. Others
worried about the long-term adverse economic effects of spending programs that increase the
federal deficit. They advocated business tax reduction, reform of financial credit market
regulation, and federal fiscal restraint as the best means to help small businesses further economic
growth and job creation.
Given the coronavirus’s widespread adverse economic impact, including productivity losses,
supply chain disruptions, labor dislocation, and financial pressure on businesses and households,
there has been relatively little concern expressed about federal fiscal restraint during the current
pandemic. The debate has been primarily over which specific policies would have the greatest
impact and which types of small businesses and small business owners should be helped the most.
As mentioned, many of the enhancements to the SBA’s capital access programs that were made
during the 111th Congress, such as increasing loan limits, providing fee subsidies, increasing loan
guaranty percentages, and expanding eligibility criteria are being considered again. These
changes had a demonstrated impact on small business lending during and immediately following
the Great Recession. SBA lending increased. For example, the SBA’s OIG found that SBA 7(a)
loan approvals increased 39% and 504/CDC loan approval increased 73% from March to July
2009, largely due to ARRA’s fee reductions and increased loan guarantee percentages. Lending
volume remained below pre-recession levels, but was much higher than before the fee reductions
and increase in the loan guarantee percentage were implemented.
The OIG also noted that the increased loan volume “may be impacting Agency staffing
requirements and program risk.... Without adequate training and supervision, the increased
demands on loan center staff could impact the quality of Agency loan reviews.”109
Also, in 2012, the SBA issued a press release lauding P.L. 111-240’s impact on SBA loan volume:
With loan volume steadily increasing for the past six quarters, the U.S. Small Business
Administration’s loan programs posted the second largest dollar volume ever in FY 2012,
supporting $30.25 billion in loans to small businesses. That amount was surpassed only by

109 SBA, OIG, Review of the Recovery Act’s Impact on SBA Lending, ROM 10-02, November 25, 2009, p. 4, at
https://www.sba.gov/document/report-rom-10-02-rom-10-02-review-recovery-acts-impact-sba-lending.
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FY 2011, which was heavily boosted by the loan incentives under the Small Business Jobs
Act of 2010.110
The data demonstrate that ARRA and the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010 helped small
businesses access capital. However, because the SBA primarily gathers data on program output
(e.g., loan volume, number of small businesses served, default rates) as opposed to program
outcomes (e.g., small business solvency, job creation, wealth generation) it is difficult to know
how effective these programs were in assisting small businesses or if other approaches might
have produced better (or different) results.
Among the lessons learned from earlier small business stimulus packages is that additional
funding for the SBA OIG to conduct oversight of the SBA’s implementation of stimulus changes
could help Congress in its oversight responsibilities. Additional funding for the SBA OIG to
conduct investigations of potentially fraudulent behaviors by borrowers and lenders could also
prove useful in deterring fraud, waste, and abuse.111 In addition, requiring the SBA to periodically
report to Congress and on its website both output and outcome performance data could help
Congress in its oversight responsibilities and assure the public that the taxpayer’s dollars are
being spent both efficiently and effectively.
SBA Entrepreneurial Development Programs112
Overview
The SBA has provided technical and managerial assistance to small businesses since it began
operations in 1953. Initially, the SBA provided its own small business management and technical
assistance training programs. Over time, the SBA has relied increasingly on third parties to
provide that training.
Congressional interest in the SBA’s management and technical assistance training programs has
increased in recent years, primarily because these programs are viewed as a means to assist small
businesses create and retain jobs. These programs received $239 million in FY2020 and $245.5
million FY2021. These funds supported about 14,000 resource partners, including 63 lead small
business development centers (SBDCs) and nearly 900 SBDC local outreach locations, over 200
women’s business centers (WBCs), and more than 250 chapters of the mentoring program,
SCORE.113

110 SBA, “SBA Loan Dollars in FY 2012 Reach Second Largest Total Ever; $30.25 Billion Second Only to FY 2011,”
October 9, 2012, at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-newsroom/press-releases-media-advisories/sba-loan-dollars-fy-
2012-reach-second-largest-total-ever-3025-billion-second-only-fy-2011.
111 P.L. 116-136, the CARES Act, provided the SBA’s OIG $25 million in additional funding for its oversight
activities. On April 3, 2020, the SBA’s OIG issued its first CARES Act-related report, “White Paper: Risk Awareness
and Lessons Learned from Prior Audits of Economic Stimulus Loans.” For a list of the SBA OIG’s oversight reports on
SBA’s credit and capital programs, including COVID-19-related relief programs, see https://www.sba.gov/document?
sortBy=Effective%20Date&search=&documentType=Report&program=Credit/Capital&documentActivity=Audit/
evaluation&office=7392&page=1.
112 For additional information and analysis, see CRS Report R41352, Small Business Management and Technical
Assistance Training Programs, by Robert Jay Dilger.
113 Other SBA entrepreneurial development programs include the following: the Microloan Technical Assistance
Program; the Program for Investment in Microentrepreneurs (PRIME), Veterans Programs (including Veterans
Business Outreach Centers, Boots to Business, Veteran Women Igniting the Spirit of Entrepreneurship [VWISE],
Entrepreneurship Bootcamp for Veterans with Disabilities, and Boots to Business: Reboot), the Native American
Outreach Program, the Entrepreneurial Development Initiative (Regional Innovation Clusters), the Entrepreneurship
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The SBA reports that nearly a million aspiring entrepreneurs and small business owners receive
mentoring and training from an SBA-supported resource partner each year. Most of this training
is free, and some is offered at low cost.114
The Department of Commerce also provides management and technical assistance training for
small businesses. For example, its Minority Business Development Agency provides training to
minority business owners to assist them in obtaining contracts and financial awards.
Small Business Development Centers
SBDCs provide free or low-cost assistance to small businesses using programs customized to
local conditions. SBDCs support small businesses in marketing and business strategy, finance,
technology transfer, government contracting, management, manufacturing, engineering, sales,
accounting, exporting, and other topics. SBDCs are funded by SBA grants and matching funds
equal to the grant amount.
SBDC funding is allocated on a pro rata basis among the states (including the District of
Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and American
Samoa) by a statutory formula “based on the percentage of the population of each State, as
compared to the population of the United States.”115 If, as is currently the case, SBDC funding
exceeds $90 million, the minimum funding level is “the sum of $500,000, plus a percentage of
$500,000 equal to the percentage amount by which the amount made available exceeds $90
million.”116
There are 63 lead SBDC service centers, one located in each state (four in Texas and six in
California), the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and American
Samoa. These centers manage more than 900 SBDC outreach locations. SBDCs were
appropriated $135 million in FY2020 and $136 million in FY2021. The SBA also was provided
an additional $192 million in supplemental funding for SBDC grants in FY2020 under the
CARES Act.117
In FY2019, SBDCs provided technical assistance training and counseling services to 254,821
unique SBDC clients, and 17,810 new businesses were started largely as a result of SBDC
training and counseling.118
Microloan Technical Assistance
Congress authorized the SBA’s Microloan lending program in 1991 (P.L. 102-140, the
Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations
Act, 1992) to address the perceived disadvantages faced by women, low-income, veteran, and
minority entrepreneurs and business owners gaining access to capital to start or expand their
business. The program became operational in 1992. Initially, the SBA’s Microloan program was

Education Initiative, the Growth Accelerators Initiative, and the 7(j) Technical Assistance Program.
114 SBA, FY2021 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2019 Annual Performance Report, p. 18.
115 15 U.S.C. §648(a)(4)(C).
116 15 U.S.C. §648(a)(4)(C) and P.L. 106-554, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001.
117 The CARES Act also provides $25 million for SBA resource partners, including SBDCs, to establish a centralized
hub for COVID-19 information, which includes an online platform that consolidates resources and information across
multiple federal agencies and training program to education resource partner counselors.
118 SBA, FY2021 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2019 Annual Performance Report, p. 85.
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authorized as a five-year demonstration project. It was made permanent, subject to
reauthorization, by P.L. 105-135, the Small Business Reauthorization Act of 1997.
The SBA’s Microloan Technical Assistance Program is affiliated with the SBA’s Microloan
lending program but receives a separate appropriation. This program provides grants to
Microloan intermediaries for management and technical training assistance to Microloan program
borrowers and prospective borrowers.119 There are currently 144 active Microloan intermediaries
serving 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.120
Under the Microloan program, intermediaries are eligible to receive a Microloan technical
assistance grant “of not more than 25% of the total outstanding balance of loans made to it.”121
Grant funds may be used only to provide marketing, management, and technical assistance to
Microloan borrowers, and no more than 50% of the funds may be used to provide such assistance
to prospective Microloan borrowers and no more than 50% of the funds may be awarded to third
parties to provide that technical assistance. Grant funds also may be used to attend required
training.122
In most instances, intermediaries must contribute, solely from nonfederal sources, an amount
equal to 25% of the grant amount.123 In addition to cash or other direct funding, the contribution
may include indirect costs or in-kind contributions paid for under nonfederal programs.124
In an effort to assist small businesses adversely affected by COVID-19, P.L. 116-260, the
Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act (Division N, Title III of
the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021), waives the Microloan Technical Assistance
Program’s matching requirement and the limitations on the use of those funds to provide training
to prospective borrowers and on contracts to third parties to provide that training in FY2021.
The SBA does not require Microloan borrowers to participate in the Microloan Technical
Assistance Program. However, intermediaries typically require Microloan borrowers to
participate in the training program as a condition of the receipt of a microloan. Combining loan
and intensive management and technical assistance training is one of the Microloan program’s
distinguishing features.125
The SBA was provided $34.5 million for Microloan technical assistance grants in FY2020 and
$85 million in FY2021 ($35 million in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 and an

119 For further analysis of the SBA’s Microloan program, see CRS Report R41057, Small Business Administration
Microloan Program, by Robert Jay Dilger.
120 SBA, FY2021 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2019 Annual Performance Report, p. 36. For a list of
Microloan intermediaries by state, see SBA, “List of Lenders,” at https://www.sba.gov/partners/lenders/microloan-
program/list-lenders.
121 15 U.S.C. §636(m)(4)(A).
122 13 C.F.R. §120.712.
123 13 C.F.R. §120.712.
124 13 C.F.R. §120.712. Intermediaries may not borrow their contribution.
125 Intermediaries that make at least 25% of their loans to small businesses located in or owned by residents of an
Economically Distressed Area (defined as having 40% or more of its residents with an annual income that is at or
below the poverty level), or have a portfolio of loans made under the program that averages not more than $10,000
during the period of the intermediary’s participation in the program are eligible to receive an additional training grant
equal to 5% of the total outstanding balance of loans made to the intermediary. Intermediaries are not required to make
a matching contribution as a condition of receiving these additional grant funds. See 13 C.F.R. §120.712; and 15 U.S.C.
§636(m)(4)(C)(i).
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additional $50 million in P.L. 116-260, the Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses,
Nonprofits, and Venues Act).
Women’s Business Centers
The WBC Renewable Grant Program was initially established by P.L. 100-533, the Women’s
Business Ownership Act of 1988, as the Women’s Business Demonstration Pilot Program,
targeting the needs of socially and economically disadvantaged women. The act directed the SBA
to provide financial assistance to private, nonprofit organizations to conduct demonstration
projects giving financial, management, and marketing assistance to small businesses, including
start-up businesses, owned and controlled by women. The WBC program was expanded and
provided permanent legislative status by P.L. 109-108, the Science, State, Justice, Commerce, and
Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006.126
Since the program’s inception, the SBA has awarded WBCs a grant of up to $150,000 per year.
WBC initial grants are currently awarded for up to five years, consisting of a base period of 12
months from the date of the award and four 12-month option periods.127 The SBA determines if
the option periods are exercised and makes that determination subject to the continuation of
program authority, the availability of funds, and the recipient organization’s compliance with
federal law, SBA regulations, and the terms and conditions specified in a cooperative agreement.
WBCs that successfully complete the initial five-year grant period may apply for an unlimited
number of three-year funding intervals.128
During their initial five-year grant period, WBCs are required to provide a nonfederal match of
one nonfederal dollar for each two federal dollars in years one and two (1:2), and one nonfederal
dollar for each federal dollar in years three, four, and five (1:1). After the initial five-year grant
period, the matching requirement in subsequent three-year funding intervals is not more than 50%
of federal funding (1:1).129 The nonfederal match may consist of cash, in-kind, and program
income.130
In an effort to assist small businesses adversely affected by COVID-19, the CARES Act waived
the WBC matching requirement for three months following enactment (March 27, 2020). P.L.
116-260, the Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act (Division

126 P.L. 105-135, the Small Business Reauthorization Act of 1997, is sometimes referenced as providing the WBC
program permanent statutory authorization because it provided authorization for the program in any year that it
received appropriations.
127 P.L. 105-135, the Small Business Reauthorization Act of 1997, authorized the SBA to award grants to WBCs for up
to five years—one base year and four option years. P.L. 106-165, the Women’s Business Centers Sustainability Act of
1999, provided WBCs that had completed the initial five-year grant an opportunity to apply for an additional five-year
sustainability grant. Thus, the act allowed successful WBCs to receive SBA funding for a total of 10 years. Because the
program has permitted permanent three-year funding intervals since 2007, the sustainability grants would be phased out
by FY2012, leaving the initial five-year grants with the continuous three-year option. See SBA, FY2012 Congressional
Budget Justification and FY2010 Annual Performance Report, p. 49, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/
aboutsbaarticle/FINAL%20FY%202012%20CBJ%20FY%202010%20APR_0.pdf.
128 P.L. 110-28, the U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans’ Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations
Act, 2007, allowed WBCs that successfully completed the initial five-year grant to apply for an unlimited number of
three-year funding renewals.
129 P.L. 110-28 reduced the federal share to not more than 50% for all grant years (1:1) following the initial five-year
grant.
130 P.L. 105-135 specified that not more than one-half of the nonfederal sector matching assistance may be in the form
of in-kind contributions that are budget line items only, including office equipment and office space.
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N, Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021), reactivated this waiver, made it
retroactive to March 27, 2020, and extended it through June 30, 2021.
Today, there are 136 WBCs located throughout most of the United States and the territories.131 In
FY2019, WBCs provided technical assistance training and counseling services to 64,527 unique
WBC clients, and 2,087 new businesses were started largely as a result of WBC training and
counseling.132
The SBA was provided $22.5 million for WBC grants in FY2020 and $23 million in FY2021.
The SBA also was provided an additional $48 million in supplemental funding for WBC grants in
FY2020 under the CARES Act.133
SCORE (formerly the Service Corps of Retired Executives)
SCORE was established on October 5, 1964, by then-SBA Administrator Eugene P. Foley as a
national, volunteer organization, uniting more than 50 independent nonprofit organizations into a
single, national nonprofit organization.
The SBA currently provides grants to SCORE to provide in-person mentoring, online training,
and “nearly 9,000 local training workshops annually” to small businesses.134 SCORE’s more than
250 chapters are located throughout the United States and partner with more than 10,000
volunteer counselors, who are working or retired business owners, executives and corporate
leaders, to provide management and training assistance to small businesses “at no charge or at
very low cost.”135
In FY2019, SCORE provided technical assistance training and counseling services to 195,242
unique SCORE clients, and 480 new businesses were started largely as a result of SCORE
training and counseling.136
The SBA was provided $11.7 million for SCORE grants in FY2020 and $12.2 million in FY2021.
Current Issues, Debates, and Lessons Learned
Congress provided additional funding for SBA entrepreneurial development programs during and
immediately following the Great Recession. For example, ARRA provided an additional $24
million for Microloan technical assistance grants. The Small Business Jobs Act of 2010 provided
SBDCs an additional $50 million and temporarily waived SBDC, Microloan technical assistance,
and WBC matching requirements.

131 SBA, “SBA Launches Largest Expansion of Women’s Business Centers in 30 Years,” January 4, 2021, at
https://www.sba.gov/article/2021/jan/04/sba-launches-largest-expansion-womens-business-centers-30-years; and SBA,
“Women’s Business Centers Directory,” at https://www.sba.gov/tools/local-assistance/wbc.
132 SBA, FY2021 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2019 Annual Performance Report, p. 87.
133 The CARES Act also provides $25 million for SBA resource partners, including WBCs, to establish a centralized
hub for COVID-19 information, which includes an online platform that consolidates resources and information across
multiple federal agencies and training programs to educate resource partner counselors.
134 SBA, FY2013 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2011 Annual Performance Report, p. 45, at
https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/1-
508%20Compliant%20FY%202013%20CBJ%20FY%202011%20APR(1).pdf.
135 SCORE (Service Corps of Retired Executives), “About SCORE,” Washington, DC, at https://www.score.org/about-
score.
136 SBA, FY2021 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2019 Annual Performance Report, p. 89.
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Similar proposals were made to address the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, during the 116th
Congress, the CARES Act appropriated an additional $265 million for SBA entrepreneurial
development programs ($192 million for SBDCs, $48 million for WBCs, and $25 million for
SBA resource partners to provide online information and training). The act also waived SBDC
and WBC matching requirements. P.L. 116-260, the Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses,
Nonprofits, and Venues Act (Division N, Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of
2021), appropriated an additional $50 million for Microloan technical assistance grants, and
continued the waiver of the WBC matching requirement through June 30, 2021. During the 117th
Congress, P.L. 117-2, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, appropriated $100 million for a
community navigator pilot grant program to improve small business access to COVID-19-related
assistance programs and $75 million for outreach and education programs. All SBA resource
partners, including SBDCs, WBCs, and SCORE, are eligible to compete for these grants.
Congress could require the SBA’s resource partners to report to the SBA both output and
outcome performance data for these grants and to require the SBA to report that information to
Congress and make that information available to the public on the SBA website.
SBA Contracting Programs137
Overview
Federal agencies are required to facilitate the maximum participation of small businesses as prime
contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers. For example, federal agencies are generally required to
reserve contracts that have an anticipated value greater than the micro-purchase threshold
(currently $10,000), but not greater than the simplified acquisition threshold (currently $250,000)
exclusively for small businesses unless the contracting officer is unable to obtain offers from two
or more small businesses that are competitive with market prices and the quality and delivery of
the goods or services being purchased.138
Several SBA programs assist small businesses in obtaining and performing federal contracts and
subcontracts. These include various prime contracting programs, subcontracting programs, and
other assistance (e.g., contracting technical training assistance and oversight of the federal small
business goaling program and the Surety Bond Guarantee program).139

137 For additional information and analysis concerning SBA contracting programs, see CRS Report R45576, An
Overview of Small Business Contracting, by Robert Jay Dilger.
138 15 U.S.C. §644(j)(1). Certain regulations implementing this provision of the Small Business Act effectively narrows
its scope. For example, certain small business contracts awarded or performed overseas are not necessarily required to
be set aside for small businesses, and the small business provisions contained in Part 19 of the Federal Acquisition
Regulation (FAR) generally do not apply to blanket purchase agreements and orders placed against Federal Supply
Schedule contracts.
139 For additional information and analysis concerning the SBA’s Surety Bond Program, see CRS Report R42037, SBA
Surety Bond Guarantee Program, by Robert Jay Dilger.
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8(a) Program140
The SBA’s 8(a) Business Development Program provides business development assistance to
businesses owned and controlled by persons who are socially and economically disadvantaged,
have good character, and demonstrate a potential for success.141
Although the 8(a) Program was originally established in the 1980s for the benefit of
disadvantaged individuals, Congress expanded the program to include small businesses owned by
four disadvantaged groups. Small businesses owned by Alaska Native Corporations (ANCs),
Community Development Corporations (CDCs), Indian tribes, and Native Hawaiian
Organizations (NHOs) are also eligible to participate in the 8(a) Program under somewhat
different requirements.
Federal agencies are authorized to award contracts for goods or services, or to perform
construction work, to the SBA for subcontracting to 8(a) firms. The SBA is authorized to delegate
the function of executing contracts to the procuring agencies and often does so. Once the SBA has
accepted a contract for the 8(a) Program, the contract is awarded through either a restricted
competition limited to just 8(a) participants (a set aside) or on a sole source basis, with the
contract amount generally determining the acquisition method used.
For individually owned small businesses, when the contract’s anticipated total value, including
any options, does not exceed $4.5 million ($7.5 million for manufacturing contracts), the contract
is normally awarded without competition (as a sole source award). In contrast, when the
contract’s anticipated value exceeds these thresholds, the contract generally must be awarded via
a set aside with competition limited to 8(a) firms so long as there is a reasonable expectation that
at least two eligible and responsible 8(a) firms will submit offers and the award can be made at
fair market price.142
Similar to other participants, firms owned by ANCs, CDCs, NHOs, and Indian tribes are eligible
for 8(a) set asides and may receive sole source awards valued at less than $4 million ($7 million
for manufacturing contracts). However, firms owned by ANCs and Indian tribes can also receive
sole source awards in excess of $4.5 million ($7.5 million for manufacturing contracts) even
when contracting officers reasonably expect that at least two eligible and responsible 8(a) firms
will submit offers and the award can be made at fair market price.143 NHO-owned firms may
receive sole source awards from the Department of Defense under the same conditions.144

140 For additional information and analysis concerning the 8(a) Program, see CRS Report R44844, SBA’s “8(a)
Program”: Overview, History, and Current Issues, by Robert Jay Dilger.
141 Section 8(a) of the Small Business Act, P.L. 85-536, as amended, can be found at 15 U.S.C. §637(a). Regulations
are in 13 C.F.R. §124.
142 15 U.S.C. §637(a)(1)(D)(ii); and SBA, “Conforming Statutory Amendments and Technical Corrections to Small
Business Government Contracting Regulations,” 83 Federal Register 12849, March 26, 2018.
143 P.L. 100-656, §602(a), 102 Stat. 3887-88 (November 15, 1988) (codified at 15 U.S.C. §637 note); and 48 C.F.R.
§19.805-1(b)(2).
144 DOD’s authority to make sole source awards to NHO-owned firms of contracts valued at more than $4 million ($7
million for manufacturing contracts) even if contracting officers reasonably expect that offers will be received from at
least two responsible small businesses existed on a temporary basis in 2004-2006 and became permanent in 2006. See
P.L. 109-148, Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of
Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act of 2006, §8020, 119 Stat. 2702-03 (December 30, 2005); 48 C.F.R. §219.805-
1(b)(2)(A)-(B).
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The 8(a) program is designed to help federal agencies achieve their statutory goal of awarding at
least 5% of their federal contracting dollars to small disadvantaged businesses.
In FY2019, the federal government awarded $30.3 billion to 8(a) firms.
Historically Underutilized Business Zone Program145
The SBA oversees the Historically Underutilized Business Zones (HUBZones) Program. The
program assists small businesses located in HUBZone-designated areas through set asides, sole
source awards (so long as the award can be made at a fair and reasonable price, and the
anticipated total value of the contract, including any options, does not exceed $4.5 million, or
$7.5 million for manufacturing contracts) and price evaluation preferences (of up to 10%) in full
and open competitions.146 The HUBZone program targets assistance to small businesses located
in areas with low income, high poverty, or high unemployment.147 To be certified as a HUBZone
small business, at least 35% of the small business’s employees must generally reside in a
HUBZone.
The HUBZone contracting program is designed to help federal agencies achieve their statutory
goal of awarding at least 3% of their federal contracting dollars to HUBZone small businesses.
In FY2019, the federal government awarded $10.8 billion to HUBZone-certified small
businesses.
Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business Program
The SBA oversees the Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business (SDVOSB) Program.
The program allows agencies to set aside contracts for SDVOSBs. Federal agencies may award
sole source contracts to SDVOSBs so long as the award can be made at a fair and reasonable
price, and the anticipated total value of the contract, including any options, does not exceed $4
million ($7 million for manufacturing contracts).148 For purposes of this program, veterans with
service-related disabilities are defined as they are under the statutes governing veterans affairs.149
The SDVOSB contracting program is designed to help federal agencies achieve their statutory
goal of awarding at least 3% of their federal contracting dollars to SDVOSBs.
In FY2019, the federal government awarded $23.5 billion to SDVOSBs.
Women-Owned Small Business Program
The SBA oversees the Women-Owned Small Businesses (WOSB) Program. Under this program,
federal contracting officers may set aside federal contracts (or orders) for WOSBs and

145 For additional information and analysis, see CRS Report R41268, Small Business Administration HUBZone
Program, by Robert Jay Dilger.
146 15 U.S.C. §657a(b)(2-3); and SBA, “Conforming Statutory Amendments and Technical Corrections to Small
Business Government Contracting Regulations,” 83 Federal Register 12849, March 26, 2018.
147 For specific criteria, see 15 U.S.C. §632(p)(4); and 13 C.F.R. §126.103.
148 15 U.S.C. §657f(a-b); and SBA, “Conforming Statutory Amendments and Technical Corrections to Small Business
Government Contracting Regulations,” 83 Federal Register 12849, March 26, 2018.
149 38 U.S.C. §8127(f). Veteran-owned small businesses and service-disabled veteran-owned small businesses are
eligible for separate preferences in procurements conducted by the Department of Veterans Affairs under the authority
of P.L. 109-461, the Veterans Benefits, Health Care, and Information Technology Act of 2006, as amended by P.L.
110-389, the Veterans’ Benefits Improvements Act of 2008.
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Economically Disadvantaged Women-Owned Small Businesses (EDWOSBs) in industries in
which the SBA determines WOSBs are substantially underrepresented in federal procurement.
Federal contracting officers can also set aside federal contracts for EDWOSBs exclusively in
industries in which the SBA determines WOSBs are underrepresented in federal procurement.
The WOSB Program is designed to help federal agencies achieve their statutory goal of awarding
at least 5% of their federal contracting dollars to WOSBs.
Federal agencies may award sole source contracts to WOSBs so long as the award can be made at
a fair and reasonable price, and the anticipated total value of the contract, including any options,
does not exceed $4.5 million ($7 million for manufacturing contracts).150
In FY2019, the federal government awarded $25 billion to WOSBs.
SBA Surety Bond Program151
The SBA’s Surety Bond Guarantee Program has been operational since April 1971.152 It is
designed to increase small business’ access to federal, state, and local government contracting, as
well as private sector contracting, by guaranteeing bid, performance, payment, and specified
ancillary bonds “on contracts … for small and emerging contractors who cannot obtain bonding
through regular commercial channels.”153 The program guarantees individual contracts of up to
$6.5 million, and up to $10 million for federal contracts if a federal contracting officer certifies
that such a guarantee is necessary. The $6.5 million limit is periodically adjusted for inflation.154
The SBA’s guarantee currently ranges from 80% to 90% of the surety’s loss if a default occurs.
In FY2020, the SBA guaranteed 10,577 bid and final surety bonds (a payment bond, performance
bond, or both a payment and performance bond) with a total contract value of nearly $7.2
billion.155
A surety bond is a three-party instrument between a surety (who agrees to be responsible for the
debt or obligation of another), a contractor, and a project owner. The agreement binds the
contractor to comply with the contract’s terms and conditions. If the contractor is unable to
successfully perform the contract, the surety assumes the contractor’s responsibilities and ensures
that the project is completed. Surety bonds encourage project owners to contract with small

150 15 U.S.C. §637(m); and SBA, “Conforming Statutory Amendments and Technical Corrections to Small Business
Government Contracting Regulations,” 83 Federal Register 12849, March 26, 2018.
151 For additional information and analysis concerning the SBA’s Surety Bond Program, see CRS Report R42037, SBA
Surety Bond Guarantee Program, by Robert Jay Dilger.
152 P.L. 91-609, the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1970; and U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Banking,
Housing, and Urban Affairs, Small Business Legislation - 1974, hearing on S. 3137 and S. 3138, 93rd Cong., 2nd sess.,
March 13, 1974 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1974), p. 19.
153 SBA, “FY2016 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2014 Annual Performance Report,” p. 44, at
https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/1-FY%202016%20CBJ%20FY%202014%20APR.PDF. An ancillary bond,
which ensures that requirements integral to the contract, but not directly performance related, are performed, is eligible
if it is incidental and essential to a contract for which SBA has guaranteed a final bond. A reclamation bond is eligible
if it is issued to reclaim an abandoned mine site and for a project undertaken for a specific period of time.
154 P.L. 112-239, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013, increased the program’s guarantee limit
from $2 million to $6.5 million, and up to $10 million for a federal contract if certified. The act also includes a
provision to increase the $6.5 million limit periodically for inflation “by striking ‘does not exceed’ and all that follows
through the period at the end, and inserting ‘does not exceed $6,500,000,’ as adjusted for inflation in accordance with
Section 1908 of title 41, United States Code.” That section of the U.S. Code provides for an inflation adjustment on
October 1 of each year evenly divisible by five.
155 SBA, FY2020 Program Performance: SBA Surety Bond Guarantee Program, at https://content.govdelivery.com/
accounts/USSBA/bulletins/2a5a0e6.
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businesses that may not have the credit history or prior experience of larger businesses and may
be at greater risk of failing to comply with the contract’s terms and conditions.
Surety bonds are important to small businesses interested in competing for federal contracts
because the federal government requires prime contractors—prior to the award of a federal
contract exceeding $150,000 for the construction, alteration, or repair of any building or public
work of the United States—to furnish a performance bond issued by a surety satisfactory to the
contracting officer in an amount that the officer considers adequate to protect the government.
Current Issues, Debates, and Lessons Learned
Congress included enhancements for small business contracting in both ARRA (increased funding
and higher maximum bond amounts for the SBA Surety Bond program) and the Small Business
Jobs Act of 2010 (new restrictions on the consolidation or bundling of contracts that make it more
difficult for small businesses to be awarded the contract). The CARES Act authorizes federal
agencies to modify a contract’s terms and conditions to reimburse contractors—at the minimum
billing rate not to exceed an average of 40 hours per week—for any paid leave (including sick
leave) the contractor provides to keep its employees or subcontractors in a ready state through
September 30, 2020. Eligible contractors are those whose employees or subcontractors cannot
perform work on a federally approved site due to facility closures or other restrictions because of
COVID-19 and cannot telework because their job duties cannot be performed remotely.
Concluding Observations
In response to the Great Recession, Congress took a number of actions to enhance small
businesses’ access to capital, management and training programs, and contracting opportunities.
The goal then, as it is now, was to provide small businesses with the resources necessary to
survive the economic downturn and retain or create jobs. Some of the CARES Act’s provisions
(e.g., fee waivers, increased loan limits, and increased guarantee percentages) were used in
legislation passed during the 111th Congress to address the severe economic slowdown during and
immediately following the Great Recession (2007-2009). The main difference between that
legislation and the CARES Act is that the CARES Act includes loan deferrals, loan forgiveness,
and greatly expanded eligibility, including, for the first time, specified types of nonprofit
organizations.
The CARES Act’s inclusion of loan deferral and forgiveness is, at least partly, due to the unique
economic dislocations and reduction in consumer spending resulting from individuals and
households engaging in physical distancing to avoid COVID-19 infection.
As mentioned, because COVID-19’s adverse economic impact is so widespread, including
productivity losses, supply chain disruptions, labor dislocation, and financial pressure on
businesses and households, there has been relatively little concern expressed about federal fiscal
restraint during the current pandemic. The debate has been primarily over which specific policies
would have the greatest impact and which types of small businesses and small business owners
should be helped the most.
Among the lessons learned from the 111th Congress is the potential benefits that can be derived
from providing additional funding for the SBA’s Office of Inspector General and the Government
Accountability Office. GAO and the SBA’s OIG can provide Congress information that could
prove useful as Congress engages in congressional oversight of the SBA’s administration of the
CARES Act, provide an early warning if unforeseen administrative problems should arise, and,
through investigations and audits, serve as a deterrent to fraud.
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The CARES Act addressed this issue by providing the SBA’s OIG $25 million for its
investigative functions. Also, P.L. 116-260, the Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses,
Nonprofits, and Venues Act (Division N, Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of
2021), provided the SBA OIG an additional $20 million to prevent waste, fraud, and abuse in the
awarding of EIDL Targeted advance payment grants. The act also provided the SBA $50 million
for PPP auditing and fraud mitigation efforts. In addition, P.L. 117-2, the American Rescue Plan
Act of 2021, appropriated an additional $25 million for SBA’s Office of Inspector General for
oversight.
Requiring the SBA to report regularly on its implementation of the CARES Act and succeeding
legislation could also promote transparency and assist Congress in performing its oversight
responsibilities. In addition, requiring output and outcome performance measures and requiring
the SBA to report this information directly to both Congress and the public by posting that
information on the SBA’s website could enhance both congressional oversight and public
confidence in the SBA’s efforts to assist small businesses.
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Appendix. Major Provisions of the CARES Act, the
Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care
Enhancement Act, the Paycheck Protection Program
Flexibility Act, the Heroes Act, the Continuing
Small Business Recovery and Paycheck Protection
Program Act, and the (updated) Heroes Act
The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES
Act; P.L. 116-136)
 established a Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) to provide “covered loans”
with a 100% SBA loan guarantee, a maximum term of 10 years, and an interest
rate not to exceed 4% to assist small businesses and other organizations adversely
affected by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The SBA announced that
PPP loans will have a two-year term at a 1% interest rate;
 defines a covered loan as a loan made to an eligible recipient from February 15,
2020, through June 30, 2020;
 waives the up-front loan guarantee fee and annual servicing fee, the no credit
elsewhere requirement, and the requirements for collateral and a personal
guarantee for a covered loan;
 expands eligibility for a covered loan to include 7(a) eligible businesses and any
business, 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, 501(c)(19) veteran’s organization, or
tribal business not currently eligible that has not more than 500 employees or, if
applicable, the SBA’s size standard in number of employees for the industry in
which they operate. Sole proprietors, independent contractors, and eligible self-
employed individuals are also eligible to receive a covered loan;156
 allows borrowers to refinance Economic Injury Disaster Loans (EIDLs) made on
or after January 31, 2020, as part of a covered loan;
 increases the maximum loan amount for a covered loan to the lesser of (1) 2.5
times the average total monthly payments by the applicant for payroll costs
incurred during the one-year period before the date on which the loan is made
plus the outstanding balance of any EIDL made on or after January 31, 2020, that
is refinanced as part of a covered loan, or (2) $10 million;
 specifies that covered loans are nonrecourse (meaning that the SBA cannot
pursue collections actions against the recipient(s) in the case of nonpayment)

156 For purposes of determining not more than 500 employees, the term employee includes individuals employed on a
full-time, part-time, or other basis. Also, special eligibility considerations are provided for certain businesses and
organizations. For example, businesses operating in NAICS Sector 72 (Accommodation and Food Services industry)
that employ not more than 500 employees per physical location are also eligible for a covered loan. Affiliation rules are
also waived for: (1) NAICS Sector 72 businesses, (2) franchises, and (3) SBIC-owned businesses. In other words, these
businesses would not be denied a covered loan solely because they employ more than 500 employees across multiple
businesses under common ownership.
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except to the extent that the covered loan proceeds are used for nonauthorized
purposes;
 allows covered loans to be used for payroll costs, costs related to the continuation
of group health care benefits during periods of paid sick, medical, or family
leave, and insurance premiums, employee salaries, commissions, or similar
compensations, mortgage payments, rent, utilities, and interest on any other debt
obligations that were incurred before the covered period;
 expands lender delegated loan approval authority for making covered loans to all
7(a) lenders to expedite PPP loan processing;
 requires lenders, when evaluating borrower eligibility for a covered loan, to
consider whether the borrower was in operation on February 15, 2020, had
employees for whom the borrower paid salaries and payroll taxes, and paid
independent contractors;
 requires borrowers to, among other acknowledgements,
 make a good faith certification that the covered loan is needed because of the
uncertainty of current economic conditions and to support ongoing
operations, and
 acknowledge that the funds will be used to retain workers, maintain payroll,
or make mortgage payments, lease payments, and utility payments;
 requires lenders to provide “impacted borrowers” adversely affected by COVID-
19 “complete payment deferment relief”157 on a covered PPP loan for not less
than six months and not more than one year if the borrower was in operation on
February 15, 2020, and has an application for a covered loan approved or
pending approval on or after the date of enactment. The SBA announced that
covered loan payments will be deferred for six months. However, interest will
continue to accrue on these loans during the six-month deferment;158
 presumes that each eligible recipient that applies for a PPP loan is an impacted
borrower and authorizes the SBA Administrator to purchase covered loans sold
on the secondary market so that affected borrowers may receive a deferral for not
more than one year. The SBA has announced that the deferment relief on covered
loans will be for six months;
 provides for the forgiveness of covered loan amounts equal to the amount the
borrower spent during an 8-week period after the loan’s origination date on
payroll costs, interest payment on any mortgage incurred prior to February 15,
2020, payment of rent on any lease in force prior to February 15, 2020, and
payment on any utility for which service began before February 15, 2020. The
amount of loan forgiveness cannot exceed the covered loan’s principal amount.
The forgiveness is reduced proportionally by formulas related to the borrower’s
retention of full-time equivalent employees compared to the borrower’s choice of
either (1) the period beginning on February 15, 2019, and ending on June 30,
2019, or (2) January 1, 2020, and February 29, 2020; and by the amount of any
reduction in pay of any employee beyond 25% of their salary or wages during the

157 According to the bill text, “complete deferment relief” includes payment of principal, interest, and fees.
158 SBA, “Business Loan Program Temporary Changes; Paycheck Protection Program,” 85 Federal Register 20813,
April 15, 2020.
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most recent full quarter before the covered period.159 Borrowers that re-hire
workers previously laid off will not be penalized for having a reduced payroll at
the beginning of the period. Cancelled debt resulting from loan forgiveness
would not be included in the borrower’s taxable federal income;
 The SBA has announced that due to likely high subscription, at least 75% of the
forgiven loan amount must have been used for payroll;160
 requires the SBA to pay the principal, interest, and any associated fees that are
owed on an existing 7(a), 504/CDC, or Microloan that is in a regular servicing
status for a six-month period starting on the next payment due. Loans that are
already on deferment will receive six months of payment by the SBA beginning
with the first payment after the deferral period. Loans made up until six months
after enactment will also receive a full six months of SBA loan payments;
 requires federal banking agencies or the National Credit Union Administration
Board applying capital requirements under their respective risk-based capital
requirements to provide a covered loan with a 0%-risk weight;
 increases the SBA’s lending authorization under Section 7(a) of the Small
Business Act from $30 billion to $349 billion during the covered period;
 increases the SBAExpress loan limit from $350,000 to $1 million (reverts to
$350,000 on January 1, 2021);
 permanently eliminates the zero subsidy requirement to waive SBAExpress loan
fees for veterans;
 appropriates $349 billion for loan guarantees and subsidies (remaining available
through FY2021), $675 million for the SBA’s salaries and expenses account, $25
million for the SBA’s Office of Inspector General (OIG), $562 million for
disaster loans, $265 million for entrepreneurial development programs ($192
million for SBDCs, $48 million for WBCs, and $25 million for SBA resource
partners to provide online information and training), $17 billion for subsidies for
certain loan payments, and $10 million for the Department of Commerce’s
Minority Business Development Agency;
 allows the period of use of FY2018 and FY2019 grant awards made under the
State Trade Expansion Program (STEP) through FY2021;
 reimburses (up to the grant amount received) STEP award recipients for financial
losses relating to a foreign trade mission or a trade show exhibition that was
cancelled solely due to a public health emergency declared due to COVID-19;
 waives SBDC and WBC matching requirements;
 requires federal agencies to continue to pay small business contractors and revise
delivery schedules, holding small contractors harmless for being unable to
perform a contract due to COVID-19 caused interruptions until September 2021;
 requires federal agencies to promptly pay small business prime contractors and
requires prime contractors to promptly pay small business subcontractors within
15 days, notwithstanding any other provision of law or regulation, for the

159 For the purposes of the reduction formula, reductions in employees with wages or salary at an annualized rate of pay
more than $100,000 are not taken into account. Businesses may also receive forgiveness amounts for additional wages
paid to tipped employees.
160 SBA, “Business Loan Program Temporary Changes; Paycheck Protection Program,” 85 Federal Register 20813-
20814, April 15, 2020.
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duration of the President invoking the Defense Production Act in response to
COVID-19; and
 provides SBA Emergency Injury Disaster Loan (EIDL) enhancements during the
covered period of January 31, 2020, through December 31, 2020, including
 expanding eligibility beyond currently eligible small businesses, private
nonprofit organizations, and small agricultural cooperatives, to include
startups, cooperatives, and eligible ESOPs (employee stock ownership plans)
with not more than 500 employees, sole proprietors, and independent
contractors;
 authorizing the SBA Administrator, in response to economic injuries caused
by COVID-19, to
 waive the no credit available elsewhere requirement,
 approve an applicant based solely on their credit score,
 not require applicants to submit a tax return or tax return transcript for
approval,
 waive any rules related to the personal guarantee on advances and loans
of not more than $200,000,
 waive the requirement that the applicant needs to be in business for the
one-year period before the disaster declaration, except that no waiver
may be made for a business that was not in operation on January 31,
2020;
 authorizing the SBA Administrator, through December 31, 2020, to provide
up to $10,000 as an advance payment in the amount requested within three
days after receiving an EIDL application from an eligible entity. Applicants
are not required to repay the advance payment, even if subsequently denied
an EIDL loan. The funds may be used for any eligible EIDL expense,
including, among other expenses, providing paid sick leave to employees
unable to work due to COVID-19, maintaining payroll to retain employees,
and meeting increased costs to obtain materials due to supply chain
disruptions. The SBA limited EIDL-advance payments to $1,000 per
employee, up to a maximum of $10,000; and
 appropriating an additional $10 billion for EIDL assistance.
The Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement
Act (P.L. 116-139)
 increases the SBA’s lending authorization under Section 7(a) of the Small
Business Act from $349 billion during the covered period to $659 billion;
 requires that no less than $30 billion of this authorization amount be set aside for
loans issued by insured depository institutions and credit unions with
consolidated assets of $10 billion to $50 billion;
 requires that no less than $30 billion of this authorization amount be set aside for
loans issued by community financial institutions (including community
development financial institutions (CDFIs), minority depository institutions,
SBA-certified development companies, and SBA microloan intermediaries), and
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insured depository institutions and credit unions with consolidated assets less
than $10 billion;
 increases the PPP appropriation amount from $349 billion to $670.335 billion;
 appropriates an additional $50 billion for EIDL loans;
 appropriates an additional $10 billion for Emergency EIDL grants;
 appropriates an additional $2.1 billion for the SBA’s salaries and expenses
account (to remain available until September 30, 2021); and
 provides agricultural enterprises eligibility for Emergency EIDL grants and
COVID-19-related EIDL loans during the covered period (January 31, 2020
through December 31, 2020).
The Paycheck Protection Program Flexibility Act (P.L. 116-142)
 extends the PPP loan forgiveness covered period from 8 weeks after the loan’s
origination date to the earlier of 24 weeks after the loan’s origination date or
December 31, 2020;
 provides borrowers that received a PPP loan prior to the enactment date (June 5,
2020) the option to use the CARES Act’s loan forgiveness covered period of
eight weeks after the loan’s origination date;
 replaces the 75%/25% rule on the use of PPP loan proceeds for loan forgiveness
purposes with the requirement that at least 60% of the loan proceeds be used for
payroll costs and up to 40% be used for covered mortgage interest, rent, and
utility payments;161
 provides borrowers a “safe harbor” from the loan forgiveness rehiring
requirement if the borrower is unable to rehire an individual who was an
employee of the recipient on or before February 15, 2020, or if the borrower can
demonstrate an inability to hire similarly qualified employees on or before
December 31, 2020;
 establishes a minimum PPP loan maturity of five years for loans made on or after
the date of enactment;
 extends the PPP loan deferral period from six months (under SBA regulations) to
the date that the SBA remits the borrower’s loan forgiveness amount to the
lender or, if the borrower does not apply for loan forgiveness, 10 months after the
end of the borrower’s loan forgiveness covered period; and
 eliminates the exception in the CARES Act preventing taxpayers who receive
PPP loan forgiveness from delaying the payment of employer payroll taxes.162
The Heroes Act (H.R. 6800)
H.R. 6800, would, among other provisions,
 expand the PPP loan covered period from June 30, 2020, to December 31, 2020;

161 If a borrower uses less than 60% of the PPP loan amount for payroll costs during the forgiveness covered
period, the borrower will continue to be eligible for partial loan forgiveness, subject to at least 60% of the loan
forgiveness amount having been used for payroll costs.
162 See FAQs 3 and 4 in IRS, “Deferral of Employment Tax Deposits and Payments Through December 31, 2020,” at
https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/deferral-of-employment-tax-deposits-and-payments-through-december-31-2020.
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 extend PPP eligibility to all 501(c) nonprofit organizations of all sizes;
 establish a minimum PPP loan maturity of five years;
 require, as of the date of enactment, that 25% of existing PPP funds be issued to
small businesses with 10 or fewer employees; 25% of existing funds be issued to
nonprofit organizations, with at least half of this amount going to nonprofit
organizations with not more than 500 employees; and the lesser of 25% of
existing PPP funds or $10 billion be issued to community financial institutions,
such as Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFIs), SBA microloan
intermediaries, and SBA-certified development companies;
 establish technical assistance grants for small community financial institutions
with assets of less than $10 billion;
 bifurcate the SBA’s lending authority for the 7(a) and PPP programs;
 increase the SBA’s 7(a) loan authorization amount from $30 billion to $75 billion
for FY2020;
 provide SCORE and veterans business outreach centers eligibility for $10 million
each from the CARES Act’s $265 million entrepreneurial development resource
partners grant program;
 amend the PPP loan forgiveness by extending the 8-week period to the earlier of
24 weeks or December 31, 2020, mandate loan forgiveness data collection and
reporting, and eliminate the 75%/25% rule on the use of loan proceeds;
 provide borrowers a “safe harbor” from the loan forgiveness rehiring requirement
if the borrower is unable to rehire an individual who was an employee of the
recipient on or before February 15, 2020, or if the borrower can demonstrate an
inability to hire similarly qualified employees on or before December 31, 2020;
 allow certain previously incarcerated individuals to be approved for PPP and
SBA disaster loans;
 temporarily increase, for FY2020, the 7(a) loan program guaranty from up to
75% for loans with an outstanding loan balance exceeding $150,000, and 85%
for loans with an outstanding loan balance of $150,000 or less, to 90% of the
outstanding loan balance;
 temporarily increase, through December 31, 2020, the SBAExpress loan guaranty
from not more than 50% of the outstanding loan balance to not more than 90% of
the outstanding loan balance on loans up to $350,000, and not more than 75% of
the outstanding loan balance on loans greater than $350,000;
 temporarily reduce, for FY2020, 7(a) and 504/CDC fees to the maximum extent
possible given available appropriations; temporarily increase, for FY2020, the
maximum 7(a) loan amount from $5 million to $10 million and the maximum
504/CDC loan amount from $5.5 million to $10 million; and permanently
increase the 504/CDC maximum loan amount for small manufacturers from $5.5
million to $10 million;
 eliminate the exception in the CARES Act preventing taxpayers who receive PPP
loan forgiveness from delaying the payment of employer payroll taxes;
 authorize, for each of FY2021-FY2025, $80 million for Microloan technical
assistance grants and $110 million for Microloan; and authorize to be
appropriated during FY2020, to remain available until expended, $50 million for
Microloan technical assistance grants and $7 million for Microloans;
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 appropriate $500 million for fee reductions and guaranty and maximum loan
amount increases; and
 appropriate $10 billion for Emergency EIDL grants.
The Continuing Small Business Recovery and Paycheck Protection
Program Act (S. 4321)
S. 4321 would, among other provisions,
 extend the PPP loan covered period from August 8, 2020, to December 31, 2020,
and reduce the maximum PPP loan amount from $10 million to $2 million;
 expand PPP forgivable expenses to include covered operations expenditures (e.g.,
software, cloud computing, and other human resources and accounting needs),
property damages due to public disturbances that occurred during 2020 (not
covered by insurance or other compensation), covered supplier costs essential to
the recipient’s current operations, and covered worker protection expenditures to
comply with federal health and safety guidelines related to COVID-19;
 allow borrowers to select a preferred 8-week period after the loan’s origination
date through December 31, 2020, for determining loan forgiveness;
 create simplified loan forgiveness application processes for loans of $150,000 or
less and for loans of $150,000 to $2 million. The SBA would retain the right to
review and audit these loans for fraud. Reporting of demographic information
would be optional;
 expand eligibility to include certain 501(c)(6) organizations, including Chambers
of Commerce and Destination Marketing Organizations, that have 300 or fewer
employees, do not receive more than 10% of their receipts from lobbying, and
whose lobbying activities do not comprise more than 10% of their total activities.
Recipients cannot use any loan proceeds for lobbying activities;
 allow second PPP “draw” loans through December 31, 2020, for PPP borrowers
that meet the SBA’s revenue standard, if applicable, have not more than 300
employees, and can demonstrate at least a 50% reduction in gross receipts in the
first or second quarter of 2020 relative to the same 2019 quarter. Several types of
PPP eligible entities, such as publicly traded companies, would be ineligible for a
second loan. The maximum loan size would equal 2.5 times average monthly
payroll costs, up to $2 million (not more than $10 million in the aggregate). Full
loan forgiveness would be based on a 60/40 cost allocation between payroll and
eligible nonpayroll costs;
 establish a specific loan calculation for farmers and ranchers who operate as a
sole proprietor, independent contractor, or self-employed individual and allow
Farm Credit System Institutions to make PPP loans;
 increase the PPP authorization amount from $659 billion to $749 billion, rescind
$100 billion from the SBA’s business loan program account, and appropriate an
additional $190 billion for the cost of PPP and PPP second draw loans. In
funding, $25 billion would be set-aside for entities employing 10 or fewer
employees and $10 billion would be set-aside for community lenders;
 appropriate $57.7 billion to support up to $100 billion in lending for a new 7(a)
Recovery Sector Loan program for seasonal businesses and businesses located in
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low-income census tracts that meet specified size standards (e.g., one of the
requirements is that seasonal businesses have no more than 250 employees and
nonseasonable businesses have no more than 500 employees) and can
demonstrate at least a 50% reduction in gross revenue in the first or second
quarter of 2020 relative to the same 2019 quarter. Loans would be up to twice the
borrower’s annual revenue, capped at $10 million, have a maturity of up to 20
years, and a subsidized interest rate charged to the borrower of 1%. The SBA
would provide lenders a 100% loan guarantee, the credit elsewhere requirement
and SBA fees would be waived, and principal and interest payments would be
deferred for the first two years of the loan. The SBA would be authorized to grant
an additional two years of deferment. Loan proceeds could be used for working
capital, acquisition of fixed assets, and refinancing existing indebtedness. The
loans would be available through December 31, 2020.
 appropriate $10 billion for a new Small Business Growth and Domestic
Production Investment Facility under the SBA’s Small Business Investment
Company (SBIC) program to provide funds to firms that invest in businesses
which meet the revenue loss requirements for PPP, are a manufacturing business,
or are located in a small business low-income census tract, as defined in this act.
At least 50% of the investments by the participating investment company must be
in eligible small businesses. The program’s goals are to “improve the recovery of
eligible small business concerns from the COVID-19 pandemic, increase
resiliency in the manufacturing supply chain of eligible small business concerns,
and increase the economic development of small business low-income census
tracts.” The SBA would purchase bonds that include equity features from a
participating SBIC with a term of at least 15 years and an interest rate of up to
2%. The SBA would be authorized to directly commit or commit to purchase
bonds from an SBIC of an amount up to the lesser of twice the SBIC’s regulatory
capital or $200 million. The SBA would receive a share of any profits and the
SBA’s share would be deposited into a fund and made available for additional
commitments.
The (updated) Heroes Act (H.R. 925)
The (updated) Heroes Act (H.R. 925) would, among other provisions,
 allow PPP borrowers that have less than 200 employees and can document
quarterly revenue losses of at least 25% to receive a second PPP loan of up to $2
million;
 expand the list of allowable uses of proceeds and loan forgiveness to include
personal protective equipment, supplier costs, and costs related to property
damage from public disturbances;
 exclude publicly traded entities from being eligible for PPP loans;
 exclude businesses that are 51% or more foreign owned, controlled, and managed
from receiving a PPP loan;
 clarify that prior to enactment the current “no credit elsewhere test” remains in
place for PPP loans, but that going forward the 7(a) credit elsewhere test would
apply for PPP loans greater than $350,000; and
 prevent the SBA from imposing an EIDL loan cap below the program’s statutory
limit of $2 million and allow current EIDL borrowers to modify their loans to
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seek additional funds up to the $2 million maximum loan size. Due to high
demand, the SBA currently caps COVID-19-related EIDL at $150,000.
In addition, the bill would appropriate
 $50 billion for Emergency EIDL Advance Payment grants, including $40 billion
for a new Lifeline Grant program targeting small businesses with not more than
50 employees and that have suffered specified economic loss (related to
reductions in gross receipts) of not less than 30%;
 $8 billion to provide 12 months of payment, interest debt, and associated fee
relief for SBA physical disaster loans in a regular servicing status and EIDL loans
approved prior to February 15, 2020, and in a regular servicing status;
 $1 billion for a new Micro-SBIC program to provide financing to micro-SBICs
of up to 50% of private capital raised, not to exceed $25 million or, in the case of
a micro-SBIC owned by persons who also own a SBIC licensed under section
301, up to 100% of private capital raised, not to exceed $50 million;
 $1 billion to increase 7(a) loan guarantees from 75% and 85%, depending on the
amount borrowed, to 90% for all 7(a) loans during FY2021, increase the
SBAExpress loan guarantee from 50% to 75% for SBAExpress loans of
$350,000 or less during FY2021, and reduce fees to the maximum extent possible
on 7(a) and 504/CDC loans during FY2021;
 $57 million for Microloan program enhancements, including $50 million for
Microloan technical assistance grants and $7 million in loan credit subsidies to
support up to $72 million in additional Microloan lending;
 $15 billion for a one-year, state and local government small business local relief
grant program within the Department of the Treasury. The program would
provide states, localities, and Indian Tribes grants to create a small business
emergency fund. The fund would support loans and other assistance to nonprofit
organizations and businesses with 20 or fewer employees (50 or fewer employees
if located in a low-income community) that have experienced a loss of revenue
due to COVID-19; and
 $10 billion for a SBA grant program for independent live venue operators,
producers, promoters, or talent representatives to address the economic effects of
COVID-19 on certain live venues. An initial grant of up to $12 million dollars,
and a supplemental grant that is equal to 50% of the initial grant, would be
available to cover specified expenses, such as payroll costs, rent, utilities, and
personal protective equipment.

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Author Information

Robert Jay Dilger
Sean Lowry
Senior Specialist in American National Government Analyst in Public Finance

Bruce R. Lindsay

Specialist in American National Government

Disclaimer
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Congressional Research Service
R46284 · VERSION 56 · UPDATED
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