Assistance to Firefighters Program:
Distribution of Fire Grant Funding
Lennard G. Kruger
Specialist in Science and Technology Policy
January 4, 2016
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
RL32341

Assistance to Firefighters Program: Distribution of Fire Grant Funding

Summary
The Assistance to Firefighters Grant (AFG) Program, also known as fire grants or the FIRE Act
grant program, was established by Title XVII of the FY2001 National Defense Authorization Act
(P.L. 106-398). Currently administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA),
Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the program provides federal grants directly to local
fire departments and unaffiliated Emergency Medical Services (EMS) organizations to help
address a variety of equipment, training, and other firefighter-related and EMS needs. A related
program is the Staffing for Adequate Fire and Emergency Response Firefighters (SAFER)
program, which provides grants for hiring, recruiting, and retaining firefighters.
The fire grant program is now in its 16th year. The Fire Act statute was reauthorized in 2012 (Title
XVIII of P.L. 112-239) and provides new guidelines on how fire grant money should be
distributed. There is no set geographical formula for the distribution of fire grants—fire
departments throughout the nation apply, and award decisions are made by a peer panel based on
the merits of the application and the needs of the community. However, the law does require that
fire grants be distributed to a diverse mix of fire departments, with respect to type of department
(paid, volunteer, or combination), geographic location, and type of community served (e.g.,
urban, suburban, or rural).
The Administration’s FY2015 budget proposed $670 million for firefighter assistance, including
$335 million for AFG and $335 million for SAFER. The Department of Homeland Security
Appropriations Act, 2015 (P.L. 114-4) was signed by the President on March 4, 2015, and
provided $680 million in firefighter assistance, including $340 million for AFG and $340 million
for SAFER.
The Administration’s FY2016 budget proposed $670 million for firefighter assistance, including
$335 million for AFG and $335 million for SAFER. On December 18, 2015, the President signed
the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-113). The law provided $690 million for
firefighter assistance in FY2016, including $345 million for AFG and $345 million for SAFER.
The 114th Congress will consider FY2017 budget appropriations for AFG and SAFER. As is the
case with many federal programs, concerns over the federal budget deficit could impact budget
levels for AFG and SAFER. At the same time, firefighter assistance budgets will likely receive
heightened scrutiny from the fire community, given the local budgetary cutbacks that many fire
departments are facing.
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Assistance to Firefighters Program: Distribution of Fire Grant Funding

Contents
Background ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Assistance to Firefighters Grant Program ....................................................................................... 1
Fire Grants Reauthorization Act of 2012 .................................................................................. 1
Appropriations........................................................................................................................... 4
FY2014 ............................................................................................................................... 5
FY2015 ............................................................................................................................... 6
FY2016 ............................................................................................................................... 7
Fire Station Construction Grants in the ARRA ............................................................................... 7
SAFER Grants ................................................................................................................................. 8
Program Evaluation ......................................................................................................................... 8
Reports Mandated by Fire Grants Reauthorization Act of 2012 ............................................... 9
Distribution of Fire Grants ............................................................................................................ 10
Issues in the 114th Congress ............................................................................................................ 11

Tables
Table 1. Key Provisions of Fire Grant Reauthorization .................................................................. 2
Table 2. Appropriations for Firefighter Assistance, FY2001-FY2016 ............................................ 5
Table 3. Recent and Proposed Appropriations for Firefighter Assistance ....................................... 5
Table 4. State-by-State Distribution of AFG Grants, FY2001-FY2013 ........................................ 12
Table 5. State-by-State Distribution of SAFER Grants, FY2005-FY2013 ................................... 13
Table 6. Requests and Awards for AFG Funding, FY2010 ........................................................... 15

Contacts
Author Contact Information .......................................................................................................... 17

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Background
Firefighting activities are traditionally the responsibility of states and local communities. As such,
funding for firefighters is provided mostly by state and local governments. During the 1990s,
shortfalls in state and local budgets, coupled with increased responsibilities of local fire
departments, led many in the fire community to call for additional financial support from the
federal government. Although federally funded training programs existed (and continue to exist)
through the National Fire Academy, and although federal money was available to first responders
for counterterrorism training and equipment through the Department of Justice, there did not exist
a dedicated program, exclusively for firefighters, which provided federal money directly to local
fire departments to help address a wide variety of equipment, training, and other firefighter-
related needs.
Assistance to Firefighters Grant Program
During the 106th Congress, many in the fire community asserted that local fire departments
require and deserve greater support from the federal government. The Assistance to Firefighters
Grant Program (AFG), also known as fire grants or the FIRE Act grant program, was established
by Title XVII of the FY2001 Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 106-
398).1 Currently administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in the
Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the program provides federal grants directly to local
fire departments and unaffiliated Emergency Medical Services (EMS) organizations to help
address a variety of equipment, training, and other firefighter-related and EMS needs.
Since its establishment, the Assistance to Firefighters Grant program has been reauthorized twice.
The first reauthorization was Title XXXVI of the FY2005 Ronald W. Reagan National Defense
Authorization Act (P.L. 108-375), which authorized the program through FY2009. The second
and current reauthorization is Title XVIII, Subtitle A of the FY2013 National Defense
Authorization Act (P.L. 112-239), which authorizes the program through FY2017 and modifies
program rules for disbursing grant money.
Fire Grants Reauthorization Act of 2012
On January 2, 2013, the President signed P.L. 112-239, the FY2013 National Defense
Authorization Act. Title XVIII, Subtitle A is the Fire Grants Reauthorization Act of 2012, which
authorizes the fire grant program through FY2017. Table 1 provides a summary of key provisions
of the 2012 reauthorization, and provides a comparison with the previous statute.

1 “Firefighter assistance” is codified as §33 of the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act (15 U.S.C. 2229).
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Table 1. Key Provisions of Fire Grant Reauthorization
Previous Statute
Fire Grant Reauthorization Act of 2012
(15 U.S.C. 2229 and 15 U.S.C. 2229a)
(Title XVIII of P.L. 112-239)
Grant money allocation
volunteer and combination fire departments shall receive
not less than 25% to career fire departments
a proportion of the total grant funding that is not less
not less than 25% to volunteer fire departments
than the proportion of the U.S. population that those
departments protect
not less than 25% to combination and paid-on-call fire
departments
not less than 10% for open competition among career,
volunteer, combination, and paid-on-call fire departments
5% (minimum) to fire prevention and safety grants
not less than 10% to fire prevention and safety grants
no fire prevention and safety grant may exceed $1.5
mil ion
includes establishment of fire-safety research centers to
conduct research to improve firefighter health and safety
no fire prevention and safety grant may be provided to
the Association of Community Organizations for Reform
Now (ACORN)
3.5% (minimum) to EMS provided by fire departments
not less than 3.5% to EMS provided by fire departments
and nonaffiliated EMS organizations
and nonaffiliated EMS organizations
2% (maximum) to nonaffiliated EMS organizations
not more than 2% to nonaffiliated EMS organizations

not more than 3% to State training academies, no more
than $1 mil ion per state academy in any fiscal year

not more than 25% for purchasing vehicles
Grant recipient limits
populations over 1 mil ion—lesser of $2.75 mil ion or
$9 mil ion—over 2.5m population
0.5% of total appropriation
$6 mil ion—1m to 2.5m population
populations of 500K to 1 mil ion—$1.75 mil ion
$3 mil ion—500K to 1m population
populations under 500K—$1 mil ion
$2 mil ion—100K to 500K population
no single grant can exceed 0.5% of total funds
$1 mil ion—under 100K population
appropriated for a single fiscal year
DHS can waive the funding limits for populations up to 1
FEMA may not award a grant exceeding 1% of all
mil ion in instances of extraordinary need; however the
available grant funds, unless FEMA determines
lesser of $2.75 mil ion or 0.5% limit cannot be waived
extraordinary need
Nonfederal match requirements
20% for populations over 50,000
15% for populations over 1 mil ion
10% for populations 20,000 to 50,000
10% for populations 20,000 to 1 mil ion
5% for populations less than 20,000
5% for populations under 20,000
No match requirement for non-fire department
5% match required for fire prevention and safety grants
prevention and firefighter safety grants
Maintenance of expenditures
requires applicants to maintain expenditures at the same
requires applicants to maintain expenditures at or above
level as the average over the preceding two fiscal years
80% of the average over the preceding two fiscal years

Economic hardship waivers
no economic hardship waivers available
waivers available for nonfederal matching and
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Previous Statute
Fire Grant Reauthorization Act of 2012
(15 U.S.C. 2229 and 15 U.S.C. 2229a)
(Title XVIII of P.L. 112-239)
maintenance of expenditures requirements, FEMA wil
develop economic hardship waiver guidelines considering
unemployment rates, percentages of individuals eligible to
receive food stamps, and other factors as appropriate.
Authorization levels
FY2005—$900 mil ion
FY2013—$750 mil ion
FY2006—$950 mil ion
for each of FY2014-FY2017, an amount equal to the
FY2007—$1 bil ion
amount authorized the previous fiscal year, increased by
the percentage by which the Consumer Price Index for
FY2008—$1 bil ion
the previous fiscal year exceeds the preceding year.
FY2009—$1 bil ion

Congressionally Directed Spending
no funds may be used for any congressionally directed
no provision
spending item (as defined under the rules of the Senate
and the House of Representatives)
Sunset
none
the authority to award assistance and grants shall expire
five years after the date of enactment
SAFER grants
grant period is 4 years, grantees are required to retain
shortens the grant period to three years, with no
for at least 1 year beyond the termination of their grants
requirement that fire departments must retain SAFER
those firefighter positions hired under the grant
funded firefighters for an extra year
year 1—10% local match
year 1—25% local match
year 2—20% local match
year 2—25% local match
year 3—50% local match
year 3—65% local match
year 4—70% local match

total funding over 4 years for hiring a firefighter may not
for the first year, the amount of funding provided for
exceed $100K, adjusted annually for inflation
hiring a firefighter may not exceed 75% of the usual
annual cost of a first-year firefighter in that department
at the time the grant application was submitted
for the second year, the amount of funding provided for
hiring a firefighter may not exceed 75% of the usual
annual cost of a first-year firefighter in that department
at the time the grant application was submitted
for the third year, the amount of funding provided for
hiring a firefighter may not exceed 35% of the usual
annual cost of a first-year firefighter in that department
at the time the grant application was submitted
state, local, and Indian tribal governments eligible for
additionally makes national organizations eligible for
recruitment and retention funds
recruitment and retention funds

allows FEMA, in the case of economic hardship, to waive
cost share requirements, as well as the prohibition on
supplanting local funds and maintenance of expenditure
requirements (which would allow grants to be used for
retention and rehiring laid-off firefighters)
authorized for 7 years starting at $1 bil ion in FY2004,
reauthorizes the SAFER grant program at $750 mil ion
ending at $1.194 bil ion in FY2010
for FY2013; for each of FY2014-FY2017, an amount equal
to the amount authorized the previous fiscal year,
increased by the percentage by which the Consumer
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Previous Statute
Fire Grant Reauthorization Act of 2012
(15 U.S.C. 2229 and 15 U.S.C. 2229a)
(Title XVIII of P.L. 112-239)
Price Index for the previous fiscal year exceeds the
preceding year
no funds may be used for any congressionally directed
spending item (as defined under the rules of the Senate
and the House of Representatives)
authority to make grants shall lapse 10 years from
the authority to award assistance and grants shall expire
November 24, 2003
five years after the date of enactment
Source: Fire Grants Reauthorization Act of 2012, Title VIII, Subtitle A of FY2013 National Defense
Authorization Act, P.L. 112-239.
Appropriations
From FY2001 through FY2003, the Assistance to Firefighters Grant (AFG) Program (as part of
USFA/FEMA) received its primary appropriation through the VA-HUD-Independent Agencies
Appropriation Act. In FY2004, the Assistance to Firefighters Program began to receive its annual
appropriation through the House and Senate Appropriations Subcommittees on Homeland
Security. Within the DHS/FEMA budget, the firefighter assistance account (which includes both
AFG and SAFER) is located within State and Local Programs (SLP) as part of the First
Responder Assistance Programs (FRAP).
The fire grant program is in its 16th year. Table 2 shows the appropriations history for firefighter
assistance, including AFG, SAFER, and the Fire Station Construction Grants (SCG) provided in
the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA). Table 3 shows recent and
proposed appropriated funding for the AFG and SAFER grant programs.

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Table 2. Appropriations for Firefighter Assistance, FY2001-FY2016

AFG
SAFER
SCGa
Total
FY2001
$100 mil ion

$100 million
FY2002
$360 mil ion

$360 million
FY2003
$745 mil ion

$745 million
FY2004
$746 mil ion

$746 million
FY2005
$650 mil ion
$65 mil ion

$715 million
FY2006
$539 mil ion
$109 mil ion

$648 million
FY2007
$547 mil ion
$115 mil ion

$662 million
FY2008
$560 mil ion
$190 mil ion

$750 million
FY2009
$565 mil ion
$210 mil ion
$210 mil ion
$985 million
FY2010
$390 mil ion
$420 mil ion

$810 million
FY2011
$405 mil ion
$405 mil ion

$810 million
FY2012
$337.5 mil ion
$337.5 mil ion

$675 million
FY2013
$321 mil ion
$321 mil ion

$642 million
FY2014
$340 mil ion
$340 mil ion

$680 million
FY2015
$340 mil ion
$340 mil ion

$680 million
FY2016
$345 mil ion
$345 mil ion

$690 million
Total
$7.28 billion
$3.19 billion
$210 million
$10.7 billion
a. Assistance to Firefighters Fire Station Construction Grants (SCG) grants were funded by the American
Recovery and Reinvestment Act (P.L. 111-5).

Table 3. Recent and Proposed Appropriations for Firefighter Assistance
(millions of dollars)
FY2014
FY2015
FY2015
FY2016
FY2016
(P.L. 113-
(Admin.
(P.L. 114-
(Admin.
(P.L. 114-

76)
request)
4)
request)
113)
FIRE Grants (AFG)
340
335
340
335
345
SAFER Grants
340
335
340
335
345
Total
680
670
680
670
690

FY2014
The Administration’s FY2014 budget proposed $670 million for firefighter assistance, including
$335 million for AFG (of which $20 million supports Fire Prevention and Safety) and $335
million for SAFER. Funding for management and administration would be drawn from a separate
FEMA account (Salaries and Expenses). The Firefighter Assistance Grants would be categorized
under First Responder Assistance Programs (FRAP), one of three activities under FEMA’s State
and Local Programs (SLP) appropriation.
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On May 29, 2013, the House Appropriations Committee approved its version of the FY2014
Department of Homeland Security appropriations bill (H.R. 2217). The committee recommended
$675 million for firefighter assistance ($337.5 million for AFG, $337.5 million for SAFER).
Funding for management and administration would be drawn from the FEMA Salaries and
Expenses account. The committee again denied the Administration’s request to shift AFG and
SAFER into the State and Local Programs account. The committee report (H.Rept. 113-91)
directed FEMA to continue granting funds directly to local fire departments and to include the
United States Fire Administration during the grant decision process. FEMA was also directed to
maintain an all-hazards focus and was prohibited from limiting beyond current law the list of
eligible activities, including those related to wellness. The committee continued the requirement
for peer review and directed FEMA to provide official notifications to rejected applicants who do
not meet the criteria for peer review.
During floor action on June 5, 2013, an amendment was offered by Representative Runyan to
increase funding for AFG and SAFER by $2.5 million each, taking its $5 million offset from the
Office of the Under Secretary for Management. The amendment passed by voice vote, bringing
the firefighter assistance account to $680 million ($340 million AFG, $340 million SAFER). H.R.
2217 was passed by the House on June 6, 2013.
On July 18, 2013, the Senate Appropriations Committee approved $675 million for firefighter
assistance for FY2013 (S.Rept. 113-77). This level included $337.5 million for AFG and $337.5
million for SAFER. As did the House, the Senate Appropriations Committee denied the
Administration’s request to shift AFG and SAFER into the State and Local Programs account,
and included language that continues waivers to various SAFER restrictions and limitations. The
committee directed DHS to continue the present practice of funding applications according to
local priorities and those established by the USFA, and to continue direct funding to fire
departments and the peer review process. The committee also stated its expectation that funding
for rural fire departments remain consistent with their previous five-year history, and that FEMA
shall brief the committee if there is an anticipated fluctuation.
The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 (P.L. 113-76), signed into law on January 17, 2014,
funds AFG at $340 million and SAFER at $340 million. As was the case in FY2013,
administrative costs are to be derived from the FEMA Salaries and Expense account.
FY2015
The Administration’s FY2015 budget proposed $670 million for firefighter assistance, including
$335 million for AFG and $335 million for SAFER. Funding for management and administration
would be drawn from a separate FEMA account (Salaries and Expenses). The Firefighter
Assistance Grants would be categorized under First Responder Assistance Programs (FRAP), one
of three activities under FEMA’s State and Local Programs (SLP) appropriation.
On June 11, 2014, the House Appropriations Committee approved H.R. 4903, the Department of
Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2015. The bill would provide $680 million in firefighter
assistance, including $340 million for AFG and $340 million for SAFER. The committee would
continue to fund firefighter assistance under its own account, and declined the Administration’s
request to place firefighter assistance under the State and Local Programs account. In the
accompanying report (H.Rept. 113-481) the committee directed FEMA to continue to administer
the Fire Grant programs as directed in prior year committee reports and encouraged FEMA to
ensure that the formulas used for equipment accurately reflect the current cost of equipment.
On June 26, 2014, the Senate Appropriations Committee approved S. 2534, its version of the
Department of Homeland Security Act, 2015. As did the House Committee, the Senate bill would
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provide $680 million in firefighter assistance, including $340 million for AFG and $340 million
for SAFER. The Senate bill would continue to fund firefighter assistance under its own separate
account. In the accompanying report (S.Rept. 113-198), the committee expressed its expectation
that funding for rural fire departments should be consistent with the previous five-year funding
history and that FEMA will brief the committee if there is an anticipated fluctuation.
The Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2015 (P.L. 114-4) was signed by the
President on March 4, 2015, and provided $680 million in firefighter assistance, including $340
million for AFG and $340 million for SAFER.
FY2016
The Administration’s FY2016 budget proposed $670 million for firefighter assistance, including
$335 million for AFG and $335 million for SAFER. Funding for management and administration
would be drawn from a separate FEMA account (Salaries and Expenses). The Firefighter
Assistance Grants would be categorized under First Responder Assistance Programs (FRAP),
which is part of FEMA’s State and Local Programs (SLP) appropriation.
On June 18, 2015, the Senate Appropriations Committee reported S. 1619, the Department of
Homeland Security Act, 2016. Identical to the funding level in FY2015, the Senate bill would
provide $680 million in firefighter assistance, including $340 million for AFG and $340 million
for SAFER. The Senate bill would continue to fund firefighter assistance under its own separate
account. In the accompanying report (S.Rept. 114-68), the committee directed DHS to continue
the present practice of funding applications according to local priorities and those established by
the USFA, and to continue direct funding to fire departments and the peer review process. The
committee stated its expectation that funding for rural fire departments remain consistent with
their previous five-year history, and directed FEMA to brief the committee if there is a
fluctuation.
On July 21, 2015, the House Appropriations Committee approved H.R. 3128, the Department of
Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2016. The bill would provide $680 million in firefighter
assistance, including $340 million for AFG and $340 million for SAFER. In the Committee
Report (H.Rept. 114-215), the Committee emphasizes the need for local first responders to be
adequately prepared for crude- and ethanol-by-rail incidents and encourages FEMA to categorize
AFG hazmat and other applications related to crude- and ethanol-by-rail preparation and response
as “high priority.”
On December 18, 2015, the President signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L.
114-113). The law provided $690 million for firefighter assistance in FY2016, including $345
million for AFG and $345 million for SAFER. Firefighter assistance continued to be funded
under its own separate appropriations account.
Fire Station Construction Grants in the ARRA
Since its inception, the traditional fire grant program has provided money specifically for health
and safety related modifications of fire stations, but has not funded major upgrades, renovations,
or construction. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009 (P.L. 111-5)
provided an additional $210 million in firefighter assistance grants for modifying, upgrading, or
constructing state and local non-federal fire stations, provided that 5% be set aside for program
administration, and provided that no grant shall exceed $15 million. The conference report
(H.Rept. 111-16) cited DHS estimates that this spending would create 2,000 jobs. The ARRA also
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included a provision (§603) that waived the matching requirement for SAFER grants funded by
appropriations in FY2009 and FY2010.
The application period for ARRA Assistance to Firefighters Fire Station Construction Grants
(SCG) opened on June 11 and closed on July 10, 2009. There is no cost share requirement for
SCG grants. Eligible applicants are non-federal fire departments that provide fire protection
services to local communities. Ineligible applicants include federal fire departments, EMS or
rescue organizations, airport fire departments, for-profit fire departments, fire training centers,
emergency communications centers, auxiliaries and fire service organizations or associations, and
search and rescue teams or similar organizations without fire suppression responsibilities.
DHS/FEMA received 6,025 SCG applications for $9.9 billion in federal funds.2 As of October 1,
2010, 119 SCG grants were awarded, totaling $207.461 million to fire departments within the
United States. A complete list of SCG awards is available at http://www.fema.gov/rules-tools/
assistance-firefighters-station-construction-grants.
SAFER Grants
In response to concerns over the adequacy of firefighter staffing, the 108th Congress enacted the
Staffing for Adequate Fire and Emergency Response (SAFER) Act as Section 1057 of the
FY2004 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 108-136; signed into law November 24, 2003).
The SAFER grant program is codified as Section 34 of the Federal Fire Prevention and Control
Act of 1974 (15 U.S.C. 2229a). The SAFER Act authorizes grants to career, volunteer, and
combination fire departments for the purpose of increasing the number of firefighters to help
communities meet industry minimum standards and attain 24-hour staffing to provide adequate
protection from fire and fire-related hazards. Also authorized are grants to volunteer fire
departments for activities related to the recruitment and retention of volunteers. For more
information on the SAFER program, see CRS Report RL33375, Staffing for Adequate Fire and
Emergency Response: The SAFER Grant Program, by Lennard G. Kruger.
Program Evaluation
On May 13, 2003, the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) released the first independent evaluation
of the Assistance to Firefighters Program. Conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s
Leadership Development Academy Executive Potential Program, the survey study presented a
number of recommendations and concluded overall that the program was “highly effective in
improving the readiness and capabilities of firefighters across the nation.”3 Another evaluation of
the fire grant program was released by the DHS Office of Inspector General in September 2003.
The report concluded that the program “succeeded in achieving a balanced distribution of funding
through a competitive grant process,”4 and made a number of specific recommendations for
improving the program.
At the request of DHS, the National Academy of Public Administration conducted a study to help
identify potential new strategic directions for the Assistance to Firefighters Grant program and to

2 Detailed SCG application statistics are available at http://www.firegrantsupport.com/docs/2009AFSCGAppStats.pdf.
3 For full report see http://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/affgp-fy01-usda-report.pdf.
4 Department of Homeland Security, Office of Inspections, Evaluations, and Special Reviews, “A Review of the
Assistance to Firefighters Grant Program,” OIG-ISP-01-03, September 2003, p. 3. Available at http://www.dhs.gov/
xoig/assets/mgmtrpts/OIG_Review_Fire_Assist.pdf.
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provide advice on how to effectively plan, manage, and measure program accomplishments.
Released in April 2007, the report recommended consideration of new strategic directions related
to national preparedness, prevention vs. response, social equity, regional cooperation, and
emergency medical response. According to the report, the “challenge for the AFG program will
be to support a gradual shift in direction without losing major strengths of its current management
approach—including industry driven priority setting and its well-respected peer review process.”5
The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-161), in the accompanying Joint
Explanatory Statement, directed the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to review the
application and award process for fire and SAFER grants. Additionally, FEMA was directed to
peer review grant applications that best address the program’s priorities and criteria as established
by FEMA and the fire service. Those criteria necessary for peer-review must be included in the
grant application package. Applicants whose grant applications are not reviewed must receive an
official notification detailing why the application did not meet the criteria for review.
Applications must be rank-ordered, and funded following the rank order.
In October 2009, GAO sent a report to Congress finding that FEMA has met most statutory
requirements for awarding fire grants.6 GAO recommended that FEMA establish a procedure to
track EMS awards, ensure that grant priorities are better aligned with application questions and
scoring values, and provide specific feedback to rejected applicants.
In June 2011, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) released its Third Needs
Assessment of the U.S. Fire Service, which seeks to identify gaps and needs in the fire service,
and measures the impact that fire grants have had on filling those gaps and needs. According to
the study:
Needs have declined to a considerable degree in a number of areas, particularly personal
protective and firefighting equipment, two types of resource that received the largest
shares of funding from the Assistance to Firefighters grants (AFG). Declines in needs
have been more modest in some other important areas, such as training, which have
received much smaller shares of AFG grant funds.7
Reports Mandated by Fire Grants Reauthorization Act of 2012
P.L. 112-239 mandates reports and studies on the AFG and SAFER programs, as well as on the
state of the fire service.
 FEMA is directed to develop a performance assessment system to evaluate AFG
and SAFER grants. FEMA shall submit annual reports to Congress providing
information on its performance assessment system, an evaluation of AFG and
SAFER grant effectiveness, and recommendations for legislative changes to
improve grant effectiveness.

5 National Academy of Public Administration, Assistance to Firefighters Grant Program: Assessing Performance,
April 2007, p. xvii. Available at http://www.napawash.org/pc_management_studies/
Fire_Grants_Report_April2007.pdf.
6 U.S. Government Accountability Office, Fire Grants: FEMA Has Met Most Requirements for Awarding Fire Grants,
but Additional Actions Would Improve Its Grant Process, GAO-10-64, October 2009, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/
d1064.pdf.
7 National Fire Protection Association, Third Needs Assessment of the U.S. Fire Service, June 2011, abstract. Available
at http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files//2011NeedsAssessment.pdf.
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 The Comptroller General is directed to submit a report to Congress assessing the
effect of the amendments to the AFG and SAFER statute made by the Fire Grants
Reauthorization of 2012.
 The United States Fire Administration (USFA) is directed to conduct a study on
the level of compliance with national voluntary consensus standards for staffing,
training, safe operations, personal protective equipment, and fitness among the
fire services of the United States.
 The Secretary of Homeland Security is directed to establish a Task Force to
Enhance Firefighter Safety, which will review the USFA study on fire service
standards and develop a plan to enhance firefighter safety by increasing fire
service standards compliance. The Task Force will report its findings to Congress
and DHS.
 USFA is directed to conduct a study and report on the needs of the fire service.
Distribution of Fire Grants
The AFG statute prescribes different purposes for which fire grant money may be used. These are
training firefighting personnel; creating rapid intervention teams; certifying fire inspectors and
building inspectors whose responsibilities include fire safety inspections and who are associated
with a fire department; establishing wellness and fitness programs, including mental health
programs; funding emergency medical services (EMS) provided by fire departments and
nonaffiliated EMS organizations; acquiring firefighting vehicles; acquiring firefighting
equipment; acquiring personal protective equipment; modifying fire stations, fire training
facilities, and other facilities for health and safety; educating the public about arson prevention
and detection; providing incentives for the recruitment and retention of volunteer firefighters; and
supporting other activities as FEMA determines appropriate. FEMA has the discretion to decide
which of those purposes will be funded for a given grant year. Since the program commenced in
FY2001, the majority of fire grant funding has been used by fire departments to purchase
firefighting equipment, personal protective equipment, and firefighting vehicles.
Eligible applicants are limited primarily to fire departments (defined as an agency or organization
that has a formally recognized arrangement with a state, local, or tribal authority to provide fire
suppression, fire prevention, and rescue services to a population within a fixed geographical
area). Emergency Medical Services (EMS) activities are eligible for fire grants, including a
limited number to EMS organizations not affiliated with hospitals.
Additionally, a separate competition is held for fire prevention and firefighter safety research and
development grants, which are available to fire departments; national, state, local, tribal, or
nonprofit organizations recognized for their fire safety or prevention expertise; and to institutions
of higher education, national fire service organizations, or national fire safety organizations to
establish and operate fire safety research centers. For official program and application guidelines,
frequently-asked-questions, the latest awards announcements, and other information, see the
Assistance to Firefighters Grant program web page at http://www.fema.gov/welcome-assistance-
firefighters-grant-program.
The FIRE Act statute provides overall guidelines on how fire grant money will be distributed.
Previously, the law directed that volunteer and combination departments receive a proportion of
the total grant funding that is not less than the proportion of the U.S. population that those
departments protect (34% for combination, 21% for all-volunteer). Reflecting concerns that
career fire departments (which are primarily in urban and suburban areas) were not receiving
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adequate levels of funding, the Fire Grants Authorization Act of 2012 alters the distribution
formula, directing that not less than 25% of annual AFG funding go to career fire departments,
not less than 25% to volunteer fire departments, not less than 25% to combination and paid-on-
call fire departments, and not less than 10% for open competition among career, volunteer,
combination, and paid-on-call fire departments. Additionally, P.L. 112-239 raises award caps (up
to $9 million) and lowers matching requirements for fire departments serving higher population
areas.
There is no set geographical formula for the distribution of fire grants—fire departments
throughout the nation apply, and award decisions are made by a peer panel based on the merits of
the application and the needs of the community. However, the law does require that fire grants
should be distributed to a diverse mix of fire departments, with respect to type of department
(paid, volunteer, or combination), geographic location, and type of community served (e.g.,
urban, suburban, or rural).8 The Fire Act’s implementing regulation provides that
In a few cases, to fulfill our obligations under the law to make grants to a variety of
departments, we may also make funding decisions using rank order as the preliminary
basis, and then analyze the type of fire department (paid, volunteer, or combination fire
departments), the size and character of the community it serves (urban, suburban, or
rural), and/or the geographic location of the fire department. In these instances where we
are making decisions based on geographic location, we will use States as the basic
geographic unit.9
Additionally, each fire department that applies is classified as either urban, suburban, or rural. In
FY2010, 75.1% of applications were received from rural fire departments, 17.7% from suburban,
and 7.2% from urban. This translated into rural departments requesting 66.7% of federal funds,
suburban departments requesting 21.5%, and urban departments requesting 11.8%.10
Finally, in an effort to maximize the diversity of awardees, the geographic location of an applicant
(using states as the basic geographic unit) is used as a deciding factor in cases where applicants
have similar qualifications. Table 4 shows a state-by-state breakdown of fire grant funding for
FY2001 through FY2013, while Table 5 shows a state-by-state breakdown of SAFER grant
funding for FY2005 through FY2013. Table 6 provides an in-depth look at the FY2010 fire
grants, showing, for each state, the number of fire grant applications, the total amount requested,
the total amount awarded, and the amount of funds awarded as a percentage of funds requested.
As Table 6 shows, the entire pool of fire department applicants received about 13% of the funds
they requested in FY2010. This compares to 16% in FY2009, 15% in FY2008, 16% in FY2007,
21% in FY2006, 22% in FY2005, 28% in FY2004, and 34% in FY2003. The downward trend
reflects the fact that the number of applications and the amount of federal funds requested have
trended upward over the years, while appropriations for the fire grant program have typically
declined over the same period.
Issues in the 114th Congress
The 114th Congress will consider FY2017 budget appropriations for AFG and SAFER. As is the
case with many federal programs, concerns over the federal budget deficit could impact budget

8 15 U.S.C. 2229(b)(9).
9 44 C.F.R. Part 152.6(c).
10 FEMA, FY2010 Assistance to Firefighter Grant Application Statistics, available at http://www.fema.gov/media-
library/assets/documents/26138?fromSearch=fromsearch&id=5744.
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11

Assistance to Firefighters Program: Distribution of Fire Grant Funding

levels for AFG and SAFER. At the same time, firefighter assistance budgets will likely receive
heightened scrutiny from the fire community, given the local budgetary cutbacks that many fire
departments are now facing.
The 114th Congress will also likely examine the impact of new grant distribution guidelines
mandated by P.L. 112-239, the Fire Grant Authorization Act of 2012. The continuing issue is how
effectively grants are being distributed and used to protect the health and safety of the public and
firefighting personnel against fire and fire-related hazards.
Table 4. State-by-State Distribution of AFG Grants, FY2001-FY2013
(millions of dollars)

FY01
FY02
FY03
FY04
FY05
FY06
FY07
FY08
FY09
FY10
FY11
FY12
FY13
Total
AL
3.085
12.503
23.329
25.097
20.836
22.027
19.903
23.332
19.966
14.591
18.591
11.943
16.104
231.307
AK
1.303
2.641
5.242
2.522
3.111
0.754
2.454
0.990
0.935
0.568
0.568
1.375
0.807
23.27
AZ
1.37
3.6
7.490
9.808
7.905
4.041
4.932
5.440
4.716
2.873
4.952
3.781
4.562
65.47
AR
1.337
4.635
10.675
13.680
10.402
7.699
7.799
7.107
8.174
5.111
4.253
4.009
2.86
87.741
CA
5.905
18.978
30.060
29.793
25.631
17.856
18.730
26.198
23.644
21.764
35.334
21.467
20.481
295.841
CO
1.003
3.968
6.168
5.585
6.073
3.213
4.742
2.490
6.11
3.369
5.213
2.175
2.137
52.246
CT
1.828
4.675
10.841
9.991
7.287
5.479
6.630
6.925
5.231
3.166
3.67
4.085
4.093
73.901
DE
0.132
0.372
1.096
1.755
1.161
1.107
0.518
0.231
1.251
0.282
0.366
0.199
0.345
8.815
DC
0
0.22
0
0
0.453
0
0.376
1.171
0
0.368
1.38
0
0
3.968
FL
2.865
10.16
16.344
15.969
17.922
6.787
8.288
6. 738
12.581
12.557
16.2
9.782
6.687
142.88
GA
2.375
6.079
13.791
11.857
10.168
8.887
9.068
7.959
8.981
6.192
5.174
5.849
2.829
99.209
HI
0
1.182
0.947
0.864
1.205
0.264
0.436
0.772
0.609
0.261
1.534
0.433
2.685
11.192
ID
0.916
2.744
6.001
4.828
4.684
2.712
4.297
2.687
2.883
2.361
0.439
2.069
2.602
39.223
IL
2.417
13.398
28.810
27.238
25.433
21.120
21.923
21.325
25.24
14.809
12.753
12.508
8.46
235.434
IN
2.703
8.739
20.456
18.646
15.779
14.447
13.831
13.092
15.179
10.759
7.728
4.696
3.247
149.302
IA
1.301
7.284
16.087
16.430
13.119
10.064
9.298
9.877
9.695
5.818
6.629
2.978
4.214
112.794
KS
1.153
5.118
10.850
10.211
7.165
4.984
5.502
3.928
6.682
3.055
3.072
2.947
2.121
66.788
KY
2.215
7.896
19.832
16.150
14.215
13.308
13.081
17.153
13.108
8.081
5.426
4.686
5.48
140.631
LA
3.344
10.084
12.248
11.101
11.630
6.935
5.473
7.033
8.073
4.414
6.337
3.369
3.918
93.959
ME
1.296
4.319
10.323
10.031
6.124
6.702
5.486
4.904
3.462
1.348
2.118
1.296
1.866
59.275
MD
0.739
4.08
8.153
10.227
8.771
10.368
7.712
5.525
5.221
4.545
4.524
6.848
6.737
83.45
MA
2.301
8.386
15.715
13.958
13.529
8.957
11.644
9.532
11.957
8.083
10.679
9.365
9.336
133.442
MI
2.815
8.948
17.247
20.005
15.088
15.798
15.399
15.482
18.045
9.502
16.904
12.714
9.606
177.553
MN
2.133
8.149
17.510
18.609
14.894
14.718
16.600
13.082
17.253
18.923
10.638
5.398
4.959
162.866
MS
1.763
6.755
15.679
11.329
9.856
7.885
8.052
7.761
8.436
5.66
3.694
2.617
2.272
91.759
MO
3.079
10.291
19.573
17.757
14.246
13.202
10.611
11.589
12.973
9.21
7.594
4.79
7.097
142.012
MT
1.164
3.726
8.361
7.271
6.656
5.839
7.330
4.670
5.179
3.204
0.725
1.44
0.569
56.134
NE
1.034
2.392
7.820
6.577
5.116
4.399
4.443
4.324
4.341
0.441
1.378
0.674
2.579
45.518
NV
0.282
1.446
3.312
1.405
1.946
0.857
1.530
0.687
0.855
1.437
0.564
0.459
1.526
16.306
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FY01
FY02
FY03
FY04
FY05
FY06
FY07
FY08
FY09
FY10
FY11
FY12
FY13
Total
NH
0.594
1.887
4.584
5.694
4.563
3.307
3.219
2.723
2.834
1.496
1.69
1.209
3.403
37.203
NJ
2.596
6.339
19.982
16.488
14.691
12.386
13.266
13.201
15.502
9.687
10.402
8.569
5.197
148.306
NM
1.455
3.463
5.048
3.653
2.259
1.461
1.367
1.101
1.605
1.632
2.122
1.796
0.975
27.937
NY
3.978
14.728
34.320
35.030
36.009
33.804
22.664
30.204
23.235
13.367
10.253
14.595
13.735
285.922
NC
1.949
10.239
22.864
22.360
19.315
18.309
20.031
18.460
20.881
13.137
13.864
13.583
8.157
203.149
ND
0.546
2.613
5.105
3.391
2.673
2.459
3.100
3.297
2.527
1.594
0.71
0.316
0.653
28.984
OH
2.731
13.742
26.997
29.107
27.344
25.380
26.433
26.938
33.164
20.168
23.281
20.617
17.512
293.414
OK
1.864
4.939
10.540
10.393
8.757
10.852
7.220
6.875
7.239
3.527
3.187
2.142
2.367
79.902
OR
1.596
4.892
9.896
10.122
10.014
9.288
5.943
8.438
5.986
6.332
5.59
2.693
2.47
83.26
PA
2.89
16.97
45.179
47.898
39.233
41.259
43.610
41.041
37.231
19.623
26.227
21.358
19.697
402.216
RI
0.407
1.507
2.327
1.917
2.129
2.025
0.855
1.395
2.46
1.533
2.314
3.75
3.284
25.903
SC
1.554
5.257
11.832
14.150
10.544
8.028
10.470
11.040
11.227
8.684
4.948
6.774
4.303
108.811
SD
0.904
3.142
5.602
4.693
3.570
2.989
2.474
2.069
2.527
0.753
1.135
0.292
0.682
30.832
TN
2.46
11.509
19.306
18.686
15.047
11.209
12.955
16.074
13.311
11.259
6.268
5.37
5.312
148.766
TX
3.697
15.644
29.264
30.118
23.480
18.035
17.691
20.458
19.469
9.941
11.031
7.887
2.766
209.481
UT
0.9
2.754
4.628
3.880
2.188
2.213
3.378
0.934
2.295
2.985
0.883
0.987
1.584
29.609
VT
0.451
1.971
5.163
4.747
2.071
1.456
1.820
1.046
1.974
0.689
0.498
0.775
0.599
23.26
VA
2.066
8.79
15.816
16.668
14.357
8.317
10.403
8.370
6.405
5.991
3.5
5.763
1.985
108.431
WA
1.535
7.544
18.808
19.565
15.763
16.150
12.951
13.050
10.064
7.961
7.341
8.01
7.327
146.069
WV
1.067
3.966
9.942
9.133
10.143
5.838
7.164
7.238
5.331
5.074
2.173
2.232
1.981
71.282
WI
2.077
7.518
18.234
19.668
17.685
13.994
19.439
15.216
15.17
9.569
8.635
9.344
3.436
159.985
WY
1.09
1.612
3.507
1.811
2.032
1.197
1.645
1.023
1.427
0.086
0.488
0.179
0.429
16.526
PR
0.657
0.382
1.643
1.140
1.104
0.528
0.019
0.074
1.154
0
0.876
0.024
0
7.601
MP
0.145
0.225
0
0
0.220
0.172
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.762
GU
0
0.016
0
0
0
0.287
0
0
0
0
0
0.422
0
0.725
AS
0.164
0
0
0.284
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.448
VI
0.741
0
0.544
0
0
0
0
0.233
0
0
0
0
0
1.518

91.97 334.41 695.09 679.29 585.59 491.35 494.20 492.50 503.79 337.84 345.85 282.64 248.033 5582.588
Source: Department of Homeland Security.
Table 5. State-by-State Distribution of SAFER Grants,
FY2005-FY2013
(millions of dollars)

FY2005
FY2006
FY2007
FY2008
FY2009
FY2010
FY2011
FY2012
FY2013
Total
Alabama
1.611
6.215
4.236
7.314
4.288
8.531
1.293
6.923
3.73
44.141
Alaska
1.051
0.205
0.418
1.438
0.328
6.072
0.074
0.951
0.066
10.603
Arizona
1.560
3.559
4.428
6.613
6.768
10.357
2.809
7.895
14.135
58.124
Arkansas
0.394
1.820
0.377
3.834
0.976
2.206
1.136
1.019
0.208
11.97
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Assistance to Firefighters Program: Distribution of Fire Grant Funding

FY2005
FY2006
FY2007
FY2008
FY2009
FY2010
FY2011
FY2012
FY2013
Total
California
5.221
5.212
4.259
4.212
31.501
63.13
56.356
49.992
50.12
270.003
Colorado
1.584
3.479
1.730
2.02
0.955
3.384
5.432
1.636
0.85
21.07
Connecticut
0.130
0.191
0.856
3.92
2.214
1.312
5.099
4.474
5.278
23.474
Delaware
0
0.135
0
0.398
0
1.723
0
0.946
0
3.202
District of
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.468
0
3.468
Columbia
Florida
6.576
9.329
6.217
17.185
24.105
17.721
30.494
26.243
37.927
175.797
Georgia
5.354
2.085
2.842
17.438
4.844
10.384
1.273
4.606
3.076
51.902
Hawaii
0
0
0
1.626
0
0.1
0
0
0.944
2.67
Idaho
0.063
0.621
0.626
0.774
1.336
2.897
4.068
1.323
0
11.708
Il inois
1.340
4.463
9.933
5.85
2.496
10.848
2.456
5.704
4.806
47.896
Indiana
0
0.099
2.687
4.577
8.295
9.931
4.587
6.777
5.735
42.688
Iowa
0.169
0.144
0.980
1.288
1.045
0.081
1.604
0.08
1.104
6.495
Kansas
0.667
0.045
1.029
1.872
2.806
2.285
0.381
1.991
0.833
11.909
Kentucky
0.152
2.890
0.429
2.466
0.338
0.893
0.155
1.164
2.574
11.061
Louisiana
3.430
3.078
4.728
8.62
10.515
0.182
1.672
3.509
1.724
37.458
Maine
0.081
0
0.316
0.951
0.739
1.047
0.518
1.183
1.442
6.277
Maryland
0.096
1.862
1.526
3.171
4.429
2.145
4.299
2.488
6.154
26.17
Massachusetts
1.300
2.079
4.372
2.690
18.385
34.422
23.127
4.955
17.336
108.666
Michigan
1.759
0.592
0
0.628
13.286
22.493
47.646
25.161
33.87
145.435
Minnesota
0.300
1.089
0.375
3.246
1.256
0.789
4.463
0.797
0.871
13.186
Mississippi
0.756
0.594
0.115
1.608
0
1.209
0.488
0.093
0.088
4.951
Missouri
1.467
3.547
4.551
2.381
1.474
5.618
10.619
2.86
1.284
33.801
Montana
0.034
0.255
2.635
2.955
0.458
0.973
1.252
1.046
0
9.608
Nebraska
0
0.873
0.632
1.951
0.802
0.493
0
0.37
3.779
8.9
Nevada
1.500
1.714
0.632
0.086
0.577
2.459
13.438
2.702
6.564
29.672
New Hampshire
0.400
1.035
1.528
0.225
0
0.353
1.479
0.976
0.651
6.647
New Jersey
6.374
3.971
2.953
4.389
0.556
56.648
18.073
34.462
23.791
151.217
New Mexico
0
3.123
1.309
0.108
0.499
1.854
0
0
1.357
8.25
New York
1.540
2.991
2.845
4.412
8.227
18.239
6.142
8.949
2.149
55.494
North Carolina
2.155
5.533
5.371
18.183
2.256
6.375
5.833
2.472
4.502
52.68
North Dakota
0
0.609
0
1.518
1.517
2.139
0.048
0.066
0
5.897
Ohio
1.319
1.881
2.255
3.737
29.606
21.04
18.654
18.266
15.748
112.506
Oklahoma
0.147
0.699
0.531
2.782
0
9.127
1.435
0.676
0.83
16.227
Oregon
1.710
2.141
2.649
2.071
0.677
6.814
8.354
4.437
11.402
39.607
Pennsylvania
1.244
1.475
2.633
3.515
1.176
7.926
13.831
27.608
4.462
63.87
Rhode Island
0.400
0
0.105
0
1.561
4.249
3.108
8.716
0
18.139
Congressional Research Service
14

Assistance to Firefighters Program: Distribution of Fire Grant Funding

FY2005
FY2006
FY2007
FY2008
FY2009
FY2010
FY2011
FY2012
FY2013
Total
South Carolina
0.456
0.863
3.218
8.158
2.41
2.064
2.147
4.757
6.763
30.836
South Dakota
0.063
0.311
0.211
0.552
0
0.648
0.255
0
0.272
2.312
Tennessee
2.700
2.719
3.683
1.856
1.148
7.374
0.993
3.034
3.58
27.087
Texas
0.951
10.961
8.779
19.06
3.158
12.65
2.881
5.225
5.401
69.066
Utah
0.900
3.312
2.098
3.955
1.824
4.583
0.208
0.598
0
17.478
Vermont
0
0.621
0.632
0
0.119
0
0
0
0
1.372
Virginia
2.091
3.554
0.782
1.849
4.891
8.995
4.978
9.883
7.691
44.714
Washington
2.298
2.897
7.340
9.476
2.847
13.779
16.139
13.293
8.511
76.58
West Virginia
0
0.187
0.681
0.16
0.287
0.398
0
0.46
0.311
2.484
Wisconsin
0
0.072
1.223
4.502
0
0.12
3.101
2.205
0
11.223
Wyoming
0
0
0.316
2.329
0.263
0.997
1.148
0
0.24
5.293
Puerto Rico
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Northern
0
0
0
0
0
1.404
0
0
0
1.404
Mariana Islands
Marshall Islands
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Guam
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
American Samoa
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.474
0
0
0.474
Virgin Islands
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Republic of Palau
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
61.356
105.142 113.665
203.964
207.258
410.833
334.03
316.439
304.238
2056.91
Source: Department of Homeland Security.
Table 6. Requests and Awards for AFG Funding, FY2010
Federal funds
Federal funds
Funds awarded as
Number of
requested
awarded
a % of funds
State
applications
($millions)
($millions)
requested
Alabama
674
96.316
14.591
15.15%
Alaska
45
9.954
0.568
5.71%
Arizona
126
27.556
2.873
10.43%
Arkansas
300
44.642
5.111
11.45%
California
455
105.692
21.764
20.59%
Colorado
162
30.098
3.369
11.19%
Connecticut
201
37.739
3.166
8.39%
Delaware
21
3.569
0.282
7.90%
District of Columbia
2
0.447
0.368
82.33%
Florida
253
55.369
12.557
22.68%
Georgia
298
49.05
6.192
12.62%
Hawaii
2
0.534
0.261
48.88%
Congressional Research Service
15

Assistance to Firefighters Program: Distribution of Fire Grant Funding

Federal funds
Federal funds
Funds awarded as
Number of
requested
awarded
a % of funds
State
applications
($millions)
($millions)
requested
Idaho
94
14.085
2.361
16.76%
Il inois
679
116.024
14.809
12.76%
Indiana
386
58.256
10.759
18.47%
Iowa
369
45.45
5.818
12.80%
Kansas
203
27.591
3.055
11.07%
Kentucky
451
72.725
8.081
11.11%
Louisiana
197
33.435
4.414
13.20%
Maine
192
24.753
1.348
5.45%
Maryland
162
28.625
4.545
15.88%
Massachusetts
301
57.184
8.083
14.14%
Michigan
551
84.256
9.502
11.28%
Minnesota
419
69.131
18.923
27.37%
Mississippi
335
44.81
5.66
12.63%
Missouri
428
53.502
9.21
17.21%
Montana
141
21.442
3.204
14.94%
Nebraska
133
17.792
0.441
2.48%
Nevada
25
5.142
1.437
27.95%
New Hampshire
110
16.886
1.496
8.86%
New Jersey
484
87.821
9.687
11.03%
New Mexico
63
11.924
1.632
13.69%
New York
975
136.33
13.367
9.80%
North Carolina
645
102.416
13.137
12.83%
North Dakota
91
13.401
1.594
11.89%
Ohio
950
156.989
20.168
12.85%
Oklahoma
241
31.97
3.527
11.03%
Oregon
171
30.766
6.332
20.58%
Pennsylvania
1641
229.005
19.623
8.57%
Rhode Island
57
14.264
1.533
10.75%
South Carolina
378
50.393
8.684
17.23%
South Dakota
117
16.182
0.753
4.65%
Tennessee
517
78.254
11.259
14.39%
Texas
593
94.696
9.941
10.50%
Utah
93
16.076
2.985
18.57%
Vermont
84
11.737
0.689
5.87%
Virginia
237
43.841
5.991
13.67%
Washington
275
46.474
7.961
17.13%
Congressional Research Service
16