The State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs appropriations legislation provides annual funding for almost all of the international affairs programs generally considered as part of the 150 International Affairs Budget Function (the major exception being food assistance). The legislation has also served as a vehicle for Congress to place conditions on the expenditure of those funds, and express its views regarding certain foreign policy issues.
This report briefly discusses the legislation generally and then provides a short description of the various funding accounts as they appear in Division K, "Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2016," of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-113).
The Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (State, Foreign Operations) appropriations bill provides annual appropriations for the vast majority of international affairs programs generally considered as part of the 150 International Affairs Budget Function.1 The State Department portion makes up about one-third of the funding, and the Foreign Operations portion—often called the "foreign aid" bill—makes up the remainder of the funds appropriated.2
Among the areas covered by the State, Foreign Operations appropriations legislation, and explained below, are the Department of State and the U.S. Agency for International Development's (USAID's) operating budgets; both assessed and voluntary U.S. contributions to international organizations and peacekeeping operations; U.S. non-military international broadcasting; bilateral and multilateral U.S. foreign economic assistance; assistance to foreign militaries; anti-narcotics funding; and funding for the Peace Corps, the Millennium Challenge Corporation, and the many other programs operated primarily by the Department of State and USAID through which the United States engages with the world to protect and advance U.S. national interests. Beyond providing funds, the appropriations bills, in recent years, also have been an important vehicle in conditioning the use of these funds and stating congressional views regarding foreign policy issues.
There are, however, several funding areas that are not covered by the State, Foreign Operations appropriations legislation that might be considered international affairs activities. These programs would include P.L. 480 and other food assistance, part of the 150 budget function but funded by the Agriculture appropriations bill. While the State Department and USAID sponsor nearly four-fifths of U.S. and foreign participants in educational and cultural exchange programs, other government agencies are responsible for the remaining participants in such programs, including, for example, the short-term exchange of scientists program at the National Cancer Institute. The Department of Defense's Afghanistan Security Forces Fund (ASFF) supports the training and equipping of Afghanistan's police and military forces, its "Section 1206" authority facilitates the strengthening of foreign military capacities, and its Drug Interdiction and Counter-Drug Activities Program provides counter-narcotics support. These and other programs are funded through their own agency appropriations measures.
While the appropriation of funds is an authority reserved for Congress by the Constitution, the two-step authorization/appropriations process is established by House and Senate rules; and the authorization of appropriations is intended to provide guidance to appropriators as to a general amount and under what conditions funding might be provided to an agency or program.3 However, in the case of the State Department and foreign assistance programs, it is prescribed by law that legislation authorizing appropriations is required before the appropriations can be made.4 These provisions have been waived in the years for which Congress has not enacted authorizations.5
Within the appropriations legislation, account names have changed over the years and new accounts have been added and old ones terminated. In FY2008, for example, the International Disaster and Famine Assistance account became the International Disaster Assistance account. In the FY2009 bill, the Former Soviet Union account was combined with the Eastern Europe and Baltic States account to form a new Europe, Eurasia, and Central Asia account. That account was discontinued in the FY2013 appropriations at the request of the Administration, but is reinstated in FY2016. In the FY2006 bill, a new Democracy Fund was established. The overall organization of the legislation may change as well. The FY2009 bill added a new title (Title II), specifically for USAID operations.
In the FY2016 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 114-113), the State Department, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs appropriations legislation (Division K) is divided into nine titles:
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Title I |
Department of State and Related Agency |
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Title II |
United States Agency for International Development |
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Title III |
Bilateral Economic Assistance |
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Title IV |
International Security Assistance |
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Title V |
Multilateral Assistance |
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Title VI |
Export and Investment Assistance |
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Title VII |
General Provisions |
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Title VIII |
Overseas Contingency Operations/Global War on Terrorism |
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Title IX |
Other Matters: Multilateral Assistance |
This report briefly explains the different accounts in the order they are presented in the FY2016 State, Foreign Operations appropriations legislation.
Title I provides funds for (1) the personnel, operations, and programs of the Department of State; (2) U.S. participation in international organizations, such as the United Nations, as well as small commissions, such as the International Boundary and Water Commission between the United States and Mexico; (3) U.S. government, non-military-international broadcasting; and (4) several U.S. nongovernmental agencies whose purposes also help promote U.S. interests abroad, and other U.S. commissions and interparliamentary groups more directly related to U.S. foreign policy initiatives, such as the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom.
The Administration of Foreign Affairs account category provides for the personnel, operations, and programs of the Department of State as well as the construction and maintenance of its facilities around the world.
Diplomatic and Consular Programs is the operating account of the Department of State. It includes salaries for all its employees; funding for the operations of the Office of the Secretary, the deputy secretaries, and the under secretaries; funding for the operations of the various regional, functional, and administrative bureaus and their programs associated with the conduct of foreign policy; "non-bricks-and-mortar" security including funds for a guard force, armored vehicles, security training, and electronic and other technical security systems; telecommunications; medical care; transportation and travel; and training. Funding categories include Human Resources; Overseas Programs, which funds the regional bureaus and overseas activities; Diplomatic Policy and Support, which funds the functional bureaus and representation to certain international organizations; and Security Programs.
The Capital Investment Fund was created in 1994 to provide for purchasing information technology and other capital equipment to ensure efficient management, coordination, and communications.
This account funds the State Department's Office of the Inspector General, which conducts independent audits, inspections, and investigations of the programs and offices of Department of State and the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG).
With funds appropriated to this account, the State Department manages U.S. educational exchanges, such as the Fulbright Fellowships, the eCitizen Exchange Program, and the International Visitors Leadership Program. Funds are appropriated to Academic Programs, Professional and Cultural Exchanges, and Young Leaders Initiatives.
Funding for the Representation Expenses account provides partial reimbursement to Ambassadors, Principal Officers, and some Foreign Service Officers for costs associated with maintaining contacts in the host country where they are assigned.
The Bureau of Diplomatic Security permanently or intermittently protects international organizations and foreign missions and officials in New York City and elsewhere in the United States. Funding appropriated in this category supports "extraordinary" protective missions such as protection for foreign officials and certain other distinguished foreign visitors during United Nations General Assembly meetings.
Embassy Security, Construction, and Maintenance funds provide for ongoing operations—the general maintenance and support of U.S. State Department facilities both in the United States and abroad—and Worldwide Security Upgrades (WSU), which provide for the construction and security upgrades of embassies and facilities around the world. The funds are managed by the Bureau of Overseas Building Operations (OBO).
The Emergencies account addresses unexpected events, such as the evacuation of U.S. diplomats and their families from an embassy; medical evacuations; and travel expenses related to natural disasters. This account also pays for rewards for information related to international terrorism, narcotics-related activities, transnational organized crime, and war crimes tribunals. The account also funds travel of senior Administration officials in connection with major international conferences such as NATO Summits or OAS General Assemblies.
The Repatriation Loans Program allows the U.S. government to provide funds, on a loan basis, to destitute U.S. citizens abroad who are unable to fund their return to the United States.
The American Institute in Taiwan acts as an unofficial U.S. consulate. The account supports a contract providing for salaries, benefits, and other expenses associated with maintaining the Institute.
The Fund is a mandatory expense that covers the U.S. government's portion of maintaining the retirement program for the Foreign Service and Foreign Service Nationals/Locally Employed Staff. Contributions to this fund are made by both the employee and the hiring agency.
Through the following two accounts in the International Organizations category, the United States meets its assessed obligations to the many international organizations and peacekeeping efforts that the United States supports.
The Contributions to International Organizations account under the Department of State funds U.S. assessed contributions to the budget of the United Nations, certain U.N. system organizations, Inter-American organizations, war crimes tribunals and mechanisms, and other intergovernmental organizations.
The Contributions to International Peacekeeping Activities account funds U.S. assessed contributions to U.N. peacekeeping operations worldwide. It also provides assessed contributions to the War Crimes Tribunals in Yugoslavia and Rwanda and the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals.
Accounts under the International Commissions category were established by treaties and agreements that the President ratified with the advice and consent of the Senate. The accounts provide funding for the U.S. portion of the salaries and programs of the following bilateral and multilateral commissions:
The sole listing under the "Related Agency" category, the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG) is the name of both the independent federal agency that directs and oversees all U.S. government-funded non-military broadcasting and the nine-member board that provides executive leadership for the agency and each individual broadcaster under its authority. Operating in dozens of languages, these broadcasts include Voice of America (VOA), Broadcasting to Cuba (Radio and TV Marti), Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), Radio Free Asia (RFA), and the Middle East Broadcasting Networks, Inc. (MBN), which includes Alhurra, Alhurra-Iraq, and Radio Sawa. The broadcasting category is generally divided into the following two accounts:
The Operations account funds the operations of the BBG and all U.S. government, non-military international broadcasts, including salaries and benefits of management, administrative staff, broadcasters, and reporters; contracts with surrogate broadcasters such as Radio Free Asia; transitioning to new communications methods such as greater use of the Internet; and other operating expenses.
The Capital Improvements account supports provision and maintenance of BBG facilities and equipment, from broadcast station repair to the building of new antennas, as well as physical security programs worldwide.
Under this category, funds are provided to several nongovernmental organizations that have objectives that are similar to views and positions advocated by the United States in its foreign policy. These nongovernmental organizations provide educational programs, exchanges, and grants to organizations in foreign countries promoting democracy, rule of law, economic development, open markets, literacy, women's rights, and many similar objectives. Most of these organizations are nonprofit organizations and receive funding from both the U.S. government, through appropriated funds, and through private donations.
The Foundation seeks to strengthen democratic processes and institutions in Asia, open markets, and improve U.S.-Asian relations.
The mission of the U.S. Institute of Peace is to increase the nation's capacity to manage international conflict without violence. It offers educational programs, conferences, and workshops; professional training; applied research; and dialogue facilitation in the United States and abroad.
The FY2004 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 108-199) created a trust fund to support the operations of the International Center for Middle Eastern-Western Dialogue (the Hollings Center). Through policy discussions and programs of cooperative study, the Hollings Center seeks to promote dialogue between the United States and the nations of the Middle East, Turkey, North Africa, and Central, Southwest, and Southeast Asia, as well as other countries with predominantly Muslim populations.
The Exchange Program brings professionals who are rising leaders in their countries to the United States and sends their U.S. counterparts abroad with a custom-designed program for each participant to make contacts and learn about the other's country and work environment.
The IASP funds scholarships for Israeli Arabs to attend institutions of higher education in the United States.
The East-West Center promotes understanding and cooperation among the governments and peoples of the Asia/Pacific region and the United States.
NED is a private, nonprofit organization established to support democratic institutions in over 90 countries.
The Commissions and groups in the Other Commissions category of the State, Foreign Operations appropriations are organizations that are established by an act of Congress to advance certain U.S. objectives in the international arena. In the Federal Budget submission to the Congress, these organizations are listed under the legislative branch Boards and Commissions; however, Congress funds them through State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs appropriations.
The 21-member Commission seeks to purchase, restore, or preserve endangered cultural sites in Eastern and Central Europe important to the heritage of U.S. citizens, and seeks help from other governments in this effort.
In consultation with the State Department, the Commission seeks to promote international religious freedom.
The Commission oversees the work of the Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), particularly in the area of humanitarian affairs.
The Commission monitors China's compliance with international human rights agreements and standards, as well as the development of rule of law in China.
The Commission monitors, investigates, and submits to Congress an annual report and recommendations on the national security implications of the bilateral trade and economic relationship between the United States and the People's Republic of China.
This title provides operational funds for USAID, an independent agency (under the policy guidance of the Department of State) directly responsible for implementing most bilateral development assistance and disaster relief programs, many of which are funded in Title III.
The Operating Expense account funds the operational costs of USAID including salaries and benefits, overseas and Washington operations, staff training, security, and information technology maintenance and upgrades.
A program begun in FY2003, the Capital Investment Fund supports USAID modernization of information technology systems and the construction of facilities overseas.
This account supports operational costs of USAID's Inspector General office, which conducts audits and investigations of USAID programs.
Under this title, funds are appropriated in support of U.S. government departments and independent agencies conducting humanitarian, development, and other programs meeting U.S. foreign policy objectives throughout the world.
Funds in this category of appropriations are provided chiefly through USAID or in close association with the Department of State.
The Global Health Programs account supports multiple health programs conducted by USAID and the Department of State through funding of two major elements:
Managed by USAID, appropriations in this sub-account fund programs focused on combating infectious diseases such as immunization and oral rehydration; HIV/AIDS; malaria; tuberculosis; maternal and child health; vulnerable children; and family planning and reproductive health.
Managed by the Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator (OGAC) in the Department of State, this sub-account is the largest source of funding for the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). Programs funded from this sub-account are implemented by USAID, the Department of Defense, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Peace Corps, among others. GHCS-State also supports part of the U.S. contribution to the multilateral organization, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.
Managed by USAID, the Development Assistance account funds programs in agriculture, private sector development, microcredit, water and sanitation, education, environment, democracy and governance, among others.
Managed by the USAID Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, the account provides relief and rehabilitation to nations struck by natural and manmade disasters and emergencies.
The Transition Initiatives account supports the activities of USAID's Office of Transition Initiatives (OTI), a program launched in 1994 to bridge the gap between disaster and development aid. It supports flexible, short-term assistance projects in transition countries that are moving from war to peace, civil conflict to national reconciliation, or where political instability has not yet erupted into violence and where conflict mitigation might prevent the outbreak of such violence.
The Fund allows USAID to respond to emerging or unforeseen crises with projects aimed at the root causes of conflict or instability. It is meant to replace funding formerly provided through the Department of Defense Section 1207 authority.
Managed by USAID, the Development Credit Authority specifies an amount of funds that may be transferred from other accounts to subsidize U.S. loan guarantees that assume a portion of the risk taken by private banks financing housing shelter projects, water and sanitation systems, and microcredit and small enterprise development programs, among others. The provision also directly appropriates administrative costs to run the credit program.
The Economic Support Fund uses economic assistance to advance U.S. political and strategic goals in countries of special importance to U.S. foreign policy. Key recipients in recent years include Afghanistan, Iraq, South Sudan, Egypt, Colombia, and Jordan. Funding decisions are made by the State Department; programs are implemented largely by USAID.
The Fund supports democratization programs run by the State Department's Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (DRL), and USAID's Office of Democracy and Governance.
This account, discontinued at the Administration's request in FY2013, is reinstated in FY2016. It combines two formerly separate accounts into one. The two accounts were the following:
The Migration and Refugee Assistance program supports refugee relief activities worldwide and, in some cases, helps resettle refugees.
ERMA holds contingency funds that can be drawn upon quickly in times of refugee emergencies. Appropriations replenish resources to this account.
The Peace Corps sends U.S. volunteers to developing countries to provide technical aid and to promote mutual understanding on a people-to-people basis. In FY2015, 6,919 volunteers served in 63 nations.
Established in 2004, the MCC supports large-scale, five-year development projects, called "compacts," designed and implemented by recipient countries, which are selected on the basis of their commitments to good governance; investment in health, education, and the environment; and support for economic freedom.
The IAF finances small-scale enterprise and grassroots community self-help activities aimed at assisting poor people in Latin America.
The USADF finances small-scale enterprise and grassroots community self-help activities aimed at assisting poor people in Africa.
This technical assistance program supports financial advisors to countries seeking help in implementing economic reforms, focusing on banking and financial institutions, economic crimes, government debt, revenue policy, and budget and financial accountability.
The INCLE account funds international counter-narcotics activities; anti-crime programs, including fighting human trafficking; and rule of law activities, including support for judicial reform. For example, funds support the efforts in Mexico to enhance bilateral and regional cooperation to combat drug trafficking and organized crime, in Colombia and the Andean region for both drug interdiction and alternative development, and in Afghanistan to support judicial system reform and counter-narcotics activities.
This account funds a variety of State Department-managed activities aimed at countering proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, supporting anti-terrorism training and related activities, and promoting demining operations in developing nations.
Unlike the Title I Contributions to Peacekeeping Activities (CIPA) account, which provides assessed funds for peacekeeping forces, the PKO account provides voluntary support for multilateral efforts in conflict resolution, including the training of African peacekeepers and funding operations of the Multinational and Observers Mission in the Sinai. The State Department controls the funds and sets the policy; DOD implements.
Through IMET, the United States provides training and education to selected foreign military and civilian personnel on U.S. military practices and standards, including democratic values. The State Department controls the funds and has policy authority; the Department of Defense implements this program.
The Foreign Military Financing Program supports U.S. overseas arms transfers on a grant basis. The State Department controls the funds and has policy authority; the Department of Defense implements this program.
This account provides voluntary donations through the Department of State to support the programs of international agencies involved in a range of development, humanitarian, and scientific activities, including the U.N. Development Program (UNDP), U.N. Environment Program (UNEP), U.N. Children's Fund (UNICEF), and U.N. Population Fund (UNFPA).
Under this category, funds are provided through the Department of the Treasury to a wide range of multilateral financial institutions, which offer loans—both "soft" (i.e., concessional) and "hard" (i.e., near-market rate)—and some grants to developing countries and private sector entities in those countries. Not all international financial institutions require or receive U.S. contributions from year to year.6
In the case of concessional lending institutions, U.S. appropriations contribute to periodically agreed donor replenishments as capital is drawn down. Non-concessional bank institutions rarely require new financial commitments. However, in FY2016, additional financial support is being provided to four major non-concessional lending facilities at the multilateral development banks, primarily to allow them to increase their lending capacity in response to the demands for capital resulting from the global financial crisis. For each of these institutions, the U.S. contribution takes the form of paid-in capital, an appropriated amount to be provided over several years, and callable capital, a guaranteed amount, authorized by Congress, but payable only in case of default. The latter is denoted in legislation as a "Limitation on Callable Capital Subscriptions."
Cosponsored by the UNDP, UNEP, and the World Bank, the GEF makes grants to help developing countries deal with global environmental problems.
As the World Bank's "soft loan" window, IDA lends at concessional rates to low-income countries.
The IBRD is the World Bank window that provides loans on near-market terms to promote economic development primarily in middle-income countries, based largely on bond sales. To support a "general capital increase" at the IBRD, legislative provisions include both paid-in capital and callable capital subscriptions.
This multilateral fund, for which the World Bank is trustee, seeks to reduce the growth of greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries by financing the extra costs of commercially available cleaner technologies over dirtier, conventional alternatives.
Another multi-donor fund seeking to address climate change under the auspices of the World Bank, the SCF supports three targeted programs: the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience, the Forest Investment Program, and the Program for Scaling-Up Renewable Energy in Low-Income Countries. Each program seeks to pilot new approaches and scaled-up activities to address climate change challenges in developing countries.
The IADB promotes economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean by providing near-market rate loans through its ordinary capital account and concessional loans to the poorest nations through its Fund for Special Operations (FSO). To support a general capital increase, legislative provisions include both paid-in capital and callable capital subscriptions.
The Asian Development Bank provides loans on near-market terms to promote economic development. This year's legislation provided for paid-in capital for unmet U.S. commitments.
The AsDF is the "soft loan" window of the Asian Development Bank (AsDB), which finances economic development programs in Asia and the Pacific.
The AfDB lends at near-market rates, with special emphasis on agriculture, infrastructure, and industrial development. To support a general capital increase, legislative provisions include both paid-in capital and callable capital subscriptions.
The AfDF lends on concessional terms to low-income sub-Saharan African countries. It resides within the African Development Bank.
IFAD is a multilateral financial institution helping developing countries increase agricultural productivity and income, improve nutritional levels, and integrate into larger markets.
The GAFSP was established with leading developed and developing countries (the G-8 and G-20) to increase investments in agriculture and food security in poor countries. The United States chairs the Steering Committee of this fund.
The NADBank is governed by the United States and Mexico as part of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It began lending in 1996 to finance environmental infrastructure projects along the U.S./Mexico border, as well as community adjustment and investment activities in both nations. To support a general capital increase, legislative provisions include both paid-in capital and callable capital subscriptions.
The Export-Import Bank issues loan guarantees and insurance to commercial banks that make trade credits available to American exporters. The Bank also extends direct loans to U.S. businesses, especially those whose counterparts abroad receive foreign government-subsidized trade credits. An appropriation is provided for the agency's inspector general. An appropriation ceiling is also specified for a subsidy to support the agency's programs and administrative expenses, but most, if not all, of these costs are annually covered by Bank receipts.
OPIC offers political risk insurance, guarantees, and investment financing to encourage U.S. firms to invest in developing countries. Although the agency is self-sustaining, the appropriation sets ceilings on administrative expenses to carry out the insurance programs and denotes a level of support for credit financing.
The TDA finances feasibility studies and other project-planning services for major development activities in developing countries, to support economic development and to promote U.S. exports.
Under the General Provisions title are limitations and prohibitions on assistance; administrative, notification, and reporting requirements; and more detailed funding mandates for specific accounts in other titles of the legislation.7 Provisions also address specific countries and regions, including the Middle East and North Africa (§7035 through §7041); sub-Saharan Africa (§7042); East Asia and Pacific (§7043); South and Central Asia (§7044); Western Hemisphere (§7045); and the former Soviet Union (§7069 and §7070).
Since FY2012, the Administration's budget has distinguished between "core" international affairs funding and funding to support "overseas contingency operations" (OCO), described in budget documents as "the extraordinary costs of Department [of State] and U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) operations and programs in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan" and extended by the Administration in 2014 to include efforts to combat the Islamic State.8 Congress has adopted this approach, but has defined OCO more broadly. In each of the past four years, Congress appropriated OCO funding for a broader range of countries and activities, particularly, according to the FY2016 Consolidated Appropriations Act's Joint Explanatory Statement, "in the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa; security, stabilization, and peacekeeping programs; humanitarian activities; and counterterrorism and counterinsurgency efforts." OCO funding is not counted toward spending caps established by the Budget Control Act, 2011, as amended (P.L. 112-25).
Created in 1945, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization with 188 member countries focused on promoting macroeconomic stability. Provisions in this title authorize U.S. participation in an IMF reform package agreed to by IMF member countries in 2010. Specifically, it authorizes the transfer of about $56.7 billion in existing U.S. financial commitments to the IMF from a supplemental fund (the New Arrangements to Borrow, or NAB) to the IMF's core source of funding (IMF quota). The legislation makes the transfer of funds contingent upon the Treasury Department reporting that it has taken "all necessary steps" to repeal a controversial IMF policy reform during the Greek crisis in 2010. The legislation also sunsets the remaining U.S. contributions to the NAB (about $39.1 billion) in 2022, which would be a reduction of nearly 25% of total U.S. contributions to the IMF.
Author Contact Information
Key Policy Staff
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Area of Expertise |
Name |
Phone |
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State Department Appropriations |
[author name scrubbed] |
[phone number scrubbed] |
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Foreign Operations Appropriations |
[author name scrubbed] |
[phone number scrubbed] |
[email address scrubbed] |
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Foreign Operations Appropriations |
Marian Leonardo Lawson |
[phone number scrubbed] |
[email address scrubbed] |
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Foreign Operations Appropriations |
[author name scrubbed] |
[phone number scrubbed] |
[email address scrubbed] |
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Multilateral Assistance |
Rebecca Nelson |
[phone number scrubbed] |
[email address scrubbed] |
| 1. |
International affairs is one category of the various components of the federal budget designated by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Each category represents a major objective and operation of the federal government. Each function and subfunction is assigned a three-digit code. International affairs is 150. Subfunction 151 encompasses international development and humanitarian assistance; subfunction 152 consists of security assistance programs, etc. Accounts under the International Commissions category of the legislation are the exception—they are part of the 300 Natural Resources Budget Function. |
| 2. |
Until the 110th Congress, the State Department and Foreign Operations portions of the bill were developed in different Appropriations subcommittees and considered as separate bills. |
| 3. |
CRS Report RS20371, Overview of the Authorization-Appropriations Process, by [author name scrubbed] |
| 4. |
See §15 of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (22 U.S.C. 2680) and §10 of the Foreign Military Sales Act amendments, 1971 (22 U.S.C. 2412). |
| 5. |
For example, see §7022 of the FY2015 Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, Division J (P.L. 113-235). Most foreign operations program appropriations have not been authorized since 1987. For related discussion, see CRS Report R40089, Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations, by [author name scrubbed] and [author name scrubbed]. |
| 6. |
Among those that sometimes receive funding but for which there was no request or appropriation in FY2014 are the following: The International Finance Corporation (IFC). IFC, another World Bank window, makes loans and equity investments to promote growth of productive private enterprise in developing nations. World Bank Multilateral Investment Guaranty Agency (MIGA). MIGA encourages private investment in developing countries by offering insurance against noncommercial risks such as expropriation. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). The EBRD lends at near-market rates to help East European and former Soviet states adopt market economies. Private sector and privatizing public sector firms receive substantial amounts of EBRD lending. Inter-American Investment Corporation (IIC). The IICis an IADB facility that makes loans and equity investments to promote the growth of small and medium-sized private enterprise in Latin America and the Caribbean. Enterprise for the Americas Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF). The MIF, a multi-donor trust fund residing within the Inter-American Development Bank, provides technical and financial assistance to help countries in Latin America and the Caribbean reform their investment policies in order to attract foreign investment. |
| 7. |
For further discussion, see CRS Report R40557, Foreign Operations Appropriations: General Provisions, by [author name scrubbed], [author name scrubbed], and [author name scrubbed]. |
| 8. |
From Department of State, Congressional Budget Justification, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs, Fiscal Year 2015, p. 138, and White House, Office of Management and Budget, Budget Estimate No. 5, November 10, 2014. |