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      "title": "Agricultural Credit: Institutions and Issues",
      "summary": "The federal government provides credit assistance to farmers to help assure adequate and reliable lending in rural areas, particularly for farmers who cannot obtain loans elsewhere. Federal farm loan programs also target credit to beginning farmers and socially disadvantaged groups.\nThe primary federal lender to farmers, though with a small share of the market, is the Farm Service Agency (FSA) in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Congress funds FSA loans with annual discretionary appropriations\u2014about $90 million of budget authority and $317 million for salaries\u2014to support $8 billion of new direct loans and guarantees. FSA issues direct loans to farmers who cannot qualify for regular credit and guarantees the repayment of loans made by other lenders. FSA thus is called a lender of last resort. Of about $374 billion in total farm debt, FSA provides about 2.6% through direct loans and guarantees about another 4%-5% of loans. \nAnother federally related lender is the Farm Credit System (FCS)\u2014cooperatively owned and funded by the sale of bonds in the financial markets. Congress sets the statutes that govern the FCS banks and lending associations, mandating that they serve agriculture-related borrowers. FCS makes loans to creditworthy farmers and is not a lender of last resort. FCS accounts for 41% of farm debt and is the largest lender for farm real estate.\nCommercial banks are the other primary agricultural lender, holding slightly more than FCS with 42% of total farm debt. Commercial banks are the largest lender for farm production loans.\nGenerally speaking, the farm sector\u2019s balance sheet has remained strong in recent years. While delinquency rates on farm loans increased from 2008 into 2010 during the global financial crisis, farmers and agricultural lenders did not face credit problems as severe as those of other economic sectors. Since 2010, loan repayment rates have improved, but recent weakness in farm income has begun to put pressure on some farmers\u2019 loan repayment capacity.",
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      "title": "Agricultural Credit: Institutions and Issues",
      "summary": "The federal government provides credit assistance to farmers to help assure adequate and reliable lending in rural areas, particularly for farmers who cannot obtain loans elsewhere. Federal farm loan programs also target credit to beginning farmers and socially disadvantaged groups.\nThe primary federal lender to farmers, though with a small share of the market, is the Farm Service Agency (FSA) in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Congress funds FSA loans with annual discretionary appropriations\u2014about $79 million of budget authority and $315 million for salaries\u2014to support $6.4 billion of new direct loans and guarantees. FSA issues direct loans to farmers who cannot qualify for regular credit and guarantees the repayment of loans made by other lenders. FSA thus is called a lender of last resort. Of about $346 billion in total farm debt, FSA provides about 2.1% through direct loans and guarantees about another 4%-5% of loans. \nAnother federally related lender is the Farm Credit System (FCS)\u2014cooperatively owned and funded by the sale of bonds in the financial markets. Congress sets the statutes that govern the FCS banks and lending associations, mandating that they serve agriculture-related borrowers. FCS makes loans to creditworthy farmers and is not a lender of last resort. FCS accounts for 41% of farm debt and is the largest lender for farm real estate.\nCommercial banks are the other primary agricultural lender, holding slightly less than FCS with 42% of total farm debt. Commercial banks are the largest lender for farm production loans.\nGenerally speaking, the farm sector\u2019s balance sheet has remained strong in recent years. While delinquency rates on farm loans increased from 2008 into 2010 during the global financial crisis, farmers and agricultural lenders did not face credit problems as severe as those of other economic sectors. Since 2010, loan repayment rates have improved, but recent weakness in farm income has begun to put pressure on some farmers\u2019 loan repayment capacity.",
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      "id": "RS21977_2008Jan24",
      "date": "2008-01-24",
      "retrieved": "2012-08-21T08:46:06",
      "title": "Agricultural Credit: Farm Bill Issues",
      "summary": "This report discusses agricultural credit, which makes or guarantees loans to farmers who cannot qualify at other lenders, and the Farm Credit System (FCS), which is a network of borrower-owned lending institutions operating as a government-sponsored enterprise.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
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          "id": "Agricultural credit",
          "name": "Agricultural credit"
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          "id": "Agricultural policies",
          "name": "Agricultural policies"
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      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc808150/",
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      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822713/",
      "id": "RS21977_2007Mar08",
      "date": "2007-03-08",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "Agricultural Credit: Institutions and Issues",
      "summary": "The federal government has a long history of providing credit assistance to farmers by issuing direct loans and guarantees, and creating rural lending institutions. These institutions include the Farm Service Agency (FSA) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), which makes or guarantees loans to farmers who cannot qualify at other lenders, and the Farm Credit System (FCS), which is a network of borrower-owned lending institutions operating as a government-sponsored enterprise. This report discusses legislation regarding this credit assistance expected in the the 110th Congress. Appropriators will consider funding for FSA\u2019s farm loan programs, and the agriculture committees may consider changes to FSA and FCS lending programs. The 2007 farm bill is expected to be the venue for many of the authorizing issues, although stand-alone legislation may be used for extensive reforms.",
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          "id": "Agriculture",
          "name": "Agriculture"
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          "id": "Agricultural credit",
          "name": "Agricultural credit"
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      "date": "2007-01-24",
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      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9098/",
      "id": "RS21977 2005-11-23",
      "date": "2005-11-23",
      "retrieved": "2006-08-10T14:38:13",
      "title": "Agricultural Credit: Institutions and Issues",
      "summary": "The federal government has a long history of providing credit assistance to farmers by issuing direct loans and guarantees, and creating rural lending institutions. These institutions include the Farm Credit System (FCS), which is a network of borrower-owned lending institutions operating as a government-sponsored enterprise, and the\r\nFarm Service Agency (FSA) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), which makes or guarantees loans to farmers who cannot qualify at other lenders. When loans cannot be repaid, special bankruptcy provisions help family farmers reorganize debts and continue farming (P.L. 109-8 made Chapter 12 permanent and expanded eligibility). S. 238 and H.R. 399 (the Rural Economic Investment Act) would exempt commercial banks from paying taxes on profits from farm real estate loans, thus providing similar benefits as to the Farm Credit System.",
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      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822119/",
      "id": "RS21977_2004Nov18",
      "date": "2004-11-18",
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