{
  "id": "RL33812",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "RL33812",
  "active": false,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 341788,
      "date": "2008-12-04",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-07T03:00:07.083411",
      "title": "Climate Change: Action by States to Address Greenhouse Gas Emissions",
      "summary": "In the absence of a federal climate change program, a number of states have taken actions that directly address greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. States\u2019 efforts cover a wide range of policies. Although much of the early activity was largely symbolic, the more recent state actions have been more aggressive.\nTwenty-three states have joined one of the three regional partnerships that would require GHG (or just carbon dioxide) emission reductions. Set to take effect in 2009, the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) is a partnership of 10 Northeast and Mid-Atlantic states that creates a cap-and-trade system aimed at limiting carbon dioxide emissions from power plants. Seven western states (and four Canadian provinces) have formed the Western Climate Initiative, which set an economy-wide GHG emissions target of 15% below 2005 levels by 2020. In addition, six states (and one Canadian province) signed the Midwestern Greenhouse Gas Reduction Accord, which aims to establish a multi-sector, GHG cap-and-trade program in the Midwest. The latter two programs are still in the early development stages; RGGI is on schedule for 2009, and participating states have already held one emission allowance auction.\nCalifornia has addressed GHG emissions on several fronts. To complement its statewide emissions reduction regime, California established GHG performance standards that would effectively limit the use of coal-generated electricity in California. In 2004, California issued regulations to reduce greenhouse gases from motor vehicles. At least 16 other states have indicated they intend to follow California\u2019s new vehicle requirements. In addition, the state has also taken action to reduce the carbon intensity in its transportation fuels.\nPredicting the precise consequences of the state-led climate change actions is difficult. Some actions, particularly the mandatory emission reductions, may create economic effects, especially in the automotive manufacturing and electricity-generating sectors. Industry stakeholders are especially concerned that the states will create a patchwork of climate change regulations across the nation. This prospect is causing some industry leaders to call for a federal climate change program. If Congress seeks to establish a federal program, the experiences and lessons learned in the states may be instructive.\nAlthough some states are taking aggressive action, their possible emission reductions may be offset by increased emissions in states without mandatory reduction requirements. This is perhaps the central limitation of state climate change programs in actually affecting total greenhouse gas emissions. Legal challenges represent another obstacle for state programs, particularly for the more aggressive, mandatory programs.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "encoding": "utf-8",
          "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33812",
          "sha1": "9ce216bba9b6f32fc9073e5b308fc8dcff1d1721",
          "filename": "files/20081204_RL33812_9ce216bba9b6f32fc9073e5b308fc8dcff1d1721.html",
          "images": null
        },
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "encoding": null,
          "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33812",
          "sha1": "54abc6a0b024c1d7be05b966bd4307f68d70b06a",
          "filename": "files/20081204_RL33812_54abc6a0b024c1d7be05b966bd4307f68d70b06a.pdf",
          "images": null
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc810915/",
      "id": "RL33812_2007Nov23",
      "date": "2007-11-23",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "Climate Change: Action by States To Address Greenhouse Gas Emissions",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20071123_RL33812_7dfbdcf78947045bce0384e71c3a3ce6378d0e58.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20071123_RL33812_7dfbdcf78947045bce0384e71c3a3ce6378d0e58.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc816390/",
      "id": "RL33812_2007Aug29",
      "date": "2007-08-29",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "Climate Change: Action by States To Address Greenhouse Gas Emissions",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20070829_RL33812_461b2229dd280ffa983256168b7d2c6b218abede.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20070829_RL33812_461b2229dd280ffa983256168b7d2c6b218abede.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822485/",
      "id": "RL33812_2007Apr27",
      "date": "2007-04-27",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "Climate Change: Action by States To Address Greenhouse Gas Emissions",
      "summary": "This report covers state actions that directly and explicitly address greenhouse gas emissions. First, the report describes the different types of state actions, both individual and cooperative efforts, that are either proposed or underway, and highlights several of the more significant developments. Second, the report examines state actions from a federal policymaking perspective, including both the potential effects of state-led actions and their limitations.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20070427_RL33812_971c16d2b48649c3f0a129f0f43348b0cde62b11.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20070427_RL33812_971c16d2b48649c3f0a129f0f43348b0cde62b11.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Global climate change",
          "name": "Global climate change"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Environmental protection",
          "name": "Environmental protection"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Greenhouse gases",
          "name": "Greenhouse gases"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc815158/",
      "id": "RL33812_2007Jan18",
      "date": "2007-01-18",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "Climate Change: Action by States To Address Greenhouse Gas Emissions",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20070118_RL33812_1aa1a35601f12e6b573d269207899a8c63adbeab.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20070118_RL33812_1aa1a35601f12e6b573d269207899a8c63adbeab.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    }
  ],
  "topics": [
    "Energy Policy"
  ]
}