{ "id": "RL33142", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "RL", "number": "RL33142", "active": true, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov, EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "date": "2022-01-03", "title": "Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "typeId": "RL", "id": "RL33142_128_2022-01-03", "retrieved": "2022-02-09T04:04:01.311086", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2022-01-03_RL33142_3d552fc2ac4cf0ced97911ddad32daf1923283d5.pdf", "sha1": "3d552fc2ac4cf0ced97911ddad32daf1923283d5", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33142/128", "format": "PDF" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2022-01-03_RL33142_3d552fc2ac4cf0ced97911ddad32daf1923283d5.html" } ], "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL33142", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "active": true }, { "date": "2021-12-28", "title": "Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "typeId": "RL", "id": "RL33142_125_2021-12-28", "retrieved": "2022-02-09T04:04:01.309374", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2021-12-28_RL33142_b9caa516064647215a0589e12b53c96a5e67dd4e.pdf", "sha1": "b9caa516064647215a0589e12b53c96a5e67dd4e", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33142/125", "format": "PDF" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2021-12-28_RL33142_b9caa516064647215a0589e12b53c96a5e67dd4e.html" } ], "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL33142", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "active": true }, { "date": "2020-06-26", "title": "Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy", "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "typeId": "RL", "id": "RL33142_122_2020-06-26", "retrieved": "2022-02-09T04:04:01.307541", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2020-06-26_RL33142_c1cc48bdd92d8c2d4f11e1a3fcae9a7395558ef4.pdf", "sha1": "c1cc48bdd92d8c2d4f11e1a3fcae9a7395558ef4", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33142/122", "format": "PDF" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-06-26_RL33142_c1cc48bdd92d8c2d4f11e1a3fcae9a7395558ef4.html" } ], "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL33142", "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "active": true }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 622277, "date": "2020-04-13", "retrieved": "2020-04-14T22:02:13.465224", "title": "Libya: Conflict, Transition, and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Libya\u2019s political transition has been disrupted by armed non-state groups and threatened by the indecision and infighting of interim leaders. After a uprising ended the 40-plus-year rule of Muammar al Qadhafi in 2011, interim authorities proved unable to form a stable government, address security issues, reshape the country\u2019s finances, or create a viable framework for post-conflict justice and reconciliation. Insecurity spread as local armed groups competed for influence and resources. Qadhafi compounded stabilization challenges by depriving Libyans of experience in self-government, stifling civil society, and leaving state institutions weak. Militias, local leaders, and coalitions of national figures with competing foreign patrons remain the most powerful arbiters of public affairs. An atmosphere of persistent lawlessness has enabled militias, criminals, and Islamist terrorist groups to operate with impunity, while recurrent conflict has endangered civilians\u2019 rights and safety. Issues of dispute have included governance, military command, national finances, and control of oil infrastructure.\nKey Issues and Actors in Libya. After a previous round of conflict in 2014, the country\u2019s transitional institutions fragmented. A Government of National Accord (GNA) based in the capital, Tripoli, took power under the 2015 U.N.-brokered Libyan Political Agreement. Leaders of the House of Representatives (HOR) that were elected in 2014 declined to endorse the GNA, and they and a rival interim government based in eastern Libya have challenged the GNA\u2019s authority with support from the Libyan National Army/Libyan Arab Armed Forces (LNA/LAAF) movement. The LNA/LAAF is a coalition of armed groups led by Qadhafi-era military officer Khalifa Haftar: it conducted military operations against Islamist groups in eastern Libya from 2014 to 2019 and upended U.N. mediation efforts by launching a surprise offensive in April 2019, seeking to wrest control of Tripoli from the GNA and local militias. Fighters in western Libya rallied to blunt the LNA\u2019s advance, and inconclusive fighting has continued despite multilateral demands for a ceasefire. As of 2020, LNA forces and local partners control much of Libya\u2019s territory and key oil production and export infrastructure directly or through allies. GNA supporters and anti-LNA groups retain control of the capital and other key western areas.\nForeign actors, including U.S. partners in Europe and the Middle East, have long found themselves at odds over Libya\u2019s conflict, and several countries have provided increased military assistance to warring Libyan parties since April 2019 in violation of a longstanding U.N. arms embargo. According to U.S. officials, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates arm the LNA. Conflict dynamics have shifted over time because of the presence of Russian-national private contractors among LNA forces, the conclusion of Turkey-GNA maritime and security agreements, Turkish deployments of soldiers, equipment, and Syrian mercenaries on behalf of the GNA, and expanded weapons shipments to both sides.\nConflict, COVID-19, and U.S. Responses. Since April 2019, fighting has killed more than 2,200 Libyans (including hundreds of civilians) and displaced more than 149,000 people near Tripoli. U.N. officials report that nearly 345,000 people are in frontline areas. More than 650,000 foreign migrants also are present in Libya and remain vulnerable. In 2020, U.S. and U.N. officials have condemned new weapons shipments to Libya and called for a humanitarian ceasefire to allow Libyans to address the threats posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Humanitarian access is restricted and parties to the conflict have shut down national oil production.\nState Department officials have condemned what they regards as \u201ctoxic foreign interference\u201d and have called for \u201ca sovereign Libya free of foreign intervention.\u201d In March 2020, U.S. officials called on Libyans to cease fighting, bolster public finances, and prioritize support to the health system in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. U.S. diplomats engage with Libyans and monitor U.S. aid programs via the Libya External Office (LEO) at the U.S. Embassy in Tunisia. Congress has conditionally appropriated funding for transition support, stabilization, security assistance, and humanitarian programs for Libya since 2011, and is considering proposals to authorize additional assistance (and S. 2934).", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33142", "sha1": "63723c438305cefd55f7c285faa73ae3d5d45d96", "filename": "files/20200413_RL33142_63723c438305cefd55f7c285faa73ae3d5d45d96.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33142_files&id=/1.png": "files/20200413_RL33142_images_ad2c1c95d0b97caa149b1c2f76c1e154974cb8a2.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33142_files&id=/2.png": "files/20200413_RL33142_images_938a79ae2dabe69cc2a4fd8d98f75fc651137d9d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33142_files&id=/3.png": "files/20200413_RL33142_images_9c110a618b427657b562e2d1645c6a0d485b9ef6.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33142_files&id=/0.png": "files/20200413_RL33142_images_6c76843575176ffa3e5841a85284487c5d3d8791.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33142", "sha1": "ebaffd50ff95319ea2858234eadb161ccf7941b0", "filename": "files/20200413_RL33142_ebaffd50ff95319ea2858234eadb161ccf7941b0.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 580765, "date": "2018-05-02", "retrieved": "2018-05-07T13:03:49.492522", "title": "Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Libya\u2019s political transition has been disrupted by armed non-state groups and threatened by the indecision and infighting of interim leaders. After an armed uprising ended the 40-plus-year rule of Muammar al Qadhafi in 2011, interim authorities proved unable to form a stable government, address pressing security issues, reshape the country\u2019s public finances, or create a viable framework for post-conflict justice and reconciliation. Qadhafi left state institutions weak and deprived Libyans of experience in self-government, compounding stabilization challenges.\nElections for legislative bodies and a constitutional drafting assembly held in 2012 and 2014 were administered transparently, but were marred by declining rates of participation, threats to candidates and voters, and zero-sum political competition. Insecurity became prevalent in Libya following the 2011 conflict and deepened in 2014, driven by overlapping ideological, personal, financial, and transnational rivalries. Issues of dispute have included governance, military command, national finances, and control of oil infrastructure. At present, armed militia groups and locally organized political leaders remain the most powerful arbiters of public affairs. An atmosphere of persistent lawlessness has enabled militias, criminals, and Islamist terrorist groups to operate with impunity, further endangering civilians\u2019 rights and safety. U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM) emphasizes the importance of a political solution for stability, and in March 2018, told Congress that, in light of prevailing turmoil, \u201cthe risk of a full-scale civil war remains real.\u201d \nU.S. officials and other international actors have worked since 2014 to convince Libyan factions and their various external supporters that inclusive, representative government and negotiation are preferable to competing attempts to achieve dominance through force of arms. The U.N. Security Council has authorized financial and travel sanctions on individuals and entities responsible for threatening \u201cthe peace, stability or security of Libya,\u201d obstructing or undermining \u201cthe successful completion of its political transition,\u201d or supporting others who do so. A U.N. arms embargo is in place, and U.S. executive orders provide for sanctions on figures that undermine the transition.\nIn December 2015, some Libyan leaders endorsed a U.N.-brokered political agreement to create a Government of National Accord (GNA) to oversee the completion of the transition. GNA Prime Minister-designate Fayez al Sarraj and members of a GNA Presidency Council have attempted to implement the agreement and have competed for influence with political figures and armed forces based in eastern Libya, including Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar\u2019s \u201cLibyan National Army\u201d (LNA) movement. A U.N.-sponsored Action Plan launched in 2017 seeks to complete Libya\u2019s transition during the coming year, and Libyans and outsiders are debating terms for its implementation. Previous mediation efforts struggled to gain traction, and outsiders have at times pursued their own agendas through ties with Libyan factions. Such competition by proxy raises the stakes of Libya\u2019s internal rivalries and complicates negotiations.\nThe State Department suspended operations at the U.S. Embassy in Tripoli in July 2014. U.S. diplomats engage with Libyans and monitor U.S. programs in Libya via the Libya External Office (LEO) at the U.S. Embassy in Tunisia. Periodic U.S. military strikes target IS members and other terrorists. U.S. officials judge that the threats posed by IS members and Al Qaeda have been degraded, but note that these groups remain dangerous and could resurge if conditions deteriorate.\nCongress has conditionally appropriated funding for limited U.S. transition support and security assistance programs for Libya since 2011 and is reviewing the Trump Administration\u2019s FY2019 requests for assistance funds. In 2017, the Administration imposed conditional restrictions on the entry of Libyan nationals to the United States, with some exceptions. Political consensus among Libyans remains elusive, and security conditions may create lasting challenges for the return to Libya of U.S. diplomats and the full development of bilateral relations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33142", "sha1": "d2c7602ee4df32e9479e95d9d1aee89d268379ba", "filename": "files/20180502_RL33142_d2c7602ee4df32e9479e95d9d1aee89d268379ba.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33142_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180502_RL33142_images_2736e0a32408098246bac108ea8e2e200615c8a0.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33142_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180502_RL33142_images_647485bf53e9f3c6e19b50a4a594fd0d14855dcb.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33142_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180502_RL33142_images_66364126e19a4daf6a9e78e7d428c81d36dd3669.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33142", "sha1": "1676ac2b026e55c83f72274a645850de9e3d5dce", "filename": "files/20180502_RL33142_1676ac2b026e55c83f72274a645850de9e3d5dce.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 577435, "date": "2018-01-08", "retrieved": "2018-01-09T23:22:53.698737", "title": "Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Libya\u2019s political transition has been disrupted by armed non-state groups and threatened by the indecision and infighting of interim leaders. After an armed uprising ended the 40-plus-year rule of Muammar al Qadhafi in late 2011, interim authorities proved unable to form a stable government, address pressing security issues, reshape the country\u2019s public finances, or create a viable framework for post-conflict justice and reconciliation. \nElections for legislative bodies and a constitutional drafting assembly were held and transparently administered in 2012 and 2014, but were marred by declining rates of participation, threats to candidates and voters, and zero-sum political competition. Insecurity remained prevalent in Libya following the 2011 conflict and deepened in 2014, driven by overlapping ideological, personal, financial, and transnational rivalries. Issues of dispute have included governance, military command, national finances, and control of oil infrastructure. Resulting conflicts involving Libyans in different parts of the country drove the political transition off course. \nAt present, armed militia groups and locally organized political leaders remain the most powerful arbiters of public affairs. Criminals and violent Islamist extremists have exploited these conditions, and the latter remain active inside Libya and threaten Libya\u2019s neighbors. The 2017 U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM) Posture Statement stated that \u201cthe instability in Libya and North Africa may be the most significant, near-term threat to U.S. and allies\u2019 interests\u201d in Africa. \nU.S. officials and other international actors have worked since August 2014 to convince Libyan factions and their regional supporters that inclusive, representative government and negotiation are preferable to competing attempts to achieve dominance through force of arms. The United Nations (U.N.) Security Council has authorized the placement of financial and travel sanctions on individuals and entities found to be \u201cengaging in or providing support for other acts that threaten the peace, stability or security of Libya, or obstruct or undermine the successful completion of its political transition.\u201d \nIn December 2015, some Libyan leaders endorsed a U.N.-brokered political agreement to create a Government of National Accord (GNA) to oversee the completion of the transition. GNA Prime Minister-designate Fayez al Sarraj and members of a GNA Presidency Council attempted to implement the agreement and have competed for influence with political figures and armed forces based in eastern Libya, including Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar\u2019s \u201cLibyan National Army\u201d movement. In September 2017, the U.N. Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) launched an Action Plan to amend the 2015 agreement, convene a reconciliation conference, support adoption of a new constitution, and prepare for national elections in 2018.\nThe State Department describes Libya as a permissive environment for terrorists and suspended operations at the U.S. Embassy in Tripoli in July 2014. U.S. diplomats engage with Libyans and monitor U.S. programs in Libya via the Libya External Office at the U.S. Embassy in Tunisia. The U.S. military supported some Libyan forces in a 2016 campaign to expel Islamic State (IS) supporters from the central coastal city of Sirte, and periodic U.S. strikes against IS fighters continue. Concerns persist regarding remaining extremists, the weakness of state institutions, and flows of migrants, refugees, and contraband across Libya\u2019s unpoliced borders. \nCongress has conditionally appropriated funding for limited U.S. transition support and security assistance programs for Libya since 2011 and is considering legislation that would appropriate further assistance funds for FY2018. The Trump Administration has imposed conditional restrictions on the entry of Libyan nationals to the United States, with some exceptions. Political consensus among Libyans remains elusive, and security conditions may create lasting challenges for the return to Libya of U.S. diplomats and the full development of bilateral relations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33142", "sha1": "aee901feae972081a3456c113f87ce2f9f42e899", "filename": "files/20180108_RL33142_aee901feae972081a3456c113f87ce2f9f42e899.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33142_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180108_RL33142_images_640ea8359bbbcb59ce08b4f5979d0680140c242b.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33142_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180108_RL33142_images_e3fd3972514e88f289a0ec6a2edebdfed863ba7f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33142_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180108_RL33142_images_7387bbeec54e1b380d5e5e8bb00f16bc6953dea6.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33142_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180108_RL33142_images_f6eceec1863dccdae4d3fe397f14531ffaab9bb8.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33142", "sha1": "9e0ebdee9a7de41d3352f1fd7b6dd993f0d4153a", "filename": "files/20180108_RL33142_9e0ebdee9a7de41d3352f1fd7b6dd993f0d4153a.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 573663, "date": "2017-10-02", "retrieved": "2017-10-04T13:52:32.795868", "title": "Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Libya\u2019s political transition has been disrupted by armed nonstate groups and threatened by the indecision and infighting of interim leaders. After an armed uprising ended the 40-plus-year rule of Muammar al Qadhafi in late 2011, interim authorities proved unable to form a stable government, address pressing security issues, reshape the country\u2019s public finances, or create a viable framework for post-conflict justice and reconciliation. \nElections for legislative bodies and a constitutional drafting assembly were held and transparently administered in 2012 and 2014, but were marred by declining rates of participation, threats to candidates and voters, and zero-sum political competition. Insecurity remained prevalent in Libya following the 2011 conflict and deepened in 2014, driven by overlapping ideological, personal, financial, and transnational rivalries. Issues of dispute have included governance, military command, national finances, and control of oil infrastructure. Resulting conflicts involving Libyans in different parts of the country drove the political transition off course. \nAt present, armed militia groups and locally organized political leaders remain the most powerful arbiters of public affairs. Criminals and violent Islamist extremists have exploited these conditions, and the latter remain active inside Libya and threaten Libya\u2019s neighbors. The 2017 U.S. AFRICOM Posture Statement states that \u201cthe instability in Libya and North Africa may be the most significant, near-term threat to U.S. and allies\u2019 interests\u201d in Africa. \nU.S. officials and other international actors have worked since August 2014 to convince Libyan factions and their regional supporters that inclusive, representative government and negotiation are preferable to competing attempts to achieve dominance through force of arms. The United Nations (U.N.) Security Council has authorized the placement of financial and travel sanctions on individuals and entities found to be \u201cengaging in or providing support for other acts that threaten the peace, stability or security of Libya, or obstruct or undermine the successful completion of its political transition.\u201d \nIn December 2015, some Libyan leaders endorsed a U.N.-brokered political agreement to create a Government of National Accord (GNA) to oversee the completion of the transition. GNA Prime Minister-designate Fayez al Sarraj and members of a GNA Presidency Council have attempted to implement the agreement and have competed for influence with political figures and armed forces based in eastern Libya, including General Khalifa Haftar\u2019s \u201cLibyan National Army\u201d movement. In September 2017, the U.N. Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) launched an Action Plan to amend the 2015 agreement, convene a reconciliation conference, and prepare for elections.\nThe State Department describes Libya as a permissive environment for terrorists and suspended operations at the U.S. Embassy in Tripoli in July 2014. U.S. diplomats engage with Libyans and monitor U.S. programs in Libya via the Libya External Office at the U.S. Embassy in Tunisia. The U.S. military supported some Libyan forces in a 2016 campaign to expel Islamic State (IS) supporters from the central coastal city of Sirte, and periodic U.S. strikes against IS fighters continue. Shared concerns persist regarding remaining extremists, the weakness of state institutions, and flows of migrants, refugees, and contraband across Libya\u2019s unpoliced borders. \nCongress has conditionally appropriated funding for limited U.S. transition support and security assistance programs for Libya since 2011 and is considering legislation that would appropriate further assistance funds for FY2018. The Trump Administration has imposed conditional restrictions on the entry of Libyan nationals to the United States, with some exceptions. Political consensus among Libyans has been elusive, and security conditions may create lasting challenges for the return to Libya of U.S. diplomats and the development of bilateral relations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33142", "sha1": "e2e0354646ecf6ba674f4b270a2661cee34fb5f9", "filename": "files/20171002_RL33142_e2e0354646ecf6ba674f4b270a2661cee34fb5f9.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33142_files&id=/1.png": "files/20171002_RL33142_images_e504c4c079a1cdb3c49bef5549a811204fbf1407.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33142_files&id=/2.png": "files/20171002_RL33142_images_c92ac65082d3b8d0969f54319c1667e5db858f97.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33142_files&id=/0.png": "files/20171002_RL33142_images_f6eceec1863dccdae4d3fe397f14531ffaab9bb8.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33142", "sha1": "1338b9896a184ee2b7d4ca5a3f5a762b6d5af83b", "filename": "files/20171002_RL33142_1338b9896a184ee2b7d4ca5a3f5a762b6d5af83b.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 462480, "date": "2017-07-07", "retrieved": "2017-08-22T13:59:59.827562", "title": "Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Libya\u2019s political transition has been disrupted by armed nonstate groups and threatened by the indecision and infighting of interim leaders. After an armed uprising ended the 40-plus-year rule of Muammar al Qadhafi in late 2011, interim authorities proved unable to form a stable government, address pressing security issues, reshape the country\u2019s public finances, or create a viable framework for postconflict justice and reconciliation. \nElections for legislative bodies and a constitutional drafting assembly were held and transparently administered in 2012 and 2014, but were marred by declining rates of participation, threats to candidates and voters, and zero-sum political competition. Insecurity remained prevalent in Libya following the 2011 conflict and deepened in 2014, driven by overlapping ideological, personal, financial, and transnational rivalries. Resulting conflicts involving Libyans in different parts of the country drove the political transition off course. \nAt present, armed militia groups and locally organized political leaders remain the most powerful arbiters of public affairs. Criminals and violent Islamist extremists have exploited these conditions, and the latter remain active inside Libya and threaten Libya\u2019s neighbors. The 2017 U.S. AFRICOM Posture Statement states that \u201cthe instability in Libya and North Africa may be the most significant, near-term threat to U.S. and allies\u2019 interests\u201d in Africa. \nU.S. officials and other international actors have worked since August 2014 to convince Libyan factions and their regional supporters that inclusive, representative government and negotiation are preferable to competing attempts to achieve dominance through force of arms. In August 2014, the United Nations (U.N.) Security Council adopted Resolution 2174, authorizing the placement of financial and travel sanctions on individuals and entities found to be \u201cengaging in or providing support for other acts that threaten the peace, stability or security of Libya, or obstruct or undermine the successful completion of its political transition.\u201d \nIn December 2015, some Libyan leaders endorsed a U.N.-brokered political agreement to create a Government of National Accord (GNA) to oversee the completion of the transition. GNA Prime Minister-designate Fayez al Sarraj and members of a GNA Presidency Council have attempted to implement the agreement with the backing of the U.N. Security Council, the U.S. government, and the European Union. Political leaders and military forces based in eastern Libya, including General Khalifa Haftar\u2019s \u201cLibyan National Army\u201d movement, have struggled with the GNA over governance, military command, national finances, and control of oil infrastructure.\nThe U.S. State Department describes Libya as a permissive environment for terrorists and suspended operations at the U.S. Embassy in Tripoli in July 2014. U.S. diplomats engage with Libyans and monitor U.S. programs in Libya via the Libya External Office at the U.S. Embassy in Tunisia. From August to December 2016, U.S. military forces supported a successful campaign by GNA-aligned forces to expel Islamic State supporters from the central coastal city of Sirte. Shared concerns persist regarding remaining extremists, the weakness of state institutions, and flows of migrants, refugees, and contraband across Libya\u2019s unpoliced borders. \nCongress has conditionally appropriated funding for limited U.S. transition assistance and security assistance programs for Libya since 2011. In parallel with more robust counterterrorism measures since 2016, the Obama and Trump Administrations have notified Congress of plans to use U.S. funding to support Libyans and the GNA. The Trump Administration has not named a new U.S. envoy for Libya. Libya is among the countries identified in a 2017 Executive Order that would restrict the entry of nationals of certain countries to the United States, with some exceptions. Political consensus among Libyans remains elusive, and insecurity may continue to preclude the return to Libya of U.S. diplomats and the development of U.S.-Libyan relations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33142", "sha1": "d73f379ffff7c0993efd7dfacea3aaff557cb7f7", "filename": "files/20170707_RL33142_d73f379ffff7c0993efd7dfacea3aaff557cb7f7.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33142_files&id=/1.png": "files/20170707_RL33142_images_e504c4c079a1cdb3c49bef5549a811204fbf1407.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33142_files&id=/2.png": "files/20170707_RL33142_images_c92ac65082d3b8d0969f54319c1667e5db858f97.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33142_files&id=/0.png": "files/20170707_RL33142_images_f6eceec1863dccdae4d3fe397f14531ffaab9bb8.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33142", "sha1": "e687beb323732bdeb698072ed4371ce7c89d01bb", "filename": "files/20170707_RL33142_e687beb323732bdeb698072ed4371ce7c89d01bb.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 460133, "date": "2017-03-29", "retrieved": "2017-03-31T18:54:31.923408", "title": "Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Libya\u2019s political transition has been disrupted by armed nonstate groups and threatened by the indecision and infighting of interim leaders. After an armed uprising ended the 40-plus-year rule of Muammar al Qadhafi in late 2011, interim authorities proved unable to form a stable government, address pressing security issues, reshape the country\u2019s public finances, or create a viable framework for post-conflict justice and reconciliation. \nElections for legislative bodies and a constitutional drafting assembly were held and transparently administered in 2012 and 2014, but were marred by declining rates of participation, threats to candidates and voters, and zero-sum political competition. Insecurity remained prevalent in Libya following the 2011 conflict and deepened in 2014, driven by overlapping ideological, personal, financial, and transnational rivalries. Resulting conflicts involving Libyans in different parts of the country drove the political transition off course. At present, armed militia groups and locally organized political leaders remain the most powerful arbiters of public affairs. Criminals and violent Islamist extremists have exploited these conditions, and the latter have strengthened their military capabilities and advanced their agendas inside Libya and beyond its borders.\nU.S. officials and other international actors have worked since August 2014 to convince Libyan factions and their regional supporters that inclusive, representative government and negotiation are preferable to competing attempts to achieve dominance through force of arms. In August 2014, the United Nations (U.N.) Security Council adopted Resolution 2174, authorizing the placement of financial and travel sanctions on individuals and entities found to be \u201cengaging in or providing support for other acts that threaten the peace, stability or security of Libya, or obstruct or undermine the successful completion of its political transition.\u201d \nIn December 2015, some Libyan leaders endorsed a U.N.-brokered political agreement to create a Government of National Accord (GNA) to oversee the completion of the transition. GNA Prime Minister-designate Fayez al Sarraj and members of a GNA Presidency Council are seeking to implement the agreement with the backing of the U.N. Security Council, the U.S. government, and the European Union. Some authorities and military forces based in eastern Libya, including General Khalifa Haftar\u2019s \u201cLibyan National Army\u201d movement, describe GNA leaders as foreign-imposed interlopers. Competition persists between the GNA and its critics over political leadership, military command, national finances, and control of oil infrastructure.\nThe U.S. State Department describes Libya as a permissive environment for terrorists, and the U.S. government suspended operations at the U.S. Embassy in Tripoli and relocated U.S. personnel out of the country in July 2014. From August to December 2016, U.S. military forces supported a successful campaign by GNA-aligned forces to expel Islamic State supporters from the central coastal city of Sirte. The Islamic State\u2019s rise in parts of Libya from 2014 through mid-2016 became a matter of deep concern among Libyans and the international community, and shared concerns persist regarding remaining extremists, the weakness of state institutions, and flows of migrants, refugees, and contraband across Libya\u2019s unpoliced borders. \nCongress has conditionally appropriated funding for limited U.S. transition assistance and security assistance programs for Libya since 2011. In parallel with more robust counterterrorism measures in 2016, the Obama Administration notified Congress of plans to support the GNA. The Trump Administration has yet to articulate a detailed Libya policy. Libya is among the countries identified in a 2017 Executive Order restricting the entry of nationals of certain countries to the United States, with some exceptions. Political consensus among Libyans remains elusive, and insecurity may continue to preclude the return to Libya of U.S. diplomats and the development of U.S.-Libyan relations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33142", "sha1": "6202307c0d047d809ff29d9011afc99d7a847ffa", "filename": "files/20170329_RL33142_6202307c0d047d809ff29d9011afc99d7a847ffa.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33142", "sha1": "acf646f65a0517526fa48733ee32eb67ffddb86c", "filename": "files/20170329_RL33142_acf646f65a0517526fa48733ee32eb67ffddb86c.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 455933, "date": "2016-09-19", "retrieved": "2016-10-17T19:26:12.446614", "title": "Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Libya\u2019s political transition has been disrupted by armed non-state groups and threatened by the indecision and infighting of interim leaders. After an armed uprising ended the 40-plus year rule of Muammar al Qadhafi in late 2011, interim authorities proved unable to form a stable government, address pressing security issues, reshape the country\u2019s public finances, or create a viable framework for post-conflict justice and reconciliation. \nElections for legislative bodies and a constitutional drafting assembly were held and transparently administered in 2012 and 2014, but were marred by declining rates of participation, threats to candidates and voters, and zero-sum political competition. Insecurity remained prevalent in Libya following the 2011 conflict and deepened in 2014, driven by overlapping ideological, personal, financial, and transnational rivalries. Resulting conflicts involving Libyans in different parts of the country drove the political transition off course. At present, armed militia groups and locally organized political leaders remain the most powerful arbiters of public affairs. Criminals and violent Islamist extremists have exploited these conditions, and the latter have strengthened their military capabilities and advanced their agendas inside Libya and beyond its borders.\nU.S. officials and other international actors have worked since August 2014 to convince Libyan factions and their regional supporters that inclusive, representative government and negotiation are preferable to competing attempts to achieve dominance through force of arms. In August 2014, the United Nations (U.N.) Security Council adopted Resolution 2174, authorizing the placement of financial and travel sanctions on individuals and entities found to be \u201cengaging in or providing support for other acts that threaten the peace, stability or security of Libya, or obstruct or undermine the successful completion of its political transition.\u201d \nIn December 2015, some Libyan leaders endorsed a U.N.-brokered political agreement to create a Government of National Accord (GNA) to oversee the completion of the transition. GNA Prime Minister-designate Fayez al Sarraj and members of a GNA Presidency Council are seeking to implement the agreement with the backing of the U.N. Security Council, the U.S. government, and the European Union. Some authorities and military forces based in eastern Libya describe GNA leaders as foreign-imposed interlopers, and competition persists between the GNA and its critics over political leadership, military command, national finances, and control of oil infrastructure.\nThe U.S. State Department describes Libya as a permissive environment for terrorists, and the U.S. government suspended operations at the U.S. Embassy in Tripoli and relocated U.S. personnel out of the country in July 2014. In August 2016, U.S. military forces intervened in support of GNA-aligned forces working to isolate and eradicate the Islamic State organization\u2019s stronghold in the central coastal city of Sirte. The Islamic State\u2019s rise in parts of Libya from 2014 through early 2016 became a matter of deep concern among Libyans and the international community, and shared concerns persist regarding remaining extremists, the weakness of state institutions, and flows of migrants, refugees, and contraband across Libya\u2019s unpoliced borders. \nCongress has conditionally appropriated funding for limited U.S. transition assistance and security assistance programs for Libya since 2011. In June 2016, the Special Committee formed by Congress to investigate the September 2012 attacks on U.S. government personnel in Benghazi released its final report. In parallel with more robust counterterrorism measures in 2016, the Obama Administration has notified Congress of plans to obligate funds in support of programs to improve the capabilities of the GNA. Nevertheless, political consensus among Libyans remains elusive, and insecurity may continue to delay the return of the U.S. diplomatic presence and the development of a deeper bilateral assistance relationship.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33142", "sha1": "150e38b12314f35ba4fbc1a32ba6e2a37b1dbf32", "filename": "files/20160919_RL33142_150e38b12314f35ba4fbc1a32ba6e2a37b1dbf32.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33142", "sha1": "243b059a12b029d642074ff4ecd6152e466c8650", "filename": "files/20160919_RL33142_243b059a12b029d642074ff4ecd6152e466c8650.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 452545, "date": "2016-05-13", "retrieved": "2016-05-24T19:08:33.741941", "title": "Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Libya\u2019s political transition has been disrupted by armed non-state groups and threatened by the indecision and infighting of interim leaders. After an armed uprising ended the 40-plus year rule of Muammar al Qadhafi in late 2011, interim authorities proved unable to form a stable government, address pressing security issues, reshape the country\u2019s public finances, or create a viable framework for post-conflict justice and reconciliation. \nElections for legislative bodies and a constitutional drafting assembly were held and transparently administered in 2012 and 2014, but were marred by declining rates of participation, threats to candidates and voters, and zero-sum political competition. Insecurity remained prevalent in Libya following the 2011 conflict and deepened in 2014, driven by overlapping ideological, personal, financial, and transnational rivalries. Resulting conflicts involving Libyans in different parts of the country drove the political transition off course. At present, armed militia groups and locally organized political leaders remain the most powerful arbiters of public affairs. Criminals and violent Islamist extremists have exploited these conditions, and the latter have strengthened their military capabilities and advanced their agendas inside Libya and beyond its borders.\nU.S. officials and other international actors have worked since August 2014 to convince Libyan factions and their regional supporters that inclusive, representative government and negotiation are preferable to competing attempts to achieve dominance through force of arms. In August 2014, the United Nations (U.N.) Security Council adopted Resolution 2174, authorizing the placement of financial and travel sanctions on individuals and entities found to be \u201cengaging in or providing support for other acts that threaten the peace, stability or security of Libya, or obstruct or undermine the successful completion of its political transition.\u201d \nIn December 2015, some Libyan leaders endorsed a U.N.-brokered agreement to create a Government of National Accord (GNA) to oversee the completion of the transition. GNA Prime Minister-designate Fayez al Sarraj and some members of a proposed GNA Presidency Council returned to Libya in late March 2016 and are seeking to implement the agreement with the backing of the U.N. Security Council, the U.S. government, and the European Union. Some authorities and military forces based in eastern Libya describe GNA leaders as foreign-imposed interlopers, and a competition is emerging between the GNA and these easterners over leadership of military operations against the Islamic State (IS) organization and control of oil infrastructure.\nThe U.S. State Department describes Libya as a terrorist safe haven, and the U.S. government suspended operations at the U.S. Embassy in Tripoli and relocated U.S. personnel out of the country in July 2014. The Islamic State\u2019s rise in parts of Libya has become a matter of deep concern among Libyans and the international community, as have the continuing weakness of Libyan state institutions and flows of migrants, refugees, and contraband across Libya\u2019s unpoliced borders. In February 2016, senior U.S. intelligence officials identified the IS presence in Libya as the group\u2019s most developed branch outside of Syria and Iraq and suggested that presence could grow more dangerous if left unchecked.\nCongress has conditionally appropriated funding for limited U.S. transition assistance and security assistance programs for Libya since 2011. Congressional consideration of the September 2012 attacks on U.S. facilities and personnel in Benghazi is ongoing. In 2015, conflict mitigation appeared to be the Obama Administration\u2019s top policy priority in Libya, but statements made by U.S. officials in 2016 suggest that U.S. counterterrorism concerns have grown and that military action against the Islamic State, Al Qaeda, and other extremists in Libya may continue and/or expand in as yet unspecified ways, even if political consensus among Libyans remains elusive.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33142", "sha1": "dac3d63d2fd4a9f792d11ce15a90bd096b9e3bd2", "filename": "files/20160513_RL33142_dac3d63d2fd4a9f792d11ce15a90bd096b9e3bd2.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33142", "sha1": "81aeff2233053023ce3ab0868c3b049b0e0d2b49", "filename": "files/20160513_RL33142_81aeff2233053023ce3ab0868c3b049b0e0d2b49.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 282, "name": "Middle East and North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc847667/", "id": "RL33142_2016Apr20", "date": "2016-04-20", "retrieved": "2016-06-02T05:26:07", "title": "Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy", "summary": "This report discusses the current political climate in Libya. Libya's political transition has been disrupted by armed non-state groups and threatened by the indecision and infighting of interim leaders.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20160420_RL33142_f99d0c1f34b43592421f8c47243337d7116eda20.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20160420_RL33142_f99d0c1f34b43592421f8c47243337d7116eda20.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Libya -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Libya -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Libya", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Libya" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- Libya", "name": "Politics and government -- Libya" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Human rights", "name": "Human rights" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 450582, "date": "2016-03-04", "retrieved": "2016-03-24T17:00:30.930292", "title": "Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Libya\u2019s political transition has been disrupted by armed non-state groups and threatened by the indecision and infighting of interim leaders. After an armed uprising ended the 40-plus year rule of Muammar al Qadhafi in late 2011, interim authorities proved unable to form a stable government, address pressing security issues, reshape the country\u2019s public finances, or create a viable framework for post-conflict justice and reconciliation. \nElections for legislative bodies and a constitutional drafting assembly were held and transparently administered from 2012 through 2014, but were marred by declining rates of participation, threats to candidates and voters, and zero-sum political competition. Insecurity was prevalent in Libya in the immediate wake of the 2011 conflict and deepened in 2014, driven by overlapping ideological, personal, financial, and transnational rivalries. Resulting conflicts involving Libyans in different parts of the country drove the political transition off course. At present, armed militia groups and locally organized political leaders remain the most powerful arbiters of public affairs. Criminals and violent Islamist extremist organizations have exploited these conditions, and the latter have strengthened their military capabilities and advanced their ideological agendas inside Libya and beyond its borders.\nU.S. officials and other international actors have worked since August 2014 to convince Libyan factions and their regional supporters that inclusive, representative government and negotiation are preferable to competing groups\u2019 attempts to achieve dominance through force of arms. In August 2015, the United Nations (U.N.) Security Council adopted Resolution 2174, authorizing the placement of financial and travel sanctions on individuals and entities in Libya and internationally who are found to be \u201cengaging in or providing support for other acts that threaten the peace, stability or security of Libya, or obstruct or undermine the successful completion of its political transition.\u201d \nIn December 2015, some Libyan leaders endorsed a U.N.-facilitated agreement that would create a Government of National Accord (GNA) to oversee the completion of the transition. Steps to finalize and implement the agreement are underway, although some Libyans have rejected the agreement and have vowed to defend their interests by force if necessary. The U.N. Security Council has reiterated its threat to sanction spoilers and has called on member states to support any emergent GNA. \nThe U.S. State Department describes Libya as a terrorist safe haven, and the U.S. government suspended operations at the U.S. Embassy in Tripoli and relocated U.S. personnel out of the country in July 2014. As of early 2016, the Islamic State\u2019s (IS) rise in parts of Libya had become a matter of deep concern among Libyans and the international community, as had the continuing weakness of Libyan state institutions and flows of migrants, refugees, and contraband across Libya\u2019s unpoliced borders. In February 2016, senior U.S. intelligence officials identified the IS presence in Libya as the group\u2019s most developed branch outside of Syria and Iraq and suggested that presence could grow more dangerous if left unchecked.\nCongress has conditionally appropriated funding for limited U.S. transition assistance and security assistance programs for Libya since 2011. Congressional consideration of the September 2012 attacks on U.S. facilities and personnel in Benghazi is ongoing. In 2015, conflict mitigation appeared to be the Obama Administration\u2019s top policy priority in Libya, but statements made by U.S. officials in 2016 suggest that U.S. counterterrorism concerns have grown and that military action against the Islamic State, Al Qaeda, and other extremists in Libya may continue and/or expand in as yet unspecified ways, even if political consensus among Libyans remains elusive.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33142", "sha1": "f30a74f6199bdaa779bc3208e2aa5e14c5321ad1", "filename": "files/20160304_RL33142_f30a74f6199bdaa779bc3208e2aa5e14c5321ad1.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33142", "sha1": "6b7f7cc00e087e81ce9abc0f3b9575b3f33547cf", "filename": "files/20160304_RL33142_6b7f7cc00e087e81ce9abc0f3b9575b3f33547cf.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 282, "name": "Middle East and North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc770504/", "id": "RL33142_2015Aug03", "date": "2015-08-03", "retrieved": "2015-11-04T09:58:14", "title": "Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy", "summary": "This report provides a background on Libya's descent into conflict and discusses current policy issues for the U.S. Since Muammar al Qadhafi's fall in 2011, Libyan interest groups have pursued diverse objectives based on local and regional identities, tribal affiliations, political and religious ideologies, and shared personal backgrounds. Fighting and political maneuvering during 2014 and 2015 among rival factions and armed groups has reflected a number of unresolved debates.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150803_RL33142_c1e16b74c9c947acd6a5b35550e4a5c8fb4e2fa8.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150803_RL33142_c1e16b74c9c947acd6a5b35550e4a5c8fb4e2fa8.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Libya -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Libya -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Libya", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Libya" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- Libya", "name": "Politics and government -- Libya" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Human rights", "name": "Human rights" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc813602/", "id": "RL33142_2014Sep08", "date": "2014-09-08", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140908_RL33142_85506eb6a316871140439c8593b4c1415d9fd44e.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140908_RL33142_85506eb6a316871140439c8593b4c1415d9fd44e.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332964/", "id": "RL33142_2014Jun11", "date": "2014-06-11", "retrieved": "2014-08-27T12:47:05", "title": "Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy", "summary": "This report discusses the revolution and post-conflict transition in Libya, triggered in mid-February 2011 by a chain of events resulting in the death of the Prime Minister (Qadhafi); a new government was elected in July. The report also looks at the military and economic state of the country, including human rights, Islam and politics, and Libya's oil assets.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140611_RL33142_3ce86e80ba98709665e37ea22891f0ee74d17e36.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140611_RL33142_3ce86e80ba98709665e37ea22891f0ee74d17e36.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Libya -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Libya -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Libya", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Libya" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- Libya", "name": "Politics and government -- Libya" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Human rights", "name": "Human rights" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc306461/", "id": "RL33142_2014May29", "date": "2014-05-29", "retrieved": "2014-07-08T21:53:44", "title": "Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy", "summary": "This report discusses the revolution and post-conflict transition in Libya, triggered in mid-February 2011 by a chain of events resulting in the death of the Prime Minister (Qadhafi); a new government was elected in July. The report also looks at the military and economic state of the country, including human rights, Islam and politics, and Libya's oil assets.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140529_RL33142_47d65343da8dead89c1f33b1e860c8f2858bd07c.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140529_RL33142_47d65343da8dead89c1f33b1e860c8f2858bd07c.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Libya -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Libya -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Libya", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Libya" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- Libya", "name": "Politics and government -- Libya" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Human rights", "name": "Human rights" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc306489/", "id": "RL33142_2014May22", "date": "2014-05-22", "retrieved": "2014-07-08T21:53:44", "title": "Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy", "summary": "This report discusses the revolution and post-conflict transition in Libya, triggered in mid-February 2011 by a chain of events resulting in the death of the Prime Minister (Qadhafi); a new government was elected in July. 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