Small Business Administration (SBA)
Funding: Overview and Recent Trends

Updated February 21, 2019
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
R43846

link to page 49 Small Business Administration (SBA) Funding: Overview and Recent Trends

Summary
This report examines the Small Business Administration’s (SBA’s) appropriations (new budget
authority, minus rescissions and sequestration) over time, focusing on developments and trends
since FY2000. It also provides total available funding (which includes carryover from the prior
fiscal year, carryover into the next fiscal year, account transfers, rescissions, and sequestration)
and, for entrepreneurial development noncredit programs, actual and anticipated expenditures for
comparative purposes.
SBA appropriations, as a whole, have varied significantly from year to year since FY2000 and
across all three of the agency’s major spending categories: disaster assistance, business loan
credit subsidies, and “other programs,” a category that includes salaries and expenses, business
loan administration, the Office of Inspector General, the Office of Advocacy, and entrepreneurial
development programs. Overall, the SBA’s appropriations have ranged from a high of
$2.359 billion in FY2018 to a low of $571.8 million in FY2007. Much of this volatility is due to
significant variation in appropriations for disaster assistance, which ranged from a high of
$1.7 billion in FY2006 to a low of $0 in FY2009. This variation can be attributed primarily to
supplemental appropriations provided to address disaster needs arising from the impact of major
hurricanes, such as Hurricanes Katrina and Sandy, and more recently, Hurricanes Harvey, Irma,
and Maria.
The SBA’s appropriations for business loan credit subsidies have also varied since FY2000,
ranging from a high of $319.7 million in FY2013 ($337.3 million before sequestration and
rescission) to a low of $1.3 million in FY2006 and FY2007. This variation is due to the impact of
changing economic conditions on the SBA’s guaranteed loan portfolios. During good economic
times, revenue from SBA fees and collateral liquidation is typically sufficient to cover the costs of
purchasing guaranteed loans that have defaulted. During and immediately following recessions,
however, that revenue is typically insufficient to cover the costs of purchasing guaranteed loans
that have defaulted.
The SBA’s appropriations for other programs, as a collective, have also varied since FY2000,
ranging from a high of $1.6253 billion in FY2010 to a low of $455.6 million in FY2007. This
variation is primarily due to congressional response to changing economic conditions. For
example, Congress approved significant, temporary increases in appropriations for the SBA’s
other programs spending category in FY2009 and FY2010. Overall, since FY2000, appropriations
for other programs have increased at a pace that exceeds inflation. This report provides
appropriations for all five major components of the other programs spending category, including
the SBA’s entrepreneurial development programs.
The SBA’s appropriations for FY1954 through FY1999 are provided in the Appendix.
Congressional Research Service

Small Business Administration (SBA) Funding: Overview and Recent Trends

Introduction
The Small Business Administration (SBA) currently administers several types of programs to
support small businesses, including loan guaranty and venture capital programs to enhance small
businesses’ access to capital; contracting programs to increase small businesses’ opportunities in
federal contracting; direct loan programs for businesses, homeowners, and renters to aid in their
recovery from natural disasters; and small business management and technical assistance training
programs to assist in business formation and expansion. Congressional interest in these programs
has increased in recent years, primarily because small businesses are viewed as a means to
stimulate economic activity and create jobs. Many Members of Congress also regularly receive
constituent inquiries about the SBA’s programs.
This report examines appropriations for the SBA (new budget authority, minus rescissions and
sequestration) over time, focusing on developments and trends since FY2000.
This report also provides total available funding (which includes carryover from the prior fiscal
year, carryover into the next fiscal year, account transfers, rescissions, and sequestration) and, for
comparative purposes, actual and anticipated expenditures for the SBA’s entrepreneurial
development noncredit programs.
SBA appropriations, as a whole, have varied significantly from year to year since FY2000 and
across all three major SBA spending categories: appropriations for disaster assistance, business
loan credit subsidies, and “other programs,” a spending category that includes appropriations for
salaries and expenses, business loan administration, the Office of Inspector General, the Office of
Advocacy, and entrepreneurial development noncredit programs.
The variation in appropriations for disaster assistance since FY2000 is largely due to
supplemental appropriations provided to address disaster needs arising from the impact of major
hurricanes.
Business loan credit subsidies represent the net present value of cash flows to and from the SBA
over the life of the agency’s loan portfolios.1 For guaranteed loans, the net present value of cash
flows is affected by several factors, but it is primarily the difference between the cost of
purchasing loans that have defaulted and the revenue generated from fees and collateral
liquidation. For direct (Microloan) lending, it is primarily the cost of offering below-market
interest rates to Microloan intermediaries.2

1 The U.S. Small Business Administration’s (SBA’s) Office of Financial Analysis and Modeling is responsible for
ensuring that the computation of subsidy rates for the SBA’s credit programs are in compliance with the Federal Credit
Reform Act of 1990 (FCRA). As indicated on the office’s website,
The FCRA requires all credit agencies, including the SBA, to budget and account for the cost of
credit programs by determining the net present value of cash flows to and from the Government
over the life of the portfolio and expressing the net amount as a credit subsidy rate. The process to
develop a subsidy rate is lengthy and complex, requiring unique data collection techniques and
analysis efforts. SBA develops its subsidy rates by creating models that incorporate data on loan
maturity, borrowers’ interest rates, fees, grace periods, interest subsidies, delinquencies, purchases
or defaults, recoveries, prepayments, advances and borrower characteristics.
See SBA, Office of Financial Analysis and Modeling, “Summary of Responsibilities,” at http://www.sba.gov/offices/
headquarters/ocfo/resources/13299.
2 Fees and collateral collections have less impact on Microloan credit subsides than on guaranteed loan credit subsidies
because the SBA does not charge intermediaries fees and Microloan intermediaries are required to maintain a loss
reserve fund to help defray the SBA’s cost of purchasing Microloans that default.
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The variation in appropriations for SBA business loan credit subsidies since FY2000 is primarily
due to the impact of changing economic conditions on the SBA’s guaranteed loan portfolios.
During good economic times, revenue from SBA fees and collateral liquidation is typically
sufficient to cover the SBA’s cost of purchasing guaranteed loans that have defaulted. During and
immediately following economic slowdowns, however, revenue from SBA fees and collateral
liquidation is typically insufficient to cover the SBA’s cost of purchasing guaranteed loans that
have defaulted. The shortfall occurs because the SBA’s cost of purchasing guaranteed loans tends
to increase when the economy slows (primarily because guaranteed loans are more likely to
default during and immediately following recessions) and revenue from loan liquidation tends to
be constrained during slow economic times (primarily because commercial real estate values
typically fall during and immediately following recessions). As a result, additional appropriations
are needed to cover these expenses, which are guaranteed by the “full faith and credit of the
United States.”
Since FY2000, the variation in appropriations for the other programs spending category is
attributable primarily to congressional response to changing economic conditions. As the report
will discuss, appropriations for this spending category have generally increased at a pace that
exceeds inflation.3 In addition, Congress approved significant, temporary increases in
appropriations for SBA programs in the other programs spending category in FY2009 and
FY2010. It approved these temporary increases primarily as a means to enhance small businesses’
access to capital, which had become constrained during and immediately following the Great
Recession (December 2007 to June 2009).4
The SBA’s appropriations for FY1954 through FY1999 are provided in the Appendix.
SBA Funding Trends: FY2000-FY2019
As shown in Table 1, the SBA’s appropriations have varied significantly since FY2000, ranging
from a high of $2.359 billion in FY2018 to a low of $571.8 million in FY2007.5 Much of this
volatility is due to significant variation in appropriations for disaster assistance, which ranged
from a high of $1.7 billion in FY2006 to a low of $0 in FY2009. This variation is attributable
primarily to supplemental appropriations provided to address disaster needs arising from the
impact of major hurricanes, such as Hurricanes Katrina, Sandy, Harvey, Irma, and Maria.
In addition, as shown in Table 1, appropriations for business loan credit subsidies have varied
significantly since FY2000, ranging from a high of $319.7 million in FY2013 ($337.3 million
before sequestration and rescission) to a low of $1.3 million in FY2006 and FY2007. As
mentioned previously, the variation in appropriations for business loan credit subsidies results
primarily from the impact of changing economic conditions on the SBA’s loan portfolios. During

3 The SBA’s FY2019 appropriation of $701.4 million for other programs is $486.0 million in constant FY2000 dollars
(adjusted for inflation), which is higher than the SBA’s FY2000 appropriation of $459.5 million for other programs.
Congressional Research Service (CRS) calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget
(OMB), “Budget of the United States Government, FY2019: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product
and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2023,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-
content/uploads/2018/02/hist10z1-fy2019.xlsx.
4 Recessions are determined by the National Bureau of Economic Research, which defines a recession as “a significant
decline in economic activity [that] spreads across the economy and can last from a few months to more than a year.”
See National Bureau of Economic Research, “Statement of the NBER Business Cycle Dating Committee on the
Determination of the Dates of Turning Points in the U.S. Economy,” at http://www.nber.org/cycles/
general_statement.html.
5 Program costs and expenditures typically differ from new budget authority provided by appropriations due to the
carryover of budget authority either from the previous fiscal year or into the next fiscal year or to program transfers.
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good economic times, revenue from fees and collateral liquidation is typically sufficient to cover
the costs of purchasing defaulted loans. During and immediately following recessions, revenue
from fees and collateral liquidation is typically not sufficient to cover those costs.
Table 1. Small Business Administration, FY2000-FY2019
(appropriations and available funds; $ in millions)
Business
Disaster
Loan
Total
Fiscal
Disaster
Assistance
Credit
Other
Appropriatio
Available
Year
Assistance
Supplemental
Subsidies
Programs
n
Funds
2019
$10.0
$0.0
$4.0
$701.4
$715.4
NA
2018
$0.0
$1,659.0
$3.4
$697.4
$2,359.8
NA
2017
$186.0
$450.0
$4.3
$696.5
$1,336.8
$1,123.0a
2016
$186.9
$0.0
$3.3
$680.8
$871.0
$1,058.1
2015
$186.9
$0.0
$47.5
$653.2
$887.6
$921.2
2014
$191.9
$0.0
$111.6
$625.4
$928.9
$951.2
2013
$111.2
$740.0
$319.7
$583.6
$1,754.5b
$1,375.0
2012
$117.3
$0.0
$210.8
$590.7
$918.8
$1,039.3
2011
$45.4
$0.0
$82.8
$601.5
$729.7c
$1,002.9
2010
$78.2
$0.0
$83.0
$1,625.3d
$1,786.5
$966.7
2009
$0.0e
$0.0
$8.5f
$1,336.7g
$1,345.2
$980.8
2008
$0.0
$1,052.8
$2.0
$579.9
$1,634.7
$928.2
2007
$114.9
$0.0
$1.3
$455.6
$571.8h
$1,053.6
2006
$0.0
$1,700.0
$1.3
$532.1
$2,233.4i
$2,308.0
2005
$111.8
$929.0
$1.4
$498.0
$1,540.2j
$907.7
2004
$198.9
$0.0
$80.2
$507.1
$786.2k
$808.6
2003
$190.3
$0.0
$88.5
$507.5
$786.3l
$893.6
2002
$209.7
$75.0
$154.9
$478.4
$918.0m
$973.5
2001
$184.1
$100.0
$165.0
$550.4
$999.5n
$947.6
2000
$276.4
$40.9
$137.8
$459.5
$914.6o
$906.0
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2019], at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-
performance/performance-budget-finances/congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report; P.L.
106-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2000; P.L. 106-554, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001;
P.L. 107-206, the 2002 Supplemental Appropriations Act for Further Recovery From and Response to Terrorist
Attacks on the United States; P.L. 108-7, the Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003; P.L. 108-199, the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004; P.L. 108-447, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005; P.L. 109-108,
the Science, State, Justice, Commerce, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006; P.L. 109-148, the
Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico,
and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006; P.L. 110-5, the Revised Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2007; P.L. 110-
161, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008; P.L. 110-252, the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2008; P.L.
110-329, the Consolidated Security, Disaster Assistance, and Continuing Appropriations Act, 2009; P.L. 111-5,
the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009; P.L. 111-118, the Department of Defense Appropriations
Act, 2010; P.L. 111-144, the Temporary Extension Act of 2010; P.L. 111-157, the Continuing Extension Act of
2010; P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs and Credit Act of 2010; P.L. 111-150, to permit the use of previously
appropriated funds to extend the Small Business Loan Guarantee Program; P.L. 112-10, the Department of
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Small Business Administration (SBA) Funding: Overview and Recent Trends

Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L.
112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012; P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution,
2013; P.L. 113-2, the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; P.L. 113-235, the
Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015; P.L. 114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2016; P.L. 115-31, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017; P.L. 115-56, the Continuing Appropriations
Act, 2018 and Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Relief Requirements Act, 2017; P.L. 115-123, the
Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018; P.L. 115-141, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018; and P.L. 116-6, the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019.
a. This figure takes into account the rescission of $55 mil ion in unobligated balances available for the
504/CDC loan guaranty program (see P.L. 115-31, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017).
b. Implementation of P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed a federal government-wide sequestration process and
a required 0.2% across-the-board rescission in FY2013. The SBA’s FY2013 appropriation was reduced by
$92.681 mil ion under sequestration and $2.091 mil ion by the rescission. Prior to these reductions, the
SBA’s FY2013 appropriation was $897.3 mil ion for disaster assistance, $337.3 mil ion for loan credit
subsidies, $615.7 mil ion for other programs, and $1,850.3 mil ion in total.
c. The SBA’s FY2011 appropriation of $731.201 mil ion ($45.5 mil ion for SBA disaster assistance, $83.0
mil ion for business loan subsidies, and $602.7 mil ion for other SBA programs) was reduced to $729.738
mil ion by a 0.2% across-the-board rescission imposed on most appropriations accounts by P.L. 112-10.
d. The initial appropriation for other programs in FY2010 was $662.8 mil ion. An additional $962.5 mil ion was
provided: $775.0 mil ion in temporary funding for 7(a) and 504/Certified Development Company (CDC)
loan guaranty program fee subsidies and loan modifications and $187.5 mil ion for other SBA programs. P.L.
111-118 provided $125 mil ion; P.L. 111-144 provided $60 mil ion; P.L. 111-157, the Continuing Extension
Act of 2010, provided $80 mil ion; and P.L. 111-240 provided $510 mil ion to provide temporary fee
subsidies for the SBA’s 7(a) and 504/CDC loan guaranty programs and to temporarily increase the 7(a)
program’s maximum loan guaranty percentage from up to 85% of loans of $150,000 or less and up to 75%
of loans exceeding $150,000 to 90% for all 7(a) loans. P.L. 111-240 extended the subsidies and 90% loan
guaranty through December 31, 2010, and provided $187.5 mil ion for other SBA programs that remained
available through FY2011. Also, P.L. 111-150 authorized the SBA to use $40 mil ion in previously
appropriated funds for fee subsidies and the 7(a) loan modification.
e. SBA disaster assistance funding in FY2009 was carried over from the previous fiscal year.
f.
The initial appropriation for business loan credit subsidies in FY2009 was $2.5 mil ion for direct (Microloan)
lending. P.L. 111-5 provided another $6 mil ion for credit subsidies for the Microloan program to remain
available through September 30, 2010.
g. The initial appropriation for other programs in FY2009 was $612.7 mil ion. P.L. 111-5 provided $6 mil ion
for Microloan credit subsidies and $724 mil ion for other SBA programs, including $375 mil ion for loan fee
subsidies and loan modifications for the 7(a) and 504/CDC programs and $255 mil ion for a new, temporary
small business stabilization program, later named the America’s Recovery Capital (ARC) Loan program.
h. Includes reductions by P.L. 109-108 and P.L. 110-5, which rescinded $13.5 mil ion of unobligated balances
from the SBA ($6.192 mil ion from unobligated disaster assistance administrative expenses, $5.031 mil ion
from unobligated balances in the (7a) general business loan guaranty program, and $2.323 mil ion from
unobligated balances in the direct loans program).
i.
Includes reductions by P.L. 109-148, which imposed a rescission of 1.0% on federal agencies, resulting in a
$6.992 mil ion reduction from the SBA ($0.017 mil ion from business loan subsidies, $5.160 mil ion from
salaries and expenses, $1.600 from business loan administration, $0.178 mil ion from the Office of Inspector
General [OIG], and $0.037 mil ion from the surety bond program).
j.
Includes reductions by P.L. 108-447, which imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a
$8.277 mil ion reduction from the SBA ($1.395 mil ion from disaster assistance, $0.019 mil ion from
business loan subsidies, $4.951 mil ion from salaries and expenses, $1.692 from business loan administration,
$0.181 mil ion from the OIG, and $0.039 mil ion from the surety bond program).
k. Includes reductions by P.L. 108-199, which imposed a rescission of 0.59% on federal agencies, resulting in a
$8.042 mil ion reduction from the SBA ($1.700 mil ion from disaster assistance, $0.853 mil ion from
business loan subsidies, $4.001 mil ion from salaries and expenses, $1.347 from business loan administration,
and $0.141 mil ion from the OIG).
l.
Includes reductions by P.L. 108-7, which imposed a rescission of 0.65% on federal agencies, resulting in a
$5.144 mil ion reduction from the SBA ($1.244 mil ion from disaster assistance, $0.579 mil ion from
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business loan subsidies, $2.401 mil ion from salaries and expenses, $0.839 from business loan administration,
and $0.081 mil ion from the OIG).
m. Includes reductions by P.L. 107-206, which imposed a rescission on federal agencies’ administrative and
travel accounts, resulting in a $0.485 mil ion reduction from the SBA ($0.164 mil ion from disaster
assistance, $0.315 mil ion from salaries and expenses, and $0.006 mil ion from the OIG).
n. Includes reductions by P.L. 106-554, which imposed a rescission of 0.22% on federal agencies, resulting in a
$1.983 mil ion reduction from the SBA ($0.406 mil ion from disaster assistance, $0.364 mil ion from
business loan subsidies, $0.903 mil ion from salaries and expenses, $0.284 mil ion from business loan
administration, and $0.026 mil ion from the OIG).
o. Includes reductions by P.L. 106-113, which imposed a rescission of 0.38% on federal agencies, resulting in a
$3.280 mil ion reduction from the SBA ($3.185 mil ion from salaries and expenses and $0.095 mil ion from
the OIG).
As shown in Table 1, appropriations for the all other programs category have also varied since
FY2000, ranging from a high of $1.6253 billion in FY2010 to a low of $455.6 million in FY2007.
Much of this variation resulted from significant, temporary increases in appropriations for the
SBA’s other programs in FY2009 ($724.0 million) and FY2010 ($962.5 million). These
additional appropriations were approved primarily as a means to enhance small businesses’
access to capital, which had become constrained during and immediately following the Great
Recession.6 As mentioned previously, from FY2000 to FY2019, appropriations for the SBA’s
other programs spending category, as a whole, have exceeded the rate of inflation.
For comparative purposes, Table 1 also presents the SBA’s total available funds. As indicated in
the table, the SBA’s carryovers and account transfers tend to reduce variation in its budget from
one fiscal year to the next. Much of this “evening out” process is due to disaster assistance
appropriations, which are provided in one fiscal year and then typically spent over several fiscal
years.
SBA Funding Within the Other Programs Category
The following section examines appropriations and total available funding for FY2000-FY2019
for the five main components of the SBA’s other programs spending category: (1) salaries and
expenses, (2) business loan administration, (3) the Office of Inspector General (OIG), (4) the
Office of Advocacy (Advocacy), and (5) entrepreneurial development (ED) noncredit programs.
Salaries and Expenses
The SBA’s salaries and expenses account currently provides funding for the following:
 office operating budgets, which are used by program and administrative offices
for daily operations, such as travel, supplies, and contracted services;
 agency-wide costs, such as rent and telecommunications, which are managed
centrally;
 employee compensation and benefits, which are also managed centrally; and
 reimbursable expenses for programs for which the SBA receives reimbursable
budget authority from other federal government agencies.
Several adjustments were made to the SBA’s reported appropriations for its salaries and expenses
account to enable meaningful comparisons over time. For example, prior to FY2014,

6 For further information and analysis concerning congressional action in recent Congresses to address small business
access to capital, see CRS Report R40985, Small Business: Access to Capital and Job Creation, by Robert Jay Dilger.
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appropriations for the SBA’s ED programs were included in the salaries and expenses account.
They now have their own, separate appropriations account. Therefore, to allow for meaningful
comparisons with current appropriations, Table 2 lists and deducts the reported appropriations for
ED programs prior to FY2014 from the reported appropriations for salaries and expenses.
In addition, the SBA previously included appropriations for congressional initiatives (earmarks)
under the salaries and expenses account. Therefore, to allow for meaningful comparisons with
current appropriations and focus the comparison on administrative expenses, appropriations for
earmarks are deducted from the reported appropriations for salaries and expenses.
Prior to FY2012, Advocacy was funded through the salaries and expenses’ executive direction
subaccount. Advocacy now has its own, separate appropriations account. To allow for meaningful
comparisons with current appropriations, Table 2 lists Advocacy’s funding provided through the
salaries and expenses’ executive direction subaccount prior to FY2012 and deducts that amount
from the reported appropriations for salaries and expenses.
Table 2. Salaries and Expenses, FY2000-FY2019
(appropriations and available funds; $ in millions)
Minus
Initial
Entrepreneurial
Minus
Other
Total
Fiscal
Appropriatio
Development
Office of
Modification
Availabl
Year
n
Programsa
Advocacyb
s
Final
e Fundsc
2019
$267.500
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$267.500
NA
2018
$268.500
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$268.500
$449.340
2017
$269.500
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$269.500
$451.330
2016
$268.000
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$268.000
$435.101
2015
$257.000
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$257.000
$427.126
2014
$250.000
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$250.000
$430.881
2013
$417.348d
($172.348)
‒‒
($21.830)e
$223.170
$380.642
2012
$417.348
($172.348)
‒‒
‒‒
$245.000
$401.701
2011
$433.438
($185.350)
($9.120)
($0.867)f
$238.101
$427.162
2010
$492.438
($185.350)
($7.361 est.)
$31.500g
$331.227
$487.687
2009
$455.503
($162.288)
($8.421 est.)
$45.000h
$329.794
$482.196
2008
$423.574
($140.946)
($7.215 est.)
‒‒
$275.413
$426.116
2007
$327.592
($128.500)
($7.788 est.)
‒‒
$191.304
$339.168
2006
$404.029
($128.500)
($7.398 est.)
($5.160)i
$262.971
$412.705
2005
$362.335
($134.463)
($7.481)
($4.951)j
$215.440
$361.321
2004
$371.650
($139.650)
($7.394)
($4.001)k
$220.605
$362.823
2003
$369.457
($136.475)
($6.857)
($2.401)l
$223.724
$379.544
2002
$338.476
($145.894)
($5.019)
($0.315)m
$187.248
$339.278
2001
$410.635
($200.994)
($5.443)
($0.903)n
$203.295
$321.743
2000
$322.800
($167.505)
($5.620)
($3.185)o
$176.490
$326.361
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2019], at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-
performance/performance-budget-finances/congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report; SBA,
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Performance and Accountability Report [FY2003-FY2005]; P.L. 106-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act,
2000; H.Rept. 106-479, Making Appropriations for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other
Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September
30, 2000, and for other Purposes; H.Rept. 106-1005, Making Appropriations for the Government of the District
of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal
Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 107-278, Making Appropriations for the
Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, The Judiciary, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending
September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; P.L. 108-7, the Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003;
H.Rept. 108-10, Making Further Continuing Appropriations for the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes;
H.Rept. 108-401, Making Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration,
and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2004, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792,
Making Appropriations for Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year
Ending September 30, 2005, and For Other Purposes; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency
Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006;
H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for Science, the Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and
Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and
General Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008
(Washington: GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Omnibus
Appropriations Act, 2009 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2009),
committee print, 111th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p. 996; P.L. 111-5, the
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009; P.L. 111-117, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010;
P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of Transportation and Housing
and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of
Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L.
112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012; P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution,
2013; P.L. 113-2, the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; P.L. 113-235, the
Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015; P.L. 114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2016; P.L. 115-31, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017; P.L. 115-141, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2018; and P.L. 116-6, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019.
a. From FY2000 to FY2005, Congress recommended appropriations for Advocacy’s research program in its
discussion of the SBA’s entrepreneurial development (ED) programs. These recommended appropriations
were deducted from the total for ED programs to avoid double counting. Advocacy’s funding totals include
its research program.
b. Advocacy’s funding from the salaries and expenses’ executive direction subaccount for FY2006-FY2010 is
not available. The figures reported here for FY2006-FY2010 were estimated by CRS using the three
previous fiscal year allocations (each were 79% of Advocacy’s reported total program cost).
c. Appropriations prior to FY2014 for the SBA’s ED programs were deducted from total available funds for
comparative purposes. Appropriations prior to FY2012 for Advocacy were deducted from total available
funds for comparative purposes. Reported total available funds already accounted for rescissions.
d. P.L. 113-2 appropriated $20.0 mil ion for salaries and expenses to provide technical assistance related to
disaster recovery. The $20.0 mil ion is not included in the table for comparative purposes.
e. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed a federal government-wide sequestration process and a 0.2%
across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $21.830 mil ion reduction for salaries and expenses.
f.
In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.867 mil ion reduction
for salaries and expenses.
g. In FY2010, P.L. 111-240 appropriated $155.0 mil ion for salaries and expenses ($123.5 mil ion of that
amount was for ED programs and is not included in the table for comparative purposes).
h. In FY2009, P.L. 111-5 appropriated $69.0 mil ion for salaries and expenses ($24.0 mil ion of that amount
was for the Microloan Technical Assistance program and is not included in the table for comparative
purposes).
i.
In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $5.16 mil ion reduction
from salaries and expenses.
j.
In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $4.951 mil ion
reduction from salaries and expenses.
k. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $4.001 mil ion
reduction from salaries and expenses.
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l.
In FY2003, P.L. 108-7 imposed a 0.65% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $2.401 mil ion reduction
from salaries and expenses.
m. In FY2002, P.L. 107-206 imposed a rescission on federal agency administrative and travel accounts, resulting
in a $0.315 mil ion reduction from salaries and expenses.
n. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554 imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal agencies in FY2001, resulting in a $0.903
mil ion reduction from salaries and expenses.
o. In FY2000, P.L. 106-113 imposed a 0.38% rescission on federal agencies in FY2000, resulting in a $3.185
mil ion reduction from salaries and expenses.
As discussed in greater detail below (see “Office of Advocacy”), data concerning Advocacy’s
funding provided through the salaries and expenses’ executive direction subaccount are not
available for FY2006-FY2010. However, in FY2003, FY2004, and FY2005, Advocacy’s funding
provided through the salaries and expenses’ executive direction subaccount was 79% of its
reported total cost. The estimates provided in the table for FY2006-FY2010 were derived by
multiplying Advocacy’s total program cost reported for each of those fiscal years by 79%.
As shown in Table 2, the SBA’s appropriations for salaries and expenses have varied from year
to year, with increases in some years and decreases in others. Overall, appropriations for the
SBA’s salaries and expenses have increased from $176.490 million in FY2000 to $267.500
million in FY2019. This increase has exceeded the rate of inflation.7
The SBA has statutory authorization to transfer appropriations from the business loan
administration account into the salaries and expenses account. As evidenced by the amounts listed
in the total available funds column in the table, the SBA exercised that authority in every fiscal
year from FY2000 to FY2018 (and is expected to do so again in FY2019), transferring the entire
appropriation for business loan administration into the salaries and expenses account in each of
those fiscal years.
Business Loan Administration
As shown in Table 3, appropriations for the SBA’s business loan administration account have
varied since FY2000, with increases in some years and decreases in others.8 Overall,
appropriations for SBA business loan administration increased from $129 million in FY2000 to

7 The SBA’s FY2019 appropriation of $267.500 million for salaries and expenses is $186.444 million in constant
FY2000 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is higher than the SBA’s FY2000 appropriation of $176.490 million for
salaries and expenses. CRS calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB),
“Budget of the United States Government, FY2019: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and
Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2023,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-
content/uploads/2018/02/hist10z1-fy2019.xlsx.
The salaries and expenses account includes appropriations for congressional initiatives (earmarks). Congress no longer
provides appropriations for congressional initiatives. If those appropriations are excluded, the increase in
appropriations for the salaries and expenses account further exceeds the rate of inflation. Appropriations for
congressional initiatives were $30.0 million in FY2000; $40 million in FY2001; $30.0 million in FY2002; $58.45
million in FY2003; $45.9 million in FY2004; $41.0 million in FY2005; $91.0 million in FY2006; $0.0 in FY2007 (the
SBA was funded by a continuing resolution in FY2007, meaning no new congressional initiatives were specified in the
language accompanying the appropriations act); $69.451 million in FY2008; $65.654 million in FY2009; and $59.0
million in FY2010 (available until September 30, 2011). The Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2011, Section 1566, eliminated appropriations earmarked for congressional initiatives related to
small business development and entrepreneurship in FY2011. The SBA spent $10.865 million on congressional
initiatives in FY2011, presumably using appropriations made available in FY2010 until September 30, 2011.
8 The SBA’s business loan administration account provides funding for administrative expenses to carry out the SBA’s
direct (Microloan) and guarantied business loan programs (e.g. the 7(a) and 504/Certified Development Company
programs).
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$155.150 million in FY2019. The program’s recommended appropriations have not kept pace
with inflation.9
Table 3. Business Loan Administration, FY2000-FY2019
(appropriations and available funds; $ in millions)
Fiscal
Total Available
Year
Initial Appropriation
Modifications
Final Appropriation
Funds
2019
$155.150
‒‒
$155.150
NA
2018
$152.782
‒‒
$152.782
$0.0
2017
$152.726
‒‒
$152.726
$0.0
2016
$152.726
‒‒
$152.726
$0.0
2015
$147.726
‒‒
$147.726
$0.0
2014
$151.560
‒‒
$151.560
$0.0
2013
$147.958
($7.739)a
$140.219
$0.0
2012
$147.958
‒‒
$147.958
$0.0
2011
$153.000
($0.306)b
$152.694
$0.0
2010
$153.000
$6.500c
$159.500
$0.0
2009
$138.480
‒‒
$138.480
$0.0
2008
$135.414
‒‒
$135.414
$0.0
2007
$124.862
‒‒
$124.862
$0.0
2006
$125.307
($1.600)d
$123.707
$0.0
2005
$126.653
($1.692)e
$124.961
$0.0
2004
$128.000
($1.347)f
$126.653
$0.0
2003
$129.000
$(0.839)g
$128.161
$0.0
2002
$129.000
‒‒
$129.000
$0.0
2001
$129.000
($0.284)h
$128.716
$0.0
2000
$129.000
‒‒
$129.000
$0.0
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2019], at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-
performance/performance-budget-finances/congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report; H.Rept.
106-479, Making Appropriations for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities
Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000,
and for other Purposes; P.L. 106-554, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001; H.Rept. 106-1005, Making
Appropriations for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in
Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For Other Purposes;
H.Rept. 107-278, Making Appropriations for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, The Judiciary,
and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-10,
Making Further Continuing Appropriations for the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; P.L. 108-199, the

9 The SBA’s FY2019 appropriation of $155.150 million for business loan administration is $108.313 million in
constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is lower than the SBA’s FY2000 appropriation of $129.000
million for business loan administration. CRS calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and
Budget (OMB), “Budget of the United States Government, FY2019: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic
Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2023,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-
content/uploads/2018/02/hist10z1-fy2019.xlsx.
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Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004; H.Rept. 108-401, Making Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural
Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30,
2004, and For Other Purposes; P.L. 108-447, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005; H.Rept. 108-792,
Making Appropriations for Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year
Ending September 30, 2005, and For Other Purposes; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency
Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006;
H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for Science, the Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and
Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and
General Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008
(Washington: GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Omnibus
Appropriations Act, 2009 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2009),
committee print, 111th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p. 996; P.L. 111-5, the
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009; P.L. 111-117, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010;
P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of Transportation and Housing
and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of
Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L.
112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012; P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution,
2013; P.L. 113-2, the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; P.L. 113-235, the
Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015; P.L. 114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2016; P.L. 115-31, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017; P.L. 115-141, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2018; and P.L. 116-6, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25, and P.L. 113-6 imposed a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $7.739 mil ion reduction from business loan
administration.
b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.306 mil ion reduction
from business loan administration.
c. In FY2010, P.L. 111-240 appropriated $6.5 mil ion for business loan administration (for costs associated with
the Small Business Intermediary Lending Pilot Program).
d. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $1.6 mil ion reduction
from business loan administration.
e. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $1.692 mil ion
reduction from business loan administration.
f.
In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $1.347 mil ion
reduction from business loan administration.
g. In FY2003, P.L. 108-7 imposed a 0.65% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.839 mil ion reduction
from business loan administration.
h. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554 imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal agencies in FY2001, resulting in a $0.284
mil ion reduction from business loan administration.
As evidenced by the $0.0 balance in the total funds available column for the business loan
administration account, the SBA has routinely transferred all business loan administration
appropriations to the salaries and expenses account. The combined appropriations for SBA
salaries and expenses and business loan administration increased from $305.490 million in
FY2000 to $422.650 million in FY2019. This increase has not kept pace with inflation.10

10 The SBA’s FY2019 combined appropriations of $422.650 million for salaries and expenses and business loan
administration is $295.058 million in constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is lower than the SBA’s
FY2000 combined appropriations for these accounts of $305.490 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from
U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), “Budget of the United States Government, FY2019: Historical Tables,
Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2023,” at
https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/hist10z1-fy2019.xlsx.
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Office of Inspector General
According to the SBA, the OIG’s mission is to “provide independent, objective oversight to
improve the integrity, accountability, and performance of the SBA and its programs for the benefit
of the American people.”11 The office was created within the SBA by the Inspector General Act of
1978 (P.L. 95-452, as amended). The inspector general, who is nominated by the President and
confirmed by the Senate, directs the office. The Inspector General Act provides the OIG with the
following responsibilities:
 promote economy, efficiency, and effectiveness in the management of SBA
programs and supporting operations;
 conduct and supervise audits, investigations, and reviews relating to the SBA’s
programs and support operations;
 detect and prevent fraud, waste, and abuse;
 review existing and proposed legislation and regulations and make appropriate
recommendations;
 maintain effective working relationships with other governmental agencies and
nongovernmental entities regarding the inspector general’s mandated duties;
 keep the SBA administrator and Congress informed of serious problems and
recommend corrective actions and implementation measures;
 comply with the comptroller general’s audit standards;
 avoid duplication of Government Accountability Office activities; and
 report violations of federal criminal law to the U.S. attorney general.12
As shown in Table 4, the OIG’s appropriations have increased from $11.405 million in FY2000
to $21.900 million in FY2019. This increase has exceeded the rate of inflation.13
The OIG typically receives a transfer of appropriations from the disaster assistance account for
auditing expenses. It was also provided additional appropriations in FY2006, FY2013, and
FY2018 for expenses related to the review of SBA disaster loans following major hurricanes
(e.g., Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma in 2005, Hurricane Sandy in 2012, and Hurricanes
Harvey, Irma, and Maria in 2018) and in FY2009 to conduct reviews and audits of $730 million
provided to the SBA by P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.

11 SBA, Office of Inspector General (OIG), “Strategic Plan Fiscal Years 2012-2017,” p. 3, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/
default/files/oig/SBA-OIG%202012-2017%20Strategic%20Plan%20.pdf.
12 Ibid., p. 3.
13 The OIG’s base FY2019 appropriation of $21.900 million is $15.289 million in constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted
for inflation), which is higher than its FY2000 appropriation of $11.405 million. CRS calculation using inflation data
from U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), “Budget of the United States Government, FY2019: Historical
Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2023,” at
https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/hist10z1-fy2019.xlsx.
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Table 4. Office of Inspector General, FY2000-FY2019
(appropriations and available funds; $ in millions)
Transfer
from the
Final
Total
Fiscal
Disaster
Other
Appropriatio
Available
Year
Initial Appropriation
Account
Modifications
n
Funds
2019
$21.900
$1.000
‒‒
$22.900
NA
2018
$19.900
$0.000
$7.000a
$26.900
$26.900
2017
$19.900
$1.000
‒‒
$20.900
$20.839
2016
$19.900
$1.000
‒‒
$20.900
$22.012
2015
$19.400
$1.000
‒‒
$20.400
$19.895
2014
$19.000
$1.000
‒‒
$20.000
$17.713
2013
$16.267
$1.000
$5.000
$21.166
$16.524
($1.101)b
2012
$16.267
$1.000
‒‒
$17.267
$17.874
2011
$16.300
$1.000
($0.033)c
$17.267
$18.189
2010
$16.300
$1.000
‒‒
$17.300
$18.579
2009
$16.750
$0.000
$10.000d
$26.750
$26.750
2008
$18.000
$1.000
‒‒
$19.000
$17.374
2007
$13.835
$1.985
‒‒
$15.820
$16.278
2006
$13.900
$1.500
$5.000
$20.222
$14.953
($0.178)e
2005
$13.014
$0.500
($0.181)f
$13.333
$13.488
2004
$13.000
$0.500
($0.141)g
$13.359
$13.359
2003
$12.422
$0.497
($0.081)h
$12.838
$12.635
2002
$11.464
$0.500
($0.006)i
$11.958
$12.428
2001
$11.953
$0.500
($0.026)j
$12.427
$12.368
2000
$11.000
$0.500
($0.095)k
$11.405
$11.338
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2019], at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-
performance/performance-budget-finances/congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report; P.L.
106-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2000; P.L. 106-554, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001;
P.L. 107-206, the 2002 Supplemental Appropriations Act for Further Recovery From and Response to Terrorist
Attacks on the United States; P.L. 108-7, the Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003; P.L. 108-199, the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2004; P.L. 108-447, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005; P.L. 109-148,
the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of
Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006; P.L. 110-5, the Revised Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2007;
P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009; P.L. 111-117, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act,
2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L.
112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-2, the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act,
2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; P.L. 113-235, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations
Act, 2015; P.L. 114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016; P.L. 115-31, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2017; P.L. 115-123, the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018; P.L. 115-141, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2018; and P.L. 116-6, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019.
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a. In FY2018, P.L. 115-123. the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, provided the OIG $7.0 mil ion to remain
available until expended for expenses related to several hurricanes.
b. In FY2013, P.L. 113-2 provided the OIG $5.0 mil ion to remain available until expended for expenses related
to Hurricane Sandy. In addition, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed in a federal government-wide
sequestration process and a required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $1.101 mil ion
reduction from the OIG.
c. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.033 mil ion reduction
from the OIG.
d. In FY2009, P.L. 111-5 provided the OIG $10.0 mil ion for oversight and audit of ARRA programs, grants,
and projects to remain available through September 30, 2013.
e. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 provided the OIG $5.0 mil ion “for necessary expenses related to the
consequences of hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico in calendar year 2005.” The act also imposed a 1.0%
rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.178 mil ion reduction from the OIG.
f.
In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.181 mil ion
reduction from the OIG.
g. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.141 mil ion
reduction from the OIG.
h. In FY2003, P.L. 108-7 imposed a rescission of 0.65% on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.081 mil ion
reduction from the OIG.
i.
In FY2002, P.L. 107-206 imposed a rescission on federal agency administrative and travel accounts, resulting
in a $0.006 mil ion reduction from the OIG.
j.
In FY2001, P.L. 106-554 imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.026 mil ion
reduction from the OIG.
k. In FY2000, P.L. 106-113 required a 0.38% across-the-board rescission for federal agencies in FY2000,
resulting in a $0.095 mil ion reduction from the OIG.
Office of Advocacy14
The SBA indicates that its Office of Advocacy is “an independent voice for small business within
the federal government.”15 The chief counsel for Advocacy, who is nominated by the President
and confirmed by the Senate, directs the office. Advocacy’s mission is to “encourage policies that
support the development and growth of American small businesses” by
 intervening early in federal agencies’ regulatory development processes on
proposals that affect small businesses and providing Regulatory Flexibility Act
compliance training to federal agency policymakers and regulatory development
officials;
 producing research to inform policymakers and other stakeholders on the impact
of federal regulatory burdens on small businesses, document the vital role of
small businesses in the economy, and explore and explain the wide variety of
issues of concern to the small business community; and
 fostering two-way communication between federal agencies and the small
business community.16

14 For further information and analysis concerning the Office of Advocacy, see CRS Report R43625, SBA Office of
Advocacy: Overview, History, and Current Issues, by Robert Jay Dilger.
15 SBA, “Office of Advocacy: About Us,” at http://www.sba.gov/category/advocacy-navigation-structure/about-us.
16 SBA, Office of Advocacy, FY2013 Congressional Budget Justification, p. 2, at http://www.sba.gov/about-sba-info/
46741.
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As shown in Table 5, Advocacy’s funding has increased from $5.620 million in FY2000 to
$9.120 million in FY2019. This increase has exceeded the rate of inflation.17
Table 5. Office of Advocacy, FY2000-FY2019
(appropriations and available funds; $ in millions)
Fiscal
Modifications
Final
Total Available
Year
Initial Appropriation
Appropriation
Funds
2019
$9.120
‒‒
$9.120
NA
2018
$9.120
‒‒
$9.120
$9.120
2017
$9.220
‒‒
$9.220
$8.113
2016
$9.120
‒‒
$9.120
$9.157
2015
$9.120
‒‒
$9.120
$9.120
2014
$8.750
‒‒
$8.750
$8.628
2013
$9.120
($0.477)a
$8.643
$8.644
2012
$9.120
‒‒
$9.120
$8.440
2011
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$9.120
2010
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$7.361 est.b
2009
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$8.421 est.b
2008
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$7.215 est.b
2007
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$7.788 est.b
2006
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$7.398 est.b
2005
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$7.481
2004
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$7.394
2003
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$6.857
2002
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$5.019
2001
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$5.443
2000
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$5.620
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2019], at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-
performance/performance-budget-finances/congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report; SBA,
Office of Advocacy, Congressional Budget Justification, Fiscal Year 2013, p. 3, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/
files/files/3-508%20Compliant%20FY%202013%20Office%20of%20Advocacy%20CBJ(1).pdf; P.L. 112-10, the
Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act
of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012; P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations
Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76,
the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; P.L. 113-235, the Consolidated and Further Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2015; P.L. 114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016; P.L. 115-31, the

17 Advocacy’s FY2019 appropriation of $9.120 million is $6.367 million in constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for
inflation), which is higher than Advocacy’s FY2000 funding from the salaries and expenses’ executive direction
subaccount of $5.620 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget
(OMB), “Budget of the United States Government, FY2019: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product
and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2023,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-
content/uploads/2018/02/hist10z1-fy2019.xlsx.
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Small Business Administration (SBA) Funding: Overview and Recent Trends

Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017; P.L. 115-141, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018; and P.L. 116-
6, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019.
a. In FY3013, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $0.477 mil ion reduction for Advocacy.
b. Estimate of the funding provided from the salaries and expenses’ executive direction subaccount, assuming
that 79% of Advocacy’s reported total program cost was provided from the salaries and expenses’
executive direction subaccount, as it was in FY2003, FY2004, and FY2005.
P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, enhanced Advocacy’s independence by
ending the practice of funding Advocacy through the SBA’s salaries and expenses’ executive
direction subaccount. Instead, P.L. 111-240 requires the President to provide a separate statement
of the appropriations request for Advocacy, “which shall be designated in a separate account in
the General Fund of the Treasury.” The act also requires the SBA administrator to provide
Advocacy with “appropriate and adequate office space at central and field office locations,
together with such equipment, operating budget, and communications facilities and services as
may be necessary, and ... necessary maintenance services for such offices and the equipment and
facilities located in such offices.” In addition, Congress has provided Advocacy its own, separate
appropriations amount since FY2012.
As mentioned previously, prior to FY2012, the SBA reported Advocacy’s total program cost,
which includes funding provided through the salaries and expenses’ executive direction
subaccount, agency-wide overhead costs (rent, telecommunications, etc.), and other support costs
(e.g., management and administrative support, including human resources support). From
FY2000 to FY2005, the SBA provided relatively detailed information concerning Advocacy’s
budget, including the amount of funding Advocacy received through the salaries and expenses’
executive direction subaccount. Also, Advocacy’s FY2013 congressional budget justification
document included the amount of funding Advocacy received through the salaries and expenses’
executive direction subaccount in FY2011. However, those data are not available for FY2006-
FY2010, and it was therefore necessary to estimate Advocacy’s funding from the salaries and
expenses’ executive direction subaccount for those years. The estimates provided in the table
were derived by multiplying Advocacy’s total program cost for each of those fiscal years by 79%,
which was the proportion of Advocacy’s total program costs provided from the salaries and
expenses’ executive direction subaccount in FY2003, FY2004, and FY2005.
Entrepreneurial Development Noncredit Programs18
The SBA’s entrepreneurial development (ED) noncredit programs provide a variety of
management and training services to small businesses. Congress provides appropriations for
 eight management and technical assistance training programs: Small Business
Development Centers, the Microloan Technical Assistance Program, Women
Business Centers, SCORE, the Program for Investment in Microentrepreneurs
(PRIME), Veterans Programs (including Veterans Business Outreach Centers,
Boots to Business, Boots to Business: Reboot, Veteran Women Igniting the Spirit
of Entrepreneurship [VWISE], and Entrepreneurship Bootcamp for Veterans with
Disabilities), the 7(j) Technical Assistance Program, and the Native American
Outreach Program;
 two relatively long-standing nontraining programs: the National Women’s
Business Council and HUBZone administration;

18 For further information and analysis concerning the SBA’s entrepreneurial development noncredit programs, see
CRS Report R41352, Small Business Management and Technical Assistance Training Programs, by Robert Jay Dilger.
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link to page 21 Small Business Administration (SBA) Funding: Overview and Recent Trends

 three initiatives: the Entrepreneurial Development Initiative (Clusters), the
Entrepreneurship Education Initiative, and Growth Accelerators; and
 the Step Trade and Export Promotion (STEP) Pilot Grant program.19
Initially, the SBA provided its own management and technical assistance training programs. Over
time, however, the SBA has increasingly relied on third parties to provide that training. The SBA
reports that more than 1 million aspiring entrepreneurs and small business owners receive training
from an SBA-supported resource partner each year.20
Congress specifies appropriations in appropriations acts for the Small Business Development
Center (SBDC) program, the Microloan Technical Assistance program, and the STEP program.
Congress provides an overall appropriation for the SBA’s ED programs and recommends
appropriations for the SBA’s other ED programs, typically in the conference agreement or
“Explanatory Statement” accompanying the appropriations act. As a result, the following tables
refer to appropriations for the SBDC and Microloan Technical Assistance programs and
recommended appropriations for other ED programs. Although not legally binding, the SBA has
traditionally adhered to these recommended funding amounts.
Small Business Development Centers
SBDCs provide free or low-cost assistance to small businesses using programs customized to
local conditions. SBDCs support small business in marketing and business strategy, finance,
technology transfer, government contracting, management, manufacturing, engineering, sales,
accounting, exporting, and other topics. They are funded by grants from the SBA and matching
funds. There are 63 lead SBDC service centers, at least one in each state (with four in Texas and
six in California), the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, and American
Samoa. These lead SBDC service centers manage more than 900 SBDC outreach locations.
As shown in Table 6, appropriations for SBDCs have increased from $84.179 million in FY2000
to $131.000 million in FY2019. This increase has exceeded the rate of inflation.21 In addition, as
shown in the table, SBDCs received an additional $50 million in temporary funding in FY2010,
which was spent over two fiscal years.22
The SBA reports actual and anticipated expenditures for its ED programs in its annual budget
justification document. SBDC expenditures in FY2000-FY2017 and anticipated SBDC
expenditures in FY2018 are presented in the table’s last column for comparative purposes.

19 P.L. 111-240, the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, authorized the Step Trade and Export Promotion (STEP) Pilot
Grant program for three years and appropriated $30 million for the program both in FY2011 and FY2012. The SBA
awarded STEP grants to states with the goal of assisting eligible small businesses with exporting in FY2011 and
FY2012. The STEP program’s authorization expired at the end of FY2013. STEP was subsequently appropriated $8
million FY2014, $17.4 million in FY2015, $18.0 million in FY2016, FY2017, FY2018, and FY2019. For additional
information and analysis, see CRS Report R43155, Small Business Administration Trade and Export Promotion
Programs, by Sean Lowry.
20 SBA, FY2019 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2017 Annual Performance Report, p. 20, at
https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/aboutsbaarticle/SBA_FY_2019_CBJ_APR_2_12_post.pdf.
21 The Small Business Development Center (SBDC) program’s FY2019 appropriation of $131.000 million is $91.453
million in constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is more than its FY2000 appropriation of $84.179
million. CRS calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), “Budget of the
United States Government, FY2019: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the
Historical Tables: 1940–2023,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/hist10z1-fy2019.xlsx.
22 In recent years, SBDCs and their advocates have indicated an interest in receiving additional funding to implement
several of the Obama Administration’s management and training initiatives in lieu of (or in combination with) those
initiatives receiving their own, separate appropriations.
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Table 6. Small Business Development Centers, FY2000-FY2019
(appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Fiscal
Final
Year
Initial Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2019
$131.000
‒‒
$131.000
NA
2018
$130.000
‒‒
$130.000
$130.000
2017
$125.000
‒‒
$125.000
$126.532
2016
$117.000
‒‒
$117.000
$121.200
2015
$115.000
‒‒
$115.000
$114.895
2014
$113.625
‒‒
$113.625
$110.510
2013
$112.500
($9.060)a
$103.440
$104.854
2012
$112.500
‒‒
$112.500
$114.558
2011
$113.000
($0.226)
$146.574
$153.716
$33.800b
2010
$113.000
$16.200c
$129.200
$128.824
2009
$110.000
‒‒
$110.000
$116.068
2008
$97.120
‒‒
$97.120
$97.321
2007
$89.000
‒‒
$89.000
$88.973
2006
$89.000
($0.890)d
$88.110
$88.424
2005
$89.000
($0.712)e
$88.288
$88.576
2004
$89.000
($0.525)f
$88.475
$89.161
2003
$89.000
($0.578)g
$88.422
$85.791
2002
$88.000
‒‒
$88.000
$90.100
2001
$88.000
($0.194)h
$87.806
$85.993
2000
$84.500
($0.321)i
$84.179
$84.074
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2019], at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-
performance/performance-budget-finances/congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report; P.L.
109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the
Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006; P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-
6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2014; P.L. 113-235, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015; P.L.
114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016; P.L. 115-31, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017;
P.L. 115-141, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018; and P.L. 116-6, the Consolidated Appropriations Act,
2019.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $9.060 mil ion reduction from SBDCs.
b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.226 mil ion reduction
from SBDCs.
c. In FY2010, P.L. 111-240 provided the SBDC program $50 mil ion to remain available until September 30,
2012. The SBA provided $16.2 mil ion of this amount to the SBDC program in FY2010 and the remaining
$33.8 mil ion in FY2011.
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d. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.890 mil ion
reduction from SBDCs.
e. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.712 mil ion
reduction from SBDCs.
f.
In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.525 mil ion
reduction from SBDCs.
g. In FY2003, P.L. 108-7 imposed a rescission of 0.65% on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.578 mil ion
reduction from SBDCs.
h. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554 imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.194 mil ion
reduction from SBDCs.
i.
In FY2000, P.L. 106-113 required a 0.38% across-the-board rescission for federal agencies in FY2000,
resulting in a $0.321 mil ion reduction from SBDCs.
Microloan Technical Assistance Program
The SBA’s Microloan lending program is designed to address the perceived disadvantages faced
by women, low-income, veteran, and minority entrepreneurs and business owners in gaining
access to capital for starting or expanding their business (see P.L. 102-140, the Departments of
Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1992).
Under the Microloan program, the SBA provides direct loans to qualified nonprofit intermediary
Microloan lenders who, in turn, provide “microloans” of up to $50,000 to small business owners,
entrepreneurs, and nonprofit child care centers.
The SBA’s Microloan Technical Assistance program is part of the SBA’s Microloan program but
receives a separate appropriation. It provides grants to Microloan intermediaries to offer
management and technical training assistance to Microloan program borrowers and prospective
borrowers.23 There are currently 144 active Microloan intermediaries, serving 49 states, the
District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.24
As shown in Table 7, the Microloan Technical Assistance program’s appropriations have varied
over the years. Overall, Microloan Technical Assistance Program appropriations have increased
from $23.112 million in FY2000 to $31.000 million in FY2019. This increase has been less than
the rate of inflation.25
Microloan Technical Assistance expenditures in FY2000-FY2017 and anticipated Microloan
Technical Assistance expenditures in FY2018 are presented in the table’s last column for
comparative purposes.

23 For further analysis of the SBA’s Microloan program, see CRS Report R41057, Small Business Administration
Microloan Program, by Robert Jay Dilger.
24 SBA, FY2019 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2017 Annual Performance Report, p. 38, at
https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/aboutsbaarticle/SBA_FY_2019_CBJ_APR_2_12_post.pdf. For a list of all
Microloan intermediaries, regardless of lending volume, see SBA, Microloan Program: Partner Identification &
Management System Participating Intermediary Microlenders Report, June 21, 2017, at
https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/articles/microlenderrpt5_20170621.pdf.
25 The Microloan Technical Assistance program’s FY2019 appropriation of $31.000 million is $21.776 million in
constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is less than its FY2000 appropriation of $23.112 million. CRS
calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), “Budget of the United States
Government, FY2019: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical
Tables: 1940–2023,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/hist10z1-fy2019.xlsx.
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Table 7. Microloan Technical Assistance Program, FY2000-FY2019
(appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Fiscal
Final
Year
Initial Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2019
$31.000
‒‒
$31.000
NA
2018
$31.000
‒‒
$31.000
$31.000
2017
$31.000
‒‒
$31.000
$23.535
2016
$25.000
‒‒
$25.000
$24.340
2015
$22.300
‒‒
$22.300
$22.247
2014
$20.000
‒‒
$20.000
$19.267
2013
$20.000
($0.191)a
$19.809
$19.985
2012
$20.000
‒‒
$20.000
$19.446
2011
$22.000
($0.044)b
$21.956
$24.603
2010
$22.000
$24.000c
$46.000
$43.220
2009
$20.000
‒‒
$20.000
$19.813
2008
$15.000
‒‒
$15.000
$14.816
2007
$13.000
‒‒
$13.000
$12.800
2006
$13.000
($0.130)d
$12.870
$12.792
2005
$14.000
($0.112)e
$13.888
$13.813
2004
$15.000
($0.089)f
$14.911
$14.655
2003
$15.000
($0.098)g
$14.902
$14.899
2002
$17.500
‒‒
$17.500
$17.742
2001
$20.000
($0.044)h
$19.956
$18.385
2000
$23.200
($0.088)i
$23.112
$19.243
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2019], at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-
performance/performance-budget-finances/congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report; P.L.
109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the
Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006; P.L. 111-5, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of
2009; P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25,
the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; P.L. 113-235, the
Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015; P.L. 114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2016; P.L. 115-31, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017; P.L. 115-141, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2018; and P.L. 116-6, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $0.191 mil ion reduction from the Microloan
Technical Assistance program.
b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.044 mil ion reduction
from the Microloan Technical Assistance program.
c. In FY2009, P.L. 111-5 provided the Microloan Technical Assistance Program an additional $24 mil ion to
remain available until September 30, 2010. The funds were awarded in FY2010.
d. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.130 mil ion
reduction from the Microloan Technical Assistance program.
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e. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.112 mil ion
reduction from the Microloan Technical Assistance program.
f.
In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.089 mil ion
reduction from the Microloan Technical Assistance program.
g. In FY2003, P.L. 108-7 imposed a rescission of 0.65% on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.098 mil ion
reduction from the Microloan Technical Assistance program.
h. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554 imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.044 mil ion
reduction from the Microloan Technical Assistance program.
i.
In FY2000, P.L. 106-113 required a 0.38% across-the-board rescission for federal agencies in FY2000,
resulting in a $0.088 mil ion reduction from the Microloan Technical Assistance program.
Women Business Centers
Women Business Centers (WBCs) provide financial, management, and marketing assistance to
small businesses, including start-up businesses, owned and controlled by women. Since its
inception, the program has targeted the needs of socially and economically disadvantaged women
(see P.L. 100-533, the Women’s Business Ownership Act of 1988).26 Currently, there are 121
WBCs located throughout most of the United States and the territories.27
As shown in Table 8, WBC’s recommended appropriations have increased from $8.966 million
in FY2000 to $18.500 million in FY2019. This increase has exceeded the rate of inflation.28
WBC expenditures in FY2000-FY2017 and anticipated WBC expenditures in FY2018 are
presented in the table’s last column for comparative purposes.

Table 8. Women Business Centers, FY2000-FY2019
(recommended appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Final
Fiscal
Initial Recommended
Recommended
Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2019
$18.500
‒‒
$18.500
NA
2018
$18.000
‒‒
$18.000
$18.000
2017
$18.000
‒‒
$18.000
$15.849
2016
$17.000
‒‒
$17.000
$17.335
2015
$15.000
‒‒
$15.000
$14.500
2014
$14.000
‒‒
$14.000
$13.982
2013
$14.000
($1.112)a
$12.888
$12.887
2012
$14.000
‒‒
$14.000
$13.721

26 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Review of Women’s Business Center Program, 106th Cong.,
February 11, 1999, Serial No. 106-2 (Washington: GPO, 1999), p. 4.
27 SBA, “Women’s Business Centers Directory,” at https://www.sba.gov/local-
assistance/find/?type=Women%27s%20Business%20Center&pageNumber=1.
28 The WBC program’s FY2019 recommended appropriation of $18.500 million is $12.915 million in constant FY2000
dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is higher than its FY2000 recommended appropriation of $8.966 million. CRS
calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), “Budget of the United States
Government, FY2019: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical
Tables: 1940–2023,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/hist10z1-fy2019.xlsx.
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Final
Fiscal
Initial Recommended
Recommended
Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2011
$14.000
($0.028)b
$13.972
$13.866
2010
$14.000
‒‒
$14.000
$13.997
2009
$13.750
‒‒
$13.750
$13.750
2008
$13.000
‒‒
$13.000
$12.981
2007
$12.500
‒‒
$12.500
$12.340
2006
$12.500
($0.125)c
$12.375
$12.197
2005
$12.500
($0.100)d
$12.400
$12.205
2004
$12.500
($0.074)e
$12.426
$12.245
2003
$12.500
($0.081)f
$12.419
$12.298
2002
$12.000
‒‒
$12.000
$12.000
2001
$12.000
($0.026)g
$11.974
$11.989
2000
$9.000
($0.034)h
$8.966
$8.926
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2019], at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-
performance/performance-budget-finances/congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report; H.Rept.
106-479, Making Appropriations for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities
Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000,
and for other Purposes; H.Rept. 106-1005, Making Appropriations for the Government of the District of
Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal
Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 107-278, Making Appropriations for the
Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, The Judiciary, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending
September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-10, Making Further Continuing Appropriations for
the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-401, Making Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural
Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30,
2004, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792, Making Appropriations for Foreign Operations, Export
Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2005, and For Other Purposes; P.L.
109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the
Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006; H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for Science, the
Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30,
2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print,
110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington: GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on
Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government
Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p.
996; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related
Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the
Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2014; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the
House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,”
Congressional Record, vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December 11, 2014), p. H9740; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory
Statement Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations
Regarding House Amendment No. 1 to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,”
Congressional Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II (December 17, 2015), p. H10139; P.L. 114-223, the Continuing
Appropriations and Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017;
Rep. Rodney Frelinghuysen, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, Chairman of
the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R.
244 [the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017],” Congressional Record, vol. 163, no. 76-Book II (May 3, 2017),
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p. H3786; “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Frelinghuysen, Chairman of the House Committee on
Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 1625 [the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2018] (Division E – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2018),”
p. 87, at http://docs.house.gov/bil sthisweek/20180319/DIV%20E%20FSGG%20SOM%20FY18%20OMNI.OCR.pdf;
and H.Rept. 116-9, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019, p. 680.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $1.112 mil ion reduction from WBCs.
b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.028 mil ion reduction
from WBCs.
c. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.125 mil ion
reduction from WBCs.
d. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.100 mil ion
reduction from WBCs.
e. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.074 mil ion
reduction from WBCs.
f.
In FY2003, P.L. 108-7 imposed a rescission of 0.65% on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.081 mil ion
reduction from WBCs.
g. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554 imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.026 mil ion
reduction from WBCs.
h. In FY2000, P.L. 106-113 required a 0.38% across-the-board rescission for federal agencies in FY2000,
resulting in a $0.034 mil ion reduction from WBCs.
SCORE
The SBA provides financial assistance to SCORE (formerly the Service Corps of Retired
Executives) to provide in-person mentoring and online training to small business owners and
prospective owners.29 SCORE’s 320 chapters and more than 800 branch offices are located
throughout the United States and partner with more than 11,000 volunteer counselors, who are
working or retired business owners, executives and corporate leaders, to provide management and
training assistance to small businesses “at no charge or at very low cost.”30
As shown in Table 9, SCORE’s recommended appropriations have increased from $3.487 million
in FY2000 to $11.700 in FY2019. This increase has exceeded the rate of inflation.31
SCORE expenditures in FY2000-FY2017 and anticipated SCORE expenditures in FY2018 are
presented in the table’s last column for comparative purposes.

29 U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Small Business and House Select Committee on Small Business, 1966
Federal Handbook for Small Business: A Survey of Small Business Programs in the Federal Government Agencies,
committee print, 89th Cong., 3rd sess., January 31, 1966 (Washington: GPO, 1966), p. 5; U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Rural Development, Entrepreneurship, and Trade, Subcommittee
Hearing on Legislative Initiatives to Modernize SBA’s Entrepreneurial Development Programs, 111th Cong., 1st sess.,
April 2, 2009 (Washington: GPO, 2009), p. 6; and SBA, FY2013 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2011
Annual Performance Report, p. 45, at http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/
FY%202013%20CBJ%20FY%202011%20APR.pdf.
30 SCORE (Service Corps of Retired Executives), “About SCORE,” Washington, DC, at https://www.score.org/about-
score.
31 SCORE’s FY2019 recommended appropriation of $11.700 million is $8.168 million in constant FY2000 dollars
(adjusted for inflation), which is higher than its FY2000 recommended appropriation of $3.487 million. CRS
calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), “Budget of the United States
Government, FY2019: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical
Tables: 1940–2023,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/hist10z1-fy2019.xlsx.
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Table 9. SCORE, FY2000-FY2019
(recommended appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Final
Fiscal
Initial Recommended
Recommended
Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2019
$11.700
‒‒
$11.700
NA
2018
$11.500
‒‒
$11.500
$11.500
2017
$10.500
‒‒
$10.500
$10.500
2016
$10.500
‒‒
$10.500
$10.500
2015
$8.000
‒‒
$8.000
$8.000
2014
$7.000
‒‒
$7.000
$7.000
2013
$7.000
($0.556)a
$6.444
$6.440
2012
$7.000
‒‒
$7.000
$7.000
2011
$7.000
($0.014)b
$6.986
$6.986
2010
$7.000
‒‒
$7.000
$7.000
2009
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$5.000
2008
$4.950
‒‒
$4.950
$4.950
2007
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$4.936
2006
$5.000
($0.050)c
$4.950
$4.936
2005
$5.000
($0.040)d
$4.960
$4.933
2004
$5.000
($0.030)e
$4.970
$4.958
2003
$5.000
($0.033)f
$4.967
$4.977
2002
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$5.010
2001
$3.750
($0.008)g
$3.742
$3.750
2000
$3.500
($0.013)h
$3.487
$3.471
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2019], at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-
performance/performance-budget-finances/congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report; H.Rept.
106-479, Making Appropriations for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities
Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000,
and for other Purposes; H.Rept. 106-1005, Making Appropriations for the Government of the District of
Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal
Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 107-278, Making Appropriations for the
Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, The Judiciary, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending
September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-10, Making Further Continuing Appropriations for
the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-401, Making Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural
Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30,
2004, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792, Making Appropriations for Foreign Operations, Export
Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2005, and For Other Purposes; P.L.
109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the
Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006; H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for Science, the
Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30,
2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print,
110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington: GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on
Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government
Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p.
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996; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related
Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the
Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2014; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the
House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,”
Congressional Record, vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December 11, 2014), p. H9740; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory
Statement Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations
Regarding House Amendment No. 1 to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,”
Congressional Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II (December 17, 2015), p. H10139; P.L. 114-223, the Continuing
Appropriations and Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017; Rep.
Rodney Frelinghuysen, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, Chairman of the
House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 244
[the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017],” Congressional Record, vol. 163, no. 76-Book II (May 3, 2017), p.
H3786; “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Frelinghuysen, Chairman of the House Committee on
Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 1625 [the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2018] (Division E – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2018),”
p. 87, at http://docs.house.gov/bil sthisweek/20180319/DIV%20E%20FSGG%20SOM%20FY18%20OMNI.OCR.pdf;
and H.Rept. 116-9, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019, p. 680.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $0.556 mil ion reduction from SCORE.
b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.014 mil ion reduction
from SCORE.
c. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.050 mil ion
reduction from SCORE.
d. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.040 mil ion
reduction from SCORE.
e. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.030 mil ion
reduction from SCORE.
f.
In FY2003, P.L. 108-7 imposed a rescission of 0.65% on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.033 mil ion
reduction from SCORE.
g. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554 imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.008 mil ion
reduction from SCORE.
h. In FY2000, P.L. 106-113 required a 0.38% across-the-board rescission for federal agencies in FY2000,
resulting in a $0.013 mil ion reduction from SCORE.
Program for Investment in Microentrepreneurs
The Program for Investment in Microentrepreneurs (PRIME) provides grants to nonprofit
microenterprise development organizations or programs that have “a demonstrated record of
delivering microenterprise services to disadvantaged entrepreneurs; an intermediary; a
microenterprise development organization or program that is accountable to a local community,
working in conjunction with a state or local government or Indian tribe; or an Indian tribe acting
on its own, if the Indian tribe can certify that no private organization or program referred to in
this paragraph exists within its jurisdiction.”32
As shown in Table 10, PRIME’s recommended appropriations have varied, starting at $14.964
million in FY2001 (the program’s first recommended appropriation) and falling to $2 million in
FY2006 and FY2007. PRIME has received $5.0 million since FY2015.

32 P.L. 106-102, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, Section 173. Establishment of Program and Section 175. Qualified
Organizations.
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PRIME expenditures in FY2001-FY2017 and anticipated PRIME expenditures in FY2018 are
presented in the table’s last column for comparative purposes.
Table 10. Program for Investment in Microentrepreneurs (PRIME), FY2001-FY2019
(recommended appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Final
Fiscal
Initial Recommended
Recommended
Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2019
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
NA
2018
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$5.000
2017
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$4.700
2016
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$5.000
2015
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$5.000
2014
$3.500
‒‒
$3.500
$3.500
2013
$3.500
($3.500)a
$0.000
$0.000
2012
$3.500
‒‒
$3.500
$3.343
2011
$8.000
($0.016)b
$7.984
$7.983
2010
$8.000
‒‒
$8.000
$8.000
2009
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$5.000
2008
$3.000
‒‒
$3.000
$2.715
2007
$2.000
‒‒
$2.000
$1.835
2006
$2.000
($0.020)c
$1.980
$1.920
2005
$5.000
($0.040)d
$4.960
$4.903
2004
$5.000
($0.030)e
$4.970
$4.947
2003
$5.000
($0.033)f
$4.964
$4.537
2002
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$4.500
2001
$15.000
($0.033)g
$14.964
$15.000
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2019], at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-
performance/performance-budget-finances/congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report; H.Rept.
106-479, Making Appropriations for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities
Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000,
and for other Purposes; H.Rept. 106-1005, Making Appropriations for the Government of the District of
Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal
Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 107-278, Making Appropriations for the
Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, The Judiciary, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending
September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-10, Making Further Continuing Appropriations for
the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-401, Making Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural
Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30,
2004, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792, Making Appropriations for Foreign Operations, Export
Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2005, and For Other Purposes; P.L.
109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the
Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006; H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for Science, the
Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30,
2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print,
110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington: GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on
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Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government
Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p.
996; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related
Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the
Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2014; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the
House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,”
Congressional Record, vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December 11, 2014), p. H9740; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory
Statement Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations
Regarding House Amendment No. 1 to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,”
Congressional Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II (December 17, 2015), p. H10139; P.L. 114-223, the Continuing
Appropriations and Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017; Rep.
Rodney Frelinghuysen, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, Chairman of the
House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 244
[the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017],” Congressional Record, vol. 163, no. 76-Book II (May 3, 2017), p.
H3786; “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Frelinghuysen, Chairman of the House Committee on
Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 1625 [the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2018] (Division E – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2018),”
p. 87, at http://docs.house.gov/bil sthisweek/20180319/DIV%20E%20FSGG%20SOM%20FY18%20OMNI.OCR.pdf;
and H.Rept. 116-9, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019, p. 680.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $3.500 mil ion reduction from PRIME.
b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.016 mil ion reduction
from PRIME.
c. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.020 mil ion
reduction from PRIME.
d. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.040 mil ion
reduction from PRIME.
e. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.030 mil ion
reduction from PRIME.
f.
In FY2003, P.L. 108-7 imposed a rescission of 0.65% on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.033 mil ion
reduction from PRIME.
g. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554 imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.033 mil ion
reduction from PRIME.
The Obama Administration argued that PRIME overlaps and duplicates the SBA’s Microloan
Technical Assistance program and recommended in its FY2012-FY2017 budget requests that
PRIME receive no appropriations. As shown in the table, in FY2013, the Obama Administration
eliminated PRIME’s appropriation as part of the SBA’s sequestration process.
The Trump Administration recommended in its FY2018 and FY2019 budget requests that the
PRIME program receive no appropriations.33
Veterans Programs
The SBA’s Office of Veterans Business Development (OVBD) administers several management
and training programs to assist veteran-owned businesses, including

33 SBA, FY2018 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2016 Annual Performance Report, p. 12, at
https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/aboutsbaarticle/FINAL_SBA_FY_2018_CBJ_May_22_2017c.pdf; and SBA,
FY2019 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2017 Annual Performance Report, p. 13, at
https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/aboutsbaarticle/SBA_FY_2019_CBJ_APR_2_12_post.pdf.
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 the Entrepreneurship Bootcamp for Veterans with Disabilities Consortium of
Universities, which provides “experiential training in entrepreneurship and small
business management to post-9/11 veterans with disabilities” at eight
universities;34
 the Veteran Women Igniting the Spirit of Entrepreneurship (V-WISE) program,
which is administered through a cooperative agreement with Syracuse University,
offers women veterans a 15-day, online course focused on entrepreneurship skills
and the “language of business,” followed by a 3-day conference (offered twice a
year at varying locations) in which participants “are exposed to successful
entrepreneurs and CEOs of Fortune 500 companies and leaders in government”
and participate in courses on business planning, marketing, accounting and
finance, operations and production, human resources, and work-life balance;35
 the Operation Endure and Grow Program, which is administered through a
cooperative agreement with Syracuse University, offers an eight-week online
training program “focused on the fundamentals of launching and/or growing a
small business” and is available to National Guard and reservists and their family
members;36
 the Boots to Business program (started in 2012), which is “an elective track
within the Department of Defense’s revised Training Assistance Program called
Transition Goals, Plans, Success (Transition GPS) and has three parts: the
Entrepreneurship Track Overview—a 10-minute introductory video shown
during the mandatory five-day Transition GPS course which introduces
entrepreneurship as a post-service career option; Introduction to
Entrepreneurship—a two-day classroom course on entrepreneurship and business
fundamentals offered as one of the three Transition GPS elective tracks; and
Foundations of Entrepreneurship—an eight-week, instructor-led online course
that offers in-depth instruction on the elements of a business plan and tips and
techniques for starting a business”;37
 the Boots to Business Reboot program (started in 2014), which assists veterans
who have already transitioned to civilian life;38 and
 the Veterans Business Outreach Centers (VBOC) program, which provides
veterans and their spouses management and technical assistance training at 15
locations, including assistance with the Boots to Business program, the
development and maintenance of a five-year business plan, and referrals to other

34 Syracuse University, “About the EBV,” Syracuse, NY, at http://whitman.syr.edu/ebv/about/; and SBA, “SBA
Expands Entrepreneurship Boot Camp for Vets: Announces Two New Programs for Women Vets, Guard, Reservists
and Families,” November 10, 2010, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/news_release_10-63.pdf.
35 Syracuse University, “Women Veterans Igniting the Spirit of Entrepreneurship (V-WISE),” Syracuse, NY, at
http://whitman.syr.edu/vwise/about.aspx; and SBA, “SBA Expands Entrepreneurship Boot Camp for Vets: Announces
Two New Programs for Women Vets, Guard, Reservists and Families,” November 10, 2010, at https://www.sba.gov/
sites/default/files/news_release_10-63.pdf.
36 Syracuse University, “About Operation Endure and Grow,” Syracuse, NY, at http://vets.syr.edu/education/endure-
grow/.
37 SBA, “Operation Boots to Business: From Service to Startup,” at https://www.sba.gov/offices/headquarters/ovbd/
resources/160511; and SBA, “Operation Boots to Business: Fact Sheet,” at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/
B2B_Fact%20Sheet.pdf.
38 Ibid., pp. 90, 99.
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SBA resource partners when appropriate for additional training or mentoring
services.39
Prior to FY2016, Congress recommended appropriations for VBOCs and, in FY2014 and
FY2015, for the Boots to Business initiative ($7.0 million in FY2014 and $7.5 million in
FY2015). Funding for the OVBD’s other veterans assistance programs were provided through the
SBA’s salaries and expenses account.
Starting in FY2016, Congress has recommended appropriations for OVBD’s programs as a
whole: $12.3 million in FY2016, FY2017, and FY2018, and $12.7 million in FY2019. This
increase has not kept pace with inflation.40
OVBD expenditures in FY2015-FY2017 and anticipated OVBD expenditures in FY2018 are
presented in the table’s last column for comparative purposes.

Table 11. Veterans Outreach Programs, FY2015-FY2019
(recommended appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Final
Fiscal
Initial Recommended
Recommended
Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2019
$12.700
‒‒
$12.700
NA
2018
$12.300
‒‒
$12.300
$12.300
2017
$12.300
‒‒
$12.300
$12.572
2016
$12.300
‒‒
$12.300
$12.808
2015
$10.500
‒‒
$10.500
$10.733
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration, Congressional Budget Justification [FY2016-FY2019], at
https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-performance/performance-budget-finances/congressional-budget-justification-
annual-performance-report; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky,
Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate
Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December 11, 2014), p. H9740; P.L.
114-223, the Continuing Appropriations and Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies

39 SBA, “Veterans Business Outreach Centers,” at https://www.sba.gov/offices/headquarters/ovbd/resources/362341.
VBOC grants, starting at $180,000, “are made for up to a three-year period of performance, consisting of a base period
of 12 months from the date of award and up to two renewal option periods of 12 months each. Exercise of the option
periods will be solely at SBA’s discretion and is subject to continuing program authority, the availability of funds, and
the recipient’s continued satisfactory performance and compliance.” Also, “funding per VBOC will vary based on
proposed Boots to Business (B2B) program delivery and associated outreach.” See SBA, Office of Veterans Business
Development, “FY 2015 Program Announcement No. VBOC-2015-02,” pp. 6-7, at https://www.sba.gov/offices/
headquarters/ovbd/spotlight. In FY2013, the Veterans Business Outreach Centers Program conducted its ninth annual
“Customer Satisfaction Survey.” The FY2013 survey found that 91% of the clients using the centers were satisfied or
highly satisfied with the quality, relevance, and timeliness of the assistance provided. See SBA, FY2015 Congressional
Budget Justification and FY2013 Annual Performance Report, p. 81, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/
FY%202015%20CBJ%20FY%202013%20APR%20FINAL%20508(1).pdf.
40 The Office of Veterans Business Development’s FY2019 recommended appropriation of $12.700 million is $12.091
million in constant FY2016 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is less than its FY2016 recommended appropriation
of $12.300 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), “Budget
of the United States Government, FY2019: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used
in the Historical Tables: 1940–2023,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/hist10z1-
fy2019.xlsx
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Appropriations Act, 2017; Rep. Rodney Frelinghuysen, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Frelinghuysen
of New Jersey, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the
Senate Amendments on H.R. 244 [the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017],” Congressional Record, vol. 163,
no. 76-Book II (May 3, 2017), p. H3786; “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Frelinghuysen, Chairman of
the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R.
1625 [the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018] (Division E – Financial Services and General Government
Appropriations Act, 2018),” p. 87, at
http://docs.house.gov/bil sthisweek/20180319/DIV%20E%20FSGG%20SOM%20FY18%20OMNI.OCR.pdf; and
H.Rept. 116-9, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019, p. 680.
Recommended appropriations for VBOCs from FY2000-FY2015 are presented in Table 12 for
historical comparisons. As the data indicate, recommended appropriations for VBOCs increased
from $0.613 million in FY2000 to $3.000 million in FY2015. This increase has exceeded the rate
of inflation.41
OVBD expenditures in FY2000-FY2015 are presented in the table’s last column for comparative
purposes.

Table 12. Veterans Business Outreach Centers (VBOC) Program, FY2000-FY2015
(recommended appropriations and expenditures, $ in millions)
Initial
Final
Recommended
Recommended
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2015
$3.000
‒‒
$3.000
$3.000
2014
$2.500
‒‒
$2.500
$2.500
2013
$2.500
($0.003)a
$2.497
$2.497
2012
$2.500
‒‒
$2.500
$2.500
2011
$2.500
($0.005)b
$2.495
$2.495
2010
$2.500
‒‒
$2.500
$2.500
2009
$1.200
‒‒
$1.200
$1.200
2008
$0.743
‒‒
$0.743
$0.743
2007
$0.750
‒‒
$0.750
$0.741
2006
$0.750
($0.008)c
$0.742
$0.738
2005
$0.750
($0.006)d
$0.744
$0.731
2004
$0.750
($0.004)e
$0.746
$0.737
2003
$0.750
($0.005)f
$0.745
$0.667
2002
$0.750
‒‒
$0.750
$0.617

41 The Veterans Business Outreach Centers Program’s FY2015 recommended appropriation of $3.000 million is $2.254
million in constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is higher than its FY2000 recommended
appropriation of $0.613 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget
(OMB), “Budget of the United States Government, FY2017: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product
and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2021,” at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BUDGET-2017-
TAB/pdf/BUDGET-2017-TAB.pdf.
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Initial
Final
Recommended
Recommended
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2001
$0.000g
‒‒
$0.000
NA
2000
$0.615
($0.002)h
$0.613
$0.615
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2016], at http://www.sba.gov/about-sba-services/217; H.Rept. 106-
479, Making Appropriations for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in
Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000, and for other
Purposes; H.Rept. 106-1005, Making Appropriations for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other
Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September
30, 2001, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 107-278, Making Appropriations for the Departments of Commerce,
Justice, and State, The Judiciary, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2002, and For
Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-10, Making Further Continuing Appropriations for the Fiscal Year 2003, and For
Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-401, Making Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug
Administration, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2004, and For Other Purposes;
H.Rept. 108-792, Making Appropriations for Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs for the
Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2005, and For Other Purposes; P.L. 109-148, the Department of Defense,
Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza
Act, 2006; H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for Science, the Departments of State, Justice, and
Commerce, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S.
Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial
Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1,
2008 (Washington: GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Omnibus
Appropriations Act, 2009 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2009),
committee print, 111th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p. 996; H.Rept. 111-366,
Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act,
2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25,
the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; and Rep. Harold Rogers,
“Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on
Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record,
vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December 11, 2014), p. H9740.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25, and P.L. 113-6 imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $0.003 mil ion reduction from the VBOC program.
b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.005 mil ion reduction
from the VBOC program.
c. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.008 mil ion
reduction from the VBOC program.
d. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.006 mil ion
reduction from the VBOC program.
e. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.004 mil ion
reduction from the VBOC program.
f.
In FY2003, P.L. 108-7 imposed a rescission of 0.65% on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.005 mil ion
reduction from the VBOC program.
g. In FY2001, Congress recommended an appropriation of $4.0 mil ion to establish the National Veterans
Business Development Corporation. The SBA funded the four VBOCs operating in FY2001 from the
salaries and expenses account.
h. In FY2000, P.L. 106-113 required a 0.38% across-the-board rescission for federal agencies in FY2000,
resulting in a $0.002 mil ion reduction from the VBOC program.
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7(j) Technical Assistance Program
The SBA’s 7(j) Technical Assistance Program provides “a wide variety of management and
technical assistance to eligible individuals or concerns to meet their specific needs, including: (a)
counseling and training in the areas of financing, management, accounting, bookkeeping,
marketing, and operation of small business concerns; and (b) the identification and development
of new business opportunities.”42 Eligible individuals and businesses include “8(a) certified firms,
small disadvantaged businesses, businesses operating in areas of high unemployment, or low
income or firms owned by low income individuals.”43
As shown in Table 13, recommended appropriations for the 7(j) Technical Assistance Program
have varied since FY2000, with increases in some years and decreases in others. Overall, the
SBA’s 7(j) Technical Assistance Program’s recommended appropriations have decreased from
$3.584 million in FY2000 to $2.800 million in FY2019.
7(j) Technical Assistance Program expenditures in FY2000-FY2017 and anticipated 7(j)
Technical Assistance Program expenditures in FY2018 are presented in the table’s last column for
comparative purposes.

42 13 C.F.R. §124.702.
43 SBA, FY2017 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2015 Annual Performance Report, p. 50, at
https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/FY17-CBJ_FY15-APR.pdf.
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Table 13. 7(j) Technical Assistance Program, FY2000-FY2019
(recommended appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Final
Fiscal
Initial Recommended
Recommended
Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2019
$2.800
‒‒
$2.800
NA
2018
$2.800
‒‒
$2.800
$2.800
2017
$2.800
‒‒
$2.800
$1.796
2016
$2.800
‒‒
$2.800
$1.407
2015
$2.800
‒‒
$2.800
$2.441
2014
$2.790
‒‒
$2.790
$2.723
2013
$3.100
($0.246)a
$2.854
$3.080
2012
$3.100
‒‒
$3.100
$4.768
2011
$3.400
($0.007)b
$3.393
$6.354
2010
$3.400
‒‒
$3.400
$3.275
2009
$2.380
‒‒
$2.380
$2.380
2008
$2.300
‒‒
$2.300
$2.300
2007
$1.500
‒‒
$1.500
$1.481
2006
$1.500
($0.015)c
$1.485
$1.481
2005
$1.500
($0.012)d
$1.488
$1.479
2004
$2.000
($0.012)e
$1.988
$1.963
2003
$1.500
($0.010)f
$1.490
$1.171
2002
$3.600
‒‒
$3.600
$3.189
2001
$3.600
($0.008)g
$3.592
$3.241
2000
$3.600
($0.014)h
$3.584
$3.950
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2019], at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-
performance/performance-budget-finances/congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report; H.Rept.
106-479, Making Appropriations for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities
Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000,
and for other Purposes; H.Rept. 106-1005, Making Appropriations for the Government of the District of
Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal
Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 107-278, Making Appropriations for the
Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, The Judiciary, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending
September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-10, Making Further Continuing Appropriations for
the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-401, Making Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural
Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30,
2004, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792, Making Appropriations for Foreign Operations, Export
Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2005, and For Other Purposes; P.L.
109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the
Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006; H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for Science, the
Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30,
2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print,
110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington: GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on
Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government
Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p.
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996; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related
Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the
Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2014; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the
House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,”
Congressional Record, vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December 11, 2014), p. H9740; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory
Statement Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations
Regarding House Amendment No. 1 to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,”
Congressional Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II (December 17, 2015), p. H10139; P.L. 114-223, the Continuing
Appropriations and Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017; Rep.
Rodney Frelinghuysen, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, Chairman of the
House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 244
[the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017],” Congressional Record, vol. 163, no. 76-Book II (May 3, 2017), p.
H3786; “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Frelinghuysen, Chairman of the House Committee on
Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 1625 [the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2018] (Division E – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2018),”
p. 87, at http://docs.house.gov/bil sthisweek/20180319/DIV%20E%20FSGG%20SOM%20FY18%20OMNI.OCR.pdf;
and H.Rept. 116-9, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019, p. 680.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $0.246 mil ion reduction from the 7(j) program.
b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.007 mil ion reduction
from the 7(j) program.
c. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.015 mil ion
reduction from the 7(j) program.
d. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.012 mil ion
reduction from the 7(j) program.
e. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.012 mil ion
reduction from the 7(j) program.
f.
In FY2003, P.L. 108-7 imposed a rescission of 0.65% on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.010 mil ion
reduction from the 7(j) program.
g. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554 imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.008 mil ion
reduction from the 7(j) program.
h. In FY2000, P.L. 106-113 required a 0.38% across-the-board rescission for federal agencies in FY2000,
resulting in a $0.014 mil ion reduction from the 7(j) program.
Native American Outreach Program
The SBA’s Native American Outreach (NAO) program provides management and technical
educational assistance to American Indians, Alaska natives, native Hawaiians, and “the
indigenous people of Guam and American Samoa … to promote entity-owned and individual 8(a)
certification, government contracting, entrepreneurial education, and capital access.”44 The
program’s management and technical assistance services are available to members of these
groups living in most areas of the nation.45
As shown in Table 14, the NAO program’s recommended appropriations have varied somewhat
since FY2003 (the first year it received recommended appropriations), ranging from $1.0 million
to $2.0 million. The program’s recommended appropriations have not kept pace with inflation.46

44 SBA, FY2011 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2009 Annual Performance Report, p. 65, at
http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/Congressional_Budget_Justification.pdf.
45 Ibid.
46 The SBA’s FY2019 recommended appropriation of $2.000 million for the Native American Outreach Program is
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NAO program expenditures in FY2003-FY2017 and anticipated NAO expenditures in FY2018
are presented in the table’s last column for comparative purposes.
Table 14. Native American Outreach (NAO) Program, FY2003-FY2019
(recommended appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Final
Fiscal
Initial Recommended
Recommended
Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2019
$2.000
‒‒
$2.000
NA
2018
$2.000
‒‒
$2.000
$2.000
2017
$2.000
‒‒
$2.000
$1.541
2016
$2.000
‒‒
$2.000
$1.778
2015
$2.000
‒‒
$2.000
$1.924
2014
$2.000
‒‒
$2.000
$1.859
2013
$1.250
($0.318)a
$0.932
$0.915
2012
$1.250
‒‒
$1.250
$1.245
2011
$1.250
($0.003)b
$1.247
$1.132
2010
$1.250
‒‒
$1.250
$1.243
2009
$1.033
‒‒
$1.033
$1.027
2008
$1.000
‒‒
$1.000
$0.933
2007
$1.000
‒‒
$1.000
$0.884
2006
$1.000
($0.010)c
$0.990
$0.978
2005
$1.000
($0.008)d
$1.092
$0.902
2004
$2.000
($0.012)e
$1.988
$1.964
2003
$2.000
($0.013)f
$1.987
$1.778
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2019], at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-
performance/performance-budget-finances/congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report; H.Rept.
106-479, Making Appropriations for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities
Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000,
and for other Purposes; H.Rept. 106-1005, Making Appropriations for the Government of the District of
Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal
Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 107-278, Making Appropriations for the
Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, The Judiciary, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending
September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-10, Making Further Continuing Appropriations for
the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-401, Making Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural
Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30,
2004, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792, Making Appropriations for Foreign Operations, Export
Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2005, and For Other Purposes; P.L.
109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the
Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006; H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for Science, the

$1.480 million in constant FY2003 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is lower than its initial FY2003 recommended
appropriation of $1.987 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget
(OMB), “Budget of the United States Government, FY2019: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product
and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2023,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-
content/uploads/2018/02/hist10z1-fy2019.xlsx
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Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30,
2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print,
110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington: GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on
Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government
Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p.
996; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related
Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the
Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2014; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the
House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,”
Congressional Record, vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December 11, 2014), p. H9740; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory
Statement Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations
Regarding House Amendment No. 1 to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,”
Congressional Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II (December 17, 2015), p. H10139; P.L. 114-223, the Continuing
Appropriations and Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017; Rep.
Rodney Frelinghuysen, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, Chairman of the
House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 244
[the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017],” Congressional Record, vol. 163, no. 76-Book II (May 3, 2017), p.
H3786; “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Frelinghuysen, Chairman of the House Committee on
Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 1625 [the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2018] (Division E – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2018),”
p. 87, at http://docs.house.gov/bil sthisweek/20180319/DIV%20E%20FSGG%20SOM%20FY18%20OMNI.OCR.pdf;
and H.Rept. 116-9, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019, p. 680.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $0.318 mil ion reduction from the NAO program.
b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.003 mil ion reduction
from the NAO program.
c. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.010 mil ion
reduction from the NAO program.
d. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.008 mil ion
reduction from the NAO program.
e. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.012 mil ion
reduction from the NAO program.
f.
In FY2003, P.L. 108-7 imposed a rescission of 0.65% on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.013 mil ion
reduction from the NAO program.
National Women’s Business Council
The National Women’s Business Council (NWBC) is a bipartisan federal advisory council
created to serve as an independent source of advice and counsel to the President, Congress, and
the SBA on economic issues of importance to women business owners. The council’s mission “is
to promote bold initiatives, policies, and programs designed to support women’s business
enterprises at all stages of development in the public and private sector marketplaces—from start-
up to success to significance.”47
As shown in Table 15, the recommended appropriation for the NWBC has increased from $0.598
million in FY2000 to $1.500 million in FY2019. This increase has exceeded the rate of
inflation.48

47 The National Women’s Business Council, “About the Council,” Washington, DC, at http://www.nwbc.gov/aboutus/
ABOUT_THE_COUNCIL.html.
48 The SBA’s FY2018 recommended appropriation of $1.500 million for the National Women’s Business Council is
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NWBC expenditures in FY2000-FY2017 and NWBC anticipated expenditures in FY2018 are
presented in the table’s last column for comparative purposes.
Table 15. National Business Women’s Council (NWBC), FY2000-FY2019
(recommended appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Final
Initial Recommended
Recommended
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2019
$1.500
‒‒
$1.500
NA
2018
$1.500
‒‒
$1.500
$1.500
2017
$1.500
‒‒
$1.500
$1.337
2016
$1.500
‒‒
$1.500
$1.286
2015
$1.000
‒‒
$1.000
$0.958
2014
$1.000
‒‒
$1.000
$0.980
2013
$0.998
($0.080)a
$0.918
$0.736
2012
$0.998
‒‒
$0.998
$0.875
2011
$1.000
($0.002)b
$0.998
$0.954
2010
$1.000
‒‒
$1.000
$0.920
2009
$0.775
‒‒
$0.775
$0.751
2008
$0.743
‒‒
$0.743
$0.714
2007
$0.750
‒‒
$0.750
$0.712
2006
$0.750
($0.008)c
$0.742
$0.675
2005
$0.750
($0.006)d
$0.744
$0.550
2004
$0.750
($0.004)e
$0.746
$0.731
2003
$0.750
($0.005)f
$0.745
$0.699
2002
$0.750
‒‒
$0.750
$0.729
2001
$0.750
($0.002)g
$0.748
$0.714
2000
$0.600
($0.002)h
$0.598
$0.600
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2019], at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-
performance/performance-budget-finances/congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report; H.Rept.
106-479, Making Appropriations for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities
Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000,
and for other Purposes; H.Rept. 106-1005, Making Appropriations for the Government of the District of
Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal
Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 107-278, Making Appropriations for the
Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, The Judiciary, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending
September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-10, Making Further Continuing Appropriations for
the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-401, Making Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural

$1.064 million in constant FY2000 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is higher than its FY2000 recommended
appropriation of $0.598 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget
(OMB), “Budget of the United States Government, FY2019: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product
and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2023,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-
content/uploads/2018/02/hist10z1-fy2019.xlsx.
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Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30,
2004, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792, Making Appropriations for Foreign Operations, Export
Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2005, and For Other Purposes; P.L.
109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the
Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006; H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for Science, the
Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30,
2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print,
110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington: GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on
Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government
Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p.
996; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related
Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the
Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2014; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the
House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,”
Congressional Record, vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December 11, 2014), p. H9740; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory
Statement Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations
Regarding House Amendment No. 1 to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,”
Congressional Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II (December 17, 2015), p. H10139; P.L. 114-223, the Continuing
Appropriations and Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017; Rep.
Rodney Frelinghuysen, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, Chairman of the
House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 244
[the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017],” Congressional Record, vol. 163, no. 76-Book II (May 3, 2017), p.
H3786; “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Frelinghuysen, Chairman of the House Committee on
Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 1625 [the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2018] (Division E – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2018),”
p. 87, at http://docs.house.gov/bil sthisweek/20180319/DIV%20E%20FSGG%20SOM%20FY18%20OMNI.OCR.pdf;
and H.Rept. 116-9, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019, p. 680.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $0.080 mil ion reduction from the NWBC.
b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.002 mil ion reduction
from the NWBC.
c. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.008 mil ion
reduction from the NWBC.
d. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.006 mil ion
reduction from the NWBC.
e. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.004 mil ion
reduction from the NWBC.
f.
In FY2003, P.L. 108-7 imposed a rescission of 0.65% on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.005 mil ion
reduction from the NWBC.
g. In FY2001, P.L. 106-554 imposed a 0.22% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.002 mil ion
reduction from the NWBC.
h. In FY2000, P.L. 106-113 required a 0.38% across-the-board rescission for federal agencies in FY2000,
resulting in a $0.002 mil ion reduction from the NWBC.
HUBZone Administration
The HUBZone program helps small businesses located in designated Historically Underutilized
Business Zones (HUBZones) to compete for federal contracts. Federal agencies may award
contracts directly to HUBZone-certified small businesses through a sole-source contract, limit
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contact competitions to HUBZone-certified firms through a contract set-aside, or provide
HUBZone-certified firms a price evaluation preference in full and open competitions.49
The HUBZone program was initially funded through the SBA’s salary and expenses account. As
shown in Table 16, Congress started recommending an appropriation for the program in FY2004.
This recommended appropriation remained relatively stable until FY2015, when it increased to
$3.0 million. With this increase, the HUBZone program’s recommended appropriations have
exceeded inflation.50
The HUBZone program’s expenditures in FY2000-FY2017 and the HUBZone program’s
anticipated expenditures in FY2018 are presented in the table’s last column for comparative
purposes.
Table 16. Historically Underutilized Business Zones (HUBZone) Program,
FY2000-FY2019
(recommended appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Initial
Final
Recommended
Recommended
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2019
$3.000
‒‒
$3.000
NA
2018
$3.000
‒‒
$3.000
$3.000
2017
$3.000
‒‒
$3.000
$2.792
2016
$3.000
‒‒
$3.000
$3.184
2015
$3.000
‒‒
$3.000
$2.561
2014
$2.250
‒‒
$2.250
$2.248
2013
$2.500
($0.524)a
$1.976
$1.952
2012
$2.500
‒‒
$2.500
$2.155
2011
$2.200
($0.004)b
$2.196
$2.194
2010
$2.200
‒‒
$2.200
$2.189
2009
$2.150
‒‒
$2.150
$2.150
2008
$2.100
‒‒
$2.100
$1.924
2007
$2.000
‒‒
$2.000
$1.931
2006
$2.000
($0.020)c
$1.980
$1.974
2005
$1.979
($0.016)d
$1.963
$1.892
2004
$2.000
($0.012)e
$1.988
$1.974
2003
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$1.807
2002
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$1.618

49 For additional information and analysis concerning the HUBZone program, see CRS Report R41268, Small Business
Administration HUBZone Program, by Robert Jay Dilger.
50 The SBA’s FY2019 recommended appropriation of $3.000 million for the HUBZone program is $2.276 million in
constant FY2004 dollars (adjusted for inflation), which is higher than its FY2004 recommended appropriation of
$1.988 million. CRS calculation using inflation data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), “Budget of
the United States Government, FY2019: Historical Tables, Table 10.1 ‒ Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in
the Historical Tables: 1940–2023,” at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/hist10z1-fy2019.xlsx.
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Small Business Administration (SBA) Funding: Overview and Recent Trends

Initial
Final
Recommended
Recommended
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2001
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$1.791
2000
‒‒
‒‒
‒‒
$1.978
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Congressional Budget Justification [FY2002-FY2010]; SBA,
Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2019], at https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-
performance/performance-budget-finances/congressional-budget-justification-annual-performance-report; H.Rept.
106-479, Making Appropriations for the Government of the District of Columbia and Other Activities
Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000,
and for other Purposes; H.Rept. 106-1005, Making Appropriations for the Government of the District of
Columbia and Other Activities Chargeable in Whole or in Part Against Revenues of Said District for the Fiscal
Year Ending September 30, 2001, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 107-278, Making Appropriations for the
Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, The Judiciary, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending
September 30, 2002, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-10, Making Further Continuing Appropriations for
the Fiscal Year 2003, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-401, Making Appropriations for Agriculture, Rural
Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30,
2004, and For Other Purposes; H.Rept. 108-792, Making Appropriations for Foreign Operations, Export
Financing, and Related Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2005, and For Other Purposes; P.L.
109-148, the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the
Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006; H.Rept. 109-272, Making Appropriations for Science, the
Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30,
2006, and For Other Purposes; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2008 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2008), committee print,
110th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2008 (Washington: GPO, 2008), p. 908; U.S. Congress, House Committee on
Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 (Division D - Financial Services and General Government
Appropriations Act, 2009), committee print, 111th Cong., 2nd sess., January 1, 2010 (Washington: GPO, 2010), p.
996; H.Rept. 111-366, Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, and Related
Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2012, P.L. 112-175, the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the
Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013; P.L. 113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2014; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the
House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,”
Congressional Record, vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December 11, 2014), p. H9740; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory
Statement Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations
Regarding House Amendment No. 1 to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,”
Congressional Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II (December 17, 2015), p. H10139; P.L. 114-223, the Continuing
Appropriations and Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017; Rep.
Rodney Frelinghuysen, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, Chairman of the
House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 244
[the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017],” Congressional Record, vol. 163, no. 76-Book II (May 3, 2017), p.
H3786; “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Frelinghuysen, Chairman of the House Committee on
Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 1625 [the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2018] (Division E – Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2018),”
p. 87, at http://docs.house.gov/bil sthisweek/20180319/DIV%20E%20FSGG%20SOM%20FY18%20OMNI.OCR.pdf;
and H.Rept. 116-9, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019, p. 680.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $0.520 mil ion reduction from the HUBZone
program.
b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.004 mil ion reduction
from the HUBZone program.
c. In FY2006, P.L. 109-148 imposed a 1.0% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.020 mil ion
reduction from the HUBZone program.
d. In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 imposed a 0.8% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.016 mil ion
reduction from the HUBZone program.
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e. In FY2004, P.L. 108-199 imposed a 0.59% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.012 mil ion
reduction from the HUBZone program.
The Entrepreneurial Development Initiative (Regional Innovation Clusters)
The SBA reports that “regional innovation clusters are on-the-ground collaborations between
business, research, education, financing and government institutions that work to develop and
grow a particular industry or related set of industries in a particular geographic region.”51 The
SBA has supported regional innovative clusters since FY2009, and the initiative has received
recommended appropriations from Congress since FY2010.
As shown in Table 17, funding for the Entrepreneurial Development Initiative (Regional
Innovation Clusters) has been reduced from a recommended appropriation of $10.0 million in
FY2010 to $5.0 million in FY2019. The table’s last column indicates that the SBA’s expenditures
for the initiative have often been less than the amount appropriated.
The Trump Administration recommended in its FY2018 and FY2019 budget requests that the
Entrepreneurial Development Initiative receive no appropriations.52
Table 17. Entrepreneurial Development Initiative (Regional Innovation Clusters),
FY2010-FY2019
(recommended appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Final
Initial Recommended
Recommended
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2019
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
NA
2018
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$5.000
2017
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$3.259
2016
$6.000
‒‒
$6.000
$5.824
2015
$6.000
‒‒
$6.000
$5.936
2014
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$4.995
2013
$5.000
($1.311)a
$3.689
$3.590
2012
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$3.325
2011
$10.000
($0.020)b
$9.980
$6.581
2010
$10.000
‒‒
$10.000
$9.989
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration, Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2019], at
https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-performance/performance-budget-finances/congressional-budget-justification-
annual-performance-report; H.Rept. 111-366, the Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban
Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 111-117, the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-
25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; H.Rept. 112-331, the Military Construction and Veterans Affairs and
Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2012 (Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012); P.L. 112-175, the

51 SBA, FY2014 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2012 Annual Performance Report, p. 60, at
http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/1-FY%202014%20CBJ%20FY%202012%20APR.PDF.
52 SBA, FY2018 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2016 Annual Performance Report, p. 12, at
https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/aboutsbaarticle/FINAL_SBA_FY_2018_CBJ_May_22_2017c.pdf; and SBA,
FY2019 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2017 Annual Performance Report, p. 13, at
https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/aboutsbaarticle/SBA_FY_2019_CBJ_APR_2_12_post.pdf.
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Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2013; SBA, “General Statement Regarding the Implications of Sequestration,” provided to
the author by the SBA, Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs, on May 5, 2013; Rep. Harold Rogers,
“Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on
Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 3547, Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2014,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, part No 9-Book II (January 15, 2014), p. H908; P.L.
113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by
Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House
Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December
11, 2014), p. H9740; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky,
Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding House Amendment No. 1 to the Senate
Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,” Congressional Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II
(December 17, 2015), p. H10139 ; P.L. 114-223, the Continuing Appropriations and Military Construction,
Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017; Rep. Rodney Frelinghuysen, “Explanatory
Statement Submitted By Mr. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations
Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 244 [the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2017],” Congressional Record, vol. 163, no. 76-Book II (May 3, 2017), p. H3786; “Explanatory Statement
Submitted by Mr. Frelinghuysen, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House
Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 1625 [the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018] (Division E
– Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2018),” p. 87, at
http://docs.house.gov/bil sthisweek/20180319/DIV%20E%20FSGG%20SOM%20FY18%20OMNI.OCR.pdf; and
H.Rept. 116-9, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019, p. 680.
a. In FY2013, P.L. 112-25 and P.L. 113-6 imposed in a federal government-wide sequestration process and a
required 0.2% across-the-board rescission, resulting in a $1.311 mil ion reduction from the Entrepreneurial
Development Initiative (Clusters).
b. In FY2011, P.L. 112-10 imposed a 0.2% rescission on federal agencies, resulting in a $0.020 mil ion reduction
from the Entrepreneurial Development Initiative (Clusters).
Entrepreneurship Education Initiative
The SBA’s Entrepreneurship Education initiative offers high‐growth small businesses in
underserved communities “a seven‐month executive leader education series” consisting of “more
than 100 hours of specialized training, technical resources, a professional networking system, and
other resources to strengthen their business model and promote economic development within
urban communities.”53 At the conclusion of the training, “participants produce a three‐year
strategic growth action plan with benchmarks and performance targets that help them access the
necessary support and resources to move forward for the next stage of business growth.”54
As shown in Table 18, the Entrepreneurship Education initiative received its first recommended
appropriation from Congress in FY2014 ($5.0 million), $7.0 million in FY2015, $10.0 million in
FY2016, FY2017, and FY2018, and $3.5 million in FY2019.

Table 18. Entrepreneurship Education Initiative, FY2014-FY2019
(recommended appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Final
Initial Recommended
Recommended
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2019
$3.500
‒‒
$3.500
NA

53 SBA, FY2014 Congressional Budget Justification and FY2012 Annual Performance Report, p.71, at
http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/1-FY%202014%20CBJ%20FY%202012%20APR.PDF.
54 Ibid.
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Final
Initial Recommended
Recommended
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2018
$6.000
‒‒
$6.000
$6.000
2017
$10.000
‒‒
$10.000
$2.442
2016
$10.000
‒‒
$10.000
$7.219
2015
$7.000
‒‒
$7.000
$6.711
2014
$5.000
‒‒
$5.000
$4.953
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration, Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2019], at
https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-performance/performance-budget-finances/congressional-budget-justification-
annual-performance-report; H.Rept. 111-366, the Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban
Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 111-117, the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-
25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; H.Rept. 112-331, the Military Construction and Veterans Affairs and
Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2012 (Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012); P.L. 112-175, the
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2013; SBA, “General Statement Regarding the Implications of Sequestration,” provided to
the author by the SBA, Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs, on May 5, 2013; Rep. Harold Rogers,
“Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on
Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 3547, Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2014,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, part No 9-Book II (January 15, 2014), p. H908; P.L.
113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by
Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House
Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December
11, 2014), p. H9740; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky,
Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding House Amendment No. 1 to the Senate
Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,” Congressional Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II
(December 17, 2015), p. H10139; P.L. 114-223, the Continuing Appropriations and Military Construction,
Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017; Rep. Rodney Frelinghuysen, “Explanatory
Statement Submitted By Mr. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations
Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 244 [the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2017],” Congressional Record, vol. 163, no. 76-Book II (May 3, 2017), p. H3786; “Explanatory Statement
Submitted by Mr. Frelinghuysen, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House
Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 1625 [the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018] (Division E
– Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2018),” p. 87, at
http://docs.house.gov/bil sthisweek/20180319/DIV%20E%20FSGG%20SOM%20FY18%20OMNI.OCR.pdf; and
H.Rept. 116-9, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019, p. 680.
Growth Accelerator Initiative
The SBA describes growth accelerators as “organizations that help entrepreneurs start and scale
their businesses.”55 Growth accelerators are typically run by experienced entrepreneurs and help
small businesses access seed capital and mentors. The SBA claims that growth accelerators “help
accelerate a startup company’s path towards success with targeted advice on revenue growth,
employee growth, sourcing outside funding and avoiding pitfalls.”56
As shown in Table 19, the Growth Accelerator initiative received its first recommended
appropriation from Congress in FY2014 ($2.5 million), $4.0 million in FY2015, $1.0 million in

55 Ibid., p. 59.
56 Ibid. See also Jonathan Porat, “Exploring the Policy Relevance of Startup Accelerators,” SBA, Office of Advocacy,
Issue Brief No. 4, November 17, 2014, at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/
Issue%20Brief%204%20Accelerators%20FINAL.pdf.
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FY2016, FY2017, and FY2018, and $2 million in FY2019. It provides $50,000 matching grants
each year to universities and private sector accelerators “to support the development of
accelerators and their support of startups in parts of the country where there are fewer
conventional sources of access to capital (i.e., venture capital and other investors).”57
The Trump Administration recommended in its FY2018 and FY2019 budget requests that the
Growth Accelerator Initiative receive no appropriations.58
Table 19. Growth Accelerator Initiative, FY2014-FY2019
(recommended appropriations and expenditures; $ in millions)
Initial
Final
Recommended
Recommended
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
Modifications
Appropriation
Expenditures
2019
$2.000
‒‒
$2.000
NA
2018
$1.000
‒‒
$1.000
$1.000
2017
$1.000
‒‒
$1.000
$1.000
2016
$1.000
‒‒
$1.000
$3.500
2015
$4.000
‒‒
$4.000
$3.950
2014
$2.500
‒‒
$2.500
$2.500
Sources: U.S. Small Business Administration, Congressional Budget Justification [FY2011-FY2019], at
https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/sba-performance/performance-budget-finances/congressional-budget-justification-
annual-performance-report; H.Rept. 111-366, the Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban
Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010; P.L. 111-117 , the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2010; P.L. 112-10, the Department of Defense and Ful -Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011; P.L. 112-
25, the Budget Control Act of 2011; H.Rept. 112-331, the Military Construction and Veterans Affairs and
Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2012 (Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012); P.L. 112-175, the
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013; P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2013; SBA, “General Statement Regarding the Implications of Sequestration,” provided to
the author by the SBA, Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs, on May 5, 2013; Rep. Harold Rogers,
“Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on
Appropriations Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 3547, Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2014,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, part No 9-Book II (January 15, 2014), p. H908; P.L.
113-76, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by
Mr. Rogers of Kentucky, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House
Amendment to the Senate Amendment on H.R. 83,” Congressional Record, vol. 160, no. 151-Book II (December
11, 2014), p. H9740; Rep. Harold Rogers, “Explanatory Statement Submitted By Mr. Rogers of Kentucky,
Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding House Amendment No. 1 to the Senate
Amendment on H.R. 2029 Consolidated Appropriations Act,” Congressional Record, vol. 161, no. 184-Book II
(December 17, 2015), p. H10139; P.L. 114-223, the Continuing Appropriations and Military Construction,
Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017; Rep. Rodney Frelinghuysen, “Explanatory
Statement Submitted By Mr. Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations
Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 244 [the Consolidated Appropriations
Act, 2017],” Congressional Record, vol. 163, no. 76-Book II (May 3, 2017), p. H3786; “Explanatory Statement
Submitted by Mr. Frelinghuysen, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding the House
Amendment to the Senate Amendments on H.R. 1625 [the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018] (Division E
– Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2018),” p. 87, at

57 SBA, “SBA Growth Accelerator Fund Competition: The 2017 Growth Accelerator Fund Competition,” at
https://www.sba.gov/node/1428931/leadership/.
58 U.S. Office of Management and Budget, America First: A Budget Blueprint to Make America Great Again, p. 45, at
https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/omb/budget/fy2018/2018_blueprint.pdf; and SBA, FY2019
Congressional Budget Justification and FY2017 Annual Performance Report, p. 13, at
https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/aboutsbaarticle/SBA_FY_2019_CBJ_APR_2_12_post.pdf.
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http://docs.house.gov/bil sthisweek/20180319/DIV%20E%20FSGG%20SOM%20FY18%20OMNI.OCR.pdf; and
H.Rept. 116-9, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019, p. 680.
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Appendix. SBA Appropriations, FY1954-FY1999
Table A-1. Small Business Administration Appropriations, FY1980-FY1999
($ in millions)
Business Loan
Disaster
Capital
FY
Assistance
Appropriation
Other Programs
Total
FY1999
$293.3
$224.2
$302.5
$820.0
FY1998
$173.2
$181.2
$361.7
$716.1
FY1997
$326.9
$183.7
$341.8
$852.4
FY1996
$331.0
$160.7
$322.5
$814.2
FY1995
$130.2
$271.0
$390.8
$792.0
FY1994
$18.6
$223.4
$408.7
$650.7
FY1993
$401.7
$370.0
$436.4
$1,208.1
FY1992
$705.0
$348.3
$598.8
$1,652.1
FY1991
($129.3)
$157.0
$436.2
$463.9
FY1990
$342.3
$159.5
$426.5
$928.3
FY1989
$0.0
$168.6
$251.6
$420.2
FY1988
$0.0
$165.7
$262.6
$428.3
FY1987
$0.0
$378.2
$225.5
$603.7
FY1986
$0.0
$505.0
$209.4
$714.4
FY1985
$0.0
$511.6
$742.1
$1,253.7
FY1984
$0.0
$363.4
$234.5
$597.9
FY1983
$0.0
$742.7
$274.6
$1,017.3
FY1982
$0.0
$326.0
$243.9
$569.9
FY1981
$325.0
$609.0
$265.9
$1,199.9
FY1980
$1,237.0
$565.0
$194.1
$1,996.1
Sources: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on the Departments of
Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies, “Departments of Commerce, Justice, and
State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations for [various years],” hearings [various years]; U.S.
Office of Management and Budget (OMB), Budget of the United States Government, FY1986; Appendix: Small Business
Administration, pp. I-XI – IX9; and OMB, Budget of the United States Government, FY1987; Appendix: Small Business
Administration, pp. I-XI – IX10.
Notes: In FY1985, an additional $524.96 mil ion was appropriated to the Federal Financing Bank. In FY1995,
there was a $6 mil ion rescission, which was subtracted from the other programs column.
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Table A-2. Small Business Administration Appropriations, FY1954-FY1979
($ in millions)
Capital
Disaster
Appropriation/ First
FY
Assistance
Revolving Fund
Other Programs
Total
FY1979
$1,235.0
$520.5
$239.0
$1,994.5
FY1978
$2,640.8
$605.0
$230.0
$3,475.8
FY1977
$291.3
$601.6
$90.5
$983.4
FY1976
$100.0
$278.8
$29.4
$418.2
FY1975
$91.8
$307.5
$28.5
$445.8
FY1974
$1.6
$226.0
$23.0
$250.6
FY1973
$1,857.2
$397.0
$22.6
$2,276.8
FY1972
$172.4
$278.1
$22.8
$473.3
FY1971
$366.0
$267.4
$20.0
$653.4
FY1970
$180.0
$3.3
$17.5
$200.8
FY1969
$3.8
$6.0
$11.4
$21.2
FY1968
$2.0
$154.0
$9.9
$165.9
FY1967
$128.3
$722.6
$8.1
$859.0
FY1966
comingled
$310.0
$7.2
$317.2
FY1965
comingled
$145.0
$7.5
$152.5
FY1964
comingled
$90.0
$8.5
$98.5
FY1963
comingled
$300.0
$5.9
$305.9
FY1962
comingled
$220.0
$7.1
$227.1
FY1961
comingled
$50.0
$5.9
$55.9
FY1960
comingled
$150.0
$4.9
$154.9
FY1959
comingled
$200.0
$31.3
$231.3
FY1958
$8.0
$112.0
$2.3
$122.3
FY1957
$12.0
$83.0
$1.9
$96.9
FY1956
$35.0
$10.0
$2.1
$47.1
FY1955
$10.0
$15.0
$2.4
$27.4
FY1954
$5.0
$50.0
$2.7
$57.5
Sources: OMB, Budget of the United States Government [various years]; and Appropriations Acts [various years]:
P.L. 83-207, P.L. 84-219, P.L. 84-533, P.L. 84-604, P.L.85-19, P.L. 85-170, P.L. 85-457, P.L. 85-766, P.L. 86-88, P.L.
86-451, P.L. 87-125, P.L. 87-332, P.L. 87-843, P.L. 88-245, and P.L. 89-164.
Notes: The SBA had a single revolving loan fund for both disaster and business loans until 1966 (P.L. 89-409).
For FY1954 through FY1958, budgetary documents indicated the amount provided to the revolving loan fund,
which was designated for disaster assistance, and the amount designated for business loans. For FY1959 through
FY1966, budgetary documents no long provided this level of specificity. In FY1959, $27.5 mil ion was provided
for management and training grants, which were awarded through FY1960. The SBA reported that most of the
increase in funding for other programs in FY1970 was due to an increase in funding for the SBA’s minority
management and technical assistance grant program. Most of the increase in funding for other programs in
FY1977 was due to the provision of $36 mil ion for the surety bond guarantee program and $15 mil ion for the
pol ution control equipment guarantee revolving fund.
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Author Information

Robert Jay Dilger

Senior Specialist in American National Government

Disclaimer
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