{ "id": "RS21049", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "number": "RS21049", "active": true, "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 459598, "date": "2016-12-15", "retrieved": "2017-03-22T18:32:19.131310", "title": "Latin America: Terrorism Issues", "summary": "Compared to other parts of the world, the potential threat emanating from terrorism is low in most countries in Latin America. Most terrorist acts occur in the Andean region of South America, committed by two Colombian guerrilla groups\u2014the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (ELN)\u2014and one Peruvian guerrilla group, the Shining Path (SL). All three of these groups have been designated by the U.S. State Department as Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs). The FARC, however, has been engaged in peace negotiations with the Colombian government since 2012, culminating in a peace accord signed in September 2016. Although the accord was narrowly rejected by a national plebiscite in early October, both sides hammered out a new peace accord in November 2016, which was ratified by Colombia\u2019s Congress at the end of that month. Negotiations between the Colombian government and the smaller ELN had several false starts in 2016, although to date formal talks with the government have not started. The Shining Path has been significantly diminished because of Peruvian military operations. \nFor a number of years, there has also been U.S. concern about Iran\u2019s increasing activities in the region as well as those of Hezbollah, the radical Lebanon-based Islamic group with close ties to Iran. Both are reported to be linked to the 1994 bombing of the Argentine-Israeli Mutual Association (AMIA) that killed 85 people in Buenos Aires. More recently, U.S. concerns have included financial and ideological support in South America and the Caribbean for the Islamic State (also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, ISIL/ISIS), including the issue of individuals from the region leaving to fight with the Islamic State. \nThe United States employs various policy tools to counter terrorism in the region, including sanctions, antiterrorism assistance and training, law enforcement cooperation, and multilateral cooperation through the Organization of American States (OAS). In addition to sanctions against U.S.-designated FTOs in the region, the United States has imposed an arms embargo on Venezuela since 2006 because the Department of State has determined that Venezuela is not fully cooperating with U.S. antiterrorism efforts. The United States has also imposed sanctions on several current and former Venezuelan officials for assisting the FARC and on numerous individuals and companies in Latin America for providing support to Hezbollah. Cuba had been on the State Department\u2019s so-called list of state sponsors of terrorism since 1982, but in May 2015, the Obama Administration rescinded Cuba\u2019s designation as part of its overall policy shift on Cuba. \nLegislative Initiatives and Oversight\nThe 114th Congress continued oversight of terrorism concerns in the Western Hemisphere, with House hearings on the activities of Iran and Hezbollah, the peace agreement in Colombia, border security management and concerns, and terrorist financing in South America.\nSeveral legislative initiatives were introduced in the 114th Congress but ultimately not approved. The House passed H.R. 4482 (McSally) in April 2016, which would have required the Secretary of Homeland Security to prepare a southwest border threat analysis and strategic plan, including efforts to detect and prevent terrorists and instruments of terrorism from entering the United States. \nWith regard to the AMIA bombing and Iran, two Senate resolutions were introduced: S.Res. 167 (Rubio) would have called for an internationally backed investigation into the January 2015 death of the AMIA special prosecutor in Argentina, Alberto Nisman, and urged the President to continue to monitor Iran\u2019s activities in Latin America and the Caribbean, and S.Res. 620 (Coons) would have, among its provisions, encouraged Argentina to investigate and prosecute those responsible for the AMIA bombing and the death of Nisman. \nSeveral initiatives dealt with Cuba\u2019s harboring of U.S.-wanted fugitives, an issue that had been noted for many years in the State Department\u2019s annual terrorism report. A provision in the House version of the FY2017 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), H.R. 4909, would have prohibited funding for any bilateral military-to-military contact or cooperation pending certification that Cuba had fulfilled numerous conditions, including Cuba\u2019s return of U.S. fugitives; ultimately, the language regarding fugitives was not included in the conference report to the FY2017 NDAA. (For more information on these and other bills, see \u201cLegislative Initiatives and Oversight,\u201d below.)", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS21049", "sha1": "f97b6e871df5cdbd2969ea195c7156d265d01fee", "filename": "files/20161215_RS21049_f97b6e871df5cdbd2969ea195c7156d265d01fee.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS21049", "sha1": "7b5788ce397a515e0dc6f44ab866621ddf906243", "filename": "files/20161215_RS21049_7b5788ce397a515e0dc6f44ab866621ddf906243.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 444357, "date": "2015-08-11", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T18:37:19.474750", "title": "Latin America: Terrorism Issues", "summary": "Congressional Research Service\n7-5700\nwww.crs.gov\nRS21049\nSummary\nU.S. attention to terrorism in Latin America intensified in the aftermath of the September 2001 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, with an increase in bilateral and regional antiterrorism cooperation. Compared to other parts of the world, the potential threat emanating from terrorism is low in most countries in Latin America. Most terrorist acts occur in the Andean region of South America, committed by two Colombian guerrilla groups\u2014the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (ELN)\u2014and one Peruvian guerrilla group, the Shining Path (SL). All three of these groups have been designated by the State Department as Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs). For a number of years, there also has been U.S. concern about Iran\u2019s increasing activities in the region as well as Hezbollah, the radical Lebanon-based Islamic group with close ties to Iran. Both are reported to be linked to the 1994 bombing of the Argentine-Israeli Mutual Association (AMIA) that killed 85 people in Buenos Aires. \nThe United States employs various policy tools to counter terrorism in the region, including sanctions, antiterrorism assistance and training, law enforcement cooperation, and multilateral cooperation through the Organization of American States. In addition to sanctions against U.S.-designated FTOs in the region, the United States has imposed an arms embargo on Venezuela since 2006 because it has been determined by the Department of State to not be fully cooperating with U.S. antiterrorism efforts. The United States has also imposed sanctions on several current and former Venezuelan officials for assisting the FARC, on several Venezuelan companies for their connections to Iran, and on individuals and companies in Latin America for providing support to Hezbollah. Cuba had been on the State Department\u2019s so-called list of state sponsors of terrorism since 1982, but in May 2015, the Administration rescinded Cuba\u2019s designation as part of its overall policy shift on Cuba. \nLegislative Initiatives and Oversight\nOver the past several years, Congress has introduced legislation and held oversight hearings pertaining to terrorism issues in the Western Hemisphere. The 112th Congress enacted the Countering Iran in the Western Hemisphere Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-220) in December 2012, which required the Administration within 180 days to conduct an assessment and present \u201ca strategy to address Iran\u2019s growing hostile presence and activity in the Western Hemisphere.\u201d \nThe 114th Congress has continued its oversight of terrorism concerns in the Western Hemisphere, including the activities of Iran and Hezbollah, with a House hearing held in March 2015. With regard to legislative initiatives, S.Res. 167 (Rubio), introduced in May 2015, would express concern about Iran\u2019s activities in the Western Hemisphere, call for a swift, transparent, and internationally backed investigation into the tragic death in January 2015 of the AMIA special prosecutor in Argentina, and urge the President to continue to monitor Iran\u2019s activities in Latin America and the Caribbean. \nCongress did not take any action to block the Administration\u2019s rescission of Cuba\u2019s designation as a state sponsor of terrorism. Introduced in January 2015 before the rescission, H.R. 274 (Rush) would have rescinded any determination of the Secretary of State that Cuba has provided support for acts of international terrorism. H.Res. 181 (King), introduced in March 2015, would call for the immediate extradition or rendering to the United States of all fugitives from justice who are receiving safe harbor in Cuba in order to escape prosecution or confinement for criminal offenses in the United States. For a number of years, the State Department has noted in its annual terrorism report Cuba\u2019s harboring of fugitives wanted in the United States.\n\nLatin America: Terrorism Issues\nDevelopments in 2015\t1\nTerrorism in Latin America: U.S. Concerns\t2\nColombia\t3\nColombian FTOs in Neighboring Countries\t5\nCuba\t8\nMexico\t11\nPeru\t12\nVenezuela\t13\nIran\u2019s Activities in Latin America\t14\nBackground on Iran in Latin America\t15\nAMIA Bombing Investigation and Death of Alberto Nisman\t19\nU.S. Policy\t21\nPolicy Related to Iran and Hezbollah in Latin America\t21\nU.S. Sanctions\t23\nVenezuela and FARC-Related Sanctions\t24\nVenezuela and Iran-Related Sanctions\t25\nHezbollah-Related Sanctions\t25\nU.S. Assistance and Other Support\t27\nIncreased Regional Cooperation Since 9/11\t28\nLegislative Initiatives and Oversight\t29\nConclusion\t30\n\nFigures\nFigure 1. Colombia and Neighboring Countries\t7\nFigure 2. Tri-Border Area of Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay\t19\n\nContacts\nAuthor Contact Information\t31\n\nDevelopments in 2015\nOn June 18, 2015, the Department of State released its Country Reports on Terrorism 2014. Noting that terrorist groups do not affect the region to the degree that they do in other parts of the world, the report maintained that the majority of terrorist attacks in the Western Hemisphere were committed by two Colombian terrorist groups, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia and the National Liberation Army. (See the report available at http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2014/index.htm.)\nOn May 29, 2015, Secretary of State John Kerry rescinded Cuba\u2019s designation as a state sponsor of international terrorism. President Obama had submitted a report to Congress on April 14 justifying Cuba\u2019s rescission pursuant to the process set forth in three terrorist-list provisions of law. Congress took no action to block the rescission, paving the way for the rescission to take place 45 days later. (See section on \u201cCuba\u201d below.)\nOn May 11, 2015, Secretary of State John Kerry issued an annual determination and certification, pursuant to Section 40A of the Arms Export Control Act, that Venezuela (as well as Eritrea, Iran, North Korea, and Syria) \u201care not cooperating fully with United States antiterrorism efforts.\u201d Cuba had been designated annually since 1997 but was not included on this year\u2019s list. (See sections on \u201cVenezuela\u201d and \u201cCuba\u201d below.)\nOn March 19-20, 2015, the Inter-American Committee on Terrorism (CICTE) of the Organization of American States held its 15th regular session in Washington, DC. Members adopted a declaration on \u201cProtection of Critical Infrastructure from Emerging Threats.\u201d (See \u201cIncreased Regional Cooperation Since 9/11\u201d below.)\nOn March 18, 2015, two subcommittees of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs\u2014the Subcommittee on the Middle East and North Africa and the Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere\u2014held a joint oversight hearing on Iran and Hezbollah in the Western Hemisphere with private witnesses. (See the transcript and testimony of the hearing available at http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/hearing/joint-subcommittee-hearing-iran-and-hezbollah-western-hemisphere.)\nOn March 12, 2015, General John F. Kelly presented the 2015 posture statement of the U.S. Southern Command (SOUTHCOM) to the Senate Armed Services Committee. General Kelly maintained that \u201cas the foremost state sponsor of terrorism, Iran\u2019s involvement in the region ... is a matter for concern, and its diplomatic, economic, and political engagement is closely monitored.\u201d Kelly also maintained in his testimony that \u201cIslamic extremist ... organizations are not very well entrenched\u201d in the region and that he did not \u201csee any direct terrorist threat right now.\u201d (See \u201cPolicy Related to Iran and Hezbollah in Latin America\u201d below.)\nOn January 18, 2015, Alberto Nisman\u2014the special prosecutor in the investigation of the 1994 Argentine-Israeli Mutual Association (AMIA) bombing that killed 85 people\u2014was found dead in his apartment from a gunshot wound. Four days earlier, Nisman had made accusations that Argentine President Cristina Fern\u00e1ndez de Kirchner and other government officials had attempted to whitewash the AMIA investigation in order to improve relations with Iran. (See \u201cAMIA Bombing Investigation and Death of Alberto Nisman\u201d below.)\n\nTerrorism in Latin America: U.S. Concerns\nOver the years, the United States has been concerned about threats to Latin American and Caribbean nations from various terrorist or insurgent groups that have attempted to influence or overthrow elected governments. Although Latin America has not been the focal point in efforts to deter global terrorism, some countries in the region have struggled with domestic terrorism for decades, and international terrorist groups have at times used the region as a battleground to advance their causes.\nThe State Department\u2019s annual Country Reports on Terrorism (hereinafter referred to as the terrorism report) highlights U.S. concerns about terrorist threats around the world, including in Latin America. According to the 2014 terrorism report (issued in June 2015), while \u201calmost all governments in the region recognized the potential threat that terrorism represents to their domestic and hemispheric interests,\u201d there was also understanding that terrorist groups do not currently menace the region compared to other parts of the world. The State Department re-asserted in the 2014 report that \u201ctransnational criminal organizations continued to pose far more significant threats to the region than terrorism\u201d and that \u201cmost countries [in the region] made efforts to investigate possible connections with terrorist organizations.\u201d In terms of Latin American countries\u2019 abilities to combat terrorism, the State Department maintained in the 2014 report that there was a lack of significant progress on countering terrorism in some countries because of \u201ccorruption, weak government institutions, insufficient interagency cooperation, weak or non-existent legislation, and a lack of resources.\u201d\nAs in recent years, the State Department maintained in the terrorism 2014 report that the primary terrorist threats in Latin America stemmed from two Colombian guerrilla groups\u2014the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (ELN)\u2014responsible for the majority of terrorist attacks in the region. The Colombian government has been involved in peace talks with the FARC since 2012, and to date the two sides have made progress in resolving three out of five substantive agenda items. Many observers assert that a final agreement would be a significant step in reducing terrorist threats and attacks in Latin America. (See \u201cColombia\u201d section below). \nU.S. policymakers have expressed concerns over the past several years about Iran\u2019s deepening relations with several Latin American countries, especially Venezuela, and its activities in the region. The 2014 terrorism report asserted that \u201cthe United States remained vigilant in its efforts to monitor Iran\u2019s influence in the Western Hemisphere.\u201d In presenting the 2015 posture statement of the U.S. Southern Command (SOUTHCOM) to Congress in March 2015, General John Kelly stated that \u201cas the foremost state sponsor of terrorism, Iran\u2019s involvement in the region ... is a matter for concern, and its diplomatic, economic, and political engagement is closely monitored.\u201d A June 2013 State Department report to Congress pursuant to the Countering Iran in the Western Hemisphere Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-220) had described Iranian influence in Latin America and the Caribbean as \u201cwaning.\u201d Many analysts contend that Iranian relations with the region have diminished since current Iranian President Hassan Rouhani took office in 2013. (See \u201cIran\u2019s Activities in Latin America\u201d below.)\nOne of the main concerns about Iran\u2019s increasing relations with the region is its ties to Hezbollah, the radical Lebanon-based Islamic group that the Department of State designated a Foreign Terrorist Organization in 1997. While the State Department asserted in its 2014 terrorism report that there were no confirmation of operational cells of either Hezbollah or Al Qaeda or in the hemisphere, it noted that \u201cideological sympathizers in South America and the Caribbean continued to provide financial and moral support to those and other terrorist groups in the Middle East and South Asia.\u201d In particular, the State Department noted that the tri-border area of Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay \u201cremained an important regional nexus of arms, narcotics, and human smuggling, counterfeiting, pirated goods; and money laundering\u2014all potential funding sources for terrorist organizations.\u201d\nThere has been significant U.S. concern in recent years about the increasing and brutal violence of Mexico\u2019s drug trafficking organizations, with more than 80,000 organized crime-related deaths in Mexico since 2006. In response to some concerns that these criminal organizations were adopting terrorist tactics, the State Department asserted in its 2013 and 2014 terrorism reports asserted that there were \u201cno known international terrorist organizations operating in Mexico\u201d and \u201cno evidence that any terrorist group has targeted U.S. citizens in Mexican territory.\u201d (See \u201cMexico\u201d below.)\nFrom March 1982 until May 2015, Cuba had been on the State Department\u2019s so-called state sponsors of terrorism list pursuant to Section 6(j) of the Export Administration Act (EAA) of 1979 and other provisions of law. As part of President Obama\u2019s shift on Cuba policy announced in December 2014, the State Department conducted a review of Cuba\u2019s designation on the state sponsors list, and in April 2015, President Obama submitted a report to Congress justifying the rescission of Cuba\u2019s designation. The President certified that the Cuban government \u201chas not provided any support for international terrorism during the preceding 6-month period\u201d and \u201chas provided assurances that it will not support acts of international terrorism in the future.\u201d Congress did not attempt to block the President\u2019s action, which paved the way for the Secretary of State to rescind Cuba\u2019s designation on May 29, 2015. (See \u201cCuba\u201d section below.)\nVenezuela currently is on the State Department\u2019s annual list of countries determined to be not cooperating fully with U.S. antiterrorism efforts pursuant to Section 40A of the Arms Export Control Act. The most recent annual determination was made by the Secretary of State on May 11, 2015. Venezuela has been on the list since 2006 and, as a result, has been subject to a U.S. arms embargo. Cuba had been on the Section 40A list since 1997, when the annual determination was first established, but was not included this year. U.S. officials have expressed concerns over the past decade about Venezuela\u2019s lack of cooperation on antiterrorism efforts, its relations with Iran, and the involvement of senior Venezuelan officials in supporting the drug and weapons trafficking activities of the FARC. (See \u201cVenezuela\u201d section below.)\nColombia\nThree violent Colombian groups have been designated by the Secretary of State as Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs). Two of these, the leftist Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the leftist National Liberation Army (ELN), were designated in 1997 and are active guerrilla groups. A third group, the rightist paramilitary United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC), was designated an FTO in 2001, but the group has been demobilized for nine years. In July 2014, the AUC was de-listed as an FTO by the U.S. Secretary of State.\nThe FARC, a leftist guerrilla group heavily involved in drug production and trafficking, was established in the mid-1960s. Over the past several years, the FARC has been weakened significantly by the government\u2019s military campaign against it. In March 2008, the military killed the group\u2019s second in command, Ra\u00fal Reyes, during a raid on a FARC camp in Ecuador. In May 2008, the FARC admitted that its long-time leader, Manuel Marulanda, had died of a heart attack in March as well. In July 2008, a Colombian military operation rescued 15 long-held hostages, including three U.S. defense contractors (held since February 2003) and a prominent Colombian senator and presidential candidate. The Colombian military dealt another significant blow to the terrorist group in September 2010 when it killed a top military commander, Victor Julio Su\u00e1rez (aka \u201cMono Joyoy\u201d) in a bombing raid on his camp in a mountainous region of Meta department in central Colombia. In November 2011, the Colombian military killed the FARC\u2019s top leader, Alfonso Cano, in a bombing raid in the department of Cauca in southwestern Colombia. In September 2012, a top FARC commander, Danilo Garc\u00eda, was killed in a military raid in the northern department of Norte de Santander. \nDespite the military campaign against it, the FARC is estimated to have a strength of about 8,000-9,000 fighters, operating in various locations throughout Colombia. The group has been responsible for terrorist attacks, including the destruction of infrastructure, kidnapping, and extortion, and, in recent years, has diversified into illegal mining. In the aftermath of the killing of FARC leader Alfonso Cano in November 2011, the FARC chose Rodrigo Londo\u00f1o, also known as Timole\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez or Timochenko, as its new leader.\nIn August 2012, the Colombian government of President Juan Manuel Santos announced that it had begun exploratory peace talks with the FARC. Formal talks began in Norway in October 2012 and have continued in Cuba for nearly three years. To date, the two sides have reached agreements on three of the five substantive agenda items: land and rural development, political participation, and resolving the problem of illicit drugs. Remaining items are a framework for ending the conflict (including a cessation of hostilities and disarmament) and compensation and justice for victims, who officially number more than 7 million Colombians. \nPresident Santos was reelected to a second term in June 2014, centering his campaign on a pledge to continue the peace negotiations. Unilateral ceasefires by the FARC\u2014during elections and holiday periods\u2014worked to lower the annual casualties from terrorist attacks in 2014. However, in November 2014, a Colombian Brigadier General was captured by the FARC, and the negotiations were suspended until he and other captives were freed two weeks later. In December, the FARC declared an indefinite, unilateral ceasefire that lasted about four months, until a mid-April 2015 attack in which 11 Colombian soldiers were killed. \nThe State Department\u2019s 2014 terrorism report maintained that the number of terrorist incidents in the country\u2014perpetrated largely by the FARC (Colombia\u2019s largest active terrorist group) and the ELN\u2014decreased during the year compared to 2013 and that government statistics showed that infrastructure sabotage was down. According to the report, the FARC reportedly focused on low-cost high-impact attacks, such as launching of mortars at police stations or the military, placing explosive devices near roads or paths, and carrying out sniper attacks. The report notes that the Colombian government kept up military pressure on the armed insurgents in 2014 and that guerrilla fighters were captured and demobilized in slightly higher numbers than in the previous year. \nFighting between the FARC and the security forces escalated in 2015, with terrorist attacks reaching the highest level since the negotiations began. Notably the FARC attacked electric grids and oil pipelines, causing blackouts and environmental damage. Popular support for the talks reached a nadir, and the president warned that public patience with the peace process might be exhausted. Yet the government and FARC remained at the negotiating table. \nThe ELN, a Marxist-Leninist group formed in 1965, reportedly has a membership of around 2,000 fighters but has continued to undertake attacks and inflict casualties despite diminished resources and reduced offensive capability. In 2013, the group increased its attacks on oil pipelines and equipment, and such attacks continued in 2014. The ELN has been located largely in the rural and mountainous areas of northern, northeastern, and southwestern Colombia and in the eastern border region with Venezuela, where the group reportedly has its base. In June 2014, the ELN and the Colombian government confirmed that they were engaged in exploratory peace talks, but official talks have still not yet begun. In recent years, the ELN has been involved in joint attacks with the FARC. Like the FARC, the group derives its funding from drug trafficking as well as from kidnapping and extorting oil and gas companies. \nThe AUC was formed in 1997 as a loose affiliation of paramilitary groups targeting leftist guerrillas. It carried out numerous political killings and kidnappings and was heavily involved in the drug trade. Although more than 32,000 AUC members demobilized between 2003 and 2006, and the group\u2019s paramilitary chiefs stepped down, the organization remained on the FTO list until 2014. \nColombian FTOs in Neighboring Countries\nColombian terrorist groups have continued to use the territory of several of Colombia\u2019s neighbors\u2014Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela\u2014according to the State Department\u2019s 2014 terrorism report, although all of the governments worked with Colombia and in some cases independently to reduce the presence of Colombian insurgents and drug trafficking groups. (See Figure 1.) The cooperation of the Colombian government with neighboring countries continued to improve in 2014. Border areas with Venezuela, Panama, and Ecuador reportedly are used for incursions into Colombia, and Venezuelan and Ecuadorian territory is reportedly used for safe haven, according to the report.\nWhile Ecuador\u2019s relations with Colombia became tense in the aftermath of Colombia\u2019s March 2008 military raid on a FARC camp in Ecuador\u2019s Sucumbios province, Ecuador\u2019s military subsequently increased the number of operations against the FARC in its northern border region. Under Colombian President Santos, who took office in August 2010, the two countries made progress in improving bilateral relations following the restoration of diplomatic relations in December 2010. The 2013 and 2014 terrorism reports maintained that improved relations between Colombia and Ecuador have led to increased cooperation on law enforcement issues. \nIn Panama, a small number of FARC members from the group\u2019s 57th Front operated in the country\u2019s Darien province bordering Colombia for a number of years, using the area as a safe haven. Panama\u2019s government has stepped up its efforts in recent years to confront the FARC, and as a result, the 2014 terrorism report asserts that the FARC can no longer maintain a permanent militarized presence in Panamanian territory. The security threat posed by the FARC inside Panama has been curbed by the actions of Panama\u2019s National Border Service (SENAFRONT). Nevertheless, the remote Darien region still faces challenges from smaller drug trafficking organizations and criminal groups and experiences problems with human smuggling with counterterrorism implications. SENAFRONT\u2019s successes in downgrading the FARC\u2019s presence are supplemented by other Panamanian government efforts to assert a positive state presence and support underserved populations living in the remote border region with Colombia to assist them in resisting recruitment efforts by terrorist groups.\nWith regard to Venezuela, both the FARC and the ELN have long been reported to have a presence in Venezuelan territory, and the United States has imposed sanctions on several current and former Venezuelan government and military officials for providing support to the FARC. (Also see section on \u201cVenezuela\u201d below.) As described in the State Department\u2019s 2010 terrorism report, the previous Colombian government of President \u00c1lvaro Uribe publicly accused the Venezuelan government several times of harboring members of the FARC and the ELN in its territory. In July 2010, the Uribe government presented evidence at the Organization of American States (OAS) of FARC training camps in Venezuela. In response, Venezuela suspended diplomatic relations in July 2010, yet less than three weeks later new Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos met with then-Venezuelan President Ch\u00e1vez, and the two leaders agreed to reestablish diplomatic relations and to improve military patrols along their common border.\nSince then, Venezuelan-Colombian relations on border security have improved, with ongoing high-level dialogue. At times, Venezuela has captured and returned to Colombia several members of the FARC and the ELN. \nAs noted above, the State Department\u2019s 2014 terrorism report maintains that the FARC and the ELN use Venezuela for incursions into Colombia and that Venezuelan territory is used for safe haven, with individuals linked to both the FARC and the ELN present in Venezuela. Moreover, the terrorism report also noted that Venezuela has taken no action against senior Venezuelan government officials sanctioned by the U.S. Treasury Department for directly supporting the narcotics and arms trafficking activities of the FARC (see \u201cVenezuela and FARC-Related Sanctions\u201d below.) Elements of the Venezuela military believed to be most deeply involved in the drug trade are concentrated along the border with Colombia in the Venezuelan states of Apure, Zulia, and T\u00e1chira (see Figure 1).\nFigure 1. Colombia and Neighboring Countries\n/\nSource: CRS.\nNotes: The map shows Colombia\u2019s departments and the bordering departments, provinces, and states of neighboring Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Venezuela, and Panama.\nThe State Department\u2019s recent reports have also noted that the Venezuelan government has taken an active role in supporting the Colombian government-FARC peace negotiations that have been ongoing since late 2012. Colombian and Venezuelan foreign ministers also met frequently throughout 2014 to focus their governments\u2019 joint efforts on reducing narcotics trafficking, arms smuggling, and the activity of illegally armed groups.\nCuba\nCuba had a history of supporting revolutionary movements and governments in Latin America and Africa, but, in 1992, then Cuban leader Fidel Castro said that his country\u2019s support for insurgents abroad was a thing of the past. Most analysts accept that Cuba\u2019s policy generally did change, largely because the breakup of the Soviet Union resulted in the loss of billions in subsidies. \nFrom March 1982 until May 2015, the Department of State, pursuant to Section 6(j) of the Export Administration Act (EAA) of 1979 and other laws, had included Cuba among its list of states sponsoring terrorism. For a number of years, Cuba\u2019s retention on the terrorism list had been questioned by some observers. In general, those who supported keeping Cuba on the list pointed to the government\u2019s history of supporting terrorist acts and armed insurgencies and continued hosting of members of foreign terrorist organizations and U.S. fugitives from justice. Critics of retaining Cuba on the terrorism list maintained that it was a holdover of the Cold War. They argued that domestic political considerations kept Cuba on the terrorism list and maintained that Cuba\u2019s presence on the list diverted U.S. attention from struggles against serious terrorist threats. \nRescission of Cuba\u2019s Designation as a State Sponsor of Terrorism. In December 2014, President Obama unveiled a new policy approach toward Cuba that would move U.S. policy away from sanctions and toward a policy of engagement. One element of the changed policy was ordering a review of Cuba\u2019s designation by the State Department as a state sponsor of international terrorism. President Obama directed Secretary of State Kerry to review Cuba\u2019s designation \u201cguided by the facts and the law.\u201d The President stated that \u201cat a time when we are focused on threats from al Qaeda to ISIL, a nation that meets our conditions and renounces the use of terrorism should not face this sanction.\u201d The State Department review was completed in early April 2015, and on April 14 the President transmitted to Congress a report justifying the rescission of Cuba\u2019s designation as a state sponsor of terrorism. No resolutions of disapproval were introduced in Congress to block the rescission, which took place on May 29, 2015, 45 days after the submission of the report to Congress.\nIn the April 14, 2015, report to Congress, President Obama, following the process set forth in three terrorist-list provisions of law cited above, certified that the Cuban government \u201chas not provided any support for international terrorism during the preceding 6-month period\u201d and \u201chas provided assurances that it will not support acts of international terrorism in the future.\u201d The memorandum of justification accompanying the report maintained that Cuba has taken steps in recent years to fully distance itself from international terrorism and to strengthen its counterterrorism laws. The justification noted that Cuba is a party to 15 international instruments related to countering terrorism and has deposited its instrument of ratification or accession to three additional instruments that have not yet entered into force. The justification stated that in 2013, Cuba committed to work with the multilateral Financial Action Task Force (FATF) to address its anti-money laundering/counterterrorism finance (AML/CTF) deficiencies. Most significantly, the justification stated that direct engagement with Cuba permitted the United States to secure additional assurances, delivered April 3, 2015, of Cuba\u2019s commitment to renounce international terrorism. \nMembers of Foreign Terrorist Organization in Cuba. For a number of years in its annual terrorism report, the State Department has discussed Cuba\u2019s provision of safe haven for members of the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) and the Colombian FARC, both U.S.-designated FTOs. \nIn the April 2015 justification for rescinding Cuba\u2019s state sponsor of terrorism designation, the Administration maintained that there was no credible evidence that Cuba has, within the preceding six months, provided specific material support, services, or resources to members of the FARC or members of the ELN, another Colombian FTO, outside of facilitating the peace process between those organizations and the government of Colombia. The Cuban government has been supporting and hosting peace negotiations between the FARC and the Colombian government since 2012. According to the justification, the Colombian government formally noted to the United States that it believes the Cuban government has played a constructive process in the peace talks and that it has no evidence that Cuba has provided any political or military support in recent years to the FARC or the ELN that has assisted in the planning or execution of terrorist activity in Colombia. \nWith regard to ETA, the Administration maintained in the justification that the Cuban government continues to allow approximately two dozen members of ETA to remain in the country, with most of those entering Cuba following an agreement with the government of Spain. The Administration maintained that Spain has requested the extradition of two ETA members from Cuba and that a bilateral process is underway for the two countries to resolve the matter. It maintained that the Spanish government has conveyed to the United States that it is satisfied with this process and that it has no objection to the rescission of Cuba\u2019s designation as a state sponsor of terrorism.\nU.S. Fugitives from Justice. Another issue that has been mentioned for many years in the State Department\u2019s annual terrorism report is Cuba\u2019s harboring of fugitives wanted in the United States. The 2014 terrorism report stated that Cuba provides such support as housing, food ration books, and medical care for these individuals. This was also reiterated in the Administration\u2019s April 2015 justification to Congress. \nU.S. fugitives from justice in Cuba include convicted murderers and numerous hijackers, most of whom entered Cuba in the 1970s and early 1980s. For example, Joanne Chesimard, also known as Assata Shakur, was added to the FBI\u2019s Most Wanted Terrorist list in May 2013. Chesimard was part of militant group known as the Black Liberation Army. In 1977, she was convicted for the 1973 murder of a New Jersey State Police officer and sentenced to life in prison. Chesimard escaped from prison in 1979 and, according to the FBI, lived underground before fleeing to Cuba in 1984. Another fugitive, William \u201cGuillermo\u201d Morales, who was a member of the Puerto Rican militant group known as the Armed Forces of National Liberatio", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS21049", "sha1": "2da05e0cf4407f014b0fc3bf7a9fdac5e3285921", "filename": "files/20150811_RS21049_2da05e0cf4407f014b0fc3bf7a9fdac5e3285921.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS21049", "sha1": "1eaf236120c80b66e921ed17e8e4218b88ba8a3b", "filename": "files/20150811_RS21049_1eaf236120c80b66e921ed17e8e4218b88ba8a3b.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 281, "name": "Latin America and the Caribbean" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3456, "name": "Terrorism and Counterterrorism Policy" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc807391/", "id": "RS21049_2014Aug15", "date": "2014-08-15", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Latin America: Terrorism Issues", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140815_RS21049_2edf9128b96f5578811c56bda141765f15c48fba.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140815_RS21049_2edf9128b96f5578811c56bda141765f15c48fba.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc228105/", "id": "RS21049_2013Jul11", "date": "2013-07-11", "retrieved": "2013-11-05T18:07:05", "title": "Latin America: Terrorism Issues", "summary": "Report regarding U.S. attention to terrorism in Latin America, which has intensified in the aftermath of the September 2001 terrorist attacks. The report talks about the 112th Congress's initiatives that have been introduced related to terrorism issues in the Western Hemisphere regarding Mexico, Venezuela, and the activities of Iran and Hezbollah.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20130711_RS21049_2c3aa5999a25a85f032b91f72e91be41690820e9.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20130711_RS21049_2c3aa5999a25a85f032b91f72e91be41690820e9.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism -- Latin America", "name": "Terrorism -- Latin America" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Criminal justice", "name": "Criminal justice" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc463500/", "id": "RS21049_2013Apr05", "date": "2013-04-05", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "Latin America: Terrorism Issues", "summary": "This is a report regarding U.S. attention to terrorism in Latin America, which has intensified in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The report talks about the 112th Congress's initiatives that have been introduced related to terrorism issues in the Western Hemisphere regarding Mexico, Venezuela, and the activities of Iran and Hezbollah.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20130405_RS21049_c81939f01414343fc773a2742e278e2cd1d33b50.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20130405_RS21049_c81939f01414343fc773a2742e278e2cd1d33b50.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism -- Latin America", "name": "Terrorism -- Latin America" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Criminal justice", "name": "Criminal justice" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc84101/", "id": "RS21049_2012Mar02", "date": "2012-03-02", "retrieved": "2012-04-27T15:49:45", "title": "Latin America: Terrorism Issues", "summary": "U.S. attention to terrorism in Latin America intensified in the aftermath of the September 2001 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, with an increase in bilateral and regional cooperation. Over the past several years, policymakers have been concerned about Iran's increasing activities in Latin America, particularly its relations with Venezuela, although there has been disagreement over the extent and significance of Iran's relations with the region. In the 112th Congress, several initiatives have been introduced related to terrorism issues in the Western Hemisphere regarding Mexico, Venezuela, and the activities of Iran and Hezbollah, and several oversight hearings have been held.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120302_RS21049_0d94225e3513cfc250cad3136fa2d3665ba4f705.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120302_RS21049_0d94225e3513cfc250cad3136fa2d3665ba4f705.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism - Latin America", "name": "Terrorism - Latin America" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Criminal justice", "name": "Criminal justice" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc87366/", "id": "RS21049_2012Jan05", "date": "2012-01-05", "retrieved": "2012-07-03T07:51:21", "title": "Latin America: Terrorism Issues", "summary": "U.S. attention to terrorism in Latin America intensified in the aftermath of the September 2001 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, with an increase in bilateral and regional cooperation. Over the past several years, policymakers have been concerned about Iran's increasing activities in Latin America, particularly its relations with Venezuela, although there has been disagreement over the extent and significance of Iran's relations with the region. In the 112th Congress, several initiatives have been introduced related to terrorism issues in the Western Hemisphere regarding Mexico, Venezuela, and the activities of Iran and Hezbollah, and several oversight hearings have been held.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120105_RS21049_c3928f07af71a161184826e3889cea1b0da45677.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120105_RS21049_c3928f07af71a161184826e3889cea1b0da45677.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism - Latin America", "name": "Terrorism - Latin America" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Criminal justice", "name": "Criminal justice" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc31487/", "id": "RS21049_2011Feb23", "date": "2011-02-23", "retrieved": "2011-03-09T09:26:47", "title": "Latin America: Terrorism Issues", "summary": "Since the September 2001 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, U.S. attention to terrorism in Latin America has intensified, with an increase in bilateral and regional cooperation. This report discusses the issue in relation to the U.S. State Department's April 2009 Country Report on Terrorism; Colombian President Hugo Ch\u00e1vez's sympathies with terrorist groups and lack of cooperation on antiterrorism efforts; growing U.S. concern over activities of terrorist groups Hezbollah and Hamas in the tri-border area of Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay; and various legislative initiatives related to Latin American terrorism issues being considered by the 112th Congress.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110223_RS21049_63b563343fe7ec62cbb9b2537eb3473a6b15d5d3.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110223_RS21049_63b563343fe7ec62cbb9b2537eb3473a6b15d5d3.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism", "name": "Terrorism" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Counterterrorism", "name": "Counterterrorism" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government - Latin America", "name": "Politics and government - Latin America" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc29730/", "id": "RS21049_2010Oct26", "date": "2010-10-26", "retrieved": "2010-12-04T14:26:25", "title": "Latin America: Terrorism Issues", "summary": "Since the September 2001 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, U.S. attention to terrorism in Latin America has intensified, with an increase in bilateral and regional cooperation. This report discusses the issue in relation to the U.S. State Department's April 2009 Country Report on Terrorism; Colombian President Hugo Ch\u00e1vez's sympathies with terrorist groups and lack of cooperation on antiterrorism efforts; growing U.S. concern over activities of terrorist groups Hezbollah and Hamas in the tri-border area of Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay; and various legislative initiatives related to Latin American terrorism issues being considered by the 111th Congress.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20101026_RS21049_6aa670169ea6c948dea0df8c9f02d15c4ed3bb2d.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20101026_RS21049_6aa670169ea6c948dea0df8c9f02d15c4ed3bb2d.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism", "name": "Terrorism" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Counterterrorism", "name": "Counterterrorism" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government - Latin America", "name": "Politics and government - Latin America" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc505425/", "id": "RS21049_2010Jan25", "date": "2010-01-25", "retrieved": "2015-05-29T05:37:21", "title": "Latin America: Terrorism Issues", "summary": "This report discusses the issue in relation to the U.S. State Department's April 2009 Country Report on Terrorism; Colombian President Hugo Ch\u00e1vez's sympathies with terrorist groups and lack of cooperation on antiterrorism efforts; growing U.S. concern over activities of terrorist groups Hezbollah and Hamas in the tri-border area of Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay; and various legislative initiatives related to Latin American terrorism issues being considered by the 112th Congress.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100125_RS21049_263882a02383e6bfdf02e65246e749a650a771fd.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100125_RS21049_263882a02383e6bfdf02e65246e749a650a771fd.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Latin America", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Latin America" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- Latin America", "name": "Politics and government -- Latin America" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Counterterrorism", "name": "Counterterrorism" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc689392/", "id": "RS21049_2009Sep02", "date": "2009-09-02", "retrieved": "2015-08-03T15:06:47", "title": "Latin America: Terrorism Issues", "summary": "This report discusses the issue in relation to the U.S. State Department's April 2009 Country Report on Terrorism; Colombian President Hugo Ch\u00e1vez's sympathies with terrorist groups and lack of cooperation on antiterrorism efforts; growing U.S. concern over activities of terrorist groups Hezbollah and Hamas in the tri-border area of Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay; and various legislative initiatives related to Latin American terrorism issues being considered by the 112th Congress.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20090902_RS21049_7ce652acd03facfbc1aa4df88def3dfe356b6386.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20090902_RS21049_7ce652acd03facfbc1aa4df88def3dfe356b6386.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Latin America", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Latin America" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- Latin America", "name": "Politics and government -- Latin America" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Counterterrorism", "name": "Counterterrorism" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700860/", "id": "RS21049_2009Jul14", "date": "2009-07-14", "retrieved": "2015-08-27T16:20:31", "title": "Latin America: Terrorism Issues", "summary": "This report discusses the issue in relation to the U.S. State Department's April 2009 Country Report on Terrorism; Colombian President Hugo Ch\u00e1vez's sympathies with terrorist groups and lack of cooperation on antiterrorism efforts; growing U.S. concern over activities of terrorist groups Hezbollah and Hamas in the tri-border area of Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay; and various legislative initiatives related to Latin American terrorism issues being considered by the 112th Congress.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20090714_RS21049_f213d6d18af8f46a02f8c397cf187abe89dd302f.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20090714_RS21049_f213d6d18af8f46a02f8c397cf187abe89dd302f.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Counterterrorism", "name": "Counterterrorism" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Latin America", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Latin America" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- Latin America", "name": "Politics and government -- Latin America" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700722/", "id": "RS21049_2009Mar11", "date": "2009-03-11", "retrieved": "2015-08-27T16:20:31", "title": "Latin America: Terrorism Issues", "summary": "Over the years, the United States has been concerned about threats to Latin American and Caribbean nations from various terrorist or insurgent groups that have attempted to influence or overthrow elected governments. This report discusses these concerns and briefly takes a look at the United States' increased cooperation with the region in the wake of the 9/11 attacks.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20090311_RS21049_4f4aa303be51966462dae720aeca47de14a1ff7a.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20090311_RS21049_4f4aa303be51966462dae720aeca47de14a1ff7a.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism", "name": "Terrorism" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Counterterrorism", "name": "Counterterrorism" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- Latin America", "name": "Politics and government -- Latin America" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10571/", "id": "RS21049_2008Aug27", "date": "2008-08-27", "retrieved": "2008-12-11T20:31:24", "title": "Latin America: Terrorism Issues", "summary": "In the aftermath of the September 2001 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, D.C., U.S. attention to terrorism in Latin America intensified, with an increase in bilateral and regional cooperation. Latin American nations strongly condemned the attacks. This report outlines the U.S.-Latin American relationship in regards to terrorism, including several pieces of international counterterrorism legislation, including the Inter-American Convention Against Terrorism and the Organization of American States.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20080827_RS21049_e518e2fe4d348d132f4f9f59b7198fcf627277ae.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20080827_RS21049_e518e2fe4d348d132f4f9f59b7198fcf627277ae.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Criminal justice", "name": "Criminal justice" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism - Latin America", "name": "Terrorism - Latin America" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10572/", "id": "RS21049_2008Jun10", "date": "2008-06-10", "retrieved": "2008-12-11T20:31:24", "title": "Latin America: Terrorism Issues", "summary": "In the aftermath of the September 2001 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, D.C., U.S. attention to terrorism in Latin America intensified, with an increase in bilateral and regional cooperation. Latin American nations strongly condemned the attacks. This report outlines the U.S.-Latin American relationship in regards to terrorism, including several pieces of international counterterrorism legislation, including the Inter-American Convention Against Terrorism and the Organization of American States.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20080610_RS21049_3c382d0aa1f57ce5c5ffc3c8d7e7838f8bd6b2f2.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20080610_RS21049_3c382d0aa1f57ce5c5ffc3c8d7e7838f8bd6b2f2.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Criminal justice", "name": "Criminal justice" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism - Latin America", "name": "Terrorism - Latin America" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc809054/", "id": "RS21049_2008Jan09", "date": "2008-01-09", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Latin America: Terrorism Issues", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20080109_RS21049_c9938ac37618ae32161e86bf5e5aba5383a7f48a.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20080109_RS21049_c9938ac37618ae32161e86bf5e5aba5383a7f48a.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc805618/", "id": "RS21049_2007Jan22", "date": "2007-01-22", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Latin America: Terrorism Issues", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20070122_RS21049_b1553a94ad1d8e691673ff17b85641493808ce1e.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20070122_RS21049_b1553a94ad1d8e691673ff17b85641493808ce1e.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10147/", "id": "RS21049_2006Sep16", "date": "2006-09-16", "retrieved": "2007-06-20T14:39:47", "title": "Latin America: Terrorism Issues", "summary": "This report discusses terrorism in the region tri-border area (TBA) of Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay has been a regional hub for Hizballah and Hamas fundraising activities. The report also examines activity by Cuba, which has been designated by the State Department as a state sponsor of terrorism since 1982, and asserts that Venezuela has virtually ceased its cooperation in the global war on terror.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20060916_RS21049_f6e12886ea6f00801527e6c7461f8332735493c2.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20060916_RS21049_f6e12886ea6f00801527e6c7461f8332735493c2.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Criminal justice", "name": "Criminal justice" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism - Latin America", "name": "Terrorism - Latin America" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9535/", "id": "RS21049_2006Sep16", "date": "2006-06-30", "retrieved": "2006-12-05T13:42:09", "title": "Latin America: Terrorism Issues", "summary": "This report discusses terrorism in the region tri-border area (TBA) of Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay has been a regional hub for Hizballah and Hamas fundraising activities. 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