{ "id": "RL34256", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "number": "RL34256", "active": true, "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 419321, "date": "2013-04-03", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T21:16:32.207928", "title": "North Korea\u2019s Nuclear Weapons: Technical Issues", "summary": "This report summarizes what is known from open sources about the North Korean nuclear weapons program\u2014including weapons-usable fissile material and warhead estimates\u2014and assesses current developments in achieving denuclearization. Little detailed open-source information is available about the DPRK\u2019s nuclear weapons production capabilities, warhead sophistication, the scope and success of its uranium enrichment program, or extent of its proliferation activities. In total, it is estimated that North Korea has between 30 and 50 kilograms of separated plutonium, enough for at least half a dozen nuclear weapons. North Korea\u2019s plutonium production reactor at Yongbyon has been shuttered since its cooling tower was destroyed under international agreement in June 2008. However, on April 1, 2013, North Korea said it would resume operation of its plutonium production reactor. Experts estimate it will take approximately six months to restart. This would provide North Korea with approximately one bomb\u2019s worth of plutonium per year. \nWhile North Korea\u2019s weapons program has been plutonium-based from the start, in the past decade, intelligence emerged pointing to a second route to a bomb using highly enriched uranium. North Korea openly acknowledged a uranium enrichment program in 2009, but has said its purpose is the production of fuel for nuclear power. In November 2010, North Korea showed visiting American experts early construction of a 100 MWT light-water reactor and a newly built gas centrifuge uranium enrichment plant, both at the Yongbyon site. The North Koreans claimed the enrichment plant was operational, but this has not been independently confirmed. U.S. officials have said that it is likely other, clandestine enrichment facilities exist. Enrichment (as well as reprocessing) technology can be used to produce material for nuclear weapons or fuel for power reactors. An enrichment capability could potentially provide North Korea with a faster way of making nuclear material for weapons and therefore is of great concern to policymakers.\nNorth Korea has made multiple policy statements in the past year asserting its nuclear weapons status: in May 2012, North Korea changed its constitution to say that it was a \u201cnuclear-armed state.\u201d In January 2013, North Korea said that no dialogue on denuclearization \u201cwould be possible\u201d and it would only disarm when all the other nuclear weapon states also disarm. In March 2013, North Korea stated its goal of expanding its nuclear weapons program.\nMany experts believe that the prime objective of North Korea\u2019s nuclear program is to develop a nuclear warhead that could be mounted on North Korea\u2019s intermediate-range and long-range missiles. This was confirmed by North Korean official statements in late March 2013. Miniaturization of a nuclear warhead would likely require additional nuclear and missile tests. In January 2013, a North Korean statement said that it would respond with a nuclear test \u201cof higher level.\u201d On February 12, 2013, the North Korean official news agency announced a \u201csuccessful\u201d underground nuclear detonation, and seismic monitoring systems measured a resulting earthquake that was 5.1 in magnitude. This is magnitude is slightly higher than past tests, but yield estimates are still uncertain. The South Korean Ministry of Defense estimated that the test yield was between 6 and 7 kilotons, while the U.S. Director of National Intelligence so far has said \u201capproximately several kilotons.\u201d North Korea claimed that the February 12, 2013, nuclear test was to develop a \u201csmaller and light\u201d warhead. At a minimum, the test would likely contribute to North Korea\u2019s ability to develop a warhead that could be mounted on a long-range missile. To date, no open source data on test emissions is available that might show whether the North Koreans tested a uranium or plutonium device. This information could help determine the type and sophistication of the North Korean nuclear warhead design, about which little is known.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL34256", "sha1": "8a4274985559e2f31f5ec4fe0974dbaee505cd6e", "filename": "files/20130403_RL34256_8a4274985559e2f31f5ec4fe0974dbaee505cd6e.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL34256", "sha1": "4d1f6eb40bb86cc12b3e4818f5fdd6df39b0ff80", "filename": "files/20130403_RL34256_4d1f6eb40bb86cc12b3e4818f5fdd6df39b0ff80.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 278, "name": "China, Taiwan, and Mongolia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 280, "name": "Korean Peninsula and Japan" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3227, "name": "Proliferation and Arms Control" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc462787/", "id": "RL34256_2013Feb12", "date": "2013-02-12", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "North Korea's Nuclear Weapons: Technical Issues", "summary": "This report summarizes what is known from open sources about the North Korean nuclear weapons program \u2014 including weapons-usable fissile material and warhead estimates \u2014 and assesses current developments in achieving denuclearization.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20130212_RL34256_21ddd325a662306db51873f17826101efbdf6f55.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20130212_RL34256_21ddd325a662306db51873f17826101efbdf6f55.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear nonproliferation", "name": "Nuclear nonproliferation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons systems", "name": "Weapons systems" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear weapons", "name": "Nuclear weapons" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc86661/", "id": "RL34256_2012Feb29", "date": "2012-02-29", "retrieved": "2012-06-15T10:07:48", "title": "North Korea's Nuclear Weapons: Technical Issues", "summary": "This report summarizes what is known from open sources about the North Korean nuclear weapons program - including weapons-usable fissile material and warhead estimates - and assesses current developments in achieving denuclearization.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120229_RL34256_470c16989df77d5ab1c4f0732b3f1201d285fc2e.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120229_RL34256_470c16989df77d5ab1c4f0732b3f1201d285fc2e.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense 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summarizes what is known from open sources about the North Korean nuclear weapons program--including weapons-usable fissile material and warhead estimates--and assesses current developments in achieving denuclearization.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20091216_RL34256_42237fbd2ea14b55e2f42e9b45474c285cfbf51c.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20091216_RL34256_42237fbd2ea14b55e2f42e9b45474c285cfbf51c.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear nonproliferation", "name": "Nuclear nonproliferation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons systems", "name": "Weapons systems" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear weapons", "name": "Nuclear weapons" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc26267/", "id": 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