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      "title": "U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel",
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      "title": "U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel",
      "summary": "This report provides an overview of U.S. foreign assistance to Israel. It includes a review of past aid programs, data on annual assistance, and analysis of current issues. For general information on Israel, see Israel: Background and U.S. Relations in Brief, by Jim Zanotti.\nIsrael is the largest cumulative recipient of U.S. foreign assistance since World War II. To date, the United States has provided Israel $142.3 billion (current, or noninflation-adjusted, dollars) in bilateral assistance and missile defense funding. Almost all U.S. bilateral aid to Israel is in the form of military assistance, although from 1971 to 2007 Israel also received significant economic assistance. \nIn 2016, the U.S. and Israeli governments signed a new 10-year Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on military aid, covering FY2019 to FY2028. Under the terms of the MOU, the United States pledges to provide $38 billion in military aid ($33 billion in Foreign Military Financing grants plus $5 billion in missile defense appropriations) to Israel. This MOU replaced a previous $30 billion 10-year agreement, which ran through FY2018.\nIsrael is the first international operator of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, the Department of Defense\u2019s fifth-generation stealth aircraft, considered to be the most technologically advanced fighter jet ever made. To date, Israel has purchased 50 F-35s in three separate contracts.\nP.L. 116-6, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019, provides the following for Israel:\n$3.3 billion in Foreign Military Financing (FMF), of which $815.3 million is for off-shore procurement;\n$5 million in Migration and Refugee Assistance (MRA) for refugee resettlement\n$2 million in a homeland security grant;\nReauthorization of U.S. loan guarantees to Israel through September 30, 2023; and\nReauthorization of War Reserve Stock Allies-Israel (WRSA-I) through Sept 30, 2020.\n\nP.L. 115-245, the Department of Defense and Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations Act, 2019 and Continuing Appropriations Act, 2019, provides the following for Israel:\n$500 million in missile defense, of which $70 million is for Iron Dome, $187 million for David\u2019s Sling, $80 million for Arrow 3, and $163 million for Arrow 2.\nFor FY2020, the Trump Administration requested $3.3 billion in FMF for Israel and $500 million in missile defense aid to mark the second year of the MOU. The Administration also requested $5 million in MRA humanitarian funding for migrants to Israel.",
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      "date": "2018-04-10",
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      "title": "U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel",
      "summary": "This report provides an overview of U.S. foreign assistance to Israel. It includes a review of past aid programs, data on annual assistance, and analysis of current issues. For general information on Israel, see CRS Report RL33476, Israel: Background and U.S. Relations, by Jim Zanotti. \nIsrael is the largest cumulative recipient of U.S. foreign assistance since World War II. To date, the United States has provided Israel $134.7 billion (current, or noninflation-adjusted, dollars) in bilateral assistance and missile defense funding. Almost all U.S. bilateral aid to Israel is in the form of military assistance, although in the past Israel also received significant economic assistance. \nAt a signing ceremony at the State Department on September 14, 2016, representatives of the U.S. and Israeli governments signed a new 10-year Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on military aid covering FY2019 to FY2028. Under the terms of the MOU, the United States pledges to provide $38 billion in military aid ($33 billion in Foreign Military Financing grants plus $5 billion in missile defense appropriations) to Israel. This MOU replaces a previous $30 billion 10-year agreement, which runs through FY2018.\nIsrael is the first international operator of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, the Department of Defense\u2019s fifth-generation stealth aircraft, considered to be the most technologically advanced fighter jet ever made. To date, Israel has purchased 50 F-35s in three separate contracts.\nP.L. 115-141, the FY2018 Consolidated Appropriations Act, provides the following for Israel:\n$3.1 billion in Foreign Military Financing, of which $815.3 million is for off-shore procurement;\n$705.8 million for joint U.S.-Israeli missile defense projects, including $92 million for Iron Dome, $221.5 million for David's Sling, $310 million for Arrow 3, and $82.3 million for Arrow 2;\n$47.5 million for the U.S.-Israeli anti-tunnel cooperation program;\n$7.5 million in Migration and Refugee Assistance;\n$4 million for the establishment of a U.S.-Israel Center of Excellence in energy and water technologies;\n$2 million for the Israel-U.S. Binational Research & Development Foundation (BIRD) Energy program; and\nThe reauthorization of War Reserves Stock Allies-Israel (WRSA-I) program through fiscal year 2019.\nFor FY2019, the Trump Administration is requesting $3.3 billion in Foreign Military Financing for Israel and $500 million in missile defense aid to mark the first year of the new MOU. The Administration also is seeking $5.5 million in Migration and Refugee Assistance (MRA) funding for humanitarian migrants to Israel.",
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      "title": "U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel",
      "summary": "This report provides an overview of U.S. foreign assistance to Israel. It includes a review of past aid programs, data on annual assistance, and analysis of current issues. For general information on Israel, see CRS Report RL33476, Israel: Background and U.S. Relations, by Jim Zanotti. \nIsrael is the largest cumulative recipient of U.S. foreign assistance since World War II. To date, the United States has provided Israel $134.7 billion (current, or noninflation-adjusted, dollars) in bilateral assistance and missile defense funding. Almost all U.S. bilateral aid to Israel is in the form of military assistance, although in the past Israel also received significant economic assistance. \nAt a signing ceremony at the State Department on September 14, 2016, representatives of the U.S. and Israeli governments signed a new 10-year Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on military aid covering FY2019 to FY2028. Under the terms of the MOU, the United States pledges to provide $38 billion in military aid ($33 billion in Foreign Military Financing grants plus $5 billion in missile defense appropriations) to Israel. This MOU replaces a previous $30 billion 10-year agreement, which runs through FY2018.\nIsrael is the first international operator of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, the Department of Defense\u2019s fifth-generation stealth aircraft, considered to be the most technologically advanced fighter jet ever made. To date, Israel has purchased 50 F-35s in three separate contracts.\nFor FY2019, the Trump Administration is requesting $3.3 billion in Foreign Military Financing for Israel and $500 million in missile defense aid to mark the first year of the new MOU. The Administration also is seeking $5.5 million in Migration and Refugee Assistance (MRA) funding for humanitarian migrants to Israel.",
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      "id": 457806,
      "date": "2016-12-22",
      "retrieved": "2016-12-22T16:26:34.930978",
      "title": "U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel",
      "summary": "This report provides an overview of U.S. foreign assistance to Israel. It includes a review of past aid programs, data on annual assistance, and analysis of current issues. For general information on Israel, see CRS Report RL33476, Israel: Background and U.S. Relations, by Jim Zanotti. \nIsrael is the largest cumulative recipient of U.S. foreign assistance since World War II. To date, the United States has provided Israel $127.4 billion (current, or non-inflation-adjusted, dollars) in bilateral assistance. Almost all U.S. bilateral aid to Israel is in the form of military assistance, although in the past Israel also received significant economic assistance. \nAt a signing ceremony at the State Department on September 14, 2016, representatives of the U.S. and Israeli governments signed a new ten-year Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on military aid covering FY2019 to FY2028. Under the terms of the MOU, the United States pledges to provide $38 billion in military aid ($33 billion in FMF grants plus $5 billion in missile defense appropriations) to Israel. This new MOU will replace the current $30 billion 10-year agreement, which runs through FY2018.\nThe terms of the 2019-2028 MOU differ from previous U.S.-Israel aid agreements. For example, under the terms of the new MOU, Israel\u2019s ability to convert 26.3% of annual Foreign Military Financing grants from dollars to shekels for use in Israel will remain until FY2024, but will then be gradually phased out, ending entirely in FY2028. Israel also will no longer be permitted to use a portion of its FMF to purchase fuel from the United States. In addition, under the terms of the new MOU, the Administration pledges to request $500 million in annual combined funding for joint U.S.-Israeli missile defense programs such as Iron Dome, Arrow II and Arrow III, and David\u2019s Sling. Previous MOUs did not include missile defense funding. Finally, as part of the new MOU, it has been reported that Israel pledged to reimburse the U.S. government if Israel receives more congressional assistance for FMF or missile defense in the last years of the current MOU (2017-2018). Israel also may have pledged not to request that Congress appropriate regular or supplemental military aid to Israel above the agreed upon annual amounts in the 2019-2028 MOU except in emergency circumstances, such as a regional war. In response, many Members of Congress have reiterated that funds pledged by the executive branch in any MOU are always subject to Congressional approval and that Congress may appropriate funds as it sees fit.\nH.R. 5912, the House version of the FY2017 Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations bill, would provide Israel with $3.1 billion in FMF. The Senate version, S. 3117, would provide $3.4 billion in FMF to Israel, an increase of $300 million above what is outlined in the current MOU. As part of the terms of the new MOU, Israel has pledged to return to the United States treasury any FMF appropriated by Congress above agreed upon levels for FY2017 and FY2018, which is $3.1 billion per year. \nHouse (H.R. 5293) and Senate (S. 3000) FY2017 Department of Defense Appropriations bills would provide funding for Israel-based missile defense systems beyond the Administration's budget request. Both H.R. 5293 and S. 3000 include $42 million for U.S. - Israel anti-tunneling cooperation. \nIn December 2016, Congress passed other legislation to assist and cooperate with Israel. P.L. 114-304, the United States-Israel Advanced Research Partnership Act of 2016, authorizes the expansion of an existing joint research-and- development program at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security to include cybersecurity technologies. P.L. 114-322, the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act, calls for further U.S. cooperation with Israel in desalination and the development of new water technologies.",
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      "title": "U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel",
      "summary": "This report provides an overview of U.S. foreign assistance to Israel. It includes a review of past aid programs, data on annual assistance, and an analysis of current issues. For general information on Israel, see CRS Report RL33476, Israel: Background and U.S. Relations, by Jim Zanotti. \nIsrael is the largest cumulative recipient of U.S. foreign assistance since World War II. To date, the United States has provided Israel $124.3 billion (current, or non-inflation-adjusted, dollars) in bilateral assistance. Almost all U.S. bilateral aid to Israel is in the form of military assistance, although in the past Israel also received significant economic assistance. Strong congressional support for Israel has resulted in Israel receiving benefits not available to any other countries; for example, Israel can use some U.S. military assistance both for research and development in the United States and for military purchases from Israeli manufacturers. In addition, U.S. assistance earmarked for Israel is generally delivered in the first 30 days of the fiscal year, while most other recipients normally receive aid in installments, and Israel (as is also the case with Egypt) is permitted to use cash flow financing for its U.S. arms purchases. In addition to receiving U.S. State Department-administered foreign assistance, Israel also receives funds from annual defense appropriations bills for rocket and missile defense programs. Israel pursues some of those programs jointly with the United States.\nIn 2007, the Bush Administration and the Israeli government agreed to a 10-year, $30 billion military aid package for the period from FY2009 to FY2018. During his March 2013 visit to Israel, President Obama pledged that the United States would continue to provide Israel with multi-year commitments of military aid subject to the approval of Congress. \nFor FY2016, the following legislation addresses U.S. foreign assistance to Israel:\nA draft House FY2016 Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs bill would provide Israel $3.1 billion in FMF as requested.\nH.R. 1735, the House version of the National Defense Authorization bill for FY2016, would authorize up to $475.195 million for all Israel Cooperative Programs including Iron Dome. The bill would authorize $268.795 for David\u2019s Sling, Arrow II, and Arrow III, a $166 million increase above MDA\u2019s 2016 request. It also includes $41.4 million for Iron Dome, and $165 million in co-production components for David\u2019s Sling ($150 million) and Arrow III ($15 million). S. 1376, the Senate version of the National Defense Authorization bill for FY2016, would authorize up to $475.2 million for various U.S.-Israeli joint missile defense systems, including $268.8 million for Israel Cooperative Programs, $41.4 million for Iron Dome, and $165 million in co-production of components for David\u2019s Sling ($150 million) and Arrow III ($15 million). \nA draft House FY2016 Defense Appropriations bill would provide $487.595 million for U.S.-Israeli joint missile defense programs, of which $55 million is for Iron Dome, $286.526 million is for David\u2019s Sling, $89.550 million is for Arrow 3, and $56.519 million is for Arrow 2. S. 1558, the Senate\u2019s FY2016 Defense Appropriations bill, would provide a slightly lower total of $473.995, of which $41.4 million is for Iron Dome, $286.526 is for David\u2019s Sling, $89.550 for Arrow III, and $56.519 for Arrow II.",
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