Active Opioid Legislation in the House:
In Brief
Erin Bagalman
Analyst in Health Policy
Lisa N. Sacco
Analyst in Illicit Drugs and Crime Policy
Liana W. Rosen
Specialist in International Crime and Narcotics
May 13, 2016
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
R44493

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link to page 9 Active Opioid Legislation in the House: In Brief

Contents
Purpose of This Report .................................................................................................................... 1
Bill Summaries ................................................................................................................................ 1

Contacts
Author Contact Information ............................................................................................................ 7
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Active Opioid Legislation in the House: In Brief

Purpose of This Report
The House voted on more than a dozen bills related to heroin and prescription opioid abuse
during the week of May 9, leading some to dub this week “Opioid Week” in the House.1 This
report briefly summarizes opioid-related bills that were considered during “Opioid Week.” The
brief summaries in this report may be useful illustrations of the range of approaches Members of
Congress have proposed to address the problem of opioid addiction.
This report includes information about Congressional Budget Office (CBO) cost estimates, where
available. In some cases, the CBO cost estimate is based on the bill as ordered to be reported.
The full text of each bill as introduced is available on Congress.gov. When a bill is reported (as
amended), the new version is also available on Congress.gov. There is, however, a period
between a committee’s ordering a bill to be reported and reporting the bill. Thus CBO estimates
may be based on a version of a bill that is not available on Congress.gov. Similarly, bills may
have been amended following publication of the CBO cost estimates.
For More Information
CRS Report R43749, Drug Enforcement in the United States: History, Policy, and Trends
CRS Report R43559, Prescription Drug Abuse
CRS Report R42593, Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs
CRS Report R44467, Federal Support for Drug Courts: In Brief
CRS In Focus IF10400, Heroin Production in Mexico and U.S. Policy
CRS In Focus IF10219, Opioid Treatment Programs and Related Federal Regulations
Not all bills scheduled for consideration during “Opioid Week” were related to opioids, and some
were related to opioids as well as substance abuse issues more broadly. This report focuses on
bills specifically related to opioids, with the exception of the Infant Plan of Safe Care
Improvement Act (H.R. 4843), which includes no specific reference to opioid abuse but has been
discussed in that context.2
Not included is S. 524, the Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act of 2016 (which passed
the Senate on March 10, 2016) because it is not scheduled for consideration in the House. The
House may vote on an amendment to S. 524 and a motion to go to conference on S. 524.3
Bill Summaries
Bills are summarized briefly in numeric order for the convenience of readers looking for a
specific bill or bills. The bills included in this report are H.R. 3680, H.R. 3691, H.R. 4063, H.R.
4586, H.R. 4599, H.R. 4641, H.R. 4843, H.R. 4969, H.R. 4976, H.R. 4978, H.R. 4981, H.R.
4982, H.R. 4985, H.R. 5046, H.R. 5048, H.R. 5052, and S. 32.

1 Mary Ellen McIntire, “Health Brief: Week in Review and What’s Ahead,” Morning Consult, May 1, 2016.
2 House Committee on Education and the Workforce, “Kline Statement: Markup of H.R. 4843, the Improving Safe
Care for the Prevention of Infant Abuse and Neglect Act,” press release, April 28, 2016, http://edworkforce.house.gov/
news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=400648.
3 See “Consideration of House Amendment to S. 524 – Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act of 2016” and
“Motion to go to Conference on S. 524, and Possible Democrat Motion to Instruct Conferees” at
http://www.majorityleader.gov/floor/#weekly.
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H.R. 3680, the Co-Prescribing to Reduce Overdoses Act of 2016, as amended, passed the House
by voice vote on May 11, 2016.4 It would authorize grants to encourage co-prescribing of
naloxone (a drug to reverse the effects of opioid overdose) with prescription opioids and grants to
support development of co-prescribing guidelines. It would specify eligible entities, application
requirements, allowable uses of funds, program evaluations, and reporting requirements. It
includes an offset that would reduce by $5 million the authorization of appropriation for specified
activities of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). CBO estimates that
implementing the bill as ordered to be reported would, on net, reduce costs by $1 million over the
2017-2021 period.5
H.R. 3691, the Improving Treatment for Pregnant and Postpartum Women Act of 2016, as
amended, passed the House by voice vote on May 11, 2016.6 It would reauthorize an existing
grant program related to residential treatment of pregnant/postpartum women (authorizing
appropriations through FY2020) and would authorize new grants to state substance abuse
agencies for related pilot programs. For the pilot program grants, it would specify grant purposes,
requirements for awarding grants, minimum services to be provided through the grants, maximum
duration, evaluation and reporting requirements, and the maximum percentage of funds (for the
larger grant program) to be used for the pilot program grants. CBO estimates that implementing
the bill as ordered to be reported would, on net, have a discretionary cost of $65 million over the
2017-2021 period.7
H.R. 4063, the Promoting Responsible Opioid Management and Incorporating Scientific
Expertise Act, as amended, passed the House by voice vote on May 10, 2016.8 The bill, as it
appears in the Congressional Record, has six sections (including Section 1, Short Title).9 Section
2 would require the Secretary of Veterans Affairs (VA) to expand VA’s Opioid Safety Initiative,
implement education and training requirements for VA employees who prescribe opioids,
establish protocols for the designation of a pain management team at each VA medical facility,
ensure access to state prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) data, maximize availability
of naloxone, modify VA’s Opioid Therapy Risk Report tool, and flag the health records of
veterans at risk of opioid abuse. Section 3 would require the VA and Defense Secretaries to ensure
that the Pain Management Working Group10 focuses on specified issues, coordinates and consults
with other entities as specified, and updates the clinical practice guideline for management of
opioid therapy for chronic pain. Section 4 would require a Government Accountability Office
(GAO) report on VA’s Opioid Safety Initiative, a quarterly progress report from VA about actions
taken to address GAO’s outstanding findings and recommendations, an annual report from VA on
opioid prescription rates, and investigation by the Office of the Medical Inspector of the Veterans
Health Administration when prescription rates are inconsistent with standards of appropriate and
safe care. Section 5 would require VA to share information with state PDMPs. Section 6 would

4 Congressional Record, vol. 162, part 74 (May 11, 2016), pp. H2256-H2259.
5 U.S. Congressional Budget Office, H.R. 3680, Co-Prescribing to Reduce Overdoses Act of 2015, May 9, 2016,
https://www.cbo.gov/publication/51553.
6 Congressional Record, vol. 162, part 74 (May 11, 2016), pp. H2263-H2266.
7 U.S. Congressional Budget Office, H.R. 3691, Improving Treatment for Pregnant and Postpartum Women Act of
2015, May 9, 2016, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/51550.
8 Congressional Record, vol. 162, part 73 (May 10, 2016), p. H2172. The title of the bill was amended so as to read: “A
bill to improve the use by the Secretary of Veterans Affairs of opioids in treating veterans, and for other purposes.”
9 Both versions currently available on Congress.gov have multiple titles and are substantially different from the version
in the Congressional Record.
10 38 U.S.C. §320.
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require the VA Secretary to limit the aggregate value of awards and bonuses. CBO estimates that
implementing the bill as ordered to be reported would cost $138 million over the 2017-2021
period, subject to appropriation of the necessary amounts.11
H.R. 4586, Lali’s Law, as amended, passed the House by a vote of 415-4 on May 12, 2016.12 It
would authorize grants to states (1) to develop standing orders (allowing naloxone to be
dispensed to anyone meeting specified criteria); (2) to encourage pharmacies to dispense
naloxone pursuant to standing orders; (3) to implement guidelines for prescribing opioids, co-
prescribing naloxone, and discussing naloxone with patients; (4) to develop or adapt training
materials related to the use of naloxone; and (5) to educate the public about naloxone. It would
specify requirements and preference in awarding grants; terms of grants (e.g., duration and
amount); and application and reporting requirements. It would authorize to be appropriated $5
million for FY2017-FY2019 and limit the percentage of funds that may be used for administrative
costs. It would include an offset that would reduce by $5 million the authorization of
appropriation for specified CDC activities. CBO estimates that implementing the bill as ordered
to be reported would, on net, not affect spending over the 2017-2021 period.13
H.R. 4599, the Reducing Unused Medications Act of 2016, as amended, passed the House by
voice vote on May 11, 2016.14 It would amend the Controlled Substances Act (CSA, 21 U.S.C.
§§801 et seq.) to allow partial fills of prescriptions for controlled substances on Schedule II15 of
the CSA at the request of the prescriber or the patient (subject to limitations).
H.R. 4641 (no short title), as amended, passed the House by a vote of 412-4 on May 11, 2016.16 It
would require the HHS Secretary to convene an interagency task force to review, modify, and
update best practices for prescribing pain medication and managing chronic and acute pain. It
would specify the membership, duties, limitations, and reporting requirements for the task force.
CBO estimates that implementing the bill as ordered to be reported would cost $2 million over
the 2016-2021 period, assuming appropriation of the estimated amounts.17
H.R. 4843, the Infant Plan of Safe Care Improvement Act, as amended, passed the House by a
vote of 421-0 on May 11, 2016.18 It aims to strengthen state processes and compliance related to
the development of a safe plan of care for newborns affected by illegal substance abuse,
withdrawal symptoms, or a Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder.19 The bill would amend the Child
Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA)20 to clarify that such plans are to address the

11 U.S. Congressional Budget Office, H.R. 4063, Promoting Responsible Opioid Management and Incorporating
Scientific Expertise Act, May 4, 2016, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/51531.
12 Congressional Record, vol. 162, part 75 (May 12, 2016), pp. H2317-H2318.
13 U.S. Congressional Budget Office, H.R. 4586, Lali’s Law, May 9, 2016, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/51554.
14 Congressional Record, vol. 162, part 74 (May 11, 2016), pp. H2273-H2275.
15 The CSA categorizes controlled substances into five schedules. Substances on Schedule I (e.g., heroin) have high
risk of abuse and no accepted medical use. Those on Schedule II (e.g., hydrocodone) have high risk of abuse and an
accepted medical use; they are the most tightly controlled of the prescription controlled substances.
16 Congressional Record, vol. 162, part 74 (May 11, 2016), pp. H2234-2247, 2253.
17 U.S. Congressional Budget Office, H.R. 4641, a bill to provide for the establishment of an inter-agency task force to
review, modify, and update best practices for pain management and prescribing pain medication, and for other
purposes, May 3, 2016, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/51519.
18 Congressional Record, vol. 162, part 74 (May 11, 2016), pp. H2248-2253.
19 H.R. 4843 may be considered under suspension of the rules; see http://docs.house.gov/billsthisweek/20160509/
HR4843.pdf.
20 42 U.S.C. §§5101 et seq.
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infant’s safety and well-being, including by addressing the substance abuse treatment needs of the
infant, and his/her parent(s) or caregiver(s). Among other things, the bill would additionally
require the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) to conduct specific monitoring of
state compliance with this requirement and to maintain and disseminate (via the national
clearinghouse on child abuse and neglect) information about best practices in developing such
plans of safe care. CBO estimates that implementing the bill as ordered to be reported would cost
less than $500,000 annually, subject to the availability of funds.21
H.R. 4969, the John Thomas Decker Act, as amended, passed the House by voice vote on May
11, 2016.22 It would require the CDC to develop and disseminate informational materials and
resources about youth sports injuries that might be treated with prescription opioids (potentially
leading to addiction), including information about non-opioid treatment options, the dangers of
opioid use and misuse, and how to seek addiction treatment. CBO estimates that implementing
the bill as ordered to be reported would cost $2 million over the 2017-2021 period, subject to the
availability of funds.23
H.R. 4976, the Opioid Review Modernization Act, passed the House by voice vote on May 11,
2016.24 It would (1) require referring new drug applications for opioids without abuse-deterrent
properties to a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory committee (with exceptions); (2)
require the HHS Secretary to seek recommendations from FDA’s Pediatric Advisory Committee
before approving labeling (or labeling changes) for opioids intended for pediatric use; (3) require
the HHS Secretary, acting through the FDA Commissioner, to develop recommendations for
prescriber education as part of FDA’s evaluation of the Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy
for extended-release and long-acting opioids; and (4) require the FDA Commissioner to publish a
final version of draft guidance entitled “General Principles for Evaluating the Abuse Deterrence
of Generic Solid Oral Opioid Drug Products,” within two years of the end of the public comment
period.25 CBO estimates that implementing the bill as ordered to be reported would “not have a
significant budgetary effect because FDA is implementing similar requirements through their
action plan on opioids.”26
H.R. 4978, the Nurturing and Supporting Healthy Babies Act, as amended, passed the House by
voice vote on May 11, 2016.27 It would require a GAO report on Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome.
As amended in committee, it would also (1) exclude abuse-deterrent formulations of drugs from
the definition of a “line extension” under Medicaid;28 (2) limit disclosure of the means used in
development as well as the algorithms used to identify fraud in Medicare, Medicaid, and the

21 U.S. Congressional Budget Office, H.R. 4843, Infant Plan of Safe Care Improvement Act, May 6, 2016,
https://www.cbo.gov/publication/51537.
22 Congressional Record, vol. 162, part 74 (May 11, 2016), pp. H2268-H2270.
23 U.S. Congressional Budget Office, H.R. 4969, John Thomas Decker Act of 2016, May 9, 2016, https://www.cbo.gov/
publication/51552.
24 Congressional Record, vol. 162, part 74 (May 11, 2016), pp. H2276-H2280.
25 See https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2016/03/25/2016-06766/general-principles-for-evaluating-the-abuse-
deterrence-of-generic-solid-oral-opioid-drugs-products.
26 U.S. Congressional Budget Office, H.R. 4976, Opioid Review Modernization Act of 2016, May 9, 2016,
https://www.cbo.gov/publication/51555.
27 Congressional Record, vol. 162, part 74 (May 11, 2016), pp. H2259-H2263.
28 Whether a drug is considered a “line extension” affects the amount of the rebate drug manufacturers must offer under
the Medicaid program. See Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Medicaid Drug Rebate Program,
https://www.medicaid.gov/Medicaid-CHIP-Program-Information/By-Topics/Benefits/Prescription-Drugs/Medicaid-
Drug-Rebate-Program.html.
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Children’s Health Insurance Program; and (3) make $5 million available to the Medicaid
Improvement Fund for FY2021 and thereafter. CBO estimates that implementing the bill as
ordered to be reported would not, on net, change direct spending over the 2017-2026 period and
would have a discretionary cost of less than $500,000 (subject to the availability of funds).29
H.R. 4981, the Opioid Use Disorder Treatment Expansion and Modernization Act, as amended,
passed the House by voice vote on May 11, 2016.30 It would (1) expand the qualifying
practitioners to treat opioid addiction with buprenorphine to include nurse practitioners or
physician assistants; (2) raise the maximum number of patients a qualifying practitioner can treat
from 100 to 250; (3) allow the HHS Secretary to recommend revoking or suspending Drug
Enforcement Administration registration for practitioners who fail to comply; and (4) require
reports to Congress on treatment services (the contents of which would be revised by an
amendment).
H.R. 4982, the Examining Opioid Treatment Infrastructure Act of 2016, as amended, passed the
House by voice vote on May 11, 2016.31 It would require a GAO report on treatment capacity,
availability, and need. As amended, it would also require the GAO report to assess barriers to
real-time reporting of drug overdoses and treatment availability for American Indians and Alaska
Natives. CBO estimates that implementing the bill as ordered to be reported would cost less than
$500,000 over the 2017-2021 period, subject to the availability of funds.32
H.R. 4985, the Kingpin Designation Improvement Act of 2016, passed the House by voice vote
on May 10, 2016.33 It would amend the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act34 to protect
classified information from disclosure in the case of any judicial review in federal court of a
determination made pursuant to such classified information. Specifically, it would authorize such
classified information to be submitted to a reviewing court ex parte and in camera.35 CBO
estimates that implementing the bill as ordered to be reported “would have no significant effect
on the federal budget because it would have a negligible effect on the workload of the U.S.
courts.”36
H.R. 5046, the Comprehensive Opioid Abuse Reduction Act of 2016, as amended, passed the
House by a vote of 413-5 on May 12, 2016.37 It would amend the Omnibus Crime Control and
Safe Streets Act of 1968 (P.L 90-351) to authorize the Attorney General to make grants to assist
State and local governments and Indian tribes in addressing the national epidemic of opioid

29 U.S. Congressional Budget Office, H.R. 4978, Nurturing and Supporting Healthy Babies Act, May 9, 2016,
https://www.cbo.gov/publication/51551.
30 Congressional Record, vol. 162, part 74 (May 11, 2016), pp. H2276-H2280.
31 Congressional Record, vol. 162, part 74 (May 11, 2016), pp. H2275-H2276.
32 U.S. Congressional Budget Office, H.R. 4982, Examining Opioid Treatment Infrastructure Act of 2016, May 9,
2016, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/51549.
33 Congressional Record, vol. 162, part 73 (May 10, 2016), pp. H2173-H2175.
34 21 U.S.C. §1903.
35 Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014) defines ex parte as “Done or made at the instance and for the benefit of one
party only, and without notice to, or argument by, anyone having an adverse interest; of, relating to, or involving court
action taken or received by one party without notice to the other, usu. for temporary or emergency relief <an ex parte
hearing> <an ex parte injunction>.” It defines in camera as “1. In the judge’s private chambers. 2. In the courtroom
with all spectators excluded. 3. (Of a judicial action) taken when court is not in session.—Also termed (in reference to
the opinion of one judge) in chambers.”
36 U.S. Congressional Budget Office, H.R. 4985, Kingpin Designation Improvement Act of 2016, May 6, 2016,
https://www.cbo.gov/publication/51564.
37 Congressional Record, vol. 162, part 75 (May 12, 2016), pp. H2296-H2317.
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abuse, and for other purposes. Grant funds would go toward the following: treatment alternatives
to incarceration (including specialized courts such as drug courts); planning and collaboration
between state criminal justice agencies and substance abuse systems to address opioid abuse;
training and resources for first responders’ use of an opioid overdose reversal drug (e.g.,
naloxone); investigative activities related to unlawful distribution of opioids; medication-assisted
treatment programs used or operated by a criminal justice agency; (for states only) prescription
drug monitoring programs and interoperability with other states; programs to prevent and address
opioid abuse by juveniles; integrated and comprehensive opioid response programs; programs to
utilize technology that provides a secure container for prescription drugs; programs to prevent
opioid abuse by veterans; and prescription drug take-back programs. H.R. 5046 would authorize a
veterans assistance program under DOJ that would support grants for (1) veterans treatment court
programs,38 (2) peer to peer services or programs for qualified veterans, (3) practices that identify
and provide services to qualified veterans who have been incarcerated, and (4) training programs
to teach criminal justice, law enforcement, corrections, mental health, and substance abuse
personnel how to identify and appropriately respond to incidents involving veterans. H.R. 5046
would authorize $20 million in emergency federal law enforcement assistance funds for each
fiscal year ending after FY2021. It would eliminate the current authorization39 of appropriations
of $20 million annually for the Department of Justice (DOJ) to make grants to state and local
governments for law enforcement emergencies. H.R. 5046 would amend authorized family-based
substance abuse grants for parent drug offenders to include pregnant women. It would require a
GAO study and report on DOJ programs and research related to substance use and substance use
disorders among adolescents and young adults. CBO estimates that implementing the bill as
ordered to be reported would have a net discretionary cost of $248 million from 2017 to 2021 and
$167 million after 2021.40
H.R. 5048, the Good Samaritan Assessment Act of 2016, passed the House by voice vote on May
10, 2016.41 It would require a GAO study on state Good Samaritan laws that pertain to treatment
of opioid overdoses. Specifically, the study would report to Congress on (1) the extent to which
the Director of National Drug Control Policy has reviewed Good Samaritan laws including
findings regarding effects of these laws, (2) efforts by the Director to encourage enactment of
these laws, and (3) a compilation of these laws in effect in the states, territories, and the District
of Columbia.42 CBO estimates that implementing the bill as ordered to be reported “would have
no significant effect on the federal budget because the information needed to complete the report
is readily available and would not take significant time or resources to compile.”43

38 Of note, since FY2013, the DOJ, Bureau of Justice Assistance has funded veterans treatment courts through the Drug
Court Discretionary Grant Program. For more information, see CRS Report R44467, Federal Support for Drug Courts:
In Brief, by Lisa N. Sacco.
39 42 U.S.C. §10513(a).
40 U.S. Congressional Budget Office, H.R. 5046, Comprehensive Opioid Abuse Reduction Act of 2016, May 4, 2016,
https://www.cbo.gov/publication/51530.
41 Congressional Record, vol. 162, part 73 (May 10, 2016), pp. H2179-2181.
42 According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, 35 states and the District of Columbia have enacted
“some form of a Good Samaritan or 911 drug immunity law.” Good Samaritan laws generally provide immunity from
supervision violations or low-level drug offenses when an individual that observes or experiences an overdose calls for
emergency assistance or otherwise seeks medical assistance. See National Conference of State Legislatures, Drug
Overdose Immunity and Good Samaritan Laws, April 12, 2016, http://www.ncsl.org/research/civil-and-criminal-
justice/drug-overdose-immunity-good-samaritan-laws.aspx.
43 U.S. Congressional Budget Office, H.R. 5048, Good Samaritan Assessment Act of 2016, May 4, 2016,
https://www.cbo.gov/publication/51560.
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H.R. 5052, the Opioid Program Evaluation Act, as amended, passed the House by a vote of 410-1
on May 10, 2016.44 It would evaluate how effective federal grant programs have been in
addressing problems relating to opioid abuse—the bill appears to be referring to a DOJ grant
program (the Comprehensive Opioid Abuse Grant Program) that would be enacted were H.R.
5046 to be enacted. It also refers to any program at HHS that provides grants for the primary
purpose of providing assistance to address opioid abuse. CBO estimates that implementing the
bill as ordered to be reported would cost about $4 million over the 2016-2021, assuming
enactment of separate legislation establishing the grant program.45
S. 32, the Transnational Drug Trafficking Act of 2015, passed the Senate by unanimous consent
on October 7, 2015, and passed the House by voice vote on May 10, 2016.46 It would lower the
knowledge threshold for extraterritorial drug trafficking violations47 so that individuals who have
“reasonable cause to believe” (in addition to intending or knowing) that illegal drugs will be
trafficked into the United States could be prosecuted. It would also put in place penalties against
foreign producers of listed precursor chemicals, intending or knowing that the chemicals would
be used to make illegal drugs and intending, knowing, or having reasonable cause to believe that
they would be unlawfully imported into the United States. The bill also would make a technical
fix to clarify that the trafficking of counterfeit drugs is a federal felony offense if the seller knows
that the drugs are counterfeit. CBO estimates that implementing the bill as reported by the Senate
Judiciary Committee would have no significant cost to the federal government.48


Author Contact Information

Erin Bagalman
Liana W. Rosen
Analyst in Health Policy
Specialist in International Crime and Narcotics
ebagalman@crs.loc.gov, 7-5345
lrosen@crs.loc.gov, 7-6177
Lisa N. Sacco

Analyst in Illicit Drugs and Crime Policy
lsacco@crs.loc.gov, 7-7359


44 Congressional Record, vol. 162, part 73 (May 10, 2016), pp. H2181-2184.
45 U.S. Congressional Budget Office, H.R. 5052, Opioid Program Evaluation Act, May 5, 2016, https://www.cbo.gov/
publication/51533.
46 Congressional Record, vol. 162, part 73 (May 10, 2016), pp. H2175-2179. The provisions of S. 32 were also added
as Title VIII to S. 524, the Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act of 2016, which passed the Senate on March 10,
2016 by Yea-Nay Vote, 94-1. The House companion bill to S. 32 is H.R. 3380, also entitled the Transnational Drug
Trafficking Act of 2015, and which was ordered to be reported by the House Judiciary Committee on April 20, 2016.
During markup, an amendment was offered to limit the applicability of the reduced knowledge threshold to
prosecutions of leaders or organizers of illegal drug trafficking, out of concern that the law would be used too often
against low-level offenders and contribute to more individuals receiving mandatory minimum sentences. The
amendment was reportedly rejected 16-6 in Committee. See Andrew Siddons, “Panel Advances Drug-Trafficking
Measures,” CQ Roll Call, April 20, 2016.
47 21 U.S.C. §959.
48 U.S. Congressional Budget Office, S. 32, Transnational Drug Trafficking Act of 2015, September 28, 2015,
https://www.cbo.gov/publication/50848.
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