{ "id": "RL33534", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "number": "RL33534", "active": true, "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 601193, "date": "2019-06-25", "retrieved": "2019-12-20T17:48:42.375197", "title": "China\u2019s Economic Rise: History, Trends, Challenges, and Implications for the United States", "summary": "Prior to the initiation of economic reforms and trade liberalization nearly 40 years ago, China maintained policies that kept the economy very poor, stagnant, centrally controlled, vastly inefficient, and relatively isolated from the global economy. Since opening up to foreign trade and investment and implementing free-market reforms in 1979, China has been among the world\u2019s fastest-growing economies, with real annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth averaging 9.5% through 2018, a pace described by the World Bank as \u201cthe fastest sustained expansion by a major economy in history.\u201d Such growth has enabled China, on average, to double its GDP every eight years and helped raise an estimated 800 million people out of poverty. China has become the world\u2019s largest economy (on a purchasing power parity basis), manufacturer, merchandise trader, and holder of foreign exchange reserves. This in turn has made China a major commercial partner of the United States. China is the largest U.S. merchandise trading partner, biggest source of imports, and third-largest U.S. export market. China is also the largest foreign holder of U.S. Treasury securities, which help fund the federal debt and keep U.S. interest rates low. \nAs China\u2019s economy has matured, its real GDP growth has slowed significantly, from 14.2% in 2007 to 6.6% in 2018, and that growth is projected by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to fall to 5.5% by 2024. The Chinese government has embraced slower economic growth, referring to it as the \u201cnew normal\u201d and acknowledging the need for China to embrace a new growth model that relies less on fixed investment and exporting, and more on private consumption, services, and innovation to drive economic growth. Such reforms are needed in order for China to avoid hitting the \u201cmiddle-income trap,\u201d when countries achieve a certain economic level but begin to experience sharply diminishing economic growth rates because they are unable to adopt new sources of economic growth, such as innovation. \nThe Chinese government has made innovation a top priority in its economic planning through a number of high-profile initiatives, such as \u201cMade in China 2025,\u201d a plan announced in 2015 to upgrade and modernize China\u2019s manufacturing in 10 key sectors through extensive government assistance in order to make China a major global player in these sectors. However, such measures have increasingly raised concerns that China intends to use industrial policies to decrease the country\u2019s reliance on foreign technology (including by locking out foreign firms in China) and eventually dominate global markets. \nIn 2017, the Trump Administration launched a Section 301 investigation of China\u2019s innovation and intellectual property policies deemed harmful to U.S. economic interests. It subsequently raised tariffs by 25% on $250 billion worth of imports from China, while China increased tariffs (ranging from 5% to 25%) on $110 billion worth of imports from the United States. Such measures have sharply decreased bilateral trade in 2019. On May 10, 2019, President Trump announced he was considering raising tariffs on nearly all remaining products from China. A protracted and escalating trade conflict between the United States and China could have negative consequences for the Chinese economy. \nChina\u2019s growing global economic influence and the economic and trade policies it maintains have significant implications for the United States and hence are of major interest to Congress. While China is a large and growing market for U.S. firms, its incomplete transition to a free-market economy has resulted in economic policies deemed harmful to U.S. economic interests, such as industrial policies and theft of U.S. intellectual property. This report provides background on China\u2019s economic rise; describes its current economic structure; identifies the challenges China faces to maintain economic growth; and discusses the challenges, opportunities, and implications of China\u2019s economic rise for the United States.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33534", "sha1": "4b83865b1859fc8219e3c695fa4af0edc134db6b", "filename": "files/20190625_RL33534_4b83865b1859fc8219e3c695fa4af0edc134db6b.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/19.png": "files/20190625_RL33534_images_994e98e0e70aad3a4f80787f7450bb667aed0ec5.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/13.png": "files/20190625_RL33534_images_73afc075b0e6a07ca9597691ec308fb6e5245546.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/1.png": "files/20190625_RL33534_images_eb7cce3254a9202d03fb91a3de952e69597c2d93.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/3.png": "files/20190625_RL33534_images_22d5b86ce5d51df3078f3720add55cd8238e94ce.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/8.png": "files/20190625_RL33534_images_2273388cad233767130c40867d4af3c2b89a216f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/9.png": "files/20190625_RL33534_images_3ae3abb834bf6283bfd08f98b26c140ca7cc90f2.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/15.png": "files/20190625_RL33534_images_adaccd0ef853275f913c487f1ab414e9bb14e1eb.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/4.png": "files/20190625_RL33534_images_84a3c68aa140b7c93688a3cf0a50c7e0d47f5502.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/10.png": "files/20190625_RL33534_images_47b81230b869ca105e8a4e0f5fb538e24ad7b9cd.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/18.png": "files/20190625_RL33534_images_0be5537cca9f177b38c6eca5629d746572c890e3.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/5.png": "files/20190625_RL33534_images_ca4c1971ef98ce66e663e511573b6c5cbc97cce8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/16.png": "files/20190625_RL33534_images_3d394231b97defcbe3e492e7cad40c213cc9328b.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/2.png": "files/20190625_RL33534_images_da071a6da439490af7f102e0d5b1e1a8de19213a.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/12.png": "files/20190625_RL33534_images_734cff0197858a22ee4a834cc36f925a00c08761.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/11.png": "files/20190625_RL33534_images_a03564e80a9e3f0207595823e17a8fa62fb5a2bb.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/6.png": "files/20190625_RL33534_images_94f07bd18b1762592ee571bb24358209ee9728a8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/7.png": "files/20190625_RL33534_images_73849b4bd2dbedec979fc261a24f160facbb41db.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/0.png": "files/20190625_RL33534_images_7e95702f50a2998c5c4d8749be0f6215a14e5c61.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/17.png": "files/20190625_RL33534_images_e91623281fdc5e356839388ae9fd553c153e8f87.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/14.png": "files/20190625_RL33534_images_8f899e7ca9419fa00c01ae17b485db9cdc779ea7.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33534", "sha1": "088c5467dd11365dd4ab5f72133db289fa10030f", "filename": "files/20190625_RL33534_088c5467dd11365dd4ab5f72133db289fa10030f.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4938, "name": "Major Economies & U.S. Trade Relations" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 578163, "date": "2018-02-05", "retrieved": "2018-02-06T23:43:22.367736", "title": "China\u2019s Economic Rise: History, Trends, Challenges, and Implications for the United States", "summary": "Prior to the initiation of economic reforms and trade liberalization nearly 40 years ago, China maintained policies that kept the economy very poor, stagnant, centrally controlled, vastly inefficient, and relatively isolated from the global economy. Since opening up to foreign trade and investment and implementing free-market reforms in 1979, China has been among the world\u2019s fastest-growing economies, with real annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth averaging 9.5% through 2017, a pace described by the World Bank as \u201cthe fastest sustained expansion by a major economy in history.\u201d Such growth has enabled China, on average, to double its GDP every eight years and helped raise an estimated 800 million people out of poverty. China has become the world\u2019s largest economy (on a purchasing power parity basis), manufacturer, merchandise trader, and holder of foreign exchange reserves. This in turn has made China a major commercial partner of the United States. China is the largest U.S. merchandise trading partner, biggest source of imports, and third-largest U.S. export market. China is also the largest foreign holder of U.S. Treasury securities which help fund the federal debt and keep U.S. interest rates low. \nAs China\u2019s economy has matured, its real GDP growth has slowed significantly, from 14.2% in 2007 to 6.9% in 2017, and that growth, is projected by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to fall to 5.8% by 2022. The Chinese government has embraced slower economic growing, referring to it as the \u201cnew normal\u201d and acknowledging the need for China to embrace a new growth model that relies less on fixed investment and exporting, and more on private consumption, services, and innovation, to drive economic growth. Such reforms are needed in order for China to avoid hitting the \u201cmiddle-income trap\u201d when countries achieve a certain economic level but begin to experience sharply diminishing economic growth rates because they are unable to adopt new sources of economic growth, such as innovation. \nThe Chinese government has made innovation a top priority in its economic planning through a number of high-profile initiatives, such as the \u201cMade in China 2025,\u201d a plan announced in 2015 to upgrade and modernize China\u2019s manufacturing in 10 key sectors through extensive government assistance in order to make China a major global player in these sectors. However, such measures have increasingly raised concerns that China intends to use industrial policies to decrease the country\u2019s reliance on foreign technology (including by locking out foreign firms in China), and eventually dominating global markets. USTR Robert Lighthizer has described the Made in China 2025 initiative as \u201ca very, very serious challenge, not just to us, but to Europe, Japan and the global trading system.\" \nChina\u2019s efforts to expand its economic influence globally are another area of concern to U.S. policymakers, including China\u2019s Belt and Road initiative (BRI) to finance and help build infrastructure projects in Asian, Africa, Europe, and elsewhere. Many analysts contend that China could use the initiative to boost its industries facing overcapacity (such as steel), gain new overseas markets, influence other countries to adopt China\u2019s economic model, and expand China\u2019s \u201csoft power\u201d in the numerous that may participate in the initiative. \nChina\u2019s growing global economic influence and the economic and trade policies it maintains, have significant implications for the United States and hence are of major interest to Congress. While China is a large and growing market for U.S. firms, its incomplete transition to a free market economy have resulted in economic policies deemed harmful to U.S. economic interests, such as industrial policies and theft of U.S. intellectual property. This report provides background on China\u2019s economic rise; describes its current economic structure; identifies the challenges China faces to maintain economic growth; and discusses the challenges, opportunities, and implications of China\u2019s economic rise for the United States.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33534", "sha1": "cdc7488f482b7651dd0391b889a9f333767c478b", "filename": "files/20180205_RL33534_cdc7488f482b7651dd0391b889a9f333767c478b.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/19.png": "files/20180205_RL33534_images_994e98e0e70aad3a4f80787f7450bb667aed0ec5.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/16.png": "files/20180205_RL33534_images_3d394231b97defcbe3e492e7cad40c213cc9328b.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/1.png": 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"files/20180205_RL33534_images_58f50f7b57aafa7cfa4abfd80d0249e86c4e063d.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33534", "sha1": "bd04d9e3a7b7179620fffe919dad820380ed27a9", "filename": "files/20180205_RL33534_bd04d9e3a7b7179620fffe919dad820380ed27a9.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4938, "name": "Major Economies & U.S. Trade Relations" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 465774, "date": "2017-09-15", "retrieved": "2017-10-02T22:21:28.905046", "title": "China\u2019s Economic Rise: History, Trends, Challenges, and Implications for the United States", "summary": "Prior to the initiation of economic reforms and trade liberalization 36 years ago, China maintained policies that kept the economy very poor, stagnant, centrally-controlled, vastly inefficient, and relatively isolated from the global economy. Since opening up to foreign trade and investment and implementing free market reforms in 1979, China has been among the world\u2019s fastest-growing economies, with real annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth averaging nearly 10% through 2016. In recent years, China has emerged as a major global economic power. It is now the world\u2019s largest economy (on a purchasing power parity basis), manufacturer, merchandise trader, and holder of foreign exchange reserves. \nThe global economic crisis that began in 2008 greatly affected China\u2019s economy. China\u2019s exports, imports, and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows declined, GDP growth slowed, and millions of Chinese workers reportedly lost their jobs. The Chinese government responded by implementing a $586 billion economic stimulus package and loosening monetary policies to increase bank lending. Such policies enabled China to effectively weather the effects of the sharp global fall in demand for Chinese products, but may have contributed to overcapacity in several industries and increased debt by Chinese firms and local government. China\u2019s economy has slowed in recent years. Real GDP growth has slowed in each of the past six years, dropping from 10.6% in 2010 to 6.7% in 2016, and is projected to slow to 5.7% by 2022. \nThe Chinese government has attempted to steer the economy to a \u201cnew normal\u201d of slower, but more stable and sustainable, economic growth. Yet, concerns have deepened in recent years over the health of the Chinese economy. For example, the Shanghai Composite Index fell by 43% from June 12 to August 25, 2015, despite extensive intervention by the Chinese government to halt the slide. On August 11, 2015, the Chinese government announced that the daily reference rate of the renminbi (RMB) would become more \u201cmarket-oriented.\u201d Over the next three days, the RMB depreciated by 4.4% against the dollar and led some critics to charge that China\u2019s goal was to boost exports to help stimulate the economy (which some suspect is in worse shape than indicated by official Chinese economic statistics). Concerns over the state of the Chinese economy appear to have often contributed to volatility in global stock indexes in recent years.\nThe ability of China to maintain a rapidly growing economy in the long run will likely depend largely on the ability of the Chinese government to implement comprehensive economic reforms that more quickly hasten China\u2019s transition to a free market economy; rebalance the Chinese economy by making consumer demand, rather than exporting and fixed investment, the main engine of economic growth; boost productivity and innovation; address growing income disparities; and enhance environmental protection. The Chinese government has acknowledged that its current economic growth model needs to be altered and has announced several initiatives to address various economic challenges. In November 2013, the Communist Party of China held the Third Plenum of its 18th Party Congress, which outlined a number of broad policy reforms to boost competition and economic efficiency. For example, the communique stated that the market would now play a \u201cdecisive\u201d role in allocating resources in the economy. At the same time, however, the communique emphasized the continued important role of the state sector in China\u2019s economy. In addition, many foreign firms have complained that the business climate in China has worsened in recent years. Thus, it remains unclear how committed the Chinese government is to implementing new comprehensive economic reforms. \nChina\u2019s economic rise has significant implications for the United States and hence is of major interest to Congress. This report provides background on China\u2019s economic rise; describes its current economic structure; identifies the challenges China faces to maintain economic growth; and discusses the challenges, opportunities, and implications of China\u2019s economic rise.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33534", "sha1": "64dd5ff89e61c45f38dd737d7c709d302138ba6f", "filename": "files/20170915_RL33534_64dd5ff89e61c45f38dd737d7c709d302138ba6f.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/19.png": "files/20170915_RL33534_images_994e98e0e70aad3a4f80787f7450bb667aed0ec5.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/16.png": "files/20170915_RL33534_images_76d6445bde545f25dd24be23c113206bb8d14793.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/1.png": 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Since opening up to foreign trade and investment and implementing free market reforms in 1979, China has been among the world\u2019s fastest-growing economies, with real annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth averaging nearly 10% through 2016. In recent years, China has emerged as a major global economic power. It is now the world\u2019s largest economy (on a purchasing power parity basis), manufacturer, merchandise trader, and holder of foreign exchange reserves. \nThe global economic crisis that began in 2008 greatly affected China\u2019s economy. China\u2019s exports, imports, and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows declined, GDP growth slowed, and millions of Chinese workers reportedly lost their jobs. The Chinese government responded by implementing a $586 billion economic stimulus package and loosening monetary policies to increase bank lending. Such policies enabled China to effectively weather the effects of the sharp global fall in demand for Chinese products, but may have contributed to overcapacity in several industries and increased debt by Chinese firms and local government. China\u2019s economy has slowed in recent years. Real GDP growth has slowed in each of the past six years, dropping from 10.6% in 2010 to 6.7% in 2016, and is projected to slow to 5.7% by 2022. \nThe Chinese government has attempted to steer the economy to a \u201cnew normal\u201d of slower, but more stable and sustainable, economic growth. Yet, concerns have deepened in recent years over the health of the Chinese economy. For example, the Shanghai Composite Index fell by 43% from June 12 to August 25, 2015, despite extensive intervention by the Chinese government to halt the slide. On August 11, 2015, the Chinese government announced that the daily reference rate of the renminbi (RMB) would become more \u201cmarket-oriented.\u201d Over the next three days, the RMB depreciated by 4.4% against the dollar and led some critics to charge that China\u2019s goal was to boost exports to help stimulate the economy (which some suspect is in worse shape than indicated by official Chinese economic statistics). Concerns over the state of the Chinese economy appear to have often contributed to volatility in global stock indexes in recent years.\nThe ability of China to maintain a rapidly growing economy in the long run will likely depend largely on the ability of the Chinese government to implement comprehensive economic reforms that more quickly hasten China\u2019s transition to a free market economy; rebalance the Chinese economy by making consumer demand, rather than exporting and fixed investment, the main engine of economic growth; boost productivity and innovation; address growing income disparities; and enhance environmental protection. The Chinese government has acknowledged that its current economic growth model needs to be altered and has announced several initiatives to address various economic challenges. In November 2013, the Communist Party of China held the Third Plenum of its 18th Party Congress, which outlined a number of broad policy reforms to boost competition and economic efficiency. For example, the communique stated that the market would now play a \u201cdecisive\u201d role in allocating resources in the economy. At the same time, however, the communique emphasized the continued important role of the state sector in China\u2019s economy. In addition, many foreign firms have complained that the business climate in China has worsened in recent years. Thus, it remains unclear how committed the Chinese government is to implementing new comprehensive economic reforms. \nChina\u2019s economic rise has significant implications for the United States and hence is of major interest to Congress. This report provides background on China\u2019s economic rise; describes its current economic structure; identifies the challenges China faces to maintain economic growth; and discusses the challenges, opportunities, and implications of China\u2019s economic rise.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33534", "sha1": "48e25e3f06bc5ffa7c54a676c694dd98f2cd4f33", "filename": "files/20170806_RL33534_48e25e3f06bc5ffa7c54a676c694dd98f2cd4f33.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/19.png": "files/20170806_RL33534_images_994e98e0e70aad3a4f80787f7450bb667aed0ec5.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/16.png": "files/20170806_RL33534_images_76d6445bde545f25dd24be23c113206bb8d14793.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33534_files&id=/1.png": 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Since opening up to foreign trade and investment and implementing free market reforms in 1979, China has been among the world\u2019s fastest-growing economies, with real annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth averaging nearly 10% through 2014. In recent years, China has emerged as a major global economic power. It is now the world\u2019s largest economy (on a purchasing power parity basis), manufacturer, merchandise trader, and holder of foreign exchange reserves. \nThe global economic crisis that began in 2008 greatly affected China\u2019s economy. China\u2019s exports, imports, and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows declined, GDP growth slowed, and millions of Chinese workers reportedly lost their jobs. The Chinese government responded by implementing a $586 billion economic stimulus package and loosening monetary policies to increase bank lending. Such policies enabled China to effectively weather the effects of the sharp global fall in demand for Chinese products. However, the Chinese economy has slowed in recent years, due in part to sharp slowdowns in the growth rates of export and fixed investment. Real GDP fell from 10.4% in 2010 to 7.8% in 2012, to 7.3% in 2014. The IMF projects that China\u2019s real GDP growth will slow to 6.8% in 2015 and to 6.3% in 2016. \nThe Chinese government has attempted to steer the economy to a \u201cnew normal\u201d of slower, but more stable and sustainable, economic growth. Yet, concerns have deepened in recent months over the health of the Chinese economy. For example, the Shanghai Composite Index fell by 43% from June 12 to August 25, 2015, despite extensive intervention by the Chinese government to halt the slide. On August 11, 2015, the Chinese government announced that the daily reference rate of the renminbi (RMB) would become more \u201cmarket-oriented.\u201d Over the next three days, the RMB depreciated by 4.4% against the dollar, leading some critics to charge that China\u2019s goal was actually to boost exports to help stimulate the economy, which some suspect may be in worse shape than indicated by official Chinese economic statistics. Concerns over the state of the Chinese economy appear to have contributed to recent sharp volatility in global stock indexes.\nThe ability of China to maintain a rapidly growing economy in the long run will likely depend largely on the ability of the Chinese government to implement comprehensive economic reforms that more quickly hasten China\u2019s transition to a free market economy; rebalance the Chinese economy by making consumer demand, rather than exporting and fixed investment, the main engine of economic growth; boost productivity and innovation; address growing income disparities; and enhance environmental protection. The Chinese government has acknowledged that its current economic growth model needs to be altered and has announced several initiatives to address various economic challenges. In November 2013, the Communist Party of China held the Third Plenum of its 18th Party Congress, which outlined a number of broad policy reforms to boost competition and economic efficiency. For example, the communique stated that the market would now play a \u201cdecisive\u201d role in allocating resources in the economy. At the same time, however, the communique emphasized the continued important role of the state sector in China\u2019s economy. In addition, many foreign firms have complained that the business climate in China has worsened in recent years. Thus, it remains unclear how committed the Chinese government is to implementing new comprehensive economic reforms. \nChina\u2019s economic rise has significant implications for the United States and hence is of major interest to Congress. This report provides background on China\u2019s economic rise; describes its current economic structure; identifies the challenges China faces to maintain economic growth; and discusses the challenges, opportunities, and implications of China\u2019s economic rise.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33534", "sha1": "4ad70babd3ba9a5af8b7800f7cfb1ed4db06c958", "filename": "files/20151021_RL33534_4ad70babd3ba9a5af8b7800f7cfb1ed4db06c958.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33534", "sha1": "faa71c4af65a5858c98f3b207754628115622228", "filename": "files/20151021_RL33534_faa71c4af65a5858c98f3b207754628115622228.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 278, "name": "China, Taiwan, and Mongolia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4102, "name": "Major Economies and U.S. Trade Relations" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc770519/", "id": "RL33534_2015Sep11", "date": "2015-09-11", "retrieved": "2015-11-04T09:58:14", "title": "China's Economic Rise: History, Trends, Challenges, and Implications for the United States", "summary": "This report provides background on China's economic rise; describes its current economic structure; identifies the challenges China faces to maintain economic growth; and discusses the challenges, opportunities, and implications of China's economic rise.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150911_RL33534_7d506d97ac04bd17c079bd8791c8dfee1da3eb65.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150911_RL33534_7d506d97ac04bd17c079bd8791c8dfee1da3eb65.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Economic policy", "name": "Economic policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International trade", "name": "International trade" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Trade agreements", "name": "Trade agreements" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc689260/", "id": "RL33534_2015Jun14", "date": "2015-06-14", "retrieved": "2015-08-03T15:06:47", "title": "China's Economic Rise: History, Trends, Challenges, and Implications for the United States", "summary": "This report provides background on China's economic rise; 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"retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "China's Economic Conditions", "summary": "This report provides background on China's economic rise and current economic structure and the challenges China faces to keep its economy growing strong, and describes Chinese economic policies that are of concern to U.S. policymakers.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20080513_RL33534_3989537f7420bc4a80fcc1507277f706b2863860.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20080513_RL33534_3989537f7420bc4a80fcc1507277f706b2863860.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Economic policy", "name": "Economic policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Economic conditions -- China", "name": "Economic conditions -- China" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Economic Growth -- China", "name": "Economic Growth -- China" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Economic development", "name": "Economic development" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign trade", "name": "Foreign trade" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc806505/", "id": "RL33534_2008Mar11", "date": "2008-03-11", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "China\u2019s Economic Conditions", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20080311_RL33534_afbb824d0b47d58fc2523d235f77b4c80f95920a.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20080311_RL33534_afbb824d0b47d58fc2523d235f77b4c80f95920a.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc807681/", "id": "RL33534_2007Jul13", "date": "2007-07-13", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "China\u2019s Economic Conditions", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20070713_RL33534_59abb725f25fd7cf75630ede4b892ae1b2777b87.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20070713_RL33534_59abb725f25fd7cf75630ede4b892ae1b2777b87.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10309/", "id": "RL33534_2006Jul12", "date": "2006-07-12", "retrieved": "2008-12-11T20:27:27", "title": "China's Economic Conditions", "summary": "Since the initiation of economic reforms in 1979, China has become one of the world's fastest-growing economies. Many economists speculate that China could become the world's largest exporter within the next few years and the largest economy within a few decades, provided that the government is able to continue and deepen economic reforms, particularly in regard to its inefficient state-owned enterprises (SOEs), the state banking system, and fixed exchange rate system. China's economy continues to be a concern to many U.S. policymakers. On the one hand, China's economic growth presents huge opportunities for U.S. exporters. On the other hand, the surge in Chinese exports to the United States has put competitive pressures on various U.S. industries. 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