{
  "id": "RS20995",
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      "date": "2003-02-03",
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      "title": "India and Pakistan: U.S. Economic Sanctions",
      "summary": "In 1998, India and Pakistan each conducted tests of nuclear explosive devices, drawing world\ncondemnation. The United States and a number of India's and Pakistan's major trading partners\nimposed economic sanctions in response. Most U.S. economic sanctions were lifted or eased within\na few months of their imposition, however, and Congress gave the President the authority to remove\nall remaining restrictions in 1999.\n  The sanctions were lifted incrementally. President Bush issued a final determination on\nSeptember 22, 2001, to remove the remaining restrictions, finding that denying export licenses and\nassistance was not in the national security interests of the United States.\n  Today, four Indian and 20 Pakistani entities (and their subsidiaries) remain on the Commerce\nDepartment's list of entities for which export licenses are required. By comparison, restricted\nentities numbered in the hundreds in the wake of the 1998 nuclear tests. An export license is still\nrequired to ship missile technology-controlled or nuclear proliferation-controlled items to users in\neither country, but the Department of Commerce no longer views such license applications with a\npresumption of denying their issuance.\n  Apart from the sanctions imposed following the nuclear tests, the United States prohibited\nforeign aid to Pakistan when that country fell into arrears in servicing its debt to the United States\nin late 1998, a prohibition reenforced when Pakistan's military forces overthrew the democratic\ngovernment in late 1999. Post-September 11 cooperation between the United States and Pakistan\nincluded a rescheduling of the debt and new legislation to waive the so-called democracy sanctions. \nPakistan thus became eligible to receive U.S. foreign assistance through FY2003 when, unless it\nholds free and fair elections, restrictions on foreign aid could be reimposed.",
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    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3208/",
      "id": "RS20995 2002-02-11",
      "date": "2002-02-11",
      "retrieved": "2005-06-11T22:29:40",
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      "topics": [
        {
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          "id": "International affairs",
          "name": "International affairs"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign economic relations - U.S. - Pakistan",
          "name": "Foreign economic relations - U.S. - Pakistan"
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          "id": "Foreign economic relations - U.S. - India",
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        {
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          "id": "Sanctions (International law)",
          "name": "Sanctions (International law)"
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        {
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          "id": "Foreign policy",
          "name": "Foreign policy"
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        {
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          "id": "Trade",
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      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1843/",
      "id": "RS20995 2001-10-12",
      "date": "2001-10-12",
      "retrieved": "2005-06-11T22:29:19",
      "title": "India and Pakistan: Current U.S. Economic Sanctions",
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