Africa: U.S. Foreign Assistance Issues

Africa: U.S. Foreign Assistance Issues

Africa: U.S. Foreign Assistance Issues
Ted Dagne
Specialist in African Affairs
September 15, 2011
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
RL33591
CRS Report for Congress
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epared for Members and Committees of Congress

Africa: U.S. Foreign Assistance Issues

Summary
U.S. aid to Africa initially reached a peak in 1985, when global competition with the Soviet
Union was at a high point. After the cold war ended, security assistance levels for Africa began to
decline. In 1995, at the outset of the 104th Congress, substantial reductions in aid to Africa had
been anticipated, as many questioned the importance of Africa to U.S. national security interests
in the post-cold war era. As the debate went forward, however, congressional reports and bills
emphasized U.S. humanitarian, economic, and other interests in Africa. Aid levels did fall, but
gradually began to increase again in FY1997. U.S. assistance to Africa is reaching new highs due
to a significant increase in health care sectors under the Global Health and Child Survival
(GHCS) program. U.S. aid to Africa nearly quadrupled from $1.2 billion in FY2006 to $6.9
billion in FY2011. Moreover, the United States is the leading donor of humanitarian assistance to
Africa. Between FY1999 and FY2009, the United States provided over $10.1 billion to East and
Central African countries and an estimated $2.2 billion to Southern Africa countries.
U.S. assistance reaches Africa through a variety of channels, including USAID-administered
Development Assistance (DA) and GHCS programs, food aid programs, and refugee assistance.
As of February 2010, the Peace Corps had an estimated 2,620 volunteers and trainers in 29
African countries. The U.S. African Development Foundation (ADF) makes small grants to
cooperatives, youth groups, and self-help organizations and operates in 20 countries. The Obama
Administration has requested $30 million for ADF for FY2011. U.S. security assistance, though
still far below levels seen in the 1980s, has increased in recent years, primarily because of U.S.
support for African peacekeeping and counter-terrorism initiatives. The World Bank’s
International Development Association (IDA) is the principal multilateral channel for U.S. aid,
but the United States also contributes to the African Development Bank and Fund and to United
Nations activities in Africa.
Total U.S. foreign assistance to Africa for FY2009 was $8.2 billion. More than half of the
FY2009 funding went to health-related programs. Sub-Saharan Africa received an estimated
$8.09 billion in FY2010 and $6.9 billion in FY2011. The Obama Administration has requested an
estimated $7.7 billion for FY2012.

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Contents
U.S. Aid to Africa: An Overview..................................................................................................... 1
Background...................................................................................................................................... 1
U.S. Assistance Programs ................................................................................................................ 2
DFA and Child Survival assistance ........................................................................................... 2
Peace Corps ............................................................................................................................... 3
Security Assistance and Economic Support Funds.................................................................... 3
Regional Programs........................................................................................................................... 4
African Development Foundation ............................................................................................. 4
Millennium Challenge Account................................................................................................. 5
The African Development Fund ................................................................................................ 5
Refugee and Disaster Assistance ..................................................................................................... 6
Multilateral Assistance..................................................................................................................... 6
Security Assistance Program: Section 1206 .............................................................................. 8
Sudan: U.S. Humanitarian Funding......................................................................................... 10

Tables
Table 1. U.S. Bilateral Assistance to Africa..................................................................................... 7
Table 2. Leading U.S. Assistance Recipients in Africa.................................................................... 7
Table 3. U.S. Contributions for International Peacekeeping Activities in Africa ............................ 8
Table 4. Security Assistance Program: Section 1206....................................................................... 9
Table 5. U.S. Bilateral Assistance to Sudan................................................................................... 10

Appendixes
Appendix. Selected Africa Assistance Acronyms.......................................................................... 11

Contacts
Author Contact Information........................................................................................................... 12

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U.S. Aid to Africa: An Overview
The United States provides assistance to 47 African countries, and the United States Agency for
International Development (USAID) has 23 missions in Africa. In recent years, U.S. assistance to
Africa saw a major increase, especially in health-related programs. Aid to Africa quadrupled from
$1.1 billion in FY2006 to nearly $8.2 billion in FY2009. In FY2010, Africa received an estimated
$8.09 billion and $6.9 billion in FY2011. The Obama Administration has requested an estimated
$7.7 billion for FY2012. In FY2009, the United States provided more than $1 billion in
humanitarian assistance to Africa. Africa is also a major recipient of the Millennium Challenge
Account (MCA) funding, with 15 African countries currently participating in the program.
The United States has identified a number of strategic objectives that shape U.S. aid to Africa.
These priorities are to enhance strategic partnerships; consolidate democratic transitions; bolster
fragile states; strengthen regional and sub-regional organizations; enhance regional security
capacity; strengthen African counter-terrorism cooperation and capacity; stimulate Africa’s
economic development and growth; implement presidential initiatives; and amplify humanitarian
and development assistance programs.1 A number of new presidential initiatives were launched
over the past several years, such as the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR),
the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), and programs outlined below.
The Women’s Justice and Empowerment Initiative aims to strengthen African governments’
capacity to effectively deal with gender-based violence and provide support to the victims. The
Africa Education Initiative (AEI) is a $600 million multi-year initiative to help increase access to
quality basic education in 39 countries. Under the AEI initiative, more than 15 million textbooks
have been provided, and the initiative aims to provide 550,000 scholarships to African girls in
primary and secondary levels.
Another major initiative, launched in 2002, is the Congo Basin Forest Partnership (CBFP). More
than 40 governments, non-governmental organizations, and international groups participate in the
program. The CBFP initiative is funded through the Central Africa Regional Program for the
Environment (CAPRE). In FY2008, CAPRE funding was $15 million and in FY2009 $17.5
million. The $200 million five-year African Global Competitiveness Initiative promotes “export
competitiveness” in Africa. The Initiative to End Hunger in Africa (IEHA), launched in 2002,
aims to cut hunger in half by 2015.
The Obama Administration has identified a number of areas of key interest in the FY2011 foreign
aid request. These priorities include good governance, economic development, health care, food
security, and global climate change.
Background
U.S. bilateral aid to Africa rose sharply in the early 1960s as most African countries achieved
independence. This was also a time of intense cold war competition with the Soviet Union. Aid
reached another peak in 1985, when famine struck wide areas of sub-Saharan Africa. The peak
may also have resulted in part from heightened cold war competition with the Soviet Union.

1 USAID: Africa, at http://www.usaid.gov/location/sub-saharan_africa.
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Toward the end of the 1980s, as the cold war ended, efforts to reduce the U.S. budget deficit
began to intensify, contributing to an overall reduction in assistance to Africa. At the same time,
policymakers placed increased emphasis on human rights and commitment to economic reform
programs in making their decisions on aid allocations. Consequently, aid to some African
countries that had been major cold war aid recipients, such as Zaire (now the Democratic
Republic of the Congo) and Liberia, was sharply reduced. Nonetheless, there was another spike in
aid in 1992, when famine struck the Horn of Africa and the southern part of the continent. Aid
then dropped again, with the reductions coming almost entirely in the security-oriented programs:
military assistance and especially the Economic Support Fund (ESF).
In 1995, at the beginning of the 104th Congress, proposals to restructure and reduce the U.S.
foreign assistance program raised questions about the future of U.S. aid to sub-Saharan Africa.
Many questioned the strategic rationale for assisting Africa in the post-cold war era, and asserted
that 30 years of U.S. assistance had accomplished little—whether in terms of promoting
economic growth and democratization, or achieving other objectives. The critics generally
favored humanitarian assistance, but sought sharp cuts in other programs. As the aid debate
proceeded, however, it became apparent that cuts for Africa would be less than initially
anticipated. The view that the United States has important humanitarian, economic, and other
objectives in Africa was vigorously asserted by supporters of the Africa aid program, and came to
be reflected in report language on the major foreign assistance bills, as well as in the bills
themselves. Aid did drop back to the FY1990 level in FY1996, but slow growth began again in
FY1997 and continued to the present.
A major increase in aid took place in FY2003 because of large quantities of food aid provided to
Ethiopia and southern Sudan, as well as a boost in spending through the Child Survival and
Health Programs Fund in response to the African HIV/AIDS pandemic. The Global HIV/AIDS
Initiative (GHAI), administered by the Department of State, was the principal component of the
President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and began operations in FY2004. GHAI
assistance included the provision of antiretroviral therapy, safe injections, safe blood supplies,
and abstinence/faithfulness education. GHAI and Child Survival accounts were merged into what
is currently known as the Global Health and Child Survival program. In FY2010, funding for
Global Health and Child Survival was $4.7 billion and $4.8 billion for FY2011. The Obama
Administration has requested $5.3 billion for FY2012.
U.S. Assistance Programs
U.S. assistance is provided to Africa through a variety of channels. Bilateral or country-to-country
aid, also known as direct assistance, is given through non-governmental organizations (NGOs) or
private and voluntary organizations (PVOs), contractors, and African government ministries and
agencies. Multilateral aid, or indirect assistance, is given first to international financial
institutions (IFIs) and United Nations agencies, which in turn channel it to Africa through their
own programs.
DFA and Child Survival assistance
Falling ESF levels threatened the overall scale of the sub-Saharan aid program after 1985, and
this threat led to the creation of the Development Fund for Africa (DFA), which specifically
earmarked a minimum level of the worldwide Development Assistance (DA) program for the
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region. Obligations for sub-Saharan Africa projects under the DFA reached $846 million in
FY1992, but dropped well below $800 million in subsequent years despite efforts by some
members to increase the DFA appropriation to $1 billion or more. The DFA was last earmarked
by Congress in the FY1995 appropriations legislation, when $802 million was appropriated, and
DA for Africa has since been provided through the worldwide Development Assistance (DA)
account. In FY2009, Africa received $876.6 million, and is expected to receive $1.07 billion in
FY2010 in Development Assistance $1.01 billion for FY2011. The Obama Administration has
requested $1.16 billion for FY2012.
In FY1996, Congress created a new account, the Child Survival and Disease Programs Fund,
renamed the Child Survival and Health Programs Fund (CSH) in FY2002, which has channeled
substantial amounts of aid to Africa. Annual USAID presentations to Congress on the budget
request for aid to Africa have varied both with respect to using the term DFA and with respect to
including CSH aid in an overall DA amount or in breaking out CSH assistance and DA separately.
In recent years, the CSH has been replaced by the Global Health and Child Survival (GHCS)
account.
Humanitarian Aid
Emergency food aid to Africa fluctuates in response to the continent’s needs, and the amount
provided by the end of a fiscal year often exceeds the initial request. The additional amount is
taken from a food aid reserve fund. Emergency food aid is provided under Title II of the P.L. 480
program (named for P.L. 83-480, enacted in 1954), which is implemented by USAID in
cooperation with the Department of Agriculture.2 The United States is the leading humanitarian
donor in the world. Between FY1999 and FY2009, the United States provided over $10.1 billion
to East and Central African countries and an estimated $2.2 billion to Southern Africa countries.
In FY2010, the United States provided $437.9 million to Sudan and $148 million to Kenya.
Peace Corps
The Peace Corps has an estimated 2,620 volunteers and trainers serving in 29 sub-Saharan
countries in February 2010, up from an estimated 1,900 in 2002.3 Under the Peace Corps Act
(P.L. 87-293), volunteers are to help the poorest people meet their basic needs, to promote a better
understanding of the American people, and to promote a better understanding of other peoples on
the part of Americans. The Obama Administration has requested $439.6 million for FY2012.
Security Assistance and Economic Support Funds
U.S. security assistance for Africa, which had declined with the end of the cold war, has expanded
in recent years, primarily in response to widening conflict and political instability in Africa.4
Economic Support Fund aid has been used to support a wide range of programs, including
economic reform, a “safe skies” program to improve African air traffic safety, human rights and

2 For further information on food assistance programs, see CRS Report R41072, International Food Aid Programs:
Background and Issues, by Melissa D. Ho and Charles E. Hanrahan.
3 For further information, see CRS Report RS21168, The Peace Corps: Current Issues, by Curt Tarnoff.
4 For more on U.S. security assistance to Africa, see CRS Report RL34003, Africa Command: U.S. Strategic Interests
and the Role of the U.S. Military in Africa, by Lauren Ploch.
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democracy education, and other objectives. ESF aid is also helping strategic partners in
combating terrorism through cooperation on border control, freezing terrorist assets,
implementation of the peace agreement in southern Sudan, and other activities. In addition, the
Defense Department conducts AIDS prevention education programs, primarily with African
militaries. In FY2009, Africa received $712.9 million under the ESF program and received
$633.1 million in FY2010 and $503 million in FY2011. The Obama Administration has requested
$618.5 million for FY2012.
Through the regional Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) program, the United States supported the
Africa Crisis Response Initiative (ACRI), which trained small units of African armies for possible
peacekeeping duties, as well as for other regional peacekeeping initiatives. In FY2004, ACRI was
succeeded by the Africa Contingency Operations Training Assistance (ACOTA) program, which
trains trainers and implements programs tailored to individual country needs. Foreign Military
Financing (FMF) to Africa resumed in FY1999. International Military Education and Training
(IMET) programs in Africa promote professionalism and respect for democracy and human rights
among foreign military officials, while enhancing capabilities for participation in peacekeeping
operations. These programs typically run well under $1 million per country. In FY2011, Africa
received $15.4 million. The Obama Administration has requested $15.5 million for FY2012. The
United States also contributes to United Nations peacekeeping operations in Africa and elsewhere
through a program entitled Contributions to International Peacekeeping Activities (CIPA). In
FY2009, the United States contributed $382 million, and an estimated $187 million in FY2010.
The Obama Administration has requested $138 million for FY2011 and $154 million for FY2012.
Regional Programs
Both DA and ESF funds are used to support USAID’s Africa Regional Programs, which are
designed to confront challenges that span beyond the borders of individual African countries.
These include regional programs in health, conflict prevention, democracy, education, and
agriculture. According to USAID, “the primary goal of the Africa Regional program is to provide
overall direction, guidance, intellectual leadership, and strengthened African regional capacity to
address these challenges.”5 USAID has a number of regional programs in Africa, including the
Central Africa Regional Program for the Environment (CARPE), and East Africa Regional,
Southern Africa Regional, and West Africa Regional programs.
African Development Foundation
The African Development Foundation (ADF) has a unique mandate to make small grants directly
to African cooperatives, youth groups, and other self-help organizations. These grants usually
range from less than $20,000 to a maximum of $250,000, although appropriations language
permits a waiver of the $250,000 ceiling. In addition, the ADF supports grassroots development
research by African scholars and promotes the dissemination of development information at the
community level. The ADF is limited to 75 employees, according to the ADF Act (U.S. Code
Title 22, Chapter 7, Section 290h). Its seven-member board of directors must include five private-
sector representatives. ADF does not station U.S. employees in overseas posts, but instead works
through local hires and periodic field visits. For FY2006, the ADF received $22.7 million in the

5 Congressional Budget Justification, FY2010.
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Foreign Operations Appropriations Act (P.L. 109-102). In FY2008, ADF received $29.7 million,
and in FY2009 $32.5 million. ADF received $30 million in FY2010. The Obama Administration
has requested $30 million for FY2011 and $24 million for FY2012.
The ADF is seen by some observers as an effective tool in reaching out to communities faster and
more directly. The ADF program targets for assistance the most marginalized and poor
communities. Currently the ADF operates in 20 African countries. According to ADF, “the
majority of the ADF portfolio is in income generating projects that have an additive value of
Social benefits. Social benefits include skill training, nutritional and hygiene training, and basic
vocational training.”6
Millennium Challenge Account7
In a March 14, 2002, speech, President Bush announced the Millennium Challenge Account
(MCA), the goal of which was to increase foreign aid worldwide by $5 billion per year over three
years, starting in FY2004. The account would provide additional aid to countries whose
governments promote good governance, invest in people through education and health care, and
promote open markets. Although the promise of increased aid won praise from many observers,
some worried that most countries in sub-Saharan Africa will not be able to meet the fund’s
eligibility criteria. As of late 2009, however, 16 African countries have signed Compact or
Threshold Program agreements. Agreements have been reached with Madagascar ($110 million),
Cape Verde ($110 million), Ghana ($547 million), Mali ($460.8 million), Benin ($307 million),
Mozambique ($506.9 million), Lesotho ($362.6 million), Liberia ($15 million), Burkina Faso
($480.9 million), Kenya ($12.7 million), Namibia ($304.5 million), Niger ($23 million), Rwanda
($24.7 million), Sao Tome and Principe ($8.6 million), Senegal ($540 million), Tanzania ($698
million), Uganda ($10.4 million), and Zambia ($22.7 million) for MCA programs. In FY2008, the
Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) received $1.5 billion, $875 million in FY2009, and
$1.1 billion (estimate) in FY2010. The Obama Administration has requested $1.2 billion for
FY2011.
The African Development Fund
The African Development Fund (AfDF) is another major channel for indirect U.S. aid to Africa.
The fund, an affiliate of the Africa-based African Development Bank (AfDB), makes loans on
highly concessional terms to the poorest African countries. The AfDB lends on roughly
commercial terms to creditworthy African borrowers, and at the same time, it holds 50% of the
voting power in the AfDF. The United States provided $134.5 million in FY2008, and $150
million in FY2009. The AfDF received $155 million in FY2010, and the Obama Administration
has requested $155.9 million for FY2011 and $195 million for FY2012.

6 Interview with senior ADF official in June 2009.
7 For further information, see CRS Report RL32427, Millennium Challenge Corporation, by Curt Tarnoff, and U.S.
Government Accountability Office Report GAO-05-625T, Millennium Challenge Corporation: Progress Made on Key
Challenges in First Year of Operations (April 27, 2005).
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Refugee and Disaster Assistance
The United States responds to African humanitarian crises in part with Title II food aid, discussed
above, and in part through its refugee and disaster assistance programs. Most refugee assistance
comes from the Migration and Refugee Assistance (MRA) account and goes to the United
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and international organizations, as well as to private
and voluntary organizations assisting African refugees. In addition, the Emergency Refugee and
Migration Assistance (ERMA) account, created in 1962 to respond to unexpected refugee
situations, has been drawn upon for African emergencies several times in recent years. USAID’s
Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) also plays a major role in responding to African
crises. “Situation Reports” published by USAID’s Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance monitor
the U.S. response to African humanitarian crises through food aid and other emergency
assistance.8 The Obama Administration has requested $320 million for FY2011 for the Refugee
and Migration Assistance Fund.
Multilateral Assistance
The United States also provides aid to Africa through international financial institutions (IFIs)
and United Nations agencies. World Bank lending through its “soft loan” affiliate, the
International Development Association (IDA), is the largest single source of development capital
in Africa. IDA loans, which are considered a form of aid since they are virtually interest-free and
carry extended repayment periods, focus on strengthening public sector management,
transportation, agriculture, and various social problems. IDA has been particularly active in
assisting efforts by the recipient countries to carry out free-market economic reforms.

8 To find these reports, visit http://www.usaid.gov/ and click on “Our Work” and “Humanitarian Assistance.”
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Table 1. U.S. Bilateral Assistance to Africa
($ in thousands)
FY2008
FY2009
FY2010
FY2011
FY2012

Actual
Actual
Actual
Actual
Request
Total
7,037,409 6,506,359 8,096,776 6,928,734 7,797,264
Development Assistance
678,352
912,793
1,075,632 1,016,337 1,166,336
Economic Support Fund
283,249
559,910
633,104
503,540
618,549
Foreign Military Financing
6,757
8,255
17,950
18,911
18,793
Global Health and Child Survival—State
3,295,550 3,254,706
3,516,103 3,549,323 3,774,390
Global Health and Child Survival—USAID
746,073
848,509
1,145,205 1,265,573 1,605,581
International Military Education and
13,779 13,795 15,130 15,432 15,500
Training
Int. Narcotics Control and Law
31,642 26,600 35,538 61,368 91,715
Enforcement
Nonproliferation, Antiterrorism,
27,512 31,498 47,894 62,600 43,250
Demining and Related Programs
Refugee and Migration Assistance Fund

320,000

Peacekeeping Operations
130,222 249,250 187,600 159,650 154,150
Food for Peace Title II
1,823,273
601,043
1,422,620

Source: Congressional Budget Justification and USAID
Table 2. Leading U.S. Assistance Recipients in Africa
($ in millions)
FY 2012
FY2011
FY2010
FY2009
FY2008
Country
Request
Actual
Actual
Actual
Actual
Ugandaa 527.7
456.1
456.8
404.1
389.7
Kenyaa 751.4
661.8
687.6
829.4
634.4
South Africaa 561.9 571.1 577.5
544.8
574.2
Nigeriaa 660.4
632.3
614.1
594.2
496.4
Zambiaa 400.7
385.0
392.9
308.1
293.5
Ethiopiaa 608.3
519.0
533.2
864.8
659.1
Tanzaniaa 571.8
501.7
462.5
464.9
361
Sudan 518.2
400.2
427.7
924.1
666.3
Mozambiquea 424.5 386.6 386.9
317.9
284.3
Somalia 82.3
98.4
133.8
403.8

Liberia 211.4
203.1
226.1
224.0
161.1
Rwandaa 241.3
220.7
208.1
195.8
157.8
Namibiaa 99.6
103.2
102.8
112.0
108
Botswanaa 71.8
75.4
77.3
81.4
79.5
Mali 171.7
137.7
117.8
102.6
59.6
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FY 2012
FY2011
FY2010
FY2009
FY2008
Country
Request
Actual
Actual
Actual
Actual
Dem. Rep. Congo
261.8
215.9
183.0
296.5
161
Ghana 204.5
165.8
138.8
147.5
80.8
Malawi 201.6
169.7
145.7
115.6
105.9
Senegal 119.8
98.7
106.3
93.7
57.8
Côte d’Ivoirea 142.4 108.0 133.6 113.7 100.8
Madagascar 78.8
71.6
86.4
71.0
57.6
Angola 72.8
60.9
84.2
55.9
42.2
Guinea 13.6
25.0
22.0
13.3
14.2
Benin 29.1
31.0
36.4
30.9
29
Zimbabwe 109.9 97.3 89.0
292.3 82.6
Djibouti 7.3
8.5
9.4
5.8
5.1
Sierra Leone
22.7
19.4
31.1
20.0
22.8
Burundi 37.6
35.6
40.4
39.4
21.1
Source: Congressional Budget Justification, FY2010-12 and USAID.
a. Global AIDS Initiative “focus” country. Estimated allocations included.
Table 3. U.S. Contributions for International Peacekeeping Activities in Africa
($ in millions)
FY2008
FY2009
FY2010
FY2011
FY2012
Operation
(Actual)
(Actual)
(Actual)
Request
Request
War Crimes Tribunal - Rwanda (UNICTR)
17.6
14
20.9
16.5
16.5
Chad/CAR (MINURCAT)

39.4
150.0
1,768
0
Democratic Republic of the Congo
270.7 210.0

387,7 586,3 408.0
(MONUC)
U.N. Mission in Liberia (UNMIL)
154.2
123.4
263.8
151.7
135.4
Sudan (UNAMID)
550.4
414.0
763.3
536.5
512.3
Sudan (UNMIS)
293.5
208.9
361.1
289.1
298.6
U.N. Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI)
83.0
81.0
139.6
139.7
135.0
U.S. Support to African Union Mission in

73.9
91.8
Somalia (UNSOA)
Source: Congressional Budget Justification, FY2012.
Security Assistance Program: Section 1206
Section 1206 of the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) mandates the Secretary of
Defense, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, to provide assistance to foreign security
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forces to build and strengthen the capacity of these forces in counterterrorism operations. The
three-year, $350 million program is set to expire in September 2011.9
Table 4. Security Assistance Program: Section 1206
Recipient Countries
FY2011
Purpose
Djibouti
$17.7 million
Fixed-wing aircraft
Kenya
$12.1million
Helicopter rebuild & upgrade
Mali
$1 million
Mine detector equipment
Mauritania
$22.6 million
Fixed-wing aircraft modernization
Mauritania
$8.1 million
Airfield control systems communications
and mobility equipment
Uganda & Burundi
$44.8 million
Counterterrorism support for deployment
to Somalia
Uganda
$4.4 million
Counter Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA)
Source: Department of Defense.

9 For more on Section 1206, see CRS Report RS22855, Security Assistance Reform: “Section 1206” Background and
Issues for Congress, by Nina M. Serafino.
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Sudan: U.S. Humanitarian Funding
The United States continues to provide significant humanitarian assistance to Darfur and to
Darfuree refugees in Chad. The United States has provided more than $6 billion in humanitarian
and development assistance to Sudan since 2005. In FY2009, the United States provided $936.9
million in humanitarian assistance to Sudan and eastern Chad.10 In FY2011, the United States
provided $493.6 million in humanitarian assistance to Sudan. and South Sudan..
Table 5. U.S. Bilateral Assistance to Sudan
($ in thousands)
FY2008
FY2009
FY2010
FY2011
FY2012

Actual
Actual
Actual
Actual
Request
Total
906,396 924,140 705,021 400,
278
518,257
Development Assistance
127,721
25,550
1,300

Economic Support Fund
145,876
26,550
296,034
249,824
335,650
Global Health and Child Survival (State)
3,245
6,327
7,036
12,036
12,397
Global Health & Child Survival (USAID)
17,488
23,185
30,010
34,848
38,510
International Military Education and
349 681 793 800 800
Training
Int. Narcotics Control and Law
23,578 15.40
16,000
27,000
37,000
Enforcement
Non-proliferation, Anti-terrorism,
4,400 4,000 3,900 3,900 3,900
Demining and Related Programs
Peacekeeping Operations
70,822
38,000
44,000
41,870
60,000
P.L. 480
512,917
547.4
305,948
30,000
30,000
Source: State Department FY2010-2011 International Affairs Budget Request. U.S. bilateral assistance to Sudan
is primarily going to South Sudan. For more on Sudan, see CRS Report RL33574, Sudan: The Crisis in Darfur and
Status of the North-South Peace Agreement, by Ted Dagne.

10 http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/disaster_assistance/countries/sudan/template/fs_sr/
sudan_ce_sr02_12-20-2007.pdf
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Appendix. Selected Africa Assistance Acronyms
ACOTA
Africa Contingency Operations Training Assistance, successor to ACRI
ACRI
Africa Crisis Response Initiative, which trained military units for peacekeeping.
ADF
African Development Foundation, U.S.-funded public corporation.
AfDB
African Development Bank, an Africa-based IFI.
AfDF
African Development Fund, affiliate of the African Development Bank.
ATRIP
Africa Trade and Investment Program, a USAID initiative.
CIPA
Contributions to International Peacekeeping Activities
CSH
Child Survival and Health Programs Fund.
DA Development
Assistance.
DFA
Development Fund for Africa, part of DA, not earmarked in recent years.
ERMA
Emergency Refugee and Migration Assistance, administered by State Department.
ESF
Economic Support Fund, a State Department program for promoting U.S. interests.
FMF
Foreign Military Financing, funds equipment purchases.
GHAI
State Department’s Global AIDS Initiative, part of PEPFAR.
IBRD
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, The World Bank.
IDA
International Development Association, concessional loan affiliate of IBRD.
IFIs
International financial institutions.
IGAD
Inter-governmental Authority on Development, a Djibouti-based organization of Horn of Africa states.
IMET
International Military Education and Training, a form of military assistance.
MRA
Migration and Refugee Assistance, a State Department program.
NEPAD
New Partnership for Africa’s Development, an African initiative.
NGOs Non-governmental
organizations.
OECD
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, an organization of developed countries.
ODA
Official Development Assistance, the OECD’s concept of DA.
OFDA
Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, a part of USAID.
PCVs
Peace Corps Volunteers
PEPFAR
President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, a Bush Administration initiative.
PKO
Peacekeeping Operations account authorized by Part II, Chapter 6 of the Foreign Assistance Act.
PVOs
Private and voluntary organizations
SAEDF
Southern Africa Enterprise Development Fund, a USAID program.
SMMEs
Small, medium, and micro-enterprises.
UNECA
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, headquartered in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
UNDP
United Nations Development Program
USAID
U.S. Agency for International Development

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Author Contact Information

Ted Dagne

Specialist in African Affairs
tdagne@crs.loc.gov, 7-7646

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