{ "id": "RL33533", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "RL", "number": "RL33533", "active": true, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov, EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL33533", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2023-10-02", "typeId": "RL", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2023-10-02_RL33533_853bf0808c860b9a1296a47c52f12a6e3c20ec44.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33533/87", "sha1": "853bf0808c860b9a1296a47c52f12a6e3c20ec44" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2023-10-02_RL33533_853bf0808c860b9a1296a47c52f12a6e3c20ec44.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "Saudi Arabia: Background and U.S. Relations", "retrieved": "2023-10-31T04:03:27.030455", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "RL33533_87_2023-10-02" }, { "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL33533", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "date": "2021-10-05", "typeId": "RL", "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/2021-10-05_RL33533_17f727a2a8f00703df6339eefdcacda340aa8c71.pdf", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33533/85", "sha1": "17f727a2a8f00703df6339eefdcacda340aa8c71" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2021-10-05_RL33533_17f727a2a8f00703df6339eefdcacda340aa8c71.html" } ], "type": "CRS Report", "summary": null, "title": "Saudi Arabia: Background and U.S. Relations", "retrieved": "2023-10-31T04:03:27.029118", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "id": "RL33533_85_2021-10-05" }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 617368, "date": "2020-02-18", "retrieved": "2020-02-19T23:05:48.442353", "title": "Saudi Arabia: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "The kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ruled by the Al Saud family since its founding in 1932, wields significant global influence through its administration of the birthplace of the Islamic faith and by virtue of its large oil reserves. Close U.S.-Saudi official relations have survived a series of challenges since the 1940s. In recent years, shared concerns over Sunni Islamist extremist terrorism and Iranian government policies have provided some renewed logic for continued strategic cooperation. Political upheaval and conflict in the Middle East and North Africa have created new challenges, and the Trump Administration has sought to strengthen U.S. ties to Saudi leaders as the kingdom implements a series of new domestic and foreign policy initiatives. \nSuccessive U.S. Administrations have referred to the Saudi government as an important partner, and U.S. arms sales and related security cooperation have continued with congressional oversight and some congressional opposition. The Trump Administration, like its recent predecessors, praises Saudi government counterterrorism efforts. Defense ties also remain strong. Since 2009, the executive branch has notified Congress of proposed foreign military sales to Saudi Arabia of major defense articles and services with a potential aggregate value of nearly $139 billion. The United States and Saudi Arabia concluded arms sale agreements worth more than $76 billion from FY2009 through FY2017. \nSince March 2015, the U.S.-trained Saudi military has used U.S.-origin weaponry and, at times, U.S. logistical assistance and shared intelligence, in support of military operations in Yemen. Some in Congress have grown critical of U.S. policy toward Saudi Arabia and the kingdom\u2019s leadership in light of Saudi policy in Yemen and the involvement of Saudi officials in the 2018 murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi. Legislation has been proposed and considered in the 116th Congress to direct the President to withdraw U.S. forces from hostilities in Yemen or to limit or condition U.S.-Saudi defense cooperation and U.S. arms sales (e.g. S.J.Res. 7, S. 398, S.J.Res. 36, and H.R. 2500). Amid missile and drone attacks on the kingdom attributed by U.S. officials to Iran and Iran-backed Yemenis, President Trump in 2019 deployed additional U.S. troops and military equipment to Saudi Arabia.\nIn parallel to close security ties, official U.S. reports describe restrictions on human rights and religious freedom in the kingdom. Some Saudi activists advocate for limited economic and political reforms, continuing decades-long pattern of Saudi liberals, moderates, and conservatives advancing different visions for domestic change. Saudi leaders in 2018 reversed a long-standing ban on women\u2019s right to drive and in 2019 loosened restrictions on other women\u2019s rights, but over the same period have arrested a number of women\u2019s rights advocates, human rights activists, and conservative critics of social liberalization. Public demonstrations remain rare and clashes involving Saudi security forces have not spread beyond certain predominantly Shia areas of the oil-rich Eastern Province. \nSince assuming the throne in 2015, King Salman bin Abd al Aziz (age 84) has made a series of appointments and reassignments that have altered the responsibilities and relative power of leading members of the next generation of the Al Saud family, who are the grandsons of the kingdom\u2019s founder. The king\u2019s son, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (age 34), is now the king\u2019s successor and the central figure in Saudi policymaking. He has centralized control over security forces, sidelined potential rivals, begun implementing bold economic and social changes, and arrested prominent figures accused of corruption, including some royal family members. \nCrown Prince Mohammed bin Salman\u2019s leadership style has led many Saudis and outsiders to reexamine their assumptions about the kingdom\u2019s future. Ambitious plans for the transformation of the kingdom\u2019s economy seek to provide opportunity for young Saudis and bolster non-oil sources of revenue for the state. Abroad, the kingdom pursues a multidirectional policy and has aggressively confronted perceived threats, while facing serious risks from cross-border attacks on its critical infrastructure. Congress may examine these developments when evaluating the scope, terms, and merits of U.S.-Saudi partnership, arms sales, nuclear energy cooperation, and U.S. security commitments.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33533", "sha1": "199740f84d6337e32c16b217310dc70cbb90c1ba", "filename": "files/20200218_RL33533_199740f84d6337e32c16b217310dc70cbb90c1ba.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33533_files&id=/5.png": "files/20200218_RL33533_images_e26ec2b9bf164e4583d0d18c0ed425994705f311.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33533_files&id=/0.png": "files/20200218_RL33533_images_79ae2d71bbedf1540224c07542bac5fcab132cb7.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33533_files&id=/1.png": "files/20200218_RL33533_images_7d0267f5c579d633d65f08eafa08152626b15ec0.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33533_files&id=/2.png": "files/20200218_RL33533_images_05ac4e4989bd631451d456fe49aa302d0496f337.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33533_files&id=/4.png": "files/20200218_RL33533_images_6f0cf5e6e1bf5ca5cb854b361c4133ae820e7d77.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33533_files&id=/3.png": "files/20200218_RL33533_images_738af4519d8e752cb12f10cb07a7c11a0a1c2174.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33533", "sha1": "ab10e409796e4e48aa8293908b7f545950d23d42", "filename": "files/20200218_RL33533_ab10e409796e4e48aa8293908b7f545950d23d42.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 608573, "date": "2019-11-21", "retrieved": "2019-12-13T15:17:38.693857", "title": "Saudi Arabia: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "The kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ruled by the Al Saud family since its founding in 1932, wields significant global influence through its administration of the birthplace of the Islamic faith and by virtue of its large oil reserves. Close U.S.-Saudi official relations have survived a series of challenges since the 1940s. In recent years, shared concerns over Sunni Islamist extremist terrorism and Iranian government policies have provided some renewed logic for continued strategic cooperation. Political upheaval and conflict in the Middle East and North Africa have created new challenges, and the Trump Administration has sought to strengthen U.S. ties to Saudi leaders as the kingdom implements a series of new domestic and foreign policy initiatives. \nSuccessive U.S. Administrations have referred to the Saudi government as an important partner, and U.S. arms sales and related security cooperation have continued with congressional oversight and some congressional opposition. The Trump Administration, like its recent predecessors, praises Saudi government counterterrorism efforts. Defense ties also remain strong. Since 2009, the executive branch has notified Congress of proposed foreign military sales to Saudi Arabia of major defense articles and services with a potential aggregate value of nearly $139 billion. The United States and Saudi Arabia concluded arms sale agreements worth more than $76 billion from FY2009 through FY2017. \nSince March 2015, the U.S.-trained Saudi military has used U.S.-origin weaponry and, at times, U.S. logistical assistance and shared intelligence, in support of military operations in Yemen. Some in Congress have grown critical of U.S. policy toward Saudi Arabia and the kingdom\u2019s leadership in light of Saudi policy in Yemen and the involvement of Saudi officials in the 2018 murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi. Legislation has been proposed and considered in the 116th Congress to direct the President to withdraw U.S. forces from hostilities in Yemen or to limit or condition U.S.-Saudi defense cooperation (H.J.Res. 37, S.J.Res. 7, S. 398, H.R. 2500, H.R. 2740). Amid missile and drone attacks on the kingdom attributed by U.S. officials to Iran and to Saudi adversaries in Yemen, President Trump in 2019 deployed additional U.S. troops and military equipment to Saudi Arabia.\nIn parallel to close security ties, official U.S. reports describe restrictions on human rights and religious freedom in the kingdom. Some Saudi activists advocate for limited economic and political reforms, continuing decades-long pattern of Saudi liberals, moderates, and conservatives advancing different visions for domestic change. Saudi leaders in 2018 reversed a long-standing ban on women\u2019s right to drive and in 2019 loosened restrictions on other women\u2019s rights, but over the same period have arrested a number of women\u2019s rights advocates, human rights activists, and conservative critics of social liberalization. While some limited protests and arrests have occurred since unrest swept the region in 2011, public demonstrations have remained relatively rare and clashes involving Saudi security forces have not spread beyond certain predominantly Shia areas of the oil-rich Eastern Province. \nSince assuming the throne in 2015, King Salman bin Abd al Aziz (age 83) has made a series of appointments and reassignments that have altered the responsibilities and relative power of leading members of the next generation of the Al Saud family, who are the grandsons of the kingdom\u2019s founder. The king\u2019s son, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (age 34), is now the king\u2019s successor and the central figure in Saudi policymaking. He has asserted and centralized control over national security forces, sidelined potential rivals, proposed and begun implementing bold economic and social changes, and arrested prominent figures accused of corruption, including some fellow royal family members. Saudi decision-making long appeared to be risk-averse and rooted in rulers\u2019 concerns for maintaining consensus among different constituencies, including factions of the royal family, business elites, and conservative religious figures. \nCrown Prince Mohammed bin Salman\u2019s leadership style has led many Saudis and outsiders to reexamine their assumptions about the kingdom\u2019s future. Ambitious plans for the transformation of the kingdom\u2019s economy seek to provide opportunity for young Saudis and bolster non-oil sources of revenue for the state. Abroad, the kingdom pursues a multidirectional policy and has aggressively confronted perceived threats, while facing serious risks from cross-border attacks on its critical infrastructure.\nCongress may examine these developments when evaluating the scope, terms, and merits of U.S.-Saudi partnership, proposed arms sales, possible U.S.-Saudi nuclear energy cooperation, and U.S. security commitments.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33533", "sha1": "702e1a868ebe8152a32892b65745270f195716a8", "filename": "files/20191121_RL33533_702e1a868ebe8152a32892b65745270f195716a8.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33533_files&id=/5.png": "files/20191121_RL33533_images_e26ec2b9bf164e4583d0d18c0ed425994705f311.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33533_files&id=/0.png": "files/20191121_RL33533_images_79ae2d71bbedf1540224c07542bac5fcab132cb7.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33533_files&id=/1.png": "files/20191121_RL33533_images_7d0267f5c579d633d65f08eafa08152626b15ec0.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33533_files&id=/2.png": "files/20191121_RL33533_images_ffc41e765768ee34871a6a4a3972c2e8f4725dca.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33533_files&id=/4.png": "files/20191121_RL33533_images_6f0cf5e6e1bf5ca5cb854b361c4133ae820e7d77.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33533_files&id=/3.png": "files/20191121_RL33533_images_738af4519d8e752cb12f10cb07a7c11a0a1c2174.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33533", "sha1": "0f613e49f774663772d72c0f7f184d2ef1e9815e", "filename": "files/20191121_RL33533_0f613e49f774663772d72c0f7f184d2ef1e9815e.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 585726, "date": "2018-09-21", "retrieved": "2018-10-05T22:20:26.878930", "title": "Saudi Arabia: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "The kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ruled by the Al Saud family since its founding in 1932, wields significant global influence through its administration of the birthplace of the Islamic faith and by virtue of its large oil reserves. Close U.S.-Saudi official relations have survived a series of challenges since the 1940s. In recent years, shared concerns over Sunni Islamist extremist terrorism and Iranian government policies have provided some renewed logic for continued strategic cooperation. Political upheaval and conflict in the Middle East and North Africa have created new challenges, and the Trump Administration has sought to strengthen U.S. ties to Saudi leaders as the kingdom implements a series of new domestic and foreign policy initiatives. \nSuccessive U.S. Administrations have referred to the Saudi government as an important partner, and U.S. arms sales and related security cooperation have continued with congressional oversight and amid some congressional opposition. The Trump Administration, like its recent predecessors, praises Saudi government counterterrorism efforts. Since 2009, the executive branch has notified Congress of proposed foreign military sales to Saudi Arabia of major defense articles and services with a potential aggregate value of nearly $139 billion. The United States and Saudi Arabia concluded arms sale agreements worth more than $65 billion, from FY2009 through FY2016. \nSince March 2015, the U.S.-trained Saudi military has used U.S.-origin weaponry, U.S. logistical assistance, and shared intelligence in support of military operations in Yemen. Legislation has been proposed in the 115th Congress to condition or disapprove of some U.S. weapons sales and condition or direct the President to end U.S. support to Saudi operations without specific authorization (H.J.Res. 102, H.J.Res. 104, S.J.Res. 40, S.J.Res. 42, S.J.Res. 54, S.J.Res. 55). \nIn parallel to close security ties, official U.S. reports describe restrictions on human rights and religious freedom in the kingdom. Some Saudi activists advocate for limited economic and political reforms, continuing decades-long trends that have seen Saudi liberals, moderates, and conservatives advance different visions for domestic change. Saudi leaders in 2018 reversed a long-standing ban on women\u2019s right to drive, amid some arrests of women\u2019s rights advocates and critics of social liberalization. While some limited protests and arrests have occurred since unrest swept the region in 2011, clashes involving Saudi security forces have not spread beyond certain predominantly Shia areas of the oil-rich Eastern Province. \nSince assuming the throne in 2015, King Salman bin Abd al Aziz (age 82) has made a series of appointments and reassignments that have altered the responsibilities and relative power of leading members of the next generation of the Al Saud family, who are the grandsons of the kingdom\u2019s founder. The king\u2019s son, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (age 33), is the central figure in Saudi policymaking. He has asserted control over national security forces, sidelined potential rivals, proposed and begun implementing bold economic and social changes, and arrested prominent figures accused of corruption, including some fellow royal family members. Ambitious plans for the transformation of the kingdom\u2019s economy seek to provide opportunity for young Saudis and bolster nonoil sources of revenues for the state. Abroad, the kingdom pursues a multidirectional policy and has aggressively confronted perceived threats.\nSaudi decisionmaking long appeared to be risk-averse and rooted in rulers\u2019 concerns for maintaining consensus among different constituencies, including factions of the royal family, business elites, and conservative religious figures. Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman's assertive and more centralized leadership has challenged this model of governance. The change is leading Saudis and outsiders alike to reexamine their assumptions about the kingdom\u2019s future. \nCongress may examine these developments when considering the scope, terms, and merits of U.S.-Saudi partnership, proposed arms sales and nuclear cooperation, and security commitments.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33533", "sha1": "4a22c691fb3d49dd1822df1883132187f8694b17", "filename": "files/20180921_RL33533_4a22c691fb3d49dd1822df1883132187f8694b17.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33533_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180921_RL33533_images_2065984f6eb7b2adaf9e551c60127e896cf57d6c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33533_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180921_RL33533_images_79ae2d71bbedf1540224c07542bac5fcab132cb7.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33533_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180921_RL33533_images_1a69b5534bc357e0ad6ee567ea21e1039fe07109.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33533_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180921_RL33533_images_629a0b3c3f41a5ee484ab7b22dde450abfa11293.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33533", "sha1": "8f3882eaaea0d5d2de1f259361a883a1505705c5", "filename": "files/20180921_RL33533_8f3882eaaea0d5d2de1f259361a883a1505705c5.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 575801, "date": "2017-11-22", "retrieved": "2018-05-10T12:02:37.274842", "title": "Saudi Arabia: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "The kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ruled by the Al Saud family since its founding in 1932, wields significant global influence through its administration of the birthplace of the Islamic faith and by virtue of its large oil reserves. Close U.S.-Saudi official relations have survived a series of challenges since the 1940s. In recent years, shared concerns over Sunni Islamist extremist terrorism and Iranian government policies have provided some renewed logic for continued strategic cooperation. Political upheaval and conflict in the Middle East and North Africa have created new challenges, and the Trump Administration is seeking to strengthen U.S. ties to Saudi leaders as the kingdom implements a series of new domestic and foreign policy initiatives. \nSuccessive U.S. Administrations have referred to the Saudi government as an important partner, and U.S. arms sales and related security cooperation programs have continued with congressional oversight and amid some congressional opposition. Since 2009, the executive branch has notified Congress of proposed sales to Saudi Arabia of major defense articles and services with a potential aggregate value of more than $136 billion. The United States and Saudi Arabia concluded formal arms sale agreements worth more than $65 billion, from FY2009 through FY2016. Since 2015, the U.S.-trained Saudi military has used U.S.-origin weaponry, U.S. logistical assistance, and shared intelligence in support of military operations in Yemen. Some in Congress express concern about Saudi use of U.S.-origin weaponry and question Saudi commitment to combating extremism. Legislation before the 115th Congress would place conditions on or disapprove of some proposed U.S. weapons sales or otherwise limit the use of funds for some U.S. involvement in Yemen (H.J.Res. 102, H.J.Res. 104, S.J.Res. 40, S.J.Res. 42, H.R. 2810). U.S. officials praise Saudi counterterrorism efforts, including action against the Islamic State.\nIn parallel to close security ties, official U.S. concerns about human rights and religious freedom in the kingdom have in part reflected deeper concerns for the kingdom\u2019s stability. Saudi activists advance limited economic and political reform demands, continuing trends that have seen Saudi liberals, moderates, and conservatives press for domestic change for decades. While some limited protests have occurred since unrest swept the wider region in 2011, clashes involving Saudi security forces have not spread beyond certain predominantly Shia areas of the oil-rich Eastern Province. The Obama Administration endorsed Saudi citizens\u2019 rights to free assembly and free expression. Saudi leaders reject foreign interference in the country\u2019s internal affairs.\nThe death of King Abdullah bin Abd al Aziz in January 2015 brought to a close his long chapter of national leadership. His half-brother King Salman bin Abd al Aziz assumed the throne and has moved to assert his authority at home and pursue Saudi prerogatives abroad. Succession arrangements have attracted particular attention in recent years, as senior leaders in the royal family have passed away or faced reported health issues. A series of appointments and reassignments since 2015 has altered the responsibilities and relative power of leading members of the next generation of the Al Saud family, the grandsons of the kingdom\u2019s founder. Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has emerged as a central figure in Saudi policymaking, having asserted control over national security forces, proposed bold economic and social changes, and arrested prominent figures accused of corruption, including some fellow royal family members. \nShared security challenges have long defined U.S.-Saudi relations, and questions about Saudi domestic and foreign policy may become more pertinent as Saudi leadership changes unfold and as regional conflicts and competition continue. Saudi leaders\u2019 assertiveness in confronting perceived threats and the effects of their sharpening tensions with Iran could affect U.S. security interests, including with regard to Yemen, Egypt, Bahrain, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq. Congress may examine these developments when considering the scope, terms, and merits of ongoing U.S.-Saudi partnership, proposed arms sales, and security commitments.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33533", "sha1": "08dd8d0cdf7561c23b29a874242c17473c2ff504", "filename": "files/20171122_RL33533_08dd8d0cdf7561c23b29a874242c17473c2ff504.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33533_files&id=/1.png": "files/20171122_RL33533_images_2065984f6eb7b2adaf9e551c60127e896cf57d6c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33533_files&id=/0.png": "files/20171122_RL33533_images_a8f4b71ecc21696da9434267fcb8c2246b2619b3.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33533_files&id=/2.png": "files/20171122_RL33533_images_1a69b5534bc357e0ad6ee567ea21e1039fe07109.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33533", "sha1": "0f891a363dfa4f51826efc16699a8f6d1eac7005", "filename": "files/20171122_RL33533_0f891a363dfa4f51826efc16699a8f6d1eac7005.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 462513, "date": "2017-07-07", "retrieved": "2017-08-22T13:59:23.255274", "title": "Saudi Arabia: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "The kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ruled by the Al Saud family since its founding in 1932, wields significant global influence through its administration of the birthplace of the Islamic faith and by virtue of its large oil reserves. Close U.S.-Saudi official relations have survived a series of challenges since the 1940s. In recent years, shared concerns over Sunni Islamist extremist terrorism and Iranian government policies have provided some renewed logic for continued strategic cooperation. Political upheaval and conflict in the Middle East and North Africa appear to have strained bilateral ties, but the Trump Administration seeks to strengthen the relationship. \nSuccessive U.S. Administrations have referred to the Saudi government as an important partner, and U.S. arms sales and related security cooperation programs have continued with congressional oversight and amid some congressional opposition. Since 2009, the executive branch has notified Congress of proposed sales to Saudi Arabia of major defense articles and services with a potential aggregate value of more than $121 billion. The United States and Saudi Arabia concluded formal arms sale agreements worth more than $58 billion, from FY2009 through FY2015. \nSince March 2015, the U.S.-trained Saudi military has used U.S.-origin weaponry, U.S. logistical assistance, and shared intelligence in support of military operations in Yemen. Some in Congress express concern about Saudi use of U.S.-origin weaponry and question Saudi commitment to combating extremism. Legislation before the 115th Congress would place conditions on or disapprove of some proposed U.S. weapons sales (H.J.Res. 102, H.J.Res. 104, S.J.Res. 40, S.J.Res. 42). U.S. officials praise Saudi counterterrorism efforts, including action against the Islamic State.\nIn parallel to close security ties, official U.S. concerns about human rights and religious freedom in the kingdom have in part reflected deeper concerns for the kingdom\u2019s stability. Saudi activists advance limited economic and political reform demands, continuing trends that have seen Saudi liberals, moderates, and conservatives press for domestic change for decades. While some limited protests have occurred since unrest swept the wider region in 2011, clashes involving Saudi security forces have not spread beyond certain predominantly Shia areas of the oil-rich Eastern Province. The Obama Administration endorsed Saudi citizens\u2019 rights to free assembly and free expression. Saudi leaders reject foreign interference in the country\u2019s internal affairs.\nThe death of King Abdullah bin Abd al Aziz in January 2015 brought to a close his long chapter of national leadership. His half-brother King Salman bin Abd al Aziz assumed the throne and has moved to assert his authority at home and pursue Saudi prerogatives abroad. Succession arrangements have attracted particular attention in recent years, as senior leaders in the royal family have passed away or faced reported health issues. A series of appointments and reassignments since 2015 has altered the responsibilities and relative power of leading members of the next generation of the Al Saud family, the grandsons of the kingdom\u2019s founder. \nU.S. policymakers have sought to coordinate with Saudi leaders on regional issues and help them respond to domestic economic and security challenges. Saudi authorities are attempting to reorient and revitalize the nation\u2019s economy, while streamlining public expenditure. Shared security challenges have long defined U.S.-Saudi relations, and questions about Saudi domestic and foreign policy may become more pertinent as leadership changes occur in the kingdom and as conflicts and competition continue in the Middle East region. Saudi leaders\u2019 assertiveness in confronting perceived threats and the effects of their sharpening tensions with Iran could affect U.S. security interests, including with regard to Yemen, Egypt, Bahrain, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq. Congress may examine these developments when considering the scope, terms, and merits of ongoing U.S.-Saudi partnership, proposed arms sales, and security commitments.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33533", "sha1": "10315274167ce5a599a48b2dcef58d4db51d0e36", "filename": "files/20170707_RL33533_10315274167ce5a599a48b2dcef58d4db51d0e36.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33533_files&id=/1.png": "files/20170707_RL33533_images_2065984f6eb7b2adaf9e551c60127e896cf57d6c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33533_files&id=/0.png": "files/20170707_RL33533_images_963fbf8b09aa21e139cc1a992eb1e132bb0ed52e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33533_files&id=/2.png": "files/20170707_RL33533_images_1a69b5534bc357e0ad6ee567ea21e1039fe07109.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33533", "sha1": "a23bf472066b8c0041c1f58674acc5c2e4119ffe", "filename": "files/20170707_RL33533_a23bf472066b8c0041c1f58674acc5c2e4119ffe.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 461983, "date": "2017-06-13", "retrieved": "2017-06-16T16:00:50.582295", "title": "Saudi Arabia: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "The kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ruled by the Al Saud family since its founding in 1932, wields significant global influence through its administration of the birthplace of the Islamic faith and by virtue of its large oil reserves. Close U.S.-Saudi official relations have survived a series of challenges since the 1940s. In recent years, shared concerns over Sunni Islamist extremist terrorism and Iranian government policies have provided some renewed logic for continued strategic cooperation. Political upheaval and conflict in the Middle East and North Africa appear to have strained bilateral ties, but the Trump Administration seeks to strengthen the relationship. \nSuccessive U.S. Administrations have referred to the Saudi government as an important partner, and U.S. arms sales and related security cooperation programs have continued with congressional oversight and amid some congressional opposition. Since 2009, the executive branch has notified Congress of proposed sales to Saudi Arabia of major defense articles and services with a potential aggregate value of more than $121 billion. The United States and Saudi Arabia concluded formal arms sale agreements worth more than $58 billion, from FY2009 through FY2015. \nSince March 2015, the U.S.-trained Saudi military has used U.S.-origin weaponry, U.S. logistical assistance, and shared intelligence in support of military operations in Yemen. Some in Congress express concern about Saudi use of U.S.-origin weaponry and question Saudi commitment to combating extremism. Legislation before the 115th Congress would place conditions on or disapprove of some proposed U.S. weapons sales (H.J.Res. 102, H.J.Res. 104, S.J.Res. 40, S.J.Res. 42). U.S. officials praise Saudi counterterrorism efforts, including action against the Islamic State.\nIn parallel to close security ties, official U.S. concerns about human rights and religious freedom in the kingdom have in part reflected deeper concerns for the kingdom\u2019s stability. Saudi activists advance limited economic and political reform demands, continuing trends that have seen Saudi liberals, moderates, and conservatives press for domestic change for decades. While some limited protests have occurred since unrest swept the wider region in 2011, clashes involving Saudi security forces have not spread beyond certain predominantly Shia areas of the oil-rich Eastern Province. The Obama Administration endorsed Saudi citizens\u2019 rights to free assembly and free expression. Saudi leaders reject foreign interference in the country\u2019s internal affairs.\nThe death of King Abdullah bin Abd al Aziz in January 2015 brought to a close his long chapter of national leadership. His half-brother King Salman bin Abd al Aziz assumed the throne and has moved to assert his authority at home and pursue Saudi prerogatives abroad. Succession arrangements have attracted particular attention in recent years, as senior leaders in the royal family have passed away or faced reported health issues. A series of appointments and reassignments since 2015 has altered the responsibilities and relative power of leading members of the next generation of the Al Saud family, the grandsons of the kingdom\u2019s founder. \nU.S. policymakers have sought to coordinate with Saudi leaders on regional issues and help them respond to domestic economic and security challenges. Saudi authorities are attempting to reorient and revitalize the nation\u2019s economy, while streamlining public expenditure. Shared security challenges have long defined U.S.-Saudi relations, and questions about Saudi domestic and foreign policy may become more pertinent as leadership changes occur in the kingdom and as conflicts and competition continue in the Middle East region. Saudi leaders\u2019 assertiveness in confronting perceived threats and the effects of their sharpening tensions with Iran could affect U.S. security interests, including with regard to Yemen, Egypt, Bahrain, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq. Congress may examine these developments when considering the scope, terms, and merits of ongoing U.S.-Saudi partnership, proposed arms sales, and security commitments.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33533", "sha1": "e78f9ec745c0d4d85db103385ac7c1354c0c614e", "filename": "files/20170613_RL33533_e78f9ec745c0d4d85db103385ac7c1354c0c614e.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33533", "sha1": "5a86d5df40127d5d637afa7b718046e5f259b1ec", "filename": "files/20170613_RL33533_5a86d5df40127d5d637afa7b718046e5f259b1ec.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 461705, "date": "2017-06-06", "retrieved": "2017-06-07T15:27:53.822690", "title": "Saudi Arabia: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "The kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ruled by the Al Saud family since its founding in 1932, wields significant global influence through its administration of the birthplace of the Islamic faith and by virtue of its large oil reserves. Close U.S.-Saudi official relations have survived a series of challenges since the 1940s. In recent years, shared concerns over Sunni Islamist extremist terrorism and Iranian government policies have provided some renewed logic for continued strategic cooperation. Political upheaval and conflict in the Middle East and North Africa appear to have strained bilateral ties, but the Trump Administration has stated its intent to strengthen ties to the kingdom. \nSuccessive U.S. Administrations have referred to the Saudi government as an important partner, and U.S. arms sales and related security cooperation programs have continued with congressional oversight and amid some congressional opposition. Since 2009, the executive branch has notified Congress of proposed sales to Saudi Arabia of major defense articles and services with a potential aggregate value of more than $119 billion. The United States and Saudi Arabia concluded formal arms sale agreements worth more than $58 billion, from FY2009 through FY2015. \nSince March 2015, the U.S.-trained Saudi military has used U.S.-origin weaponry, U.S. logistical assistance, and shared intelligence in support of military operations in Yemen. Some Members of Congress have expressed concern about Saudi use of U.S.-origin weaponry and skepticism about Saudi commitment to combating extremism, and have introduced bills to place conditions on or disapprove of some proposed U.S. weapons sales (H.J.Res. 102, H.J.Res. 104, S.J.Res. 40, S.J.Res. 42). U.S. officials praise Saudi counterterrorism efforts, including action against the Islamic State.\nIn parallel to close security ties, official U.S. concerns about human rights and religious freedom in the kingdom have in part reflected deeper concerns for the kingdom\u2019s stability. Saudi activists advance limited economic and political reform demands, continuing trends that have seen Saudi liberals, moderates, and conservatives press for domestic change for decades. While some limited protests have occurred since unrest swept the wider region in 2011, clashes involving Saudi security forces have not spread beyond certain predominantly Shia areas of the oil-rich Eastern Province. The Obama Administration endorsed Saudi citizens\u2019 rights to free assembly and free expression. Saudi leaders reject foreign interference in the country\u2019s internal affairs.\nThe death of King Abdullah bin Abd al Aziz in January 2015 brought to a close his long chapter of national leadership. His half-brother King Salman bin Abd al Aziz assumed the throne and has moved to assert his authority at home and pursue Saudi prerogatives abroad. Succession arrangements have attracted particular attention in recent years, as senior leaders in the royal family have passed away or faced reported health issues. A series of appointments and reassignments since 2015 has altered the responsibilities and relative power of leading members of the next generation of the Al Saud family, the grandsons of the kingdom\u2019s founder. \nU.S. policymakers have sought to coordinate with Saudi leaders on regional issues and help them respond to domestic economic and security challenges. Saudi authorities are attempting to reorient and revitalize the nation\u2019s economy, while streamlining public expenditure. Shared security challenges have long defined U.S.-Saudi relations, and questions about Saudi domestic and foreign policy may become more pertinent as leadership changes occur in the kingdom and as conflicts and competition continue in the Middle East region. Saudi leaders\u2019 assertiveness in confronting perceived threats and the effects of their sharpening tensions with Iran could affect U.S. security interests, including with regard to Yemen, Egypt, Bahrain, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq. Congress may examine these developments when considering the scope, terms, and merits of ongoing U.S.-Saudi partnership, proposed arms sales, and security commitments.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33533", "sha1": "5d3f53bfcbe732f2a84d7c2e1bb01602551fc2be", "filename": "files/20170606_RL33533_5d3f53bfcbe732f2a84d7c2e1bb01602551fc2be.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33533", "sha1": "b41c6ea8022ecd97eb6130ff4dad9cc5e391088e", "filename": "files/20170606_RL33533_b41c6ea8022ecd97eb6130ff4dad9cc5e391088e.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 455941, "date": "2016-09-20", "retrieved": "2016-10-17T19:26:06.456159", "title": "Saudi Arabia: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "The kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ruled by the Al Saud family since its founding in 1932, wields significant global influence through its administration of the birthplace of the Islamic faith and by virtue of its large oil reserves. Close U.S.-Saudi official relations have survived a series of challenges since the 1940s. In recent years, shared concerns over Sunni Islamist extremist terrorism and Iranian government policies have provided some renewed logic for continued strategic cooperation. Political upheaval and conflict in the Middle East and North Africa appear to be straining bilateral ties, but the full effect has yet to be determined. \nAmid regional turmoil, Obama Administration officials have referred to the Saudi government as an important regional partner, and U.S. arms sales and related security cooperation programs have continued with congressional oversight and amid some congressional opposition. Since January 2009, the Obama Administration has notified Congress of proposed sales to Saudi Arabia of fighter aircraft, helicopters, naval vessels, missile defense systems, missiles, bombs, armored vehicles, and related equipment and services, with a potential value of more than $115 billion. From FY2009 through FY2015, the United States concluded bilateral arms sale agreements worth more than $58 billion with the kingdom. Since March 2015, the U.S.-trained Saudi military has used U.S.-origin weaponry, U.S. logistical assistance, and shared intelligence in support of military operations in Yemen. Some Members of Congress have expressed concern about Saudi use of U.S. weaponry, skepticism about Saudi leaders\u2019 commitment to combating extremism, and doubts about the extent to which the Saudi government shares U.S. policy priorities. Nevertheless, U.S.-Saudi counterterrorism ties reportedly remain close, and the Saudi government has worked to weaken the Islamic State organization at home and abroad.\nIn parallel to close security ties, official U.S. concerns about human rights and religious freedom in the kingdom persist, and, in part, reflect deeper concerns for the kingdom\u2019s stability. Saudi activists advance limited economic and political reform demands, continuing trends that have seen liberals, moderates, and conservatives publicly press for change for decades. While some limited protests have occurred since unrest swept the wider region in 2011, clashes involving Saudi security forces have not spread beyond certain predominantly Shia areas of the oil-rich Eastern Province. The Obama Administration has endorsed Saudi citizens\u2019 rights to free assembly and free expression. Saudi leaders reject foreign interference in the country\u2019s internal affairs.\nThe death of King Abdullah bin Abd al Aziz in January 2015 brought to a close his long chapter of national leadership. His half-brother King Salman bin Abd al Aziz assumed the throne and has moved to assert his authority at home and pursue Saudi prerogatives abroad. Succession arrangements have attracted particular attention in recent years, as senior leaders in the royal family have passed away or faced reported health issues. In recent years, a series of appointments and reassignments has altered the responsibilities and relative power of leading members of the next generation of the Al Saud family, the grandsons of the kingdom\u2019s founder. \nCurrent U.S. policy seeks to coordinate with Saudi leaders on regional issues and help them respond to domestic economic and security challenges. Time will tell whether U.S. initiatives and, more importantly, Saudi leaders\u2019 decisions will ensure stability. Shared security challenges have long defined U.S.-Saudi relations, and questions about Saudi domestic and foreign policy may become more pertinent as leadership changes occur in the kingdom and as conflicts and competition continue in the Middle East region. Saudi leaders\u2019 assertiveness in confronting perceived threats and the effects of their sharpening tensions with Iran could affect U.S. security interests, including with regard to Yemen, Egypt, Bahrain, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, and Iran. 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Close U.S.-Saudi official relations have survived a series of challenges since the 1940s. In recent years, shared concerns over Sunni Islamist extremist terrorism and Iranian government policies have provided a renewed logic for continued strategic cooperation. Political upheaval and conflict in the Middle East and North Africa appear to have strained bilateral ties, but the full effect has yet to be determined. \nAmid regional turmoil, Obama Administration officials have referred to the Saudi government as an important regional partner, and U.S. arms sales and related security cooperation programs have continued with congressional oversight. Since October 2010, Congress has been notified of proposed sales to Saudi Arabia of fighter aircraft, helicopters, naval vessels, missile defense systems, missiles, bombs, armored vehicles, and related equipment and services, with a potential value of more than $100 billion. Since March 2015, the U.S.-trained Saudi military has used U.S.-origin weaponry, U.S. logistical assistance, and shared intelligence to carry out strikes in Yemen. Some Members of Congress have expressed skepticism about Saudi leaders\u2019 commitment to combating extremism and the extent to which they share U.S. policy priorities. Nevertheless, U.S.-Saudi counterterrorism ties reportedly remain close, and Saudi forces have participated in some coalition strikes on Islamic State targets in Syria since 2014.\nIn parallel to close security ties, official U.S. concerns about human rights and religious freedom in the kingdom persist, and, in part, reflect deeper concerns for the kingdom\u2019s stability. Saudi activists advance a range of limited economic and political reform demands, continuing trends that have seen liberals, moderates, and conservatives publicly press the kingdom\u2019s leaders for change for decades. Since 2011, initiatives to organize nationwide protests have been met with some popular criticism and official rejection. Local protests occur sporadically, but public clashes with security forces have not spread beyond certain predominantly Shia areas of the oil-rich Eastern Province. The Obama Administration has endorsed Saudi citizens\u2019 rights to free assembly and free expression. Saudi leaders reject foreign interference in the country\u2019s internal affairs.\nThe death of King Abdullah bin Abd al Aziz in January 2015 brought to a close his long chapter of national leadership. His half-brother King Salman bin Abd al Aziz assumed the throne and has moved quickly to assert his authority at home and pursue Saudi prerogatives abroad. Succession arrangements have attracted particular attention in recent years, as senior leaders in the royal family have passed away or faced reported health issues. In recent years, a series of appointments and reassignments has altered the responsibilities and relative power of leading members of the next generation of the Al Saud family, the grandsons of the kingdom\u2019s founder. \nCurrent U.S. policy seeks to coordinate with Saudi leaders on regional issues and help them respond to domestic economic and security challenges. Time will tell whether U.S. initiatives and, more importantly, Saudi leaders\u2019 decisions will ensure stability. Shared security challenges have long defined U.S.-Saudi relations, and questions about Saudi domestic and foreign policy may become more pertinent as leadership changes occur in the kingdom and as conflicts and competition continue in the Middle East region. Saudi leaders\u2019 assertiveness in confronting perceived threats and the effects of their sharpening tensions with Iran could affect U.S. security interests, including with regard to Yemen, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, and Iran. Congress may examine these developments when considering the scope, terms, and merits of ongoing U.S.-Saudi partnership, proposed arms sales, and security commitments.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33533", "sha1": "0aae61ea2c0a3cc7272ddd1fa2cf61d97c7e3ccb", "filename": "files/20160422_RL33533_0aae61ea2c0a3cc7272ddd1fa2cf61d97c7e3ccb.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33533", "sha1": "81e02551c2558a2d85076ae51a335a8c6c4615d7", "filename": "files/20160422_RL33533_81e02551c2558a2d85076ae51a335a8c6c4615d7.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 282, "name": "Middle East and North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 450749, "date": "2016-02-05", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T17:16:20.802932", "title": "Saudi Arabia: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "The kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ruled by the Al Saud family since its founding in 1932, wields significant global influence through its administration of the birthplace of the Islamic faith and by virtue of its large oil reserves. Close U.S.-Saudi official relations have survived a series of challenges since the 1940s. In recent years, shared concerns over Sunni Islamist extremist terrorism and Iranian government policies have provided a renewed logic for continued strategic cooperation. Political upheaval and conflict in the Middle East and North Africa appear to have strained bilateral ties, but the full effect has yet to be determined. \nAmid regional turmoil, Obama Administration officials have referred to the Saudi government as an important regional partner, and U.S. arms sales and related security cooperation programs have continued with congressional oversight. Since October 2010, Congress has been notified of proposed sales to Saudi Arabia of fighter aircraft, helicopters, naval vessels, missile defense systems, missiles, bombs, armored vehicles, and related equipment and services, with a potential value of more than $100 billion. Since March 2015, the U.S.-trained Saudi military has used U.S.-origin weaponry, U.S. logistical assistance, and shared intelligence to carry out strikes in Yemen. Some Members of Congress have expressed skepticism about Saudi leaders\u2019 commitment to combating extremism and the extent to which they share U.S. policy priorities. Nevertheless, U.S.-Saudi counterterrorism ties reportedly remain close, and Saudi forces have participated in some coalition strikes on Islamic State targets in Syria since 2014.\nIn parallel to close security ties, official U.S. concerns about human rights and religious freedom in the kingdom persist, and, in part, reflect deeper concerns for the kingdom\u2019s stability. Saudi activists advance a range of limited economic and political reform demands, continuing trends that have seen liberals, moderates, and conservatives publicly press the kingdom\u2019s leaders for change for decades. Since 2011, initiatives to organize nationwide protests have been met with some popular criticism and official rejection. Local protests occur sporadically, but public clashes with security forces have not spread beyond certain predominantly Shia areas of the oil-rich Eastern Province. The Obama Administration has endorsed Saudi citizens\u2019 rights to free assembly and free expression. Saudi leaders reject foreign interference in the country\u2019s internal affairs.\nThe death of King Abdullah bin Abd al Aziz in January 2015 brought to a close his long chapter of national leadership. His half-brother King Salman bin Abd al Aziz assumed the throne and has moved quickly to assert his authority at home and pursue Saudi prerogatives abroad. Succession arrangements have attracted particular attention in recent years, as senior leaders in the royal family have passed away or faced reported health issues. In recent years, a series of appointments and reassignments has altered the responsibilities and relative power of leading members of the next generation of the Al Saud family, the grandsons of the kingdom\u2019s founder. \nCurrent U.S. policy seeks to coordinate with Saudi leaders on regional issues and help them respond to domestic economic and security challenges. Time will tell whether U.S. initiatives and, more importantly, Saudi leaders\u2019 decisions will ensure stability. Shared security challenges have long defined U.S.-Saudi relations, and questions about Saudi domestic and foreign policy may become more pertinent as leadership changes occur in the kingdom and as conflicts and competition continue in the Middle East region. Saudi leaders\u2019 assertiveness in confronting perceived threats and the effects of their sharpening tensions with Iran could affect U.S. security interests, including with regard to Yemen, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, and Iran. Congress may examine these developments when considering the scope, terms, and merits of ongoing U.S.-Saudi partnership, proposed arms sales, and security commitments.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33533", "sha1": "e64b05774298ae4fa18ad245384c7580859d97d3", "filename": "files/20160205_RL33533_e64b05774298ae4fa18ad245384c7580859d97d3.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33533", "sha1": "12370bb8c731f6117ee06bb2f86861d3683b5e1b", "filename": "files/20160205_RL33533_12370bb8c731f6117ee06bb2f86861d3683b5e1b.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 282, "name": "Middle East and North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc770507/", "id": "RL33533_2015Sep08", "date": "2015-09-08", "retrieved": "2015-11-04T09:58:14", "title": "Saudi Arabia: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "This report discusses the current state of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, its relationship with the United States, and future initiatives to further develop U.S.-Saudi relations. 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