Small Business Administration (SBA)
Funding: Overview and Recent Trends
Updated March 19, 2021
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
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link to page 53 Small Business Administration (SBA) Funding: Overview and Recent Trends

Summary
This report examines the Small Business Administration’s (SBA’s) appropriations (new budget
authority, minus rescissions and sequestration) over time, focusing on developments and trends
since FY2000. It also provides total available funding (which includes carryover from the prior
fiscal year, carryover into the next fiscal year, account transfers, rescissions, and sequestration)
and, for entrepreneurial development noncredit programs, actual and anticipated expenditures for
comparative purposes.
SBA appropriations, as a whole, have varied significantly from year to year since FY2000 and
across all three of the agency’s major spending categories: disaster assistance, business loan
credit subsidies, and “other programs,” a category that includes salaries and expenses, business
loan administration, the Office of Inspector General, the Office of Advocacy, and entrepreneurial
development and other noncredit programs.
Overall, the SBA’s appropriations have ranged from a high of over $761.9 billion in FY2020 to a
low of $571.8 million in FY2007. Much of this volatility is due to significant variation in
supplemental appropriations for disaster assistance to address economic damages caused by
major hurricanes and for SBA lending program enhancements to help small businesses access
capital during and immediately following recessions. For example, in FY2020, the SBA received
over $760.9 billion in supplemental appropriations to assist small businesses adversely affected
by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.
Appropriations for SBA business loan credit subsidies—needed to pay for unanticipated increases
in the cost of loan defaults, loan forgiveness, and debt relief payments—have also varied since
FY2000, primarily due to the impact of changing economic conditions on the SBA’s guaranteed
loan portfolios and, in FY2020 and FY2021, for loan forgiveness and debt relief payments.
Appropriations for the SBA’s other programs, as a collective, have also varied since FY2000,
ranging from $455.6 million in FY2007 to $46.7 billion in FY2021. This variation is primarily
due to congressional response to changing economic conditions. For example, in FY2009 and
FY2010 and again in FY2020 and FY2021, Congress approved significant, temporary increases
in appropriations for the SBA’s other programs spending category to address (1) the economic
slowdown during and immediately following the Great Recession (2007-2009) and (2) the
adverse economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, respectively. Overall, since FY2000,
appropriations for SBA’s other programs, excluding supplemental appropriations, have increased
at a pace that exceeds inflation.
The SBA’s appropriations for FY1954 through FY1999 are provided in the Appendix.
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Introduction
The Small Business Administration (SBA) currently administers several types of programs to
support small businesses, including loan guaranty and venture capital programs to enhance small
businesses’ access to capital; contracting programs to increase small businesses’ opportunities in
federal contracting; direct loan programs for businesses, homeowners, and renters to aid in their
recovery from natural disasters; and small business management and technical assistance training
programs to assist in business formation and expansion. Congressional interest in these programs
has increased in recent years and has become especially acute during the Coronavirus Disease
2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, because small businesses are viewed as a means to stimulate
economic activity and create jobs. Many Members of Congress also regularly receive constituent
inquiries about the SBA’s programs.
This report examines appropriations for the SBA (new budget authority, minus rescissions and
sequestration) over time, focusing on developments and trends since FY2000. Total available
funding (which includes carryover from the prior fiscal year, carryover into the next fiscal year,
account transfers, rescissions, and sequestration) and, for comparative purposes, actual and
anticipated expenditures for the SBA’s entrepreneurial development and noncredit programs are
also presented.1 The SBA’s carryovers and account transfers tend to reduce variation in its budget
from one fiscal year to the next. Much of this “evening out” process is due to disaster assistance
appropriations, which are provided in one fiscal year and typically spent over several fiscal years.
As shown in Table 1, the SBA’s appropriations, as a whole and across the agency’s three major
spending categories (disaster assistance, business loan credit subsidies, and all other programs),
have varied significantly since FY2000.2
The SBA’s appropriations, as a whole, have ranged from $571.8 million in FY2007 to more than
$761.9 billion in FY2020. Much of this volatility is due to significant variation in appropriations
for

1 Program costs and expenditures typically differ from new budget authority provided by appropriations due to the
carryover of budget authority either from the previous fiscal year or into the next fiscal year or to program transfers.
2 Business loan credit subsidies represent the net present value of cash flows to and from the U.S. Small Business
Administration (SBA) over the life of the agency’s loan portfolios. For guaranteed loans, it is primarily (1) the
difference between the cost of purchasing loans that have defaulted and revenue generated from fees and collateral
liquidation; and (2) the cost of Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loan forgiveness and SBA debt relief payments in
the 7(a) loan guarantee and 504/CDC loan guarantee programs, which were authorized by the CARES Act. For direct
(Microloan) lending, it is primarily (1) the cost of offering below-market interest rates to Microloan intermediaries; and
(2) the cost of SBA debt relief payments in the Microloan program, which were authorized by the CARES Act.
The Office of Financial Analysis and Modeling is responsible for ensuring that the computation of subsidy rates for the
SBA’s credit programs are in compliance with the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 (FCRA). As indicated on the
office’s website,
The FCRA requires all credit agencies, including the SBA, to budget and account for the cost of
credit programs by determining the net present value of cash flows to and from the Government
over the life of the portfolio and expressing the net amount as a credit subsidy rate. The process to
develop a subsidy rate is lengthy and complex, requiring unique data collection techniques and
analysis efforts. SBA develops its subsidy rates by creating models that incorporate data on loan
maturity, borrowers’ interest rates, fees, grace periods, interest subsidies, delinquencies, purchases
or defaults, recoveries, prepayments, advances and borrower characteristics.
See SBA, Office of Financial Analysis and Modeling, “Summary of Responsibilities,” at https://www.sba.gov/about-
sba/sba-locations/headquarters-offices/office-performance-management-chief-financial-officer/office-performance-
planning-chief-financial-officer-resources#section-header-10.
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 disaster assistance, typically to address economic damages caused by major
hurricanes and, in recent years, by COVID-19;
 business loan credit subsidy costs related to unanticipated increases in the cost of
loan defaults and, in recent years, to loan forgiveness and debt relief payments;3
and
 program enhancements in the other spending category to help small businesses
access capital during and immediately following recessions.4
For example, as discussed below, the SBA received supplemental appropriations of
$760.9 billion in FY2020 and $378.5 billion in FY2021 to assist small businesses
adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Since FY2000, appropriations for the SBA’s other programs spending category—which includes
appropriations for salaries and expenses, business loan administration, the Office of Inspector
General (OIG), the Office of Advocacy, and entrepreneurial development and other noncredit
programs, excluding supplemental appropriations—have generally increased at a pace that
exceeds inflation.5
The SBA’s appropriations for FY1954 through FY1999 are provided in the Appendix.

3 Business loan credit subsidies represent the net present value of cash flows to and from the U.S. Small Business
Administration (SBA) over the life of the agency’s loan portfolios. For guaranteed loans, it is primarily (1) the
difference between the cost of purchasing loans that have defaulted and the revenue generated from fees and collateral
liquidation; and (2) the cost of Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loan forgiveness and SBA debt relief payments in
the 7(a) loan guarantee and 504/CDC loan guarantee programs, which were authorized by the CARES Act. For direct
(Microloan) lending, it is primarily (1) the cost of offering below-market interest rates to Microloan intermediaries; and
(2) the cost of SBA debt relief payments in the Microloan program, which were authorized by the CARES Act.
The Office of Financial Analysis and Modeling is responsible for ensuring that the computation of subsidy rates for the
SBA’s credit programs are in compliance with the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 (FCRA). As indicated on the
office’s website,
The FCRA requires all credit agencies, including the SBA, to budget and account for the cost of
credit programs by determining the net present value of cash flows to and from the Government
over the life of the portfolio and expressing the net amount as a credit subsidy rate. The process to
develop a subsidy rate is lengthy and complex, requiring unique data collection techniques and
analysis efforts. SBA develops its subsidy rates by creating models that incorporate data on loan
maturity, borrowers’ interest rates, fees, grace periods, interest subsidies, delinquencies, purchases
or defaults, recoveries, prepayments, advances and borrower characteristics.
See SBA, Office of Financial Analysis and Modeling, “Summary of Responsibilities,” at http://www.sba.gov/offices/
headquarters/ocfo/resources/13299.
4 For example, in FY2021, the SBA was provided $28.6 billion for the Restaurant Revitalization Grant Program and
$16.25 billion for the Shuttered Venue Operators Grant Program. See P.L. 116-260, the Economic Aid to Hard-Hit
Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act (Division N, Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021,
§323 and §324) and P.L. 117-2, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, §5003 and §5005.
5 The SBA’s FY2021 appropriation of $733.7 million for other programs (excluding supplemental appropriations) is
$489.3 million in constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is higher than the SBA’s FY2000
appropriation of $459.5 million for other programs. Congressional Research Service (CRS) calculation using inflation
data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), “Budget of the United States Government, FY2021:
Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2025,” at
https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/hist10z1_fy21.xlsx.
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Table 1. Small Business Administration, FY2000-FY2021
(appropriations and available funds; $ in millions)
Business
Disaster
Loan
Total
Disaster
Assistance
Credit
Other
Available
Fiscal Year
Assistance
Supplemental
Subsidies
Programs Appropriation
Funds
2021
$168.1
$35,460.0
$297,145.0
$46,723.7
$379,496.7
NAa
including
supplementals
2021 initial
$168.1
$0.0
$20.0
$733.7
$921.7
NA
2020 including
$177.1
$70,582.0
$687,439.0
$3,782.4
$761,980.5
$762,155.6b
supplementals
2020 initial
$177.1
$0.0
$104.0
$717.3
$998.5
$1,173.6
2019
$10.0
$0.0
$4.0
$701.4
$715.4
$1,253.0c
2018
$0.0
$1,659.0
$3.4
$697.4
$2,359.8
$1,828.7d
2017
$186.0
$450.0
$4.3
$696.5
$1,336.8
$1,123.0e
2016
$186.9
$0.0
$3.3
$680.8
$871.0
$1,058.1
2015
$186.9
$0.0
$47.5
$653.2
$887.6
$921.2
2014
$191.9
$0.0
$111.6
$625.4
$928.9
$951.2
2013
$111.2
$740.0
$319.7
$583.6
$1,754.5f
$1,375.0
2012
$117.3
$0.0
$210.8
$590.7
$918.8
$1,039.3
2011
$45.4
$0.0
$82.8
$601.5
$729.7g
$1,002.9
2010
$78.2
$0.0
$83.0
$1,625.3h
$1,786.5
$966.7
2009
$0.0i
$0.0
$8.5j
$1,336.7k
$1,345.2
$980.8
2008
$0.0
$1,052.8
$2.0
$579.9
$1,634.7
$928.2
2007
$114.9
$0.0
$1.3
$455.6
$571.8l
$1,053.6
2006
$0.0
$1,700.0
$1.3
$532.1
$2,233.4m
$2,308.0
2005
$111.8
$929.0
$1.4
$498.0
$1,540.2n
$907.7
2004
$198.9
$0.0
$80.2
$507.1
$786.2o
$808.6
2003
$190.3
$0.0
$88.5
$507.5
$786.3p
$893.6
2002
$209.7
$75.0
$154.9
$478.4
$918.0q
$973.5
2001
$184.1
$100.0
$165.0
$550.4
$999.5r
$947.6
2000
$276.4
$40.9
$137.8
$459.5
$914.6s
$906.0
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2021], at https://www.sba.gov/document/report—congressional-
budget-justification-annual-performance-report; P.L. 106-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2000; P.L.
106-554, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001; P.L. 107-206, the 2002 Supplemental Appropriations Act
for Further Recovery From and Response to Terrorist Attacks on the United States; P.L. 108-7, the
Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003; P.L. 108-199, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004; P.L.
108-447, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005; P.L. 109-108, the Science, State, Justice, Commerce, and
Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental
Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006; P.L. 110-5, the
Revised Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2007; P.L. 110-161, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008;
P.L. 110-252, the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2008; P.L. 110-329, the Consolidated Security, Disaster
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Small Business Administration (SBA) Funding: Overview and Recent Trends

Assistance, and Continuing Appropriations Act, 2009; P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
of 2009; P.L. 111-118, the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 111-144, the Temporary
Extension Act of 2010; P.L. 111-157, the Continuing Extension Act of 2010; P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs
and Credit Act of 2010; P.L. 111-150, to permit the use of previously appropriated funds to extend the Small
Business Loan Guarantee Program; P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2012; P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-2, the Disaster
Relief Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013;
P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; P.L. 113-235, the Consolidated and Further Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2015; P.L. 114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016; P.L. 115-31, the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017; P.L. 115-56, the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2018 and Supplemental
Appropriations for Disaster Relief Requirements Act, 2017; P.L. 115-123, the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018; P.L.
115-141, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018; P.L. 116-6, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019;
P.L. 116-93, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020; P.L. 116-123, the Coronavirus Preparedness and
Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020; P.L. 116-136, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic
Security Act (CARES Act); P.L. 116-139, the Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act;
P.L. 116-260, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021; and P.L. 117-2, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021.
a. P.L. 116-260, the Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act (Division N, Title
III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021, §323), rescinded $146.5 bil ion in unobligated balances
in the SBA’s business loan account (for business loan credit subsidies).
b. This figure takes into account the rescission of $16.369 mil ion in unobligated balances from the business
loans program account (see P.L. 116-93); $20 mil ion in supplemental funding for disaster assistance (see P.L.
116-123); $376.965 bil ion in supplemental funding to address COVID-19 ($349 bil ion for the Paycheck
Protection Program (PPP), $10 bil ion for Emergency Economic Injury Disaster Loan (EIDL) grants, $675
mil ion for salaries and expenses, $25 mil ion for the Office of Inspector General (OIG), $265 mil ion for
entrepreneurial development programs, and $17 bil ion for borrower debt relief) (see P.L. 116-136); and an
additional $383.435 bil ion to address COVID-19 ($321.335 bil ion for the PPP, $50 bil ion for disaster
loans, $10 bil ion for Emergency EIDL grants, and $2.1 bil ion for salaries and expenses) (see P.L. 116-139).
c. This figure takes into account the rescission of $50 mil ion in unobligated balances available for the
504/CDC loan guaranty program (see P.L. 116-6).
d. This figure takes into account the rescission of $2.6 mil ion in unobligated balances available for the
Immediate Disaster Assistance Program and the Expedited Disaster Assistance Loan Program (see P.L. 115-
141).
e. This figure takes into account the rescission of $55 mil ion in unobligated balances available for the
504/CDC loan guaranty program (see P.L. 115-31).
f.
Implementation of P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed a federal government-wide sequestration process and
a required 0.2% across-the-board rescission in FY2013. The SBA’s FY2013 appropriation was reduced by
$92.681 mil ion under sequestration and $2.091 mil ion by the rescission. Prior to these reductions, the
SBA’s FY2013 appropriation was $897.3 mil ion for disaster assistance, $337.3 mil ion for loan credit
subsidies, $615.7 mil ion for other programs, and $1,850.3 mil ion in total.
g. The SBA’s FY2011 appropriation of $731.201 mil ion ($45.5 mil ion for SBA disaster assistance, $83 mil ion
for business loan subsidies, and $602.7 mil ion for other SBA programs) was reduced to $729.738 mil ion by
a 0.2% across-the-board rescission imposed on most appropriations accounts by P.L. 112-10.
h. The initial appropriation for other programs in FY2010 was $662.8 mil ion. An additional $962.5 mil ion was
provided: $775 mil ion in temporary funding for 7(a) and 504/Certified Development Company (CDC) loan
guaranty program fee subsidies and loan modifications and $187.5 mil ion for other SBA programs. P.L. 111-
118 provided $125 mil ion; P.L. 111-144 provided $60 mil ion; P.L. 111-157 provided $80 mil ion; and P.L.
111-240 provided $510 mil ion to provide temporary fee subsidies for the SBA’s 7(a) and 504/CDC loan
guaranty programs and to temporarily increase the 7(a) program’s maximum loan guaranty percentage from
up to 85% of loans of $150,000 or less and up to 75% of loans exceeding $150,000 to 90% for all 7(a) loans.
P.L. 111-240 extended the subsidies and 90% loan guaranty through December 31, 2010, and provided
$187.5 mil ion for other SBA programs that remained available through FY2011. Also, P.L. 111-150
authorized the SBA to use $40 mil ion in previously appropriated funds for fee subsidies and the 7(a) loan
modification.
i.
SBA disaster assistance funding in FY2009 was carried over from the previous fiscal year.
j.
The initial appropriation for business loan credit subsidies in FY2009 was $2.5 mil ion for direct (Microloan)
lending. P.L. 111-5 provided another $6 mil ion for credit subsidies for the Microloan program to remain
available through September 30, 2010.
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k. The initial appropriation for other programs in FY2009 was $612.7 mil ion. P.L. 111-5 provided $6 mil ion
for Microloan credit subsidies and $724 mil ion for other SBA programs, including $375 mil ion for loan fee
subsidies and loan modifications for the 7(a) and 504/CDC programs and $255 mil ion for a new, temporary
small business stabilization program, later named the America’s Recovery Capital (ARC) Loan program.
l.
Includes reductions by P.L. 109-108 and P.L. 110-5, which rescinded $13.5 mil ion of unobligated balances
from the SBA ($6.192 mil ion from unobligated disaster assistance administrative expenses, $5.031 mil ion
from unobligated balances in the (7a) general business loan guaranty program, and $2.323 mil ion from
unobligated balances in the direct loans program).
m. Includes reductions by P.L. 109-148, which imposed a rescission of 1.0% on federal agencies, resulting in a
$6.992 mil ion reduction from the SBA ($0.017 mil ion from business loan subsidies, $5.160 mil ion from
salaries and expenses, $1.6 from business loan administration, $0.178 mil ion from the OIG, and $0.037
mil ion from the surety bond program).
n. Includes reductions by P.L. 108-447, which imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a
$8.277 mil ion reduction from the SBA ($1.395 mil ion from disaster assistance, $0.019 mil ion from
business loan subsidies, $4.951 mil ion from salaries and expenses, $1.692 from business loan administration,
$0.181 mil ion from the OIG, and $0.039 mil ion from the surety bond program).
o. Includes reductions by P.L. 108-199, which imposed a rescission of 0.59% on federal agencies, resulting in a
$8.042 mil ion reduction from the SBA ($1.7 mil ion from disaster assistance, $0.853 mil ion from business
loan subsidies, $4.001 mil ion from salaries and expenses, $1.347 from business loan administration, and
$0.141 mil ion from the OIG).
p. Includes reductions by P.L. 108-7, which imposed a rescission of 0.65% on federal agencies, resulting in a
$5.144 mil ion reduction from the SBA ($1.244 mil ion from disaster assistance, $0.579 mil ion from
business loan subsidies, $2.401 mil ion from salaries and expenses, $0.839 from business loan administration,
and $0.081 mil ion from the OIG).
q. Includes reductions by P.L. 107-206, which imposed a rescission on federal agencies’ administrative and
travel accounts, resulting in a $0.485 mil ion reduction from the SBA ($0.164 mil ion from disaster
assistance, $0.315 mil ion from salaries and expenses, and $0.006 mil ion from the OIG).
r. Includes reductions by P.L. 106-554, which imposed a rescission of 0.22% on federal agencies, resulting in a
$1.983 mil ion reduction from the SBA ($0.406 mil ion from disaster assistance, $0.364 mil ion from
business loan subsidies, $0.903 mil ion from salaries and expenses, $0.284 mil ion from business loan
administration, and $0.026 mil ion from the OIG).
s. Includes reductions by P.L. 106-113, which imposed a rescission of 0.38% on federal agencies, resulting in a
$3.280 mil ion reduction from the SBA ($3.185 mil ion from salaries and expenses and $0.095 mil ion from
the OIG).
FY2020 and FY2021 Supplemental Appropriations
The SBA received supplemental appropriations of $760.9 billion in FY2020 and $378.5 billion in
FY2021 to assist small businesses adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
In FY2020
 P.L. 116-123, the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental
Appropriations Act, 2020, provided EIDL eligibility to small businesses
adversely affected by the coronavirus and appropriated $20 million to the SBA
for disaster loan assistance administrative costs.
 P.L. 116-136, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES
Act), appropriated $377.527 billion for SBA program enhancements, including
$349 billion for the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP); $17 billion for six
months of 7(a), 504/CDC, and Microloan loan payments; $10 billion for
Emergency Economic Injury Disaster Loan (EIDL) grants; $675 million for
salaries and expenses; $562 million for disaster assistance; $265 million for
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entrepreneurial development programs; and $25 million for the SBA Office of
Inspector General.6
 P.L. 116-139, the Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement
Act, among other provisions, increased the PPP authorization limit to $659
billion and appropriated an additional $383.435 billion for SBA program
enhancements, including $321.335 billion for the PPP, $50 billion for EIDL (to
support $367.1 billion in disaster loan authority), $10 billion for Emergency
EIDL grants, and $2.1 billion for SBA salaries and expenses.
In FY2021
 P.L. 116-260, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, among other provisions,
extended the PPP through March 31, 2021, increased the program’s authorization
amount from $659 billion to $806.45 billion, and allows second-draw PPP loans of up to
$2 million. The act also appropriated $324.975 billion for SBA program enhancements,
including $284.45 billion for the PPP, $20 billion for the Targeted Economic Injury
Disaster Loan Advance payment program, $15 billion for the Shuttered Venue Operators
Grant Program, $3.5 billion for SBA debt relief payments, $1.918 billion for the business
loans program account, $57 million for the Microloan program ($50 million for technical
assistance grants and $7 million for loan credit subsidies), and $50 million for salaries
the expenses.
 P.L. 117-2, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, increased the PPP
authorization limit to $813.7 billion and appropriated $53.6 billion for SBA
program enhancements, including $28.6 billion for a Restaurant Revitalization
Grant Program to provide grants of up to $10 million per entity (up to $5 million
per physical location, limited to 20 locations) to restaurants and other food and
beverage-related establishments that have experienced COVID-19-related
revenue loss; $15 billion for the Targeted Economic Injury Disaster Loan
Advance payment program; $7.25 billion for the PPP; $1.25 billion for the
Shuttered Venue Operators Grant Program; $840 million for administrative costs
to prevent, prepare, and respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, including expenses
related to PPP, Shuttered Venue Operators Grants (SVOG), and grants to
restaurants; $460 million for the disaster loan program ($70 million for credit
subsidies and $390 million for administrative costs); $100 million for a
community navigator pilot grant program to improve small business access to
COVID-19-related assistance programs; $75 million for outreach, education, and
SBA website improvement; and $25 million for SBA’s Office of Inspector
General for oversight.7
SBA Funding Within the Other Programs Category
The following section examines appropriations and total available funding for FY2000-FY2021
for the five main components of the SBA’s other programs spending category: (1) salaries and

6 For further information and analysis of the CARES Act and succeeding small business relief acts, see CRS Report
R46284, COVID-19 Relief Assistance to Small Businesses: Issues and Policy Options, by Robert Jay Dilger, Bruce R.
Lindsay, and Sean Lowry.
7 U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Small Business, “Committee Approves $50 Billion in Small Business
Aid for COVID Relief Package,” February 10, 2021, at
https://smallbusiness.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=3559.
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expenses, (2) business loan administration, (3) the OIG, (4) the Office of Advocacy (Advocacy),
and (5) entrepreneurial development (ED) and other noncredit programs.
Salaries and Expenses
The SBA’s salaries and expenses account currently provides funding for the following:
 office operating budgets, which are used by program and administrative offices
for daily operations, such as travel, supplies, and contracted services;
 agency-wide costs, such as rent and telecommunications, which are managed
centrally;
 employee compensation and benefits, which are also managed centrally; and
 reimbursable expenses for programs for which the SBA receives reimbursable
budget authority from other federal government agencies.
Several adjustments were made to the SBA’s reported appropriations for its salaries and expenses
account to enable meaningful comparisons over time. For example, prior to FY2014,
appropriations for the SBA’s ED programs were included in the salaries and expenses account.
They now have their own, separate appropriations account. Therefore, to allow for meaningful
comparisons with current appropriations, Table 2 lists and deducts the reported appropriations for
ED programs prior to FY2014 from the reported appropriations for salaries and expenses.
In addition, the SBA previously included appropriations for congressional initiatives (earmarks)
under the salaries and expenses account. Therefore, to allow for meaningful comparisons with
current appropriations and focus the comparison on administrative expenses, appropriations for
earmarks are deducted from the reported appropriations for salaries and expenses.
Prior to FY2012, Advocacy was funded through the salaries and expenses’ executive direction
subaccount. Advocacy now has its own, separate appropriations account. To allow for meaningful
comparisons with current appropriations, Table 2 lists Advocacy’s funding provided through the
salaries and expenses’ executive direction subaccount prior to FY2012 and deducts that amount
from the reported appropriations for salaries and expenses.
As discussed in greater detail below (see “Office of Advocacy”), data concerning Advocacy’s
funding provided through the salaries and expenses’ executive direction subaccount are not
available for FY2006-FY2010. However, in FY2003, FY2004, and FY2005, Advocacy’s funding
provided through the salaries and expenses’ executive direction subaccount was 79% of its
reported total cost. The estimates provided in the table for FY2006-FY2010 were derived by
multiplying Advocacy’s total program cost reported for each of those fiscal years by 79%.
As shown in Table 2, the SBA’s appropriations for salaries and expenses have varied from year
to year, with increases in some years and decreases in others. Overall, appropriations for the
SBA’s salaries and expenses have increased from $176.49 million in FY2000 to $270.157 million
in FY2020 and FY2021 (excluding supplemental appropriations). This increase has exceeded the
rate of inflation.8

8 The SBA’s FY2021 appropriation of $270.157 million for salaries and expenses (excluding supplemental
appropriations) is $180.152 million in constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is higher than the SBA’s
FY2000 appropriation of $176.490 million for salaries and expenses. CRS calculation using inflation data from U.S.
Office of Management and Budget (OMB), “Budget of the United States Government, FY2021: Historical Tables,
Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2025,” at
https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/hist10z1_fy21.xlsx.
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The SBA has statutory authorization to transfer appropriations from the business loan
administration account into the salaries and expenses account. As evidenced by the amounts listed
in the total available funds column in Table 2, the SBA exercised that authority in every fiscal
year from FY2000 to FY2020 (and is expected to do so in FY2021), transferring the entire
appropriation for business loan administration into the salaries and expenses account in each of
those fiscal years.
Table 2. Salaries and Expenses, FY2000-FY2021
(appropriations and available funds; $ in millions)
Minus
Entrepreneurial
Minus
Total
Fiscal
Initial
Development
Office of
Other
Available
Year
Appropriation
Programsa
Advocacyb Modifications
Final
Fundsc
2021
$270.157
‒‒
‒‒
$890.000d
$1,160.157
NA
2020
$270.157
‒‒
‒‒
$2,775.000e
$3,045.157
$3,231.557
2019
$267.500
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$267.500
$449.100
2018
$268.500
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$268.500
$449.340
2017
$269.500
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$269.500
$451.330
2016
$268.000
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$268.000
$435.101
2015
$257.000
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$257.000
$427.126
2014
$250.000
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$250.000
$430.881
2013
$417.348f
($172.348)
‒‒
($21.830)g
$223.170
$380.642
2012
$417.348
($172.348)
‒‒
‒‒
$245.000
$401.701
2011
$433.438
($185.350)
($9.120)
($0.867)h
$238.101
$427.162
2010
$492.438
($185.350)
($7.361
$31.500i
$331.227
$487.687
est.)
2009
$455.503
($162.288)
($8.421
$45.000j
$329.794
$482.196
est.)
2008
$423.574
($140.946)
($7.215
‒‒
$275.413
$426.116
est.)
2007
$327.592
($128.500)
($7.788
‒‒
$191.304
$339.168
est.)
2006
$404.029
($128.500)
($7.398
($5.160)k
$262.971
$412.705
est.)
2005
$362.335
($134.463)
($7.481)
($4.951)l
$215.440
$361.321

The salaries and expenses account includes appropriations for congressional initiatives (earmarks). Congress no longer
provides appropriations for congressional initiatives. If those appropriations are excluded, the increase in
appropriations for the salaries and expenses account further exceeds the rate of inflation. Appropriations for
congressional initiatives were $30 million in FY2000; $40 million in FY2001; $30 million in FY2002; $58.45 million
in FY2003; $45.9 million in FY2004; $41 million in FY2005; $91 million in FY2006; $0.0 in FY2007 (the SBA was
funded by a continuing resolution in FY2007, meaning no new congressional initiatives were specified in the language
accompanying the appropriations act); $69.451 million in FY2008; $65.654 million in FY2009; and $59 million in
FY2010 (available until September 30, 2011). The Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations
Act, 2011, Section 1566, eliminated appropriations earmarked for congressional initiatives related to small business
development and entrepreneurship in FY2011. The SBA spent $10.865 million on congressional initiatives in FY2011,
presumably using appropriations made available in FY2010 until September 30, 2011.
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Minus
Entrepreneurial
Minus
Total
Fiscal
Initial
Development
Office of
Other
Available
Year
Appropriation
Programsa
Advocacyb Modifications
Final
Fundsc
2004
$371.650
($139.650)
($7.394)
($4.001)m
$220.605
$362.823
2003
$369.457
($136.475)
($6.857)
($2.401)n
$223.724
$379.544
2002
$338.476
($145.894)
($5.019)
($0.315)o
$187.248
$339.278
2001
$410.635
($200.994)
($5.443)
($0.903)p
$203.295
$321.743
2000
$322.800
($167.505)
($5.620)
($3.185)q
$176.490
$326.361
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2021], at https://www.sba.gov/document/report—congressional-
budget-justification-annual-performance-report; SBA, Performance and Accountability Report [FY2003-FY2005];
P.L. 106-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2000; H.Rept. 106-479, Making Appropriations for the
Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues
of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000, and for other Purposes; H.Rept. 106-1005,
Making Appropriations for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in
Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For
Other Purposes; H.Rept. 107-278, Making Appropriations for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State,
The Judiciary, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; P.L.
108-7, the Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003; H.Rept. 108-10, Making Further Continuing
Appropriations for the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-401, Making Appropriations for
Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending
September 30, 2004, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792, Making Appropriations for Foreign Operations,
Export Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2005, and For Other Purposes;
P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the
Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006; H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for Science, the
Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30,
2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2008),
committee print, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington: GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 (Division D - Financial Services and General
Government Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington:
GPO, 2010), p. 996; P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009; P.L. 111-117, the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010; H.Rept. 111-366,
Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act,
2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25,
the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012; P.L. 112-175, the
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-2, the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-6,
the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2014; P.L. 113-235, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015; P.L.
114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016; P.L. 115-31, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017;
P.L. 115-141, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018; P.L. 116-6, the Consolidated Appropriations Act,
2019; P.L. 116-93, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020; P.L. 116-136, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and
Economic Security Act (CARES Act); P.L. 116-139, the Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care
Enhancement Act; P.L. 116-260, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021; and P.L. 117-2, the American
Rescue Plan Act of 2021.
a. From FY2000 to FY2005, Congress recommended appropriations for Advocacy’s research program in its
discussion of the SBA’s entrepreneurial development (ED) programs. These recommended appropriations
were deducted from the total for ED programs to avoid double counting. Advocacy’s funding totals include
its research program.
b. Advocacy’s funding from the salaries and expenses’ executive direction subaccount for FY2006-FY2010 is
not available. The figures reported here for FY2006-FY2010 were estimated by CRS using the three
previous fiscal year allocations (each were 79% of Advocacy’s reported total program cost).
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c. Appropriations prior to FY2014 for the SBA’s ED programs were deducted from total available funds for
comparative purposes. Appropriations prior to FY2012 for Advocacy were deducted from total available
funds for comparative purposes. Reported total available funds already accounted for rescissions.
d. In FY2021, P.L. 116-260, the Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act
(Division N, Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021, §323), appropriated $50 mil ion for
salaries and expenses to be used for reviews and audits of Paycheck Protect Program loans. P.L. 117-2
appropriated $840 mil ion for administrative costs to prevent, prepare, and respond to the COVID-19
pandemic.
e. In FY2020, P.L. 116-136 appropriated $675 mil ion and P.L. 116-139 appropriated $2.1 bil ion for salaries
and expenses for expenses related to COVID-19.
f.
In FY2013, P.L. 113-2 appropriated $20 mil ion for salaries and expenses to provide technical assistance
related to disaster recovery. The $20 mil ion is not included in the table for comparative purposes.
g. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed a federal government-wide sequestration process and a 0.2%
across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $21.830 mil ion reduction for salaries and expenses.
h. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.867 mil ion reduction
for salaries and expenses.
i.
In FY2010, P.L. 111-240 appropriated $155 mil ion for salaries and expenses ($123.5 mil ion of that amount
was for ED programs and is not included in the table for comparative purposes).
j.
In FY2009, P.L. 111-5 appropriated $69 mil ion for salaries and expenses ($24 mil ion of that amount was
for the Microloan Technical Assistance program and is not included in the table for comparative purposes).
k. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $5.16 mil ion reduction
from salaries and expenses.
l.
In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $4.951 mil ion
reduction from salaries and expenses.
m. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $4.001 mil ion
reduction from salaries and expenses.
n. In FY2003, P.L. 108-7 imposed a 0.65% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $2.401 mil ion reduction
from salaries and expenses.
o. In FY2002, P.L. 107-206 imposed a rescission on federal agency administrative and travel accounts, resulting
in a $0.315 mil ion reduction from salaries and expenses.
p. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554 imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal agencies in FY2001, resulting in a $0.903
mil ion reduction from salaries and expenses.
q. In FY2000, P.L. 106-113 imposed a 0.38% rescission on federal agencies in FY2000, resulting in a $3.185
mil ion reduction from salaries and expenses.
Business Loan Administration
Appropriations for the SBA’s business loan administration account have varied since FY2000,
increasing in some years and decreasing in others (see Table 3).9 Overall, appropriations for SBA
business loan administration increased from $129 million in FY2000 to $160.3 million in
FY2021. The program’s recommended appropriations have not kept pace with inflation.10

9 The SBA’s business loan administration account provides funding for administrative expenses to carry out the SBA’s
direct (Microloan) and guarantied business loan programs (e.g., the 7(a) and 504/Certified Development Company
programs).
10 The SBA’s FY2021 appropriation of $160.3 million for business loan administration is $106.894 million in constant
FY2000 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is lower than the SBA’s FY2000 appropriation of $129 million for
business loan administration. CRS calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget
(OMB), “Budget of the United States Government, FY2021: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product
and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2025,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-
content/uploads/2020/02/hist10z1_fy21.xlsx.
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As evidenced by the $0.0 balance in the total funds available column for the business loan
administration account, the SBA has routinely transferred all business loan administration
appropriations to the salaries and expenses account. The combined appropriations for SBA
salaries and expenses and business loan administration increased from $305.49 million in
FY2000 to $430.457 million in FY2021. This increase has not kept pace with inflation.11
Table 3. Business Loan Administration, FY2000-FY2021
(appropriations and available funds; $ in millions)
Initial
Final
Total
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Available Funds
2021
$160.300
‒‒
$160.300
NA
2020
$155.150
‒‒
$155.150
$0.0
2019
$155.150
‒‒
$155.150
$0.0
2018
$152.782
‒‒
$152.782
$0.0
2017
$152.726
‒‒
$152.726
$0.0
2016
$152.726
‒‒
$152.726
$0.0
2015
$147.726
‒‒
$147.726
$0.0
2014
$151.560
‒‒
$151.560
$0.0
2013
$147.958
($7.739)a
$140.219
$0.0
2012
$147.958
‒‒
$147.958
$0.0
2011
$153.000
($0.306)b
$152.694
$0.0
2010
$153.000
$6.500c
$159.500
$0.0
2009
$138.480
‒‒
$138.480
$0.0
2008
$135.414
‒‒
$135.414
$0.0
2007
$124.862
‒‒
$124.862
$0.0
2006
$125.307
($1.600)d
$123.707
$0.0
2005
$126.653
($1.692)e
$124.961
$0.0
2004
$128.000
($1.347)f
$126.653
$0.0
2003
$129.000
($0.839)g
$128.161
$0.0
2002
$129.000
‒‒
$129.000
$0.0
2001
$129.000
($0.284)h
$128.716
$0.0
2000
$129.000
‒‒
$129.000
$0.0
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2021], at https://www.sba.gov/document/report—congressional-
budget-justification-annual-performance-report; H.Rept. 106-479, Making Appropriations for the Government of
the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District
for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000, and for other Purposes; P.L. 106-554, the Consolidated

11 The SBA’s FY2021 combined appropriations of $430.457 million for salaries and expenses and business loan
administration is $287.045 million in constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is lower than the SBA’s
FY2000 combined appropriations for these accounts of $305.490 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from
U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), “Budget of the United States Government, FY2021: Historical Tables,
Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2025,” at
https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/hist10z1_fy21.xlsx.
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Appropriations Act, 2001; H.Rept. 106-1005, Making Appropriations for the Government of the District of
Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal
Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 107-278, Making Appropriations for the
Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, The Judiciary, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending
September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-10, Making Further Continuing Appropriations for
the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; P.L. 108-199, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004; H.Rept.
108-401, Making Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and
Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2004, and For Other Purposes; P.L. 108-447, the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005; H.Rept. 108-792, Making Appropriations for Foreign Operations, Export
Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2005, and For Other Purposes; P.L.
109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the
Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006; H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for Science, the
Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30,
2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2008),
committee print, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington: GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 (Division D - Financial Services and General
Government Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington:
GPO, 2010), p. 996; P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009; P.L. 111-117, the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010; H.Rept. 111-366,
Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act,
2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25,
the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012; P.L. 112-175, the
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-2, the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-6,
the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2014; P.L. 113-235, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015; P.L.
114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016; P.L. 115-31, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017;
P.L. 115-141, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018; P.L. 116-6, the Consolidated Appropriations Act,
2019: P.L. 116-93, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020; and P.L. 116-260, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2021.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25, and P.L. 113-6 imposed a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $7.739 mil ion reduction from business loan
administration.
b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.306 mil ion reduction
from business loan administration.
c. In FY2010, P.L. 111-240 appropriated $6.5 mil ion for business loan administration (for costs associated with
the Small Business Intermediary Lending Pilot Program).
d. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $1.6 mil ion reduction
from business loan administration.
e. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $1.692 mil ion
reduction from business loan administration.
f.
In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $1.347 million
reduction from business loan administration.
g. In FY2003, P.L. 108-7 imposed a 0.65% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.839 mil ion reduction
from business loan administration.
h. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554 imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal agencies in FY2001, resulting in a $0.284
mil ion reduction from business loan administration.
Office of Inspector General12
According to the SBA, the OIG’s mission is to “provide independent, objective oversight to
improve the integrity, accountability, and performance of the SBA and its programs for the benefit

12 For further information and analysis concerning the SBA’s Office of Inspector General (OIG), see CRS Report
R44589, SBA’s Office of Inspector General: Overview, Impact, and Relationship with Congress, by Robert Jay Dilger.
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of the American people.”13 The office was created within the SBA by the Inspector General Act of
1978 (P.L. 95-452, as amended). The inspector general, who is nominated by the President and
confirmed by the Senate, directs the office. The Inspector General Act provides the OIG with the
following responsibilities:
 promote economy, efficiency, and effectiveness in the management of SBA
programs and supporting operations;
 conduct and supervise audits, investigations, and reviews relating to the SBA’s
programs and support operations;
 detect and prevent fraud, waste, and abuse;
 review existing and proposed legislation and regulations and make appropriate
recommendations;
 maintain effective working relationships with other governmental agencies and
nongovernmental entities regarding the inspector general’s mandated duties;
 keep the SBA administrator and Congress informed of serious problems and
recommend corrective actions and implementation measures;
 comply with the comptroller general’s audit standards;
 avoid duplication of Government Accountability Office activities; and
 report violations of federal criminal law to the U.S. attorney general.14
As shown in Table 4, the OIG’s appropriations have increased from $11.405 million in FY2000
to $23.611 million in FY2021 (excluding supplemental appropriations). This increase has
exceeded the rate of inflation.15
The OIG typically receives a transfer of appropriations from the disaster assistance account for
auditing expenses. It was also provided additional appropriations in FY2006, FY2013, and
FY2018 for expenses related to the review of SBA disaster loans following major hurricanes
(e.g., Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma in 2005, Hurricane Sandy in 2012, and Hurricanes
Harvey, Irma, and Maria in 2018).
In FY2009, the OIG was provided an additional $10 million to conduct oversight and audits of
$730 million provided to the SBA by P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of
2009. In FY2020, the OIG received an additional $25 million for oversight and audits of $377.5
billion provided to the SBA by P.L. 116-136, the CARES Act. In FY2021, the OIG was provided
an additional $20 million for oversight and audits of the $20 billion Targeted EIDL Advance
payment program, which was authorized by the Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses,
Nonprofits, and Venues Act (Division N, Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021,
§323; P.L. 116-260) and an additional $25 million by P.L. 117-2, the American Rescue Plan Act
of 2021, for conducting oversight of the SBA’s programs.

13 SBA, OIG, “Strategic Plan Fiscal Years 2012-2017,” p. 3, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/oig/SBA-
OIG%202012-2017%20Strategic%20Plan%20.pdf (hereinafter SBA, OIG, “Strategic Plan Fiscal Years 2012-2017”).
14 SBA, OIG, “Strategic Plan Fiscal Years 2012-2017,” p. 3.
15 The OIG’s FY2021 appropriation of $23.6 million (excluding supplemental appropriations) is $15.737 million in
constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is higher than its FY2000 appropriation of $11.405 million.
CRS calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), “Budget of the United
States Government, FY2021: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the
Historical Tables: 1940–2025,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/hist10z1_fy21.xlsx.
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Table 4. Office of Inspector General (OIG), FY2000-FY2021
(appropriations and available funds; $ in millions)
Transfer
from the
Total
Fiscal
Disaster
Other
Final
Available
Year
Initial Appropriation
Account
Modifications
Appropriation
Funds
2021
$22.011
$1.600
$45.000a
$68.611
NA
2020
$21.900
$1.600
$25.000b
$48.500
$49.490
2019
$21.900
$1.000
‒‒
$22.900
$22.706
2018
$19.900
$0.000
$7.000c
$26.900
$21.700
2017
$19.900
$1.000
‒‒
$20.900
$20.839
2016
$19.900
$1.000
‒‒
$20.900
$22.012
2015
$19.400
$1.000
‒‒
$20.400
$19.895
2014
$19.000
$1.000
‒‒
$20.000
$17.713
2013
$16.267
$1.000
$5.000
$21.166
$16.524
($1.101)d
2012
$16.267
$1.000
‒‒
$17.267
$17.874
2011
$16.300
$1.000
($0.033)e
$17.267
$18.189
2010
$16.300
$1.000
‒‒
$17.300
$18.579
2009
$16.750
$0.000
$10.000f
$26.750
$26.750
2008
$18.000
$1.000
‒‒
$19.000
$17.374
2007
$13.835
$1.985
‒‒
$15.820
$16.278
2006
$13.900
$1.500
$5.000
$20.222
$14.953
($0.178)g
2005
$13.014
$0.500
($0.181)h
$13.333
$13.488
2004
$13.000
$0.500
($0.141)i
$13.359
$13.359
2003
$12.422
$0.497
($0.081)j
$12.838
$12.635
2002
$11.464
$0.500
($0.006)k
$11.958
$12.428
2001
$11.953
$0.500
($0.026)l
$12.427
$12.368
2000
$11.000
$0.500
($0.095)m
$11.405
$11.338
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2021], at https://www.sba.gov/document/report—congressional-
budget-justification-annual-performance-report; P.L. 106-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2000; P.L.
106-554, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001; P.L. 107-206, the 2002 Supplemental Appropriations Act
for Further Recovery From and Response to Terrorist Attacks on the United States; P.L. 108-7, the
Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003; P.L. 108-199, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004; P.L.
108-447, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency
Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006;
P.L. 110-5, the Revised Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2007; P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act of 2009; P.L. 111-117, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the
Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act
of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations
Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-2, the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and
Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; P.L. 113-
235, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015; P.L. 114-113, the Consolidated
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Appropriations Act, 2016; P.L. 115-31, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017; P.L. 115-123, the Bipartisan
Budget Act of 2018; P.L. 115-141, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018; P.L. 116-6, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2019: 2020; P.L. 116-93, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020; P.L. 116-136, the
Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act); P.L. 116-260, the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2021; and P.L. 117-2, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021.
a. In FY2021, P.L. 116-260, the Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act
(Division N, Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021, §323), provided the OIG $20 mil ion
for oversight and audit of the Targeted EIDL Advance program. P.L. 117-2 provided the OIG $25 mil ion for
oversight of the SBA’s programs.
b. In FY2020, P.L. 116-136 provided the OIG $25 mil ion for oversight and audit of the CARES Act’s programs
to assist small businesses adversely affected by COVID-19.
c. In FY2018, P.L. 115-123. the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, provided the OIG $7 mil ion to remain available
until expended for expenses related to several hurricanes.
d. In FY2013, P.L. 113-2 provided the OIG $5 mil ion to remain available until expended for expenses related
to Hurricane Sandy. In addition, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed in a federal government-wide
sequestration process and a required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $1.101 mil ion
reduction from the OIG.
e. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.033 mil ion reduction
from the OIG.
f.
In FY2009, P.L. 111-5 provided the OIG $10 mil ion for oversight and audit of ARRA programs, grants, and
projects to remain available through September 30, 2013.
g. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 provided the OIG $5 mil ion “for necessary expenses related to the consequences
of hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico in calendar year 2005.” The act also imposed a 1.0% rescission on
federal agencies, resulting in a $0.178 mil ion reduction from the OIG.
h. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.181 mil ion
reduction from the OIG.
i.
In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.141 mil ion
reduction from the OIG.
j.
In FY2003, P.L. 108-7 imposed a rescission of 0.65% on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.081 mil ion
reduction from the OIG.
k. In FY2002, P.L. 107-206 imposed a rescission on federal agency administrative and travel accounts, resulting
in a $0.006 mil ion reduction from the OIG.
l.
In FY2001, P.L. 106-554 imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.026 mil ion
reduction from the OIG.
m. In FY2000, P.L. 106-113 required a 0.38% across-the-board rescission for federal agencies in FY2000,
resulting in a $0.095 mil ion reduction from the OIG.
Office of Advocacy16
The SBA indicates that its Office of Advocacy is “an independent voice for small business within
the federal government” that is responsible for advancing the views and concerns of small
businesses before Congress, the White House, federal agencies, the federal courts, and state and
local policymakers.17 The chief counsel for Advocacy, who is nominated by the President from
civilian life and confirmed by the Senate, directs the office. Advocacy’s mission is to “encourage
policies that support the development and growth of American small businesses” by
 serving as a focal point for the receipt of complaints, criticisms, and suggestions
concerning the policies and activities of the Administration and any other federal
agency that affects small businesses;

16 For further information and analysis concerning the Office of Advocacy, see CRS Report R43625, SBA Office of
Advocacy: Overview, History, and Current Issues, by Robert Jay Dilger.
17 SBA, “Office of Advocacy: About Us,” at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba.
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 counsel small businesses on how to resolve questions and problems concerning
the relationship of the small business to the federal government;
 developing proposals for changes in the policies and activities of any federal
agency that will better fulfill the purposes of the Small Business Act and
communicate such proposals to the appropriate federal agencies;
 intervening early in federal agencies’ regulatory development processes on
proposals that affect small businesses and providing Regulatory Flexibility Act
compliance training to federal agency policymakers and regulatory development
officials;18
 producing research to inform policymakers and other stakeholders on the impact
of federal regulatory burdens on small businesses, document the vital role of
small businesses in the economy, and explore and explain the wide variety of
issues of concern to the small business community; and
 fostering two-way communication between federal agencies and the small
business community.19
As shown in Table 5, Advocacy’s funding has increased from $5.62 million in FY2000 to $9.19
million in FY2021. This increase has exceeded the rate of inflation.20
Table 5. Office of Advocacy, FY2000-FY2021
(appropriations and available funds; $ in millions)
Initial
Final
Total Available
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Funds
2021
$9.190
‒‒
$9.190
NA
2020
$9.120
‒‒
$9.120
$9.109
2019
$9.120
‒‒
$9.120
$10.698
2018
$9.120
‒‒
$9.120
$9.344
2017
$9.220
‒‒
$9.220
$8.113
2016
$9.120
‒‒
$9.120
$9.157
2015
$9.120
‒‒
$9.120
$9.120
2014
$8.750
‒‒
$8.750
$8.628
2013
$9.120
($0.477)a
$8.643
$8.644
2012
$9.120
‒‒
$9.120
$8.440
2011
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$9.120
2010
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$7.361 est.b

18 P.L. 93-386, the Small Business Amendments of 1974.
19 SBA, Office of Advocacy, FY2013 Congressional Budget Justification, p. 2, at http://www.sba.gov/about-sba-info/
46741.
20 Advocacy’s FY2021 appropriation of $9.19 million is $6.734 million in constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for
inflation), which is higher than Advocacy’s FY2000 funding from the salaries and expenses’ executive direction
subaccount of $5.620 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget
(OMB), “Budget of the United States Government, FY2021: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product
and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2025,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-
content/uploads/2020/02/hist10z1_fy21.xlsx.
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Initial
Final
Total Available
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Funds
2009
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$8.421 est.b
2008
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$7.215 est.b
2007
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$7.788 est.b
2006
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$7.398 est.b
2005
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$7.481
2004
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$7.394
2003
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$6.857
2002
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$5.019
2001
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$5.443
2000
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$5.620
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2021], at https://www.sba.gov/document/report—congressional-
budget-justification-annual-performance-report; SBA, Office of Advocacy, Congressional Budget Justification, Fiscal
Year 2013, p. 3, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/3-
508%20Compliant%20FY%202013%20Office%20of%20Advocacy%20CBJ(1).pdf; P.L. 112-10, the Department of
Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L.
112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012; P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution,
2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; P.L. 113-235, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations
Act, 2015; P.L. 114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016; P.L. 115-31, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2017; P.L. 115-141, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018; P.L. 116-6, the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019: P.L. 116-93, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020; and P.L. 116-
260, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $0.477 mil ion reduction for Advocacy.
b. Estimate of the funding provided from the salaries and expenses’ executive direction subaccount, assuming
that 79% of Advocacy’s reported total program cost was provided from the salaries and expenses’
executive direction subaccount, as it was in FY2003, FY2004, and FY2005.
P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, enhanced Advocacy’s independence by
ending the practice of funding Advocacy through the SBA’s salaries and expenses’ executive
direction subaccount. Instead, P.L. 111-240 requires the President to provide a separate statement
of the appropriations request for Advocacy, “which shall be designated in a separate account in
the General Fund of the Treasury.” The act also requires the SBA administrator to provide
Advocacy with “appropriate and adequate office space at central and field office locations,
together with such equipment, operating budget, and communications facilities and services as
may be necessary, and ... necessary maintenance services for such offices and the equipment and
facilities located in such offices.” In addition, Congress has provided Advocacy its own, separate
appropriations amount since FY2012.
As mentioned, prior to FY2012, the SBA reported Advocacy’s total program cost, which includes
funding provided through the salaries and expenses’ executive direction subaccount, agency-wide
overhead costs (rent, telecommunications, etc.), and other support costs (e.g., management and
administrative support, including human resources support). From FY2000 to FY2005, the SBA
provided relatively detailed information concerning Advocacy’s budget, including the amount of
funding Advocacy received through the salaries and expenses’ executive direction subaccount.
Also, Advocacy’s FY2013 congressional budget justification document included the amount of
funding Advocacy received through the salaries and expenses’ executive direction subaccount in
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FY2011. However, those data are not available for FY2006-FY2010, and it was therefore
necessary to estimate Advocacy’s funding from the salaries and expenses’ executive direction
subaccount for those years. The estimates provided in the table were derived by multiplying
Advocacy’s total program cost for each of those fiscal years by 79%, which was the proportion of
Advocacy’s total program costs provided from the salaries and expenses’ executive direction
subaccount in FY2003, FY2004, and FY2005.
Entrepreneurial Development and Other Noncredit Programs21
The SBA’s entrepreneurial development (ED) and other noncredit programs provide a variety of
management and training services to small businesses. Congress provides appropriations for
 eight management and technical assistance training programs: Small Business
Development Centers, the Microloan Technical Assistance Program, Women
Business Centers, SCORE, the Program for Investment in Microentrepreneurs
(PRIME), Veterans Programs (including Veterans Business Outreach Centers,
Boots to Business, Boots to Business: Reboot, Veteran Women Igniting the Spirit
of Entrepreneurship [VWISE], and Entrepreneurship Bootcamp for Veterans with
Disabilities), the 7(j) Technical Assistance Program, and the Native American
Outreach Program;
 two relatively long-standing nontraining programs: the National Women’s
Business Council and HUBZone administration;
 three initiatives: the Entrepreneurial Development Initiative (Clusters), the
Entrepreneurship Education Initiative, and Growth Accelerators; and
 five noncredit grant programs: the $19.5 million Step Trade and Export
Promotion (STEP) Pilot Grant program,22 the $3 million Cybersecurity for Small
Business Pilot Program,23 the $4 million Federal and State Technology (FAST)
Partnership Program,24 the $16.25 billion Shuttered Venue Operators Grant
Program,25 and the $28.6 billion Restaurant Revitalization Grant Program.

21 For further information and analysis concerning the SBA’s entrepreneurial development noncredit programs, see
CRS Report R41352, Small Business Management and Technical Assistance Training Programs, by Robert Jay Dilger.
22 P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, authorized the Step Trade and Export Promotion (STEP) Pilot
Grant program for three years and appropriated $30 million for the program both in FY2011 and FY2012. The SBA
awarded STEP grants to states with the goal of assisting eligible small businesses with exporting in FY2011 and
FY2012. The STEP program’s authorization expired at the end of FY2013. STEP was subsequently appropriated $8
million FY2014, $17.4 million in FY2015, $18 million in FY2016-FY2019, $19 million in FY2020, and $19.5 million
in FY2021. For additional information and analysis, see CRS Report R43155, Small Business Administration Trade
and Export Promotion Programs, by Sean Lowry.
23 P.L. 116-260, the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021, authorized the Cybersecurity for Small Business Pilot
Program that will competitively award up to three grants to states to assist small businesses with access to cybersecurity
tools. The explanatory statement accompanying the act recommended that the program receive $3 million in FY2021.
24 The Federal and State Technology (FAST) Partnership Program provides grants to states and state-endorsed
nonprofit organizations to provide outreach, financial support, and technical assistance to technology-based small
businesses participating in or interested in participating in the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small
Business Technology Transfer (STTR) programs. FAST was initially authorized by P.L. 106-554, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2001. The program expired on September 30, 2005, and was reauthorized by P.L. 111-117, the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010. The explanatory statement accompanying P.L. 116-260, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act of 2021, recommended that FAST receive $4 million in FY2021. Previously, FAST’s funding was
provided through the SBA’s salaries and expenses account.
25 For further information and analysis of the Shuttered Venue Operators Grant Program, see CRS Report R46689, SBA
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Initially, the SBA provided its own management and technical assistance training programs. Over
time, however, the SBA has increasingly relied on third parties to provide that training. The SBA
reports that more than 1 million aspiring entrepreneurs and small business owners receive training
from an SBA-supported resource partner each year.26
Congress specifies appropriations in appropriations acts for the Small Business Development
Center (SBDC) program, the Microloan Technical Assistance program, and the STEP program.
Congress provides an overall appropriation for the SBA’s ED programs and recommends
appropriations for the SBA’s other ED programs, typically in the conference agreement or
“Explanatory Statement” accompanying the appropriations act. As a result, the following tables
refer to appropriations for the SBDC and Microloan Technical Assistance programs and
recommended appropriations for other ED programs. Although not legally binding, the SBA has
traditionally adhered to these recommended funding amounts.
Small Business Development Centers
SBDCs provide free or low-cost assistance to small businesses using programs customized to
local conditions. SBDCs support small business in marketing and business strategy, finance,
technology transfer, government contracting, management, manufacturing, engineering, sales,
accounting, exporting, and other topics. They are funded by grants from the SBA and matching
funds. There are 63 lead SBDC service centers, at least one in each state (with four in Texas and
six in California), the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, and American
Samoa. These lead SBDC service centers manage more than 900 SBDC outreach locations.
As shown in Table 6, appropriations for SBDCs have increased from $84.179 million in FY2000
to $136 million in FY2021. This increase has exceeded the rate of inflation.27 Also, as shown in
the table, SBDCs received an additional $50 million in FY2010, which was spent over two fiscal
years, and an additional $192 million in FY2020.28
Also, P.L. 117-2 appropriated $100 million for a community navigator pilot grant program to
improve small business access to COVID-19-related assistance programs and $75 million for
outreach and education programs. The SBA’s resource partners, including SBDC, Women
Business Centers, and SCORE, are eligible to apply for these competitive grants.
The SBA reports actual and anticipated expenditures for its ED programs in its annual budget
justification document. SBDC expenditures in FY2000-FY2019 and anticipated SBDC
expenditures in FY2020 are presented in the table’s last column for comparative purposes.

Shuttered Venue Operators Grant Program (SVOG), by Robert Jay Dilger and Sean Lowry.
26 SBA, FY2020 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2018 Annual Performance Report, p. 82, at
https://www.sba.gov/document/report—congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report.
27 The Small Business Development Center (SBDC) program’s FY2021 appropriation of $136 million is $92.501
million in constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is higher than its FY2000 appropriation of $84.179
million. CRS calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), “Budget of the
United States Government, FY2021: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the
Historical Tables: 1940–2025,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/hist10z1_fy21.xlsx.
28 In recent years, SBDCs and their advocates have indicated an interest in receiving additional funding to implement
several of the Obama Administration’s management and training initiatives in lieu of (or in combination with) those
initiatives receiving their own, separate appropriations.
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Table 6. Small Business Development Centers (SBDCs), FY2000-FY2021
(appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Initial
Final
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2021
$136.000
‒‒
$136.000
NA
2020
$135.000
$192.000a
$327.000
$327.000
2019
$131.000
‒‒
$131.000
$131.069
2018
$130.000
‒‒
$130.000
$131.394
2017
$125.000
‒‒
$125.000
$126.532
2016
$117.000
‒‒
$117.000
$121.200
2015
$115.000
‒‒
$115.000
$114.895
2014
$113.625
‒‒
$113.625
$110.510
2013
$112.500
($9.060)b
$103.440
$104.854
2012
$112.500
‒‒
$112.500
$114.558
2011
$113.000
($0.226)
$146.574
$153.716
$33.800c
2010
$113.000
$16.200d
$129.200
$128.824
2009
$110.000
‒‒
$110.000
$116.068
2008
$97.120
‒‒
$97.120
$97.321
2007
$89.000
‒‒
$89.000
$88.973
2006
$89.000
($0.890)e
$88.110
$88.424
2005
$89.000
($0.712)f
$88.288
$88.576
2004
$89.000
($0.525)g
$88.475
$89.161
2003
$89.000
($0.578)h
$88.422
$85.791
2002
$88.000
‒‒
$88.000
$90.100
2001
$88.000
($0.194)i
$87.806
$85.993
2000
$84.500
($0.321)j
$84.179
$84.074
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2021], at https://www.sba.gov/document/report—congressional-
budget-justification-annual-performance-report; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency
Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006;
P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the
Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; P.L. 113-235, the
Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015; P.L. 114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2016; P.L. 115-31, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017; P.L. 115-141, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2018; P.L. 116-6, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019: P.L. 116-93, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2020; P.L. 116-136, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act);
and P.L. 116-260, the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021.
a. In FY2020, P.L. 116-136 provided the SBDC program $192 mil ion. The act also provided $25 mil ion for
SBA resource partners, including SBDCs, to provide online information and training to assist small
businesses adversely affected by COVID-19.
b. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $9.060 mil ion reduction from SBDCs.
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c. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.226 mil ion reduction
from SBDCs.
d. In FY2010, P.L. 111-240 provided the SBDC program $50 mil ion to remain available until September 30,
2012. The SBA provided $16.2 mil ion of this amount to the SBDC program in FY2010 and the remaining
$33.8 mil ion in FY2011.
e. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.890 mil ion
reduction from SBDCs.
f.
In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.712 mil ion
reduction from SBDCs.
g. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.525 mil ion
reduction from SBDCs.
h. In FY2003, P.L. 108-7 imposed a rescission of 0.65% on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.578 mil ion
reduction from SBDCs.
i.
In FY2001, P.L. 106-554 imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.194 mil ion
reduction from SBDCs.
j.
In FY2000, P.L. 106-113 required a 0.38% across-the-board rescission for federal agencies, resulting in a
$0.321 mil ion reduction from SBDCs.
Microloan Technical Assistance Program
The SBA’s Microloan lending program is designed to address the perceived disadvantages faced
by women, low-income, veteran, and minority entrepreneurs and business owners in gaining
access to capital for starting or expanding their business (see P.L. 102-140, the Departments of
Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1992).
Under the Microloan program, the SBA provides direct loans to qualified nonprofit intermediary
Microloan lenders who, in turn, provide “microloans” of up to $50,000 to small business owners,
entrepreneurs, and nonprofit child care centers.
The SBA’s Microloan Technical Assistance program is part of the SBA’s Microloan program but
receives a separate appropriation. It provides grants to Microloan intermediaries to offer
management and technical training assistance to Microloan program borrowers and prospective
borrowers.29 There are currently 144 active Microloan intermediaries, serving 49 states, the
District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.30
As shown in Table 7, the Microloan Technical Assistance program’s appropriations have varied
over the years. Overall, Microloan Technical Assistance Program appropriations have increased
from $23.112 million in FY2000 to $35 million in FY2021 (excluding supplemental
appropriations). This increase has exceeded the rate of inflation.31

29 For further analysis of the SBA’s Microloan program, see CRS Report R41057, Small Business Administration
Microloan Program, by Robert Jay Dilger.
30 SBA, FY2021 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2019 Annual Performance Report, p. 36, at
https://www.sba.gov/document/report--congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report. For a list of all
Microloan intermediaries, regardless of lending volume, see SBA, Microloan Program: Partner Identification &
Management System Participating Intermediary Microlenders Report, June 21, 2017, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/
default/files/articles/microlenderrpt5_20170621.pdf.
31 The Microloan Technical Assistance program’s FY2021 appropriation of $35 million (excluding supplemental
appropriations) is $23.805 million in constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is more than its FY2000
appropriation of $23.112 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget
(OMB), “Budget of the United States Government, FY2021: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product
and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2025,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-
content/uploads/2020/02/hist10z1_fy21.xlsx.
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Microloan Technical Assistance expenditures in FY2000-FY2019 and anticipated Microloan
Technical Assistance expenditures in FY2020 are presented in the table’s last column for
comparative purposes.
Table 7. Microloan Technical Assistance Program, FY2000-FY2021
(appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Initial
Final
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2021
$35.000
$50.000
$85.000
NA
2020
$34.500
‒‒
$34.500
$34.500
2019
$31.000
‒‒
$31.000
$34.019
2018
$31.000
‒‒
$31.000
$31.567
2017
$31.000
‒‒
$31.000
$23.535
2016
$25.000
‒‒
$25.000
$24.340
2015
$22.300
‒‒
$22.300
$22.247
2014
$20.000
‒‒
$20.000
$19.267
2013
$20.000
($0.191)a
$19.809
$19.985
2012
$20.000
‒‒
$20.000
$19.446
2011
$22.000
($0.044)b
$21.956
$24.603
2010
$22.000
$24.000c
$46.000
$43.220
2009
$20.000
‒‒
$20.000
$19.813
2008
$15.000
‒‒
$15.000
$14.816
2007
$13.000
‒‒
$13.000
$12.800
2006
$13.000
($0.130)d
$12.870
$12.792
2005
$14.000
($0.112)e
$13.888
$13.813
2004
$15.000
($0.089)f
$14.911
$14.655
2003
$15.000
($0.098)g
$14.902
$14.899
2002
$17.500
‒‒
$17.500
$17.742
2001
$20.000
($0.044)h
$19.956
$18.385
2000
$23.200
($0.088)i
$23.112
$19.243
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2021], at https://www.sba.gov/document/report—congressional-
budget-justification-annual-performance-report; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency
Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006;
P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009; P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and
Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-
6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2014; P.L. 113-235, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015; P.L.
114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016; P.L. 115-31, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017;
P.L. 115-141, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018; P.L. 116-6, the Consolidated Appropriations Act,
2019: P.L. 116-93, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020; and P.L. 116-260, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2021.
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a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $0.191 mil ion reduction from the Microloan
Technical Assistance program.
b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.044 mil ion reduction
from the Microloan Technical Assistance program.
c. In FY2009, P.L. 111-5 provided the Microloan Technical Assistance Program an additional $24 mil ion to
remain available until September 30, 2010. The funds were awarded in FY2010.
d. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.130 mil ion
reduction from the Microloan Technical Assistance program.
e. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.112 mil ion
reduction from the Microloan Technical Assistance program.
f.
In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.089 mil ion
reduction from the Microloan Technical Assistance program.
g. In FY2003, P.L. 108-7 imposed a rescission of 0.65% on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.098 mil ion
reduction from the Microloan Technical Assistance program.
h. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554 imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.044 mil ion
reduction from the Microloan Technical Assistance program.
i.
In FY2000, P.L. 106-113 required a 0.38% across-the-board rescission for federal agencies in FY2000,
resulting in a $0.088 mil ion reduction from the Microloan Technical Assistance program.
Women Business Centers
The Women’s Business Center (WBC) Renewable Grant Program was initially established by
P.L. 100-533, the Women’s Business Ownership Act of 1988, as the Women’s Business
Demonstration Pilot Program. The act directed the SBA to provide financial assistance to private,
nonprofit organizations to conduct demonstration projects providing financial, management, and
marketing assistance to small businesses, including start-up businesses, owned and controlled by
women. Since its inception, the program has targeted the needs of socially and economically
disadvantaged women.32 The WBC program was expanded and provided permanent legislative
status by P.L. 109-108, the Science, State, Justice, Commerce, and Related Agencies
Appropriations Act, 2006.
Currently, there are 136 WBCs located throughout most of the United States and the territories.33
As shown in Table 8, WBC’s recommended appropriations have increased from $8.966 million
in FY2000 to $23 million in FY2021. This increase has exceeded the rate of inflation.34 WBC
expenditures in FY2000-FY2019 and anticipated WBC expenditures in FY2020 are presented in
the table’s last column for comparative purposes.
Also, as mentioned, P.L. 117-2 appropriated $100 million for a community navigator pilot grant
program to improve small business access to COVID-19-related assistance programs and $75

32 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Review of Women’s Business Center Program, 106th Cong.,
February 11, 1999, Serial No. 106-2 (Washington: GPO, 1999), p. 4.
33 SBA, “SBA Launches Largest Expansion of Women’s Business Centers in 30 Years,” January 4, 2021, at
https://www.sba.gov/article/2021/jan/04/sba-launches-largest-expansion-womens-business-centers-30-years; and SBA,
“Women’s Business Centers Directory,” at https://www.sba.gov/local-assistance/find/?type=
Women%27s%20Business%20Center&pageNumber=1.
34 The WBC program’s FY2021 recommended appropriation of $23 million is $15.644 million in constant FY2000
dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is higher than its FY2000 recommended appropriation of $8.966 million. CRS
calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), “Budget of the United States
Government, FY2021: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical
Tables: 1940–2025,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/hist10z1_fy21.xlsx.
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million for outreach and education programs. The SBA’s resource partners, including SBDC,
WBCs, and SCORE, are eligible to apply for these competitive grants.
Table 8. Women Business Centers (WBCs), FY2000-FY2021
(recommended appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Initial
Final
Recommended
Recommended
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2021
$23.000
‒‒
$23.000
NA
2020
$22.500
$48.000a
$70.500
$22.500
2019
$18.500
‒‒
$18.500
$16.696
2018
$18.000
‒‒
$18.000
$17.302
2017
$18.000
‒‒
$18.000
$15.849
2016
$17.000
‒‒
$17.000
$17.335
2015
$15.000
‒‒
$15.000
$14.500
2014
$14.000
‒‒
$14.000
$13.982
2013
$14.000
($1.112)b
$12.888
$12.887
2012
$14.000
‒‒
$14.000
$13.721
2011
$14.000
($0.028)c
$13.972
$13.866
2010
$14.000
‒‒
$14.000
$13.997
2009
$13.750
‒‒
$13.750
$13.750
2008
$13.000
‒‒
$13.000
$12.981
2007
$12.500
‒‒
$12.500
$12.340
2006
$12.500
($0.125)d
$12.375
$12.197
2005
$12.500
($0.100)e
$12.400
$12.205
2004
$12.500
($0.074)f
$12.426
$12.245
2003
$12.500
($0.081)g
$12.419
$12.298
2002
$12.000
‒‒
$12.000
$12.000
2001
$12.000
($0.026)h
$11.974
$11.989
2000
$9.000
($0.034)i
$8.966
$8.926
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2021], at https://www.sba.gov/document/report—congressional-
budget-justification-annual-performance-report; H.Rept. 106-479, Making Appropriations for the Government of
the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District
for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000, and for other Purposes; H.Rept. 106-1005, Making
Appropriations for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in
Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For Other Purposes;
H.Rept. 107-278, Making Appropriations for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, The Judiciary,
and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-10,
Making Further Continuing Appropriations for the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-401,
Making Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related
Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2004, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792, Making
Appropriations for Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending
September 30, 2005, and For Other Purposes; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency
Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006;
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H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for Science, the Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and
Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General
Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington:
GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009
(Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th
Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p. 996; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of
Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-
10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget
Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing
Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013;
P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted
by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House
Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December
11, 2014), p. H9740; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky,
Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding House Amendment No. 1 to the Senate
Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,” Congressional Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II
(December 17, 2015), p. H10139; P.L. 114-223, the Continuing Appropriations and Military Construction,
Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017; Rep. Rodney Frelinghuysen, “Explanatory
Statement Submitted By Mr. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations
Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 244 [the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2017],” Congressional Record, vol. 163, no. 76-Book II (May 3, 2017), p. H3786; “Explanatory Statement
Submitted by Mr. Frelinghuysen, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House
Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 1625 [the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018] (Division E
– Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2018),” p. 87; H.Rept. 116-9, Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2019, p. 680; “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mrs. Lowey, Chairwoman of the House
Committee on Appropriations Regarding the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 (Division C – Financial
Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2020),” p. 38; P.L. 116-136, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief,
and Economic Security Act (CARES Act); and “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mrs. Lowey, Chairwoman of
the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding H.R. 133, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (Division
E – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2021),” p. 52.
a. In FY2020, P.L. 116-136 provided WBCs $48 mil ion. The act also provided $25 mil ion for SBA resource
partners, including WBCs, to provide online information and training to assist small businesses adversely
affected by COVID-19.
b. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $1.112 mil ion reduction from WBCs.
c. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.028 mil ion reduction
from WBCs.
d. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.125 mil ion
reduction from WBCs.
e. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.100 mil ion
reduction from WBCs.
f.
In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.074 mil ion
reduction from WBCs.
g. In FY2003, P.L. 108-7 imposed a rescission of 0.65% on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.081 mil ion
reduction from WBCs.
h. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554 imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.026 mil ion
reduction from WBCs.
i.
In FY2000, P.L. 106-113 required a 0.38% across-the-board rescission for federal agencies in FY2000,
resulting in a $0.034 mil ion reduction from WBCs.
SCORE
The SBA provides financial assistance to SCORE (formerly the Service Corps of Retired
Executives) to provide in-person mentoring and online training to small business owners and
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prospective owners.35 SCORE has more than 250 chapters and over 800 branch offices located
throughout the United States. SCORE partners with more than 10,000 volunteer counselors, who
are working or retired business owners, executives and corporate leaders, to provide management
and training assistance to small businesses “at no charge or at very low cost.”36
As shown in Table 9, SCORE’s recommended appropriations have increased from $3.487 million
in FY2000 to $12.200 million in FY2021. This increase has exceeded the rate of inflation.37
SCORE expenditures in FY2000-FY2019 and anticipated SCORE expenditures in FY2020 are
presented in the table’s last column for comparative purposes.
Also, as mentioned, P.L. 117-2 appropriated $100 million for a community navigator pilot grant
program to improve small business access to COVID-19-related assistance programs and $75
million for outreach and education programs. The SBA’s resource partners, including SBDC,
WBCs, and SCORE, are eligible to apply for these competitive grants.

35 U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Small Business and House Select Committee on Small Business, 1966
Federal Handbook for Small Business: A Survey of Small Business Programs in the Federal Government Agencies,
committee print, 89th Cong., 3rd sess., January 31, 1966 (Washington: GPO, 1966), p. 5; U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Rural Development, Entrepreneurship, and Trade, Subcommittee
Hearing on Legislative Initiatives to Modernize SBA’s Entrepreneurial Development Programs, 111th Cong., 1st sess.,
April 2, 2009 (Washington: GPO, 2009), p. 6; and SBA, FY2013 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2011
Annual Performance Report, p. 45, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/
FY%202013%20CBJ%20FY%202011%20APR.pdf.
36 SCORE (Service Corps of Retired Executives), “About SCORE,” at https://www.score.org/about-score.
37 SCORE’s FY2021 recommended appropriation of $12.2 million is $8.299 million in constant FY2000 dollars
(adjusted for inflation), which is higher than its FY2000 recommended appropriation of $3.487 million. CRS
calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), “Budget of the United States
Government, FY2021: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical
Tables: 1940–2025,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/hist10z1_fy21.xlsx.
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Table 9. SCORE, FY2000-FY2021
(recommended appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Initial
Final
Recommended
Recommended
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2021
$12.200
‒‒
$12.200
NA
2020
$11.700
‒‒
$11.700
$11.700
2019
$11.700
‒‒
$11.700
$11.700
2018
$11.500
‒‒
$11.500
$11.500
2017
$10.500
‒‒
$10.500
$10.500
2016
$10.500
‒‒
$10.500
$10.500
2015
$8.000
‒‒
$8.000
$8.000
2014
$7.000
‒‒
$7.000
$7.000
2013
$7.000
($0.556)a
$6.444
$6.440
2012
$7.000
‒‒
$7.000
$7.000
2011
$7.000
($0.014)b
$6.986
$6.986
2010
$7.000
‒‒
$7.000
$7.000
2009
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$5.000
2008
$4.950
‒‒
$4.950
$4.950
2007
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$4.936
2006
$5.000
($0.050)c
$4.950
$4.936
2005
$5.000
($0.040)d
$4.960
$4.933
2004
$5.000
($0.030)e
$4.970
$4.958
2003
$5.000
($0.033)f
$4.967
$4.977
2002
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$5.010
2001
$3.750
($0.008)g
$3.742
$3.750
2000
$3.500
($0.013)h
$3.487
$3.471
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2021], at https://www.sba.gov/document/report—congressional-
budget-justification-annual-performance-report; H.Rept. 106-479, Making Appropriations for the Government of
the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District
for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000, and for other Purposes; H.Rept. 106-1005, Making
Appropriations for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in
Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For Other Purposes;
H.Rept. 107-278, Making Appropriations for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, The Judiciary,
and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-10,
Making Further Continuing Appropriations for the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-401,
Making Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related
Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2004, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792, Making
Appropriations for Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending
September 30, 2005, and For Other Purposes; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency
Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006;
H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for Science, the Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and
Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General
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Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington:
GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009
(Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th
Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p. 996; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of
Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-
10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget
Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing
Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013;
P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted
by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House
Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December
11, 2014), p. H9740; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky,
Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding House Amendment No. 1 to the Senate
Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,” Congressional Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II
(December 17, 2015), p. H10139; P.L. 114-223, the Continuing Appropriations and Military Construction,
Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017; Rep. Rodney Frelinghuysen, “Explanatory
Statement Submitted By Mr. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations
Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 244 [the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2017],” Congressional Record, vol. 163, no. 76-Book II (May 3, 2017), p. H3786; “Explanatory Statement
Submitted by Mr. Frelinghuysen, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House
Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 1625 [the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018] (Division E
– Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2018),” p. 87; H.Rept. 116-9, Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2019, p. 680; “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mrs. Lowey, Chairwoman of the House
Committee on Appropriations Regarding the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 (Division C – Financial
Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2020),” p. 38; and “Explanatory Statement Submitted by
Mrs. Lowey, Chairwoman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding H.R. 133, Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2021 (Division E – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2021),”
p. 52.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $0.556 mil ion reduction from SCORE.
b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.014 mil ion reduction
from SCORE.
c. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.050 mil ion
reduction from SCORE.
d. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.040 mil ion
reduction from SCORE.
e. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.030 mil ion
reduction from SCORE.
f.
In FY2003, P.L. 108-7 imposed a rescission of 0.65% on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.033 mil ion
reduction from SCORE.
g. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554 imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.008 mil ion
reduction from SCORE.
h. In FY2000, P.L. 106-113 required a 0.38% across-the-board rescission for federal agencies in FY2000,
resulting in a $0.013 mil ion reduction from SCORE.
Program for Investment in Microentrepreneurs
The Program for Investment in Microentrepreneurs (PRIME) provides grants to nonprofit
microenterprise development organizations or programs that have “a demonstrated record of
delivering microenterprise services to disadvantaged entrepreneurs; an intermediary; a
microenterprise development organization or program that is accountable to a local community,
working in conjunction with a state or local government or Indian tribe; or an Indian tribe acting
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on its own, if the Indian tribe can certify that no private organization or program referred to in
this paragraph exists within its jurisdiction.”38
As shown in Table 10, PRIME’s recommended appropriations have varied, starting at $14.964
million in FY2001 (the program’s first recommended appropriation) and falling to $2 million in
FY2006 and FY2007. PRIME received a recommended appropriation of $5.5 million in FY2021.
PRIME expenditures in FY2001-FY2019 and anticipated PRIME expenditures in FY2020 are
presented in the table’s last column for comparative purposes.
The Obama Administration argued that PRIME overlaps and duplicates the SBA’s Microloan
Technical Assistance program and recommended in its FY2012-FY2017 budget requests that
PRIME receive no appropriations. As shown in the table, in FY2013, the Obama Administration
eliminated PRIME’s appropriation as part of the SBA’s sequestration process.
The Trump Administration recommended in its FY2018-FY2021 budget requests that the PRIME
program receive no appropriations for the same reasons that the Obama Administration had
presented.39
Table 10. Program for Investment in Microentrepreneurs (PRIME), FY2001-FY2021
(recommended appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Initial
Final
Recommended
Recommended
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2021
$5.500
‒‒
$5.500
NA
2020
$5.500
‒‒
$5.500
$5.500
2019
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$4.878
2018
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$5.296
2017
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$4.700
2016
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$5.000
2015
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$5.000
2014
$3.500
‒‒
$3.500
$3.500
2013
$3.500
($3.500)a
$0.000
$0.000
2012
$3.500
‒‒
$3.500
$3.343
2011
$8.000
($0.016)b
$7.984
$7.983
2010
$8.000
‒‒
$8.000
$8.000
2009
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$5.000
2008
$3.000
‒‒
$3.000
$2.715

38 P.L. 106-102, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, Section 173. Establishment of Program and Section 175. Qualified
Organizations.
39 SBA, FY2018 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2016 Annual Performance Report, p. 12, at
https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/aboutsbaarticle/FINAL_SBA_FY_2018_CBJ_May_22_2017c.pdf; SBA,
FY2019 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2017 Annual Performance Report, p. 13, at https://www.sba.gov/
sites/default/files/aboutsbaarticle/SBA_FY_2019_CBJ_APR_2_12_post.pdf; SBA, FY2020 Congressional Budget
Justification and FY2018 Annual Performance Report, p. 11, 39, at https://www.sba.gov/document/report—
congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report; and SBA, FY2021 Congressional Budget Justification
and FY2019 Annual Performance Report, pp. 11, 37, at https://www.sba.gov/document/report—congressional-budget-
justification-annual-performance-report.
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Initial
Final
Recommended
Recommended
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2007
$2.000
‒‒
$2.000
$1.835
2006
$2.000
($0.020)c
$1.980
$1.920
2005
$5.000
($0.040)d
$4.960
$4.903
2004
$5.000
($0.030)e
$4.970
$4.947
2003
$5.000
($0.033)f
$4.964
$4.537
2002
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$4.500
2001
$15.000
($0.033)g
$14.964
$15.000
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2021], at https://www.sba.gov/document/report—congressional-
budget-justification-annual-performance-report; H.Rept. 106-479, Making Appropriations for the Government of
the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District
for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000, and for other Purposes; H.Rept. 106-1005, Making
Appropriations for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in
Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For Other Purposes;
H.Rept. 107-278, Making Appropriations for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, The Judiciary,
and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-10,
Making Further Continuing Appropriations for the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-401,
Making Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related
Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2004, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792, Making
Appropriations for Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending
September 30, 2005, and For Other Purposes; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency
Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006;
H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for Science, the Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and
Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General
Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington:
GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009
(Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th
Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p. 996; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of
Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-
10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget
Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing
Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013;
P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted
by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House
Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December
11, 2014), p. H9740; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky,
Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding House Amendment No. 1 to the Senate
Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,” Congressional Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II
(December 17, 2015), p. H10139; P.L. 114-223, the Continuing Appropriations and Military Construction,
Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017; Rep. Rodney Frelinghuysen, “Explanatory
Statement Submitted By Mr. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations
Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 244 [the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2017],” Congressional Record, vol. 163, no. 76-Book II (May 3, 2017), p. H3786; “Explanatory Statement
Submitted by Mr. Frelinghuysen, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House
Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 1625 [the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018] (Division E
– Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2018),” p. 87; H.Rept. 116-9, Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2019, p. 680; “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mrs. Lowey, Chairwoman of the House
Committee on Appropriations Regarding the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 (Division C – Financial
Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2020),” p. 38; and “Explanatory Statement Submitted by
Mrs. Lowey, Chairwoman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding H.R. 133, Consolidated
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Appropriations Act, 2021 (Division E – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2021),”
p. 52.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $3.5 mil ion reduction from PRIME.
b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.016 mil ion reduction
from PRIME.
c. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.020 mil ion
reduction from PRIME.
d. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.040 mil ion
reduction from PRIME.
e. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.030 mil ion
reduction from PRIME.
f.
In FY2003, P.L. 108-7 imposed a rescission of 0.65% on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.033 mil ion
reduction from PRIME.
g. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554 imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.033 mil ion
reduction from PRIME.
Veterans Programs
The SBA’s Office of Veterans Business Development (OVBD) administers several management
and training programs to assist veteran-owned businesses, including
 the Entrepreneurship Bootcamp for Veterans with Disabilities Consortium of
Universities, which provides “experiential training in entrepreneurship and small
business management to post-9/11 veterans with disabilities” at eight
universities;40
 the Veteran Women Igniting the Spirit of Entrepreneurship (V-WISE) program,
which is administered through a cooperative agreement with Syracuse University,
offers women veterans a 15-day, online course focused on entrepreneurship skills
and the “language of business,” followed by a 3-day conference (offered twice a
year at varying locations) in which participants “are exposed to successful
entrepreneurs and CEOs of Fortune 500 companies and leaders in government”
and participate in courses on business planning, marketing, accounting and
finance, operations and production, human resources, and work-life balance;41
 the Operation Endure and Grow Program, which is administered through a
cooperative agreement with Syracuse University, offers an eight-week online
training program “focused on the fundamentals of launching and/or growing a
small business” and is available to National Guard and reservists and their family
members;42
 the Boots to Business program (started in 2012), which is “an elective track
within the Department of Defense’s revised Training Assistance Program called

40 Syracuse University, “About the EBV,” Syracuse, NY, at http://whitman.syr.edu/ebv/about/; and SBA, “SBA
Expands Entrepreneurship Boot Camp for Vets: Announces Two New Programs for Women Vets, Guard, Reservists
and Families,” November 10, 2010, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/news_release_10-63.pdf.
41 Syracuse University, “Women Veterans Igniting the Spirit of Entrepreneurship (V-WISE),” Syracuse, NY, at
http://whitman.syr.edu/vwise/about.aspx; and SBA, “SBA Expands Entrepreneurship Boot Camp for Vets: Announces
Two New Programs for Women Vets, Guard, Reservists and Families,” November 10, 2010, at https://www.sba.gov/
sites/default/files/news_release_10-63.pdf.
42 Syracuse University, “About Operation Endure and Grow,” Syracuse, NY, at http://vets.syr.edu/education/endure-
grow/.
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Transition Goals, Plans, Success (Transition GPS) and has three parts: the
Entrepreneurship Track Overview—a 10-minute introductory video shown
during the mandatory five-day Transition GPS course which introduces
entrepreneurship as a post-service career option; Introduction to
Entrepreneurship—a two-day classroom course on entrepreneurship and business
fundamentals offered as one of the three Transition GPS elective tracks; and
Foundations of Entrepreneurship—an eight-week, instructor-led online course
that offers in-depth instruction on the elements of a business plan and tips and
techniques for starting a business”;43
 the Boots to Business Reboot program (started in 2014), which assists veterans
who have already transitioned to civilian life; and
 the Veterans Business Outreach Centers (VBOC) program, which provides
veterans and their spouses management and technical assistance training at 22
locations, including assistance with the Boots to Business program, the
development and maintenance of a five-year business plan, and referrals to other
SBA resource partners when appropriate for additional training or mentoring
services.44
Prior to FY2016, Congress recommended appropriations for VBOCs and, in FY2014 and
FY2015, for the Boots to Business initiative ($7 million in FY2014 and $7.5 million in FY2015).
Funding for the OVBD’s other veterans assistance programs were provided through the SBA’s
salaries and expenses account.
Starting in FY2016, Congress has recommended appropriations for OVBD’s programs as a
whole: $12.3 million in FY2016, FY2017, and FY2018, $12.7 million in FY2019, and $14
million in FY2020 and FY2021. This increase has exceeded the rate of inflation.45 OVBD
expenditures in FY2015-FY2019 and anticipated OVBD expenditures in FY2020 are presented in
the table’s last column for comparative purposes.

43 SBA, “Operation Boots to Business: From Service to Startup,” at https://www.sba.gov/offices/headquarters/ovbd/
resources/160511; and SBA, “Operation Boots to Business: Fact Sheet,” at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/
B2B_Fact%20Sheet.pdf.
44 SBA, “Veterans Business Outreach Centers,” at https://www.sba.gov/local-assistance/find/?type=
Veterans%20Business%20Outreach%20Center&pageNumber=1. VBOC grants, starting at $180,000, “are made for up
to a three-year period of performance, consisting of a base period of 12 months from the date of award and up to two
renewal option periods of 12 months each. Exercise of the option periods will be solely at SBA’s discretion and is
subject to continuing program authority, the availability of funds, and the recipient’s continued satisfactory
performance and compliance.” Also, “funding per VBOC will vary based on proposed Boots to Business (B2B)
program delivery and associated outreach.” See SBA, Office of Veterans Business Development, “FY 2015 Program
Announcement No. VBOC-2015-02,” pp. 6-7, at https://www.sba.gov/offices/headquarters/ovbd/spotlight. In FY2013,
the Veterans Business Outreach Centers Program conducted its ninth annual “Customer Satisfaction Survey.” The
FY2013 survey found that 91% of the clients using the centers were satisfied or highly satisfied with the quality,
relevance, and timeliness of the assistance provided. See SBA, FY2015 Congressional Budget Justification and
FY2013 Annual Performance Report, p. 81, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/
FY%202015%20CBJ%20FY%202013%20APR%20FINAL%20508(1).pdf.
45 The Office of Veterans Business Development’s FY2021 recommended appropriation of $14 million is $12.932
million in constant FY2016 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is higher than its FY2016 recommended
appropriation of $12.3 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget
(OMB), “Budget of the United States Government, FY2021: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product
and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2025,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-
content/uploads/2020/02/hist10z1_fy21.xlsx.
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Table 11. Veterans Outreach Programs, FY2015-FY2021
(recommended appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Initial
Final
Recommended
Recommended
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2021
$14.000
‒‒
$14.000
NA
2020
$14.000
‒‒
$14.000
$14.000
2019
$12.700
‒‒
$12.700
$12.224
2018
$12.300
‒‒
$12.300
$12.558
2017
$12.300
‒‒
$12.300
$12.572
2016
$12.300
‒‒
$12.300
$12.808
2015
$10.500
‒‒
$10.500
$10.733
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration, Congressional Budget Justification [FY2016-FY2021], at
https://www.sba.gov/document/report—congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report; Rep.
Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House
Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,”
Congressional Record, vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December 11, 2014), p. H9740; P.L. 114-223, the Continuing
Appropriations and Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017; Rep.
Rodney Frelinghuysen, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, Chairman of the
House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 244
[the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017],” Congressional Record, vol. 163, no. 76-Book II (May 3, 2017), p.
H3786; “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Frelinghuysen, Chairman of the House Committee on
Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 1625 [the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2018] (Division E – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2018),”
p. 87; H.Rept. 116-9, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019, p. 680; “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mrs.
Lowey, Chairwoman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2020 (Division C – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2020),” p. 38; and
“Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mrs. Lowey, Chairwoman of the House Committee on Appropriations
Regarding H.R. 133, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (Division E – Financial Services and General
Government Appropriations Act, 2021),” p. 52.
Recommended appropriations for VBOCs from FY2000-FY2015 are presented in Table 12 for
historical comparisons. As the data indicate, recommended appropriations for VBOCs increased
from $0.613 million in FY2000 to $3 million in FY2015. This increase exceeded the rate of
inflation.46 OVBD expenditures in FY2000-FY2015 are presented in the table’s last column for
comparative purposes.

46 The Veterans Business Outreach Centers Program’s FY2015 recommended appropriation of $3 million is $2.254
million in constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is higher than its FY2000 recommended
appropriation of $0.613 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget
(OMB), “Budget of the United States Government, FY2017: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product
and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2021,” at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BUDGET-2017-TAB/pdf/
BUDGET-2017-TAB.pdf.
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Table 12. Veterans Business Outreach Centers (VBOC) Program, FY2000-FY2015
(recommended appropriations and expenditures, $ in millions)
Initial
Final
Recommended
Recommended
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2015
$3.000
‒‒
$3.000
$3.000
2014
$2.500
‒‒
$2.500
$2.500
2013
$2.500
($0.003)a
$2.497
$2.497
2012
$2.500
‒‒
$2.500
$2.500
2011
$2.500
($0.005)b
$2.495
$2.495
2010
$2.500
‒‒
$2.500
$2.500
2009
$1.200
‒‒
$1.200
$1.200
2008
$0.743
‒‒
$0.743
$0.743
2007
$0.750
‒‒
$0.750
$0.741
2006
$0.750
($0.008)c
$0.742
$0.738
2005
$0.750
($0.006)d
$0.744
$0.731
2004
$0.750
($0.004)e
$0.746
$0.737
2003
$0.750
($0.005)f
$0.745
$0.667
2002
$0.750
‒‒
$0.750
$0.617
2001
$0.000g
‒‒
$0.000
NA
2000
$0.615
($0.002)h
$0.613
$0.615
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2016], at https://www.sba.gov/document/report—congressional-
budget-justification-annual-performance-report; H.Rept. 106-479, Making Appropriations for the Government of
the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District
for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000, and for other Purposes; H.Rept. 106-1005, Making
Appropriations for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in
Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For Other Purposes;
H.Rept. 107-278, Making Appropriations for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, The Judiciary,
and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-10,
Making Further Continuing Appropriations for the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-401,
Making Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related
Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2004, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792, Making
Appropriations for Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending
September 30, 2005, and For Other Purposes; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency
Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006;
H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for Science, the Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and
Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General
Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington:
GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009
(Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th
Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p. 996; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of
Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-
10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget
Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing
Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013;
P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; and Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement
Submitted by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the
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House Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, no. 151-Book II
(December 11, 2014), p. H9740.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25, and P.L. 113-6 imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $0.003 mil ion reduction from the VBOC program.
b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.005 mil ion reduction
from the VBOC program.
c. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.008 mil ion
reduction from the VBOC program.
d. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.006 mil ion
reduction from the VBOC program.
e. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.004 mil ion
reduction from the VBOC program.
f.
In FY2003, P.L. 108-7 imposed a rescission of 0.65% on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.005 mil ion
reduction from the VBOC program.
g. In FY2001, Congress recommended an appropriation of $4 mil ion to establish the National Veterans
Business Development Corporation. The SBA funded the four VBOCs operating in FY2001 from the
salaries and expenses account.
h. In FY2000, P.L. 106-113 required a 0.38% across-the-board rescission for federal agencies in FY2000,
resulting in a $0.002 mil ion reduction from the VBOC program.
7(j) Technical Assistance Program
The SBA’s 7(j) Technical Assistance Program provides “a wide variety of management and
technical assistance to eligible individuals or concerns to meet their specific needs, including: (a)
counseling and training in the areas of financing, management, accounting, bookkeeping,
marketing, and operation of small business concerns; and (b) the identification and development
of new business opportunities.”47 Eligible individuals and businesses include “8(a) certified firms,
small disadvantaged businesses, businesses operating in areas of high unemployment, or low
income or firms owned by low income individuals.”48
As shown in Table 13, recommended appropriations for the 7(j) Technical Assistance Program
have varied since FY2000, with increases in some years and decreases in others. Overall, the
SBA’s 7(j) Technical Assistance Program’s recommended appropriations have decreased from
$3.584 million in FY2000 to $2.8 million in FY2021. The 7(j) Technical Assistance Program
expenditures in FY2000-FY2019 and anticipated 7(j) Technical Assistance Program expenditures
in FY2020 are presented in the table’s last column for comparative purposes.
Table 13. 7(j) Technical Assistance Program, FY2000-FY2021
(recommended appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Initial
Final
Recommended
Recommended
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2021
$2.800
‒‒
$2.800
NA
2020
$2.800
‒‒
$2.800
$2.800
2019
$2.800
‒‒
$2.800
$3.466
2018
$2.800
‒‒
$2.800
$3.085

47 13 C.F.R. §124.702.
48 SBA, FY2017 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2015 Annual Performance Report, p. 50, at
https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/FY17-CBJ_FY15-APR.pdf.
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Initial
Final
Recommended
Recommended
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2017
$2.800
‒‒
$2.800
$1.796
2016
$2.800
‒‒
$2.800
$1.407
2015
$2.800
‒‒
$2.800
$2.441
2014
$2.790
‒‒
$2.790
$2.723
2013
$3.100
($0.246)a
$2.854
$3.080
2012
$3.100
‒‒
$3.100
$4.768
2011
$3.400
($0.007)b
$3.393
$6.354
2010
$3.400
‒‒
$3.400
$3.275
2009
$2.380
‒‒
$2.380
$2.380
2008
$2.300
‒‒
$2.300
$2.300
2007
$1.500
‒‒
$1.500
$1.481
2006
$1.500
($0.015)c
$1.485
$1.481
2005
$1.500
($0.012)d
$1.488
$1.479
2004
$2.000
($0.012)e
$1.988
$1.963
2003
$1.500
($0.010)f
$1.490
$1.171
2002
$3.600
‒‒
$3.600
$3.189
2001
$3.600
($0.008)g
$3.592
$3.241
2000
$3.600
($0.014)h
$3.584
$3.950
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2021], at https://www.sba.gov/document/report—congressional-
budget-justification-annual-performance-report; H.Rept. 106-479, Making Appropriations for the Government of
the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District
for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000, and for other Purposes; H.Rept. 106-1005, Making
Appropriations for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in
Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For Other Purposes;
H.Rept. 107-278, Making Appropriations for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, The Judiciary,
and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-10,
Making Further Continuing Appropriations for the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-401,
Making Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related
Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2004, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792, Making
Appropriations for Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending
September 30, 2005, and For Other Purposes; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency
Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006;
H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for Science, the Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and
Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General
Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington:
GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009
(Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th
Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p. 996; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of
Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-
10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget
Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing
Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013;
P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted
by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House
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Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December
11, 2014), p. H9740; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky,
Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding House Amendment No. 1 to the Senate
Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,” Congressional Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II
(December 17, 2015), p. H10139; P.L. 114-223, the Continuing Appropriations and Military Construction,
Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017; Rep. Rodney Frelinghuysen, “Explanatory
Statement Submitted By Mr. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations
Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 244 [the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2017],” Congressional Record, vol. 163, no. 76-Book II (May 3, 2017), p. H3786; “Explanatory Statement
Submitted by Mr. Frelinghuysen, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House
Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 1625 [the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018] (Division E
– Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2018),” p. 87; H.Rept. 116-9, Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2019, p. 680; “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mrs. Lowey, Chairwoman of the House
Committee on Appropriations Regarding the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 (Division C – Financial
Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2020),” p. 38; and “Explanatory Statement Submitted by
Mrs. Lowey, Chairwoman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding H.R. 133, Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2021 (Division E – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2021),”
p. 51.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $0.246 mil ion reduction from the 7(j) program.
b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.007 mil ion reduction
from the 7(j) program.
c. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.015 mil ion
reduction from the 7(j) program.
d. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.012 mil ion
reduction from the 7(j) program.
e. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.012 mil ion
reduction from the 7(j) program.
f.
In FY2003, P.L. 108-7 imposed a rescission of 0.65% on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.010 mil ion
reduction from the 7(j) program.
g. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554 imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.008 mil ion
reduction from the 7(j) program.
h. In FY2000, P.L. 106-113 required a 0.38% across-the-board rescission for federal agencies in FY2000,
resulting in a $0.014 mil ion reduction from the 7(j) program.
Native American Outreach Program
The SBA’s Native American Outreach (NAO) program provides management and technical
educational assistance to American Indians, Alaska natives, native Hawaiians, and “the
indigenous people of Guam and American Samoa … to promote entity-owned and individual 8(a)
certification, government contracting, entrepreneurial education, and capital access.”49 The
program’s management and technical assistance services are available to members of these
groups living in most areas of the nation.50
As shown in Table 14, the NAO program’s recommended appropriations have varied somewhat
since FY2003 (the first year it received recommended appropriations), ranging from $1 million to
$2 million. The program’s recommended appropriations have not kept pace with inflation.51 NAO

49 SBA, FY2011 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2009 Annual Performance Report, p. 65, at
http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/Congressional_Budget_Justification.pdf (hereinafter SBA, FY2011
Congressional Budget Justification and FY2009 Annual Performance Report).
50 SBA, FY2011 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2009 Annual Performance Report, p 65.
51 The SBA’s FY2021 recommended appropriation of $2 million for the Native American Outreach Program is $1.412
million in constant FY2003 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is lower than its initial FY2003 recommended
appropriation of $1.987 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget
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program expenditures in FY2003-FY2019 and anticipated NAO expenditures in FY2020 are
presented in the table’s last column for comparative purposes.
Table 14. Native American Outreach (NAO) Program, FY2003-FY2021
(recommended appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Initial
Final
Recommended
Recommended
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2021
$2.000
‒‒
$2.000
NA
2020
$2.000
‒‒
$2.000
$2.000
2019
$2.000
‒‒
$2.000
$2.179
2018
$2.000
‒‒
$2.000
$0.695
2017
$2.000
‒‒
$2.000
$1.541
2016
$2.000
‒‒
$2.000
$1.778
2015
$2.000
‒‒
$2.000
$1.924
2014
$2.000
‒‒
$2.000
$1.859
2013
$1.250
($0.318)a
$0.932
$0.915
2012
$1.250
‒‒
$1.250
$1.245
2011
$1.250
($0.003)b
$1.247
$1.132
2010
$1.250
‒‒
$1.250
$1.243
2009
$1.033
‒‒
$1.033
$1.027
2008
$1.000
‒‒
$1.000
$0.933
2007
$1.000
‒‒
$1.000
$0.884
2006
$1.000
($0.010)c
$0.990
$0.978
2005
$1.000
($0.008)d
$1.092
$0.902
2004
$2.000
($0.012)e
$1.988
$1.964
2003
$2.000
($0.013)f
$1.987
$1.778
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2021], at https://www.sba.gov/document/report—congressional-
budget-justification-annual-performance-report; H.Rept. 106-479, Making Appropriations for the Government of
the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District
for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000, and for other Purposes; H.Rept. 106-1005, Making
Appropriations for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in
Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For Other Purposes;
H.Rept. 107-278, Making Appropriations for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, The Judiciary,
and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-10,
Making Further Continuing Appropriations for the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-401,
Making Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related
Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2004, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792, Making
Appropriations for Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending
September 30, 2005, and For Other Purposes; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency
Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006;

(OMB), “Budget of the United States Government, FY2021: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product
and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2025,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-
content/uploads/2020/02/hist10z1_fy21.xlsx.
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H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for Science, the Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and
Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General
Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington:
GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009
(Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th
Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p. 996; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of
Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-
10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget
Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing
Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013;
P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted
by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House
Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December
11, 2014), p. H9740; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky,
Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding House Amendment No. 1 to the Senate
Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,” Congressional Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II
(December 17, 2015), p. H10139; P.L. 114-223, the Continuing Appropriations and Military Construction,
Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017; Rep. Rodney Frelinghuysen, “Explanatory
Statement Submitted By Mr. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations
Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 244 [the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2017],” Congressional Record, vol. 163, no. 76-Book II (May 3, 2017), p. H3786; “Explanatory Statement
Submitted by Mr. Frelinghuysen, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House
Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 1625 [the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018] (Division E
– Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2018),” p. 87; H.Rept. 116-9, Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2019, p. 680; “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mrs. Lowey, Chairwoman of the House
Committee on Appropriations Regarding the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 (Division C – Financial
Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2020),” p. 38; and “Explanatory Statement Submitted by
Mrs. Lowey, Chairwoman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding H.R. 133, Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2021 (Division E – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2021),”
p. 52.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $0.318 mil ion reduction from the NAO program.
b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.003 mil ion reduction
from the NAO program.
c. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.010 mil ion
reduction from the NAO program.
d. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.008 mil ion
reduction from the NAO program.
e. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.012 mil ion
reduction from the NAO program.
f.
In FY2003, P.L. 108-7 imposed a rescission of 0.65% on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.013 mil ion
reduction from the NAO program.
National Women’s Business Council
The National Women’s Business Council (NWBC) is a bipartisan federal advisory council
created to serve as an independent source of advice and counsel to the President, Congress, and
the SBA on economic issues of importance to women business owners. The council’s mission “is
to promote bold initiatives, policies, and programs designed to support women’s business
enterprises at all stages of development in the public and private sector marketplaces—from start-
up to success to significance.”52

52 The National Women’s Business Council, “About the Council,” Washington, DC, at https://www.nwbc.gov/about/.
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As shown in Table 15, the recommended appropriation for the NWBC has increased from $0.598
million in FY2000 to $1.5 million in FY2021. This increase has exceeded the rate of inflation.53
NWBC expenditures in FY2000-FY2019 and NWBC anticipated expenditures in FY2020 are
presented in the table’s last column for comparative purposes.
Table 15. National Business Women’s Council (NWBC), FY2000-FY2021
(recommended appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Initial
Final
Recommended
Recommended
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2021
$1.500
‒‒
$1.500
NA
2020
$1.500
‒‒
$1.500
$1.500
2019
$1.500
‒‒
$1.500
$0.819
2018
$1.500
‒‒
$1.500
$0.485
2017
$1.500
‒‒
$1.500
$1.337
2016
$1.500
‒‒
$1.500
$1.286
2015
$1.000
‒‒
$1.000
$0.958
2014
$1.000
‒‒
$1.000
$0.980
2013
$0.998
($0.080)a
$0.918
$0.736
2012
$0.998
‒‒
$0.998
$0.875
2011
$1.000
($0.002)b
$0.998
$0.954
2010
$1.000
‒‒
$1.000
$0.920
2009
$0.775
‒‒
$0.775
$0.751
2008
$0.743
‒‒
$0.743
$0.714
2007
$0.750
‒‒
$0.750
$0.712
2006
$0.750
($0.008)c
$0.742
$0.675
2005
$0.750
($0.006)d
$0.744
$0.550
2004
$0.750
($0.004)e
$0.746
$0.731
2003
$0.750
($0.005)f
$0.745
$0.699
2002
$0.750
‒‒
$0.750
$0.729
2001
$0.750
($0.002)g
$0.748
$0.714
2000
$0.600
($0.002)h
$0.598
$0.600
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2021], at https://www.sba.gov/document/report—congressional-
budget-justification-annual-performance-report; H.Rept. 106-479, Making Appropriations for the Government of
the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District
for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000, and for other Purposes; H.Rept. 106-1005, Making

53 The SBA’s FY2021 recommended appropriation of $1.5 million for the National Women’s Business Council is
$1.000 million in constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is higher than its FY2000 recommended
appropriation of $0.598 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget
(OMB), “Budget of the United States Government, FY2021: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product
and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2025,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-
content/uploads/2020/02/hist10z1_fy21.xlsx.
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Appropriations for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in
Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For Other Purposes;
H.Rept. 107-278, Making Appropriations for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, The Judiciary,
and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-10,
Making Further Continuing Appropriations for the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-401,
Making Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related
Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2004, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792, Making
Appropriations for Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending
September 30, 2005, and For Other Purposes; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency
Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006;
H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for Science, the Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and
Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General
Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington:
GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009
(Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th
Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p. 996; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of
Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-
10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget
Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing
Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013;
P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted
by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House
Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December
11, 2014), p. H9740; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky,
Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding House Amendment No. 1 to the Senate
Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,” Congressional Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II
(December 17, 2015), p. H10139; P.L. 114-223, the Continuing Appropriations and Military Construction,
Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017; Rep. Rodney Frelinghuysen, “Explanatory
Statement Submitted By Mr. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations
Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 244 [the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2017],” Congressional Record, vol. 163, no. 76-Book II (May 3, 2017), p. H3786; “Explanatory Statement
Submitted by Mr. Frelinghuysen, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House
Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 1625 [the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018] (Division E
– Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2018),” p. 87; H.Rept. 116-9, Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2019, p. 680; “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mrs. Lowey, Chairwoman of the House
Committee on Appropriations Regarding the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 (Division C – Financial
Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2020),” p. 38; and “Explanatory Statement Submitted by
Mrs. Lowey, Chairwoman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding H.R. 133, Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2021 (Division E – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2021),”
p. 52.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $0.080 mil ion reduction from the NWBC.
b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.002 mil ion reduction
from the NWBC.
c. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.008 mil ion
reduction from the NWBC.
d. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.006 mil ion
reduction from the NWBC.
e. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.004 mil ion
reduction from the NWBC.
f.
In FY2003, P.L. 108-7 imposed a rescission of 0.65% on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.005 mil ion
reduction from the NWBC.
g. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554 imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.002 mil ion
reduction from the NWBC.
h. In FY2000, P.L. 106-113 required a 0.38% across-the-board rescission for federal agencies in FY2000,
resulting in a $0.002 mil ion reduction from the NWBC.
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HUBZone Administration
The HUBZone program helps small businesses located in designated Historically Underutilized
Business Zones (HUBZones) to compete for federal contracts. Federal agencies may award
contracts directly to HUBZone-certified small businesses through a sole-source contract, limit
contact competitions to HUBZone-certified firms through a contract set-aside, or provide
HUBZone-certified firms a price evaluation preference in full and open competitions.54
The HUBZone program was initially funded through the SBA’s salary and expenses account. As
shown in Table 16, Congress started recommending an appropriation for the program in FY2004.
This recommended appropriation remained relatively stable until FY2015, when it increased to
$3 million. With this increase, the HUBZone program’s recommended appropriations have
exceeded the rate of inflation.55 The HUBZone program’s expenditures in FY2000-FY2019 and
the HUBZone program’s anticipated expenditures in FY2020 are presented in the table’s last
column for comparative purposes.
Table 16. Historically Underutilized Business Zones (HUBZone) Program,
FY2000-FY2021
(recommended appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Initial
Final
Recommended
Recommended
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2021
$3.000
‒‒
$3.000
NA
2020
$3.000
‒‒
$3.000
$3.000
2019
$3.000
‒‒
$3.000
$2.455
2018
$3.000
‒‒
$3.000
$2.563
2017
$3.000
‒‒
$3.000
$2.792
2016
$3.000
‒‒
$3.000
$3.184
2015
$3.000
‒‒
$3.000
$2.561
2014
$2.250
‒‒
$2.250
$2.248
2013
$2.500
($0.524)a
$1.976
$1.952
2012
$2.500
‒‒
$2.500
$2.155
2011
$2.200
($0.004)b
$2.196
$2.194
2010
$2.200
‒‒
$2.200
$2.189
2009
$2.150
‒‒
$2.150
$2.150
2008
$2.100
‒‒
$2.100
$1.924
2007
$2.000
‒‒
$2.000
$1.931
2006
$2.000
($0.020)c
$1.980
$1.974

54 For additional information and analysis concerning the HUBZone program, see CRS Report R41268, Small Business
Administration HUBZone Program, by Robert Jay Dilger.
55 The SBA’s FY2021 recommended appropriation of $3 million for the HUBZone program is $2.169 million in
constant FY2004 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is higher than its FY2004 recommended appropriation of
$1.988 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), “Budget of
the United States Government, FY2021: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in
the Historical Tables: 1940–2025,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/hist10z1_fy21.xlsx.
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Initial
Final
Recommended
Recommended
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2005
$1.979
($0.016)d
$1.963
$1.892
2004
$2.000
($0.012)e
$1.988
$1.974
2003
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$1.807
2002
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$1.618
2001
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$1.791
2000
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$1.978
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2021], at https://www.sba.gov/document/report—congressional-
budget-justification-annual-performance-report; H.Rept. 106-479, Making Appropriations for the Government of
the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District
for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000, and for other Purposes; H.Rept. 106-1005, Making
Appropriations for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in
Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For Other Purposes;
H.Rept. 107-278, Making Appropriations for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, The Judiciary,
and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-10,
Making Further Continuing Appropriations for the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-401,
Making Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related
Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2004, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792, Making
Appropriations for Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending
September 30, 2005, and For Other Purposes; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency
Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006;
H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for Science, the Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and
Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General
Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington:
GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009
(Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th
Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p. 996; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of
Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-
10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget
Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing
Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013;
P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted
by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House
Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December
11, 2014), p. H9740; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky,
Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding House Amendment No. 1 to the Senate
Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,” Congressional Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II
(December 17, 2015), p. H10139; P.L. 114-223, the Continuing Appropriations and Military Construction,
Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017; Rep. Rodney Frelinghuysen, “Explanatory
Statement Submitted By Mr. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations
Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 244 [the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2017],” Congressional Record, vol. 163, no. 76-Book II (May 3, 2017), p. H3786; “Explanatory Statement
Submitted by Mr. Frelinghuysen, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House
Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 1625 [the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018] (Division E
– Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2018),” p. 87; H.Rept. 116-9, Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2019, p. 680; “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mrs. Lowey, Chairwoman of the House
Committee on Appropriations Regarding the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 (Division C – Financial
Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2020),” p. 38; and “Explanatory Statement Submitted by
Mrs. Lowey, Chairwoman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding H.R. 133, Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2021 (Division E – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2021),”
p. 52.
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a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $0.520 mil ion reduction from the HUBZone
program.
b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.004 mil ion reduction
from the HUBZone program.
c. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.020 mil ion
reduction from the HUBZone program.
d. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.016 mil ion
reduction from the HUBZone program.
e. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.012 mil ion
reduction from the HUBZone program.
The Entrepreneurial Development Initiative (Regional Innovation Clusters)
The SBA reports that “regional innovation clusters are on-the-ground collaborations between
business, research, education, financing and government institutions that work to develop and
grow a particular industry or related set of industries in a particular geographic region.”56 The
SBA has supported regional innovative clusters since FY2009, and the initiative has received
recommended appropriations from Congress since FY2010.
As shown in Table 17, funding for the Entrepreneurial Development Initiative (Regional
Innovation Clusters) has been reduced from a recommended appropriation of $10 million in
FY2010 to $6 million in FY2021. The table’s last column indicates that the SBA’s expenditures
for the initiative have often been less than the amount appropriated.
The Trump Administration recommended in its FY2018-FY2021 budget requests that the
Entrepreneurial Development Initiative receive no appropriations, arguing that it duplicates other
federal programs.57
Table 17. Entrepreneurial Development Initiative (Regional Innovation Clusters),
FY2010-FY2021
(recommended appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Initial
Final
Recommended
Recommended
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2021
$6.000
‒‒
$6.000
NA
2020
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$5.000
2019
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$5.473
2018
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$2.976
2017
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$3.259

56 SBA, FY2014 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2012 Annual Performance Report, p. 60, at
http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/1-FY%202014%20CBJ%20FY%202012%20APR.PDF.
57 SBA, FY2018 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2016 Annual Performance Report, pp. 12, 57, at
https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/aboutsbaarticle/FINAL_SBA_FY_2018_CBJ_May_22_2017c.pdf; SBA,
FY2019 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2017 Annual Performance Report, pp. 13, 90, at
https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/aboutsbaarticle/SBA_FY_2019_CBJ_APR_2_12_post.pdf; SBA, FY2020
Congressional Budget Justification and FY2018 Annual Performance Report, p. 11, 95, at https://www.sba.gov/
document/report—congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report; and SBA, FY2021 Congressional
Budget Justification and FY2019 Annual Performance Report, pp. 11, 93, at https://www.sba.gov/document/report—
congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report.
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Initial
Final
Recommended
Recommended
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2016
$6.000
‒‒
$6.000
$5.824
2015
$6.000
‒‒
$6.000
$5.936
2014
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$4.995
2013
$5.000
($1.311)a
$3.689
$3.590
2012
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$3.325
2011
$10.000
($0.020)b
$9.980
$6.581
2010
$10.000
‒‒
$10.000
$9.989
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration, Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2021], at
https://www.sba.gov/document/report—congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report; H.Rept.
111-366, the Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies
Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 111-117, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the
Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act
of 2011; H.Rept. 112-331, the Military Construction and Veterans Affairs and Related Agencies Appropriations
Act, 2012 (Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012); P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution,
2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; SBA, “General Statement
Regarding the Implications of Sequestration,” provided to the author by the SBA, Office of Congressional and
Legislative Affairs, on May 5, 2013; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of
Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the
Senate Amendment on H.R. 3547, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, part
No 9-Book II (January 15, 2014), p. H908; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; Rep. Harold
Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on
Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record,
vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December 11, 2014), p. H9740; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement
Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding House
Amendment No. 1 to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,” Congressional
Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II (December 17, 2015), p. H10139; P.L. 114-223, the Continuing Appropriations
and Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017; Rep. Rodney
Frelinghuysen, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, Chairman of the House
Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 244 [the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017],” Congressional Record, vol. 163, no. 76-Book II (May 3, 2017), p. H3786;
“Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Frelinghuysen, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations
Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 1625 [the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2018] (Division E – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2018),” p. 87; H.Rept.
116-9, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019, p. 680; “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mrs. Lowey,
Chairwoman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020
(Division C – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2020),” p. 38; and “Explanatory
Statement Submitted by Mrs. Lowey, Chairwoman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding H.R.
133, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (Division E – Financial Services and General Government
Appropriations Act, 2021),” p. 52.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $1.311 mil ion reduction from the Entrepreneurial
Development Initiative (Clusters).
b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.020 mil ion reduction
from the Entrepreneurial Development Initiative (Clusters).
Entrepreneurship Education Initiative
The SBA’s Entrepreneurship Education initiative offers high‐growth small businesses in
underserved communities “a seven‐month executive leader education series” consisting of “more
than 100 hours of specialized training, technical resources, a professional networking system, and
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other resources to strengthen their business model and promote economic development within
urban communities.”58 At the conclusion of the training, “participants produce a three‐year
strategic growth action plan with benchmarks and performance targets that help them access the
necessary support and resources to move forward for the next stage of business growth.”59
As shown in Table 18, the Entrepreneurship Education initiative received its first recommended
appropriation from Congress in FY2014 ($5 million), $7 million in FY2015, $10 million in
FY2016 and FY2017, $6 million in FY2018, $3.5 million in FY2019, and $2.5 million in
FY2020 and FY2021.
Table 18. Entrepreneurship Education Initiative, FY2014-FY2021
(recommended appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Initial
Final
Recommended
Recommended
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2021
$2.500
‒‒
$2.500
NA
2020
$2.500
‒‒
$2.500
$2.500
2019
$3.500
‒‒
$3.500
$5.863
2018
$6.000
‒‒
$6.000
$9.293
2017
$10.000
‒‒
$10.000
$2.442
2016
$10.000
‒‒
$10.000
$7.219
2015
$7.000
‒‒
$7.000
$6.711
2014
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$4.953
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration, Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2021], at
https://www.sba.gov/document/report—congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report; H.Rept.
111-366, the Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies
Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 111-117, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the
Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act
of 2011; H.Rept. 112-331, the Military Construction and Veterans Affairs and Related Agencies Appropriations
Act, 2012 (Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012); P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution,
2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; SBA, “General Statement
Regarding the Implications of Sequestration,” provided to the author by the SBA, Office of Congressional and
Legislative Affairs, on May 5, 2013; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of
Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the
Senate Amendment on H.R. 3547, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, part
No 9-Book II (January 15, 2014), p. H908; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; Rep. Harold
Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on
Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record,
vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December 11, 2014), p. H9740; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement
Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding House
Amendment No. 1 to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,” Congressional
Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II (December 17, 2015), p. H10139; P.L. 114-223, the Continuing Appropriations
and Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017; Rep. Rodney
Frelinghuysen, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, Chairman of the House
Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 244 [the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017],” Congressional Record, vol. 163, no. 76-Book II (May 3, 2017), p. H3786;

58 SBA, FY2014 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2012 Annual Performance Report, p.71, at
http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/1-FY%202014%20CBJ%20FY%202012%20APR.PDF (hereinafter SBA,
FY2014 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2012 Annual Performance Report).
59 SBA, FY2014 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2012 Annual Performance Report, p. 71.
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“Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Frelinghuysen, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations
Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 1625 [the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2018] (Division E – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2018),” p. 87; H.Rept.
116-9, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019, p. 680; “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mrs. Lowey,
Chairwoman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020
(Division C – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2020),” p. 38; and “Explanatory
Statement Submitted by Mrs. Lowey, Chairwoman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding H.R.
133, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (Division E – Financial Services and General Government
Appropriations Act, 2021),” p. 52.
Growth Accelerator Initiative
The SBA describes growth accelerators as “organizations that help entrepreneurs start and scale
their businesses.”60 Growth accelerators are typically run by experienced entrepreneurs and help
small businesses access seed capital and mentors. The SBA claims that growth accelerators “help
accelerate a startup company’s path towards success with targeted advice on revenue growth,
employee growth, sourcing outside funding and avoiding pitfalls.”61
As shown in Table 19, the Growth Accelerator initiative received its first recommended
appropriation from Congress in FY2014 ($2.5 million), $4 million in FY2015, $1 million in
FY2016, FY2017, and FY2018, and $2 million in FY2019, FY2020, and FY2021. It provides
$50,000 matching grants each year to universities and private sector accelerators “to support the
development of accelerators and their support of startups in parts of the country where there are
fewer conventional sources of access to capital (i.e., venture capital and other investors).”62
The Trump Administration recommended in its FY2018-FY2021 budget requests that the Growth
Accelerator Initiative receive no appropriations, arguing that the program is duplicative of other
resources.63

60 SBA, FY2014 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2012 Annual Performance Report, p. 59.
61 SBA, FY2014 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2012 Annual Performance Report, p. 59. See also Jonathan
Porat, “Exploring the Policy Relevance of Startup Accelerators,” SBA, Office of Advocacy, Issue Brief No. 4,
November 17, 2014, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/
Issue%20Brief%204%20Accelerators%20FINAL.pdf.
62 SBA, “SBA Growth Accelerator Fund Competition: The 2017 Growth Accelerator Fund Competition,” at
https://www.sba.gov/node/1428931/leadership/; and SBA, “SBA Announces $3 Million for 60 Growth Accelerator
Fund Competition Recipients Supporting Startups and STEM Focused Entrepreneurs,” September 26, 2019, at
https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-newsroom/press-releases-media-advisories/sba-announces-3-million-60-growth-
accelerator-fund-competition-recipients-supporting-startups-and.
63 U.S. Office of Management and Budget, America First: A Budget Blueprint to Make America Great Again, p. 45, at
https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/omb/budget/fy2018/2018_blueprint.pdf; SBA, FY2019
Congressional Budget Justification and FY2017 Annual Performance Report, p. 13, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/
default/files/aboutsbaarticle/SBA_FY_2019_CBJ_APR_2_12_post.pdf; SBA, FY2020 Congressional Budget
Justification and FY2018 Annual Performance Report, pp. 11, 71, at https://www.sba.gov/document/report—
congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report; and SBA, FY2021 Congressional Budget Justification
and FY2019 Annual Performance Report, pp. 11, 71, at https://www.sba.gov/document/report—congressional-budget-
justification-annual-performance-report.
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Table 19. Growth Accelerator Initiative, FY2014-FY2021
(recommended appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Initial
Final
Recommended
Recommended
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2021
$2.000
‒‒
$2.000
NA
2020
$2.000
‒‒
$2.000
$2.000
2019
$2.000
‒‒
$2.000
$2.650
2018
$1.000
‒‒
$1.000
$1.000
2017
$1.000
‒‒
$1.000
$1.000
2016
$1.000
‒‒
$1.000
$3.500
2015
$4.000
‒‒
$4.000
$3.950
2014
$2.500
‒‒
$2.500
$2.500
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration, Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2021], at
https://www.sba.gov/document/report—congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report; H.Rept.
111-366, the Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies
Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 111-117, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the
Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act
of 2011; H.Rept. 112-331, the Military Construction and Veterans Affairs and Related Agencies Appropriations
Act, 2012 (Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012); P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution,
2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; SBA, “General Statement
Regarding the Implications of Sequestration,” provided to the author by the SBA, Office of Congressional and
Legislative Affairs, on May 5, 2013; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of
Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the
Senate Amendment on H.R. 3547, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, part
No 9-Book II (January 15, 2014), p. H908; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; Rep. Harold
Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on
Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record,
vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December 11, 2014), p. H9740; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement
Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding House
Amendment No. 1 to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,” Congressional
Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II (December 17, 2015), p. H10139; P.L. 114-223, the Continuing Appropriations
and Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017; Rep. Rodney
Frelinghuysen, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, Chairman of the House
Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 244 [the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017],” Congressional Record, vol. 163, no. 76-Book II (May 3, 2017), p. H3786;
“Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Frelinghuysen, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations
Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 1625 [the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2018] (Division E – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2018),” p. 87; H.Rept.
116-9, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019, p. 680; “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mrs. Lowey,
Chairwoman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020
(Division C – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2020),” p. 38; and “Explanatory
Statement Submitted by Mrs. Lowey, Chairwoman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding H.R.
133, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (Division E – Financial Services and General Government
Appropriations Act, 2021),” p. 52.
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Appendix. SBA Appropriations, FY1954-FY1999
Table A-1. Small Business Administration Appropriations, FY1980-FY1999
($ in millions)
Business Loan
Disaster
Capital
Fiscal Year
Assistance
Appropriation
Other Programs
Total
FY1999
$293.3
$224.2
$302.5
$820.0
FY1998
$173.2
$181.2
$361.7
$716.1
FY1997
$326.9
$183.7
$341.8
$852.4
FY1996
$331.0
$160.7
$322.5
$814.2
FY1995
$130.2
$271.0
$390.8
$792.0
FY1994
$18.6
$223.4
$408.7
$650.7
FY1993
$401.7
$370.0
$436.4
$1,208.1
FY1992
$705.0
$348.3
$598.8
$1,652.1
FY1991
($129.3)
$157.0
$436.2
$463.9
FY1990
$342.3
$159.5
$426.5
$928.3
FY1989
$0.0
$168.6
$251.6
$420.2
FY1988
$0.0
$165.7
$262.6
$428.3
FY1987
$0.0
$378.2
$225.5
$603.7
FY1986
$0.0
$505.0
$209.4
$714.4
FY1985
$0.0
$511.6
$742.1
$1,253.7
FY1984
$0.0
$363.4
$234.5
$597.9
FY1983
$0.0
$742.7
$274.6
$1,017.3
FY1982
$0.0
$326.0
$243.9
$569.9
FY1981
$325.0
$609.0
$265.9
$1,199.9
FY1980
$1,237.0
$565.0
$194.1
$1,996.1
Sources: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on the Departments of
Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies, “Departments of Commerce, Justice, and
State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations for [various years],” hearings [various years]; U.S.
Office of Management and Budget (OMB), Budget of the United States Government, FY1986; Appendix: Small Business
Administration, pp. I-XI – IX9; and OMB, Budget of the United States Government, FY1987; Appendix: Small Business
Administration, pp. I-XI – IX10.
Notes: In FY1985, an additional $524.96 mil ion was appropriated to the Federal Financing Bank. In FY1995,
there was a $6 mil ion rescission, which was subtracted from the other programs column.
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Table A-2. Small Business Administration Appropriations, FY1954-FY1979
($ in millions)
Capital
Disaster
Appropriation/ First
Fiscal Year
Assistance
Revolving Fund
Other Programs
Total
FY1979
$1,235.0
$520.5
$239.0
$1,994.5
FY1978
$2,640.8
$605.0
$230.0
$3,475.8
FY1977
$291.3
$601.6
$90.5
$983.4
FY1976
$100.0
$278.8
$29.4
$418.2
FY1975
$91.8
$307.5
$28.5
$445.8
FY1974
$1.6
$226.0
$23.0
$250.6
FY1973
$1,857.2
$397.0
$22.6
$2,276.8
FY1972
$172.4
$278.1
$22.8
$473.3
FY1971
$366.0
$267.4
$20.0
$653.4
FY1970
$180.0
$3.3
$17.5
$200.8
FY1969
$3.8
$6.0
$11.4
$21.2
FY1968
$2.0
$154.0
$9.9
$165.9
FY1967
$128.3
$722.6
$8.1
$859.0
FY1966
comingled
$310.0
$7.2
$317.2
FY1965
comingled
$145.0
$7.5
$152.5
FY1964
comingled
$90.0
$8.5
$98.5
FY1963
comingled
$300.0
$5.9
$305.9
FY1962
comingled
$220.0
$7.1
$227.1
FY1961
comingled
$50.0
$5.9
$55.9
FY1960
comingled
$150.0
$4.9
$154.9
FY1959
comingled
$200.0
$31.3
$231.3
FY1958
$8.0
$112.0
$2.3
$122.3
FY1957
$12.0
$83.0
$1.9
$96.9
FY1956
$35.0
$10.0
$2.1
$47.1
FY1955
$10.0
$15.0
$2.4
$27.4
FY1954
$5.0
$50.0
$2.7
$57.5
Sources: OMB, Budget of the United States Government [various years]; and Appropriations Acts [various years]:
P.L. 83-207, P.L. 84-219, P.L. 84-533, P.L. 84-604, P.L.85-19, P.L. 85-170, P.L. 85-457, P.L. 85-766, P.L. 86-88, P.L.
86-451, P.L. 87-125, P.L. 87-332, P.L. 87-843, P.L. 88-245, and P.L. 89-164.
Notes: The SBA had a single revolving loan fund for both disaster and business loans until 1966 (P.L. 89-409).
For FY1954 through FY1958, budgetary documents indicated the amount provided to the revolving loan fund,
which was designated for disaster assistance, and the amount designated for business loans. For FY1959 through
FY1966, budgetary documents no long provided this level of specificity. In FY1959, $27.5 mil ion was provided
for management and training grants, which were awarded through FY1960. The SBA reported that most of the
increase in funding for other programs in FY1970 was due to an increase in funding for the SBA’s minority
management and technical assistance grant program. Most of the increase in funding for other programs in
FY1977 was due to the provision of $36 mil ion for the surety bond guarantee program and $15 mil ion for the
pol ution control equipment guarantee revolving fund.
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Author Information

Robert Jay Dilger

Senior Specialist in American National Government

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Congressional Research Service
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