{ "id": "RL34680", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "number": "RL34680", "active": true, "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 588451, "date": "2018-12-10", "retrieved": "2018-12-11T14:14:27.258242", "title": "Shutdown of the Federal Government: Causes, Processes, and Effects", "summary": "When federal agencies and programs lack funding after the expiration of full-year or interim appropriations, the agencies and programs experience a funding gap. If funding does not resume in time to continue government operations, then, under the Antideficiency Act, an agency must cease operations, except in certain situations when law authorizes continued activity. Funding gaps are distinct from shutdowns, and the criteria that flow from the Antideficiency Act for determining which activities are affected by a shutdown are complex.\nFailure of the President and Congress to reach agreement on full-year or interim funding measures occasionally has caused shutdowns of affected federal government activities. The longest such shutdown lasted 21 full days during FY1996, from December 16, 1995, to January 6, 1996. More recently, a relatively long funding gap commenced on October 1, 2013, the first day of FY2014, after funding for the previous fiscal year expired. Because funding did not resume on October 1, affected agencies began to cease operations and furlough personnel that day. A 16-full-day shutdown ensued, the first to occur in over 17 years. Subsequently, two comparatively brief shutdowns occurred during FY2018, in January and February 2018, respectively.\nGovernment shutdowns have necessitated furloughs of several hundred thousand federal employees, required cessation or reduction of many government activities, and affected numerous sectors of the economy. This report discusses\ncauses of shutdowns, including the legal framework under which they may occur;\nprocesses related to how agencies may plan for the contingency of a shutdown;\neffects of shutdowns, focusing especially on federal personnel and government operations; and\nissues related to shutdowns that may be of interest to Congress. \nThis CRS report is intended to address questions that arise frequently related to the topic of government shutdowns. However, the report does not closely track developments related to the appropriations process for a given fiscal year. For links to CRS resources related to annual appropriations, see the \u201cCRS Appropriations Status Table,\u201d at http://www.crs.gov/AppropriationsStatusTable/Index. \nAdditional resources related to funding gaps and shutdowns are identified below.\nAgency Shutdown Plans\nFor links to agency shutdown plans (also sometimes called \u201ccontingency plans\u201d) of varying dates, see the Office of Management and Budget\u2019s (OMB\u2019s) website, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/information-for-agencies/agency-contingency-plans/.\nCRS Written Products\nListing of CRS written products related to FY2014 shutdown. For an annotated list of CRS products that relate to the FY2014 funding gap, shutdown, and related status of appropriations, see CRS Report R43250, CRS Resources on the FY2014 Funding Gap, Shutdown, and Status of Appropriations, by Justin Murray.\nFunding gaps history. For discussion of funding gaps in recent decades and a more detailed chronology of legislative actions and funding gaps that led to the two shutdowns of FY1996 and the shutdown of FY2014, see CRS Report RS20348, Federal Funding Gaps: A Brief Overview, by James V. Saturno.\nPast government shutdowns. For an annotated list of historical documents and other resources related to past government shutdowns, see CRS Report R41759, Past Government Shutdowns: Key Resources, by Jared C. Nagel and Justin Murray.\nCRS Services\nFor questions concerning the impact of a shutdown on a specific agency or program in the executive branch, legislative branch operations, or judicial branch operations,\nsee the contact information for CRS subject matter experts who are listed in CRS Report R41723, Funding Gaps and Government Shutdowns: CRS Experts; \nuse the \u201cplace a request\u201d function on the CRS website;\ncall CRS at 7-5700; or\nsee the \u201cKey Policy Staff\u201d table at the end of this report.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL34680", "sha1": "450d40bb1892c659e7c8040bc76e8623293e27eb", "filename": "files/20181210_RL34680_450d40bb1892c659e7c8040bc76e8623293e27eb.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL34680", "sha1": "85c900d57cf921863fea8bfebc18fcf8df430251", "filename": "files/20181210_RL34680_85c900d57cf921863fea8bfebc18fcf8df430251.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4751, "name": "Federal Workforce" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4900, "name": "Budget & Appropriations Procedure" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 576094, "date": "2017-11-30", "retrieved": "2018-05-10T12:00:15.833511", "title": "Shutdown of the Federal Government: Causes, Processes, and Effects", "summary": "When federal agencies and programs lack funding after the expiration of full-year or interim appropriations, the agencies and programs experience a funding gap. If funding does not resume in time to continue government operations, then, under the Antideficiency Act, an agency must cease operations, except in certain situations when law authorizes continued activity. The criteria that flow from the Antideficiency Act for determining which activities are affected are complex.\nFailure of the President and Congress to reach agreement on full-year or interim funding measures occasionally has caused shutdowns of affected federal government activities. The longest such shutdown lasted 21 full days during FY1996, from December 16, 1995, to January 6, 1996. More recently, a funding gap commenced on October 1, 2013, the first day of FY2014, after funding for the previous fiscal year expired. Because funding did not resume on October 1, affected agencies began to cease operations and furlough personnel that day. A 16-full-day shutdown ensued, the first to occur in over 17 years. \nGovernment shutdowns have necessitated furloughs of several hundred thousand federal employees, required cessation or reduction of many government activities, and affected numerous sectors of the economy. This report discusses\ncauses of shutdowns, including the legal framework under which they may occur;\nprocesses related to how agencies may plan for the contingency of a shutdown;\neffects of shutdowns, focusing especially on federal personnel and government operations; and\nissues related to shutdowns that may be of interest to Congress. \nThis CRS report is intended to address questions that arise frequently related to the topic of government shutdowns. However, the report does not closely track developments related to the appropriations process for a given fiscal year. For links to CRS resources related to annual appropriations, see the \u201cCRS Appropriations Status Table,\u201d at http://www.crs.gov/AppropriationsStatusTable/Index. \nAdditional resources related to funding gaps and shutdowns are identified below.\nAgency Shutdown Plans\nFor links to agency shutdown plans (also sometimes called \u201ccontingency plans\u201d) of varying dates, see the Office of Management and Budget\u2019s (OMB\u2019s) website, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/information-for-agencies/Agency-Contingency-Plans.\nCRS Written Products\nListing of CRS written products related to FY2014 shutdown. For an annotated list of CRS products that relate to the FY2014 funding gap, shutdown, and related status of appropriations, see CRS Report R43250, CRS Resources on the FY2014 Funding Gap, Shutdown, and Status of Appropriations, by Justin Murray.\nFunding gaps history. For discussion of funding gaps in recent decades and a more detailed chronology of legislative actions and funding gaps that led to the two shutdowns of FY1996 and the shutdown of FY2014, see CRS Report RS20348, Federal Funding Gaps: A Brief Overview, by James V. Saturno.\nPast government shutdowns. For an annotated list of historical documents and other resources related to past government shutdowns, see CRS Report R41759, Past Government Shutdowns: Key Resources, by Jared C. Nagel and Justin Murray.\nCRS Services\nFor questions concerning the impact of a shutdown on a specific agency or program in the executive branch, legislative branch operations, or judicial branch operations,\nsee the contact information for CRS subject matter experts who are listed in CRS Report R41723, Funding Gaps and Government Shutdowns: CRS Experts; \nuse the \u201cplace a request\u201d function on the CRS website;\ncall CRS at 7-5700; or\nsee the \u201cKey Policy Staff\u201d table at the end of this report.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL34680", "sha1": "c4d5c917e6944c1ba1103ad5e74b0399ed4c0a1a", "filename": "files/20171130_RL34680_c4d5c917e6944c1ba1103ad5e74b0399ed4c0a1a.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL34680", "sha1": "637016194790974e1bdfe4a8209b67ee63858413", "filename": "files/20171130_RL34680_637016194790974e1bdfe4a8209b67ee63858413.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4751, "name": "Federal Workforce" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4900, "name": "Budget & Appropriations Procedure" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 460957, "date": "2017-05-05", "retrieved": "2017-05-09T14:58:29.398395", "title": "Shutdown of the Federal Government: Causes, Processes, and Effects", "summary": "When federal agencies and programs lack funding after the expiration of full-year or interim appropriations, the agencies and programs experience a funding gap. If funding does not resume in time to continue government operations, then, under the Antideficiency Act, an agency must cease operations, except in certain situations when law authorizes continued activity. The criteria that flow from the Antideficiency Act for determining which activities are affected are complex.\nFailure of the President and Congress to reach agreement on full-year or interim funding measures occasionally has caused shutdowns of affected federal government activities. The longest such shutdown lasted 21 full days during FY1996, from December 16, 1995, to January 6, 1996. More recently, a funding gap commenced on October 1, 2013, the first day of FY2014, after funding for the previous fiscal year expired. Because funding did not resume on October 1, affected agencies began to cease operations and furlough personnel that day. A 16-full-day shutdown ensued, the first to occur in over 17 years. \nGovernment shutdowns have necessitated furloughs of several hundred thousand federal employees, required cessation or reduction of many government activities, and affected numerous sectors of the economy. This report discusses\ncauses of shutdowns, including the legal framework under which they may occur;\nprocesses related to how agencies may plan for the contingency of a shutdown;\neffects of shutdowns, focusing especially on federal personnel and government operations; and\nissues related to shutdowns that may be of interest to Congress. \nThis CRS report is intended to address questions that arise frequently related to the topic of government shutdowns. However, the report does not closely track developments related to the appropriations process for a given fiscal year. For links to CRS resources related to annual appropriations, see the \u201cCRS Appropriations Status Table,\u201d at http://crs.gov/pages/AppropriationsStatusTable.aspx. \nAdditional resources related to funding gaps and shutdowns are identified below.\nAgency Shutdown Plans\nFor links to agency shutdown plans (also sometimes called \u201ccontingency plans\u201d) of varying dates, see the Office of Management and Budget\u2019s (OMB\u2019s) website, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/information-for-agencies/Agency-Contingency-Plans.\nCRS Written Products\nListing of CRS written products related to FY2014 shutdown. For an annotated list of CRS products that relate to the FY2014 funding gap, shutdown, and related status of appropriations, see CRS Report R43250, CRS Resources on the FY2014 Funding Gap, Shutdown, and Status of Appropriations, by Justin Murray.\nPast government shutdowns. For an annotated list of historical documents and other resources related to past government shutdowns, see CRS Report R41759, Past Government Shutdowns: Key Resources, by Jared C. Nagel and Justin Murray.\n\nCRS Services\nFor questions concerning the impact of a shutdown on a specific agency or program in the executive branch, legislative branch operations, or judicial branch operations,\nsee the contact information for CRS subject matter experts who are listed in CRS Report R41723, Funding Gaps and Government Shutdowns: CRS Experts; \nuse the \u201cplace a request\u201d function on the CRS website;\ncall CRS at 7-5700; or\nsee the \u201cKey Policy Staff\u201d table at the end of this report.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL34680", "sha1": "6e0103b0bc28e896173ee2fa1be2e5191f6e67cc", "filename": "files/20170505_RL34680_6e0103b0bc28e896173ee2fa1be2e5191f6e67cc.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL34680", "sha1": "27cce4e307ef05a77fa843cc99ded908500fdcc8", "filename": "files/20170505_RL34680_27cce4e307ef05a77fa843cc99ded908500fdcc8.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4751, "name": "Federal Workforce" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4900, "name": "Budget & Appropriations Procedure" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 434210, "date": "2014-09-08", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T20:05:50.097759", "title": "Shutdown of the Federal Government: Causes, Processes, and Effects", "summary": "When federal agencies and programs lack funding after the expiration of full-year or interim appropriations, the agencies and programs experience a funding gap. If funding does not resume in time to continue government operations, then, under the Antideficiency Act, an agency must cease operations, except in certain situations when law authorizes continued activity. The criteria that flow from the Antideficiency Act for determining which activities are affected are complex.\nFailure of the President and Congress to reach agreement on full-year or interim funding measures occasionally has caused shutdowns of affected federal government activities. The longest such shutdown lasted 21 full days during FY1996, from December 16, 1995, to January 6, 1996. More recently, a funding gap commenced on October 1, 2013, the first day of FY2014, after funding for the previous fiscal year expired. Because funding did not resume on October 1, affected agencies began to cease operations and furlough personnel that day. A 16-full-day shutdown ensued, the first to occur in over 17 years. \nGovernment shutdowns have necessitated furloughs of several hundred thousand federal employees, required cessation or reduction of many government activities, and affected numerous sectors of the economy. This report discusses\ncauses of shutdowns, including the legal framework under which they may occur;\nprocesses related to how agencies may plan for the contingency of a shutdown;\neffects of shutdowns, focusing especially on federal personnel and government operations; and\nissues related to shutdowns that may be of interest to Congress. \nThis CRS report is intended to address questions that arise frequently related to the topic of government shutdowns. However, the report does not closely track developments related to the appropriations process for a given fiscal year. For links to CRS resources related to annual appropriations, see the \u201cCRS Appropriations Status Table,\u201d at http://crs.gov/pages/AppropriationsStatusTable.aspx. \nAdditional resources related to funding gaps and shutdowns are identified below.\nAgency Shutdown Plans\nFor links to agency shutdown plans (also sometimes called \u201ccontingency plans\u201d) of varying dates, see the Office of Management and Budget\u2019s (OMB\u2019s) website, at http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/contingency-plans.\nCRS Written Products\nListing of CRS written products related to FY2014 shutdown. For an annotated list of CRS products that relate to the FY2014 funding gap, shutdown, and related status of appropriations, see CRS Report R43250, CRS Resources on the FY2014 Funding Gap, Shutdown, and Status of Appropriations, by Justin Murray.\nFunding gaps history. For discussion of funding gaps in recent decades and a more detailed chronology of legislative actions and funding gaps that led to the two shutdowns of FY1996 and the shutdown of FY2014, see CRS Report RS20348, Federal Funding Gaps: A Brief Overview, by Jessica Tollestrup.\nPast government shutdowns. For an annotated list of historical documents and other resources related to past government shutdowns, see CRS Report R41759, Past Government Shutdowns: Key Resources, by Jared C. Nagel and Justin Murray.\nCRS Services\nFor questions concerning the impact of a shutdown on a specific agency or program in the executive branch, legislative branch operations, or judicial branch operations,\nsee the contact information for CRS subject matter experts who are listed in CRS Report R41723, Funding Gaps and Government Shutdowns: CRS Experts; \nuse the \u201cplace a request\u201d function on the CRS website;\ncall CRS at 7-5700; or\nsee the \u201cKey Policy Staff\u201d table at the end of this report.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL34680", "sha1": "58e55f43e9d5626670e6e73a298499e0f4cdce09", "filename": "files/20140908_RL34680_58e55f43e9d5626670e6e73a298499e0f4cdce09.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL34680", "sha1": "c8d8f172d80d42d9630ce00c66899f99e54f39f1", "filename": "files/20140908_RL34680_c8d8f172d80d42d9630ce00c66899f99e54f39f1.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 554, "name": "Federal Workforce: Human Resource Management" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 615, "name": "Appropriations Jurisdictions and Processes" }, { "source": "CongOpsList", "id": 4145, "name": "Overview of Budget Process" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc228084/", "id": "RL34680_2013Sep25", "date": "2013-09-25", "retrieved": "2013-11-05T18:07:05", "title": "Shutdown of the Federal Government: Causes, Processes, and Effects", "summary": "This report discusses the causes of funding gaps and shutdowns of the federal government, processes that are associated with shutdowns, and how agency operations may be affected by shutdowns. 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