{
  "id": "RL34327",
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      "date": "2018-08-09",
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      "title": "Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)",
      "summary": "The Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) was formed to increase international cooperation in interdicting shipments of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), their delivery systems, and related materials. The Initiative was announced by President Bush on May 31, 2003. PSI does not create a new legal framework but aims to use existing national authorities and international law to achieve its goals. Initially, 11 nations signed on to the \u201cStatement of Interdiction Principles\u201d that guides PSI cooperation. As of June 2018, 105 countries (plus the Holy See) have committed formally to the PSI principles, although the extent of participation may vary by country. PSI has no secretariat, but an Operational Experts Group (OEG), made up of 21 PSI participants, coordinates activities.\nAlthough WMD interdiction efforts took place with international cooperation before PSI was formed, supporters argue that PSI training exercises and boarding agreements give a structure and expectation of cooperation that has improved interdiction efforts. Many observers believe that PSI\u2019s \u201cstrengthened political commitment of like-minded states\u201d to cooperate on interdiction is a successful approach to counter-proliferation policy. The effort faced early criticism that said it would be difficult to measure the initiative\u2019s effectiveness, guarantee even participation, or sustain the effort over time in the absence of a formal multilateral framework. However, successive administrations have supported the PSI and worked to expand membership. Its goals have been a part of U.S. national security strategy. The 2018 Nuclear Posture Review says, \u201cThe United States will continue to work with allies and partners to disrupt proliferation networks and interdict transfers of nuclear materials and related technology.\u201d\nThis report will be updated as events warrant.",
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        {
          "source": "IBCList",
          "id": 4873,
          "name": "Strategic Forces, CBRN, & Nonproliferation"
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      "id": 409526,
      "date": "2012-06-15",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-07T00:04:24.859092",
      "title": "Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)",
      "summary": "The Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) was formed to increase international cooperation in interdicting shipments of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), their delivery systems, and related materials. The Initiative was announced by President Bush on May 31, 2003. PSI does not create a new legal framework but aims to use existing national authorities and international law to achieve its goals. Initially, 11 nations signed on to the \u201cStatement of Interdiction Principles\u201d that guides PSI cooperation. As of May 2012, 98 countries (plus the Holy See) have committed formally to the PSI principles, although the extent of participation may vary by country. PSI has no secretariat, but an Operational Experts Group (OEG), made up of 21 PSI participants, coordinates activities.\nAlthough WMD interdiction efforts took place with international cooperation before PSI was formed, supporters argue that PSI training exercises and boarding agreements give a structure and expectation of cooperation that will improve interdiction efforts. Many observers believe that PSI\u2019s \u201cstrengthened political commitment of like-minded states\u201d to cooperate on interdiction is a successful approach to counter-proliferation policy. But some caution that it may be difficult to measure the initiative\u2019s effectiveness, guarantee even participation, or sustain the effort over time in the absence of a formal multilateral framework. Others support expanding membership and improving inter-governmental and U.S. interagency coordination as the best way to improve the program. President Obama in an April 2009 speech said that PSI should be turned into a \u201cdurable international institution.\u201d The Administration\u2019s 2010 Nuclear Security Strategy said it would work to turn PSI into a \u201cdurable international effort.\u201d The 2010 Nuclear Posture Review included PSI as a key part of the policy to impede sensitive nuclear trade. \nThis report will be updated as events warrant.",
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        {
          "source": "IBCList",
          "id": 3227,
          "name": "Proliferation and Arms Control"
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    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103219/",
      "id": "RL34327_2011Jan18",
      "date": "2011-01-18",
      "retrieved": "2012-09-19T20:16:14",
      "title": "Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)",
      "summary": "This report looks at the background and current status of the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI), which was formed to increase international cooperation in interdicting shipments of weapons of mass destruction (WMD).",
      "type": "CRS Report",
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      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Weapons systems",
          "name": "Weapons systems"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Weapons of mass destruction -- Security measures",
          "name": "Weapons of mass destruction -- Security measures"
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        {
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          "id": "Defense policy",
          "name": "Defense policy"
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          "id": "International relations",
          "name": "International relations"
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      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc29702/",
      "id": "RL34327_2010Nov05",
      "date": "2010-11-05",
      "retrieved": "2010-12-04T14:26:25",
      "title": "Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)",
      "summary": "In May 2003, President George W. Bush formed the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) to increase international cooperation in\r\ninterdicting shipments of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), their delivery systems, and related materials. This report provides background information on the initiative, as well as a general overview and proposed changes and expansions to the initiative.",
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          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Weapons systems",
          "name": "Weapons systems"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Weapons of mass destruction - Security measures",
          "name": "Weapons of mass destruction - Security measures"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Defense policy",
          "name": "Defense policy"
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          "id": "International relations",
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      "id": "RL34327_2010Jan08",
      "date": "2010-01-08",
      "retrieved": "2015-06-15T14:46:40",
      "title": "Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)",
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      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc819173/",
      "id": "RL34327_2009Sep10",
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      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
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      "id": "RL34327_2008Feb04",
      "date": "2008-02-04",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
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      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822579/",
      "id": "RL34327_2008Jan16",
      "date": "2008-01-16",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)",
      "summary": "This report looks at the background and current status of the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI), which was formed to increase international cooperation in interdicting shipments of weapons of mass destruction (WMD).",
      "type": "CRS Report",
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  "topics": [
    "Foreign Affairs",
    "Intelligence and National Security",
    "National Defense"
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}