Spanish Language Media After the Univision-Hispanic Broadcasting Merger: Issues for Congress

Spanish Language Media After the Univision-Hispanic Broadcasting Merger: Issues for Congress

Order Code RL32116
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Spanish Language Media After the
Univision-Hispanic Broadcasting
Merger: Issues for Congress
October 20, 2003
Charles B. Goldfarb
Specialist in Industrial Organization and Telecommunications Policy
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

Spanish Language Media After the Univision-Hispanic
Broadcasting Merger: Issues for Congress
Summary
On September 8, 2003, the Federal Communications Commission approved the
merger of Univision Communications, Inc., the dominant Spanish language media
company in the U.S. (which owns the leading Spanish language broadcast television
network, cable television network, television station group, music recording and
publishing company, and Internet site) and Hispanic Broadcasting Corporation
(HBC), the largest Spanish language radio operator in the U.S. The Commission
explicitly rejected the argument that there is something unique about the needs of the
Spanish speaking population in the U.S. or about the financing, production, or
distribution of Spanish language programming for U.S. households, that requires a
distinction to be made between Spanish language media outlets and other media
outlets.
The Hispanic community is the largest minority community in the U.S., but it
is not linguistically homogeneous. Although most Hispanics speak English well,
almost 8 million Hispanics speak English either “not at all” or “not well.” Survey
data indicate that Latino households tend to watch television as a family, rather than
as individuals; when family members have varying levels of English proficiency, the
family is likely to watch Spanish language programming – particularly for news – to
accommodate those with limited understanding of English. As a result, more than
half of all bilingual (Spanish-English) Latino adults prefer to watch primarily Spanish
language news programming on television. The demand by advertisers to reach the
rapidly growing buying power of the Spanish speaking population has attracted
investment capital to the Spanish language broadcasting industry. There are far more
broadcast television and radio stations, as well as broadcast, cable, and satellite
channels, serving the Spanish speaking population than ever before. Although
Spanish language outlets have captured a smaller share of advertising revenues than
of audience, their advertising revenues are the most rapidly growing in the media
industry. At the same time, especially after the Univision-HBC merger, ownership
and control of Spanish language media in the U.S. are far more concentrated than the
media overall.
U.S. broadcast policy, as mandated by Congress, is premised on the broad public
policy objectives of competition, localism, and diversity of voices. Congress has not
explicitly addressed whether or how those objectives should be pursued for particular
subsets of the population, such as the Spanish speaking population. Two identical
bills (H.R. 3027 and S. 1563) would prohibit the FCC from approving any
assignment or transfer of a broadcast television or radio license used to serve a
language minority without a hearing regarding the effects on competition and
diversity in the programming and distribution markets for the specific minority
language at issue. This report provides detailed tables of demographic, viewing, and
market information for the Spanish speaking population as well as detailed analysis
of public policy issues.

Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Demographics of the Spanish Speaking Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Hispanic Buying Power and Spending Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Spanish Speaking Population Television Viewing Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
The Availability of Spanish Language Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
The Availability of Advertising Revenues to Support Spanish Language
Programming in the U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Public Policy Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
To what extent does the Spanish speaking population have unique needs
that are not met by English language programming? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
To what extent is consolidation needed to attract national advertiser
support of Spanish language programming? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
To what extent could consolidation in the Spanish language media market
have anticompetitive effects that would harm consumers? . . . . . . . . . 34
Univision’s Spanish Language Broadcast Television Holdings . . . . . 35
Univision’s Spanish Language Cable Television Holdings . . . . . . . . . 35
Univision’s Spanish Language Television Programming Holdings . . 36
Univision’s Spanish Language Radio Holdings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Univision’s Spanish Language Music Holdings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Univision’s Spanish Language Internet Holdings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
What is the potential effect of consolidation in the Spanish language
media market on small businesses, on the provision of local
programming, and on diversity of voices? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
List of Tables
Table 1: Language Spoken at Home, by Ability to Speak English,
for the Hispanic/Latino Population 5 Years and Over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Table 2: Population 5 Years and Over Who Speak Spanish at Home, and
Ability to Speak English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Table 3: Household Income Among Latinos, by Primary Language . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Table 4: Latinos Reporting Difficulties During the Past 12 Months
Communicating with Providers and Getting Health Care, by
Foreign/Native Born and by Primary Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Table 5: Hispanic-American Television Population Growth Trends . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Table 6: Hispanic and Spanish Dominant Households in Markets with
Large Hispanic Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Table 7: Growth in U.S. Hispanic Population, 1970-2000: Immigrants
Dominate Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Table 8: Projected Growth in U.S. Hispanic Population, 2000-2020:
2nd Generation Dominates Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Table 9: U.S. Household Income and Hispanic Household Income in 1999 . . . . 13
Table 10: Transmission Mode by which Bilingual Latinos Receive Spanish
Language Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Table 11: Languages Preferred/Used for Major Types of Television
Programming, Bilingual Latino Viewers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Table 12: Frequency of Viewership of Spanish Language Networks Among
Bilingual Latino Viewers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Table 13: Radio Stations in the U.S. with Primarily Spanish Language
Programming Formats, 1992-2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Table 14: Spanish Language Channels Available on Either DirecTV or
Dish TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Table 15: Change in Advertising spending, first three quarters,
2001 vs. 2002 (billions of dollars) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Table 16: Top Advertisers on Hispanic Networks, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Spanish Language Media After the
Univision-Hispanic Broadcasting Merger:
Issues for Congress
Introduction
U.S. broadcast policy, as mandated by Congress and implemented by the
Federal Communications Commission (“FCC” or “Commission”) through its media
ownership rules, is premised on the broad public policy objectives of competition,
localism, and diversity of voices. Congress has not explicitly addressed whether or
how those objectives should be pursued for particular subsets of the population, such
as the Spanish speaking population. Two identical bills (H.R. 3027 and S. 1563)
would prohibit the FCC from approving any assignment or transfer of a broadcast
television or radio license used to serve a language minority without a hearing
regarding the effects on competition and diversity in the programming and
distribution markets for the specific minority language at issue, and also would
require the FCC to report to Congress regarding the ownership and control of
broadcast stations used to serve language minorities.
The ownership restrictions in the FCC rules vary by market size, based on the
total number of broadcast stations in a geographic market.1 In applying these rules,
there has been debate about whether the relevant “diversity market” for reviewing
mergers of Spanish language broadcast properties should include all outlets or only
Spanish language outlets.
On September 8, 2003, the Federal Communications Commission approved in
a 3-2 vote the merger of Univision Communications, Inc., the dominant Spanish
language media company in the U.S. (which owns the leading Spanish language
broadcast television network, cable television network, television station group,
music recording and publishing company, and Internet site) and Hispanic
Broadcasting Corporation (“HBC”), the largest Spanish language radio operator in
the U.S.2 In reaching its decision, the Commission applied its media ownership rules,
taking into account the total number of broadcast stations in each geographic market.
Based on that calculation, it required Univision to divest one television station in
1 See CRS Report RL31925, FCC Media Ownership Rules: Issues for Congress.
2 In the Matter of Shareholders of Hispanic Broadcasting Corporation (Transferor) and
Univision Communications, Inc. (Transferee) For Transfer of Control of Hispanic
Broadcasting Corporation, and Certain Subsidiaries, Licensees of KGBT (AM), Harlingen,
TX et al., File Nos. BTC, BTCH, BTCFTB-20020723ABL-ADS, and BTCH-
20021125ABD-ABH, MB Docket No. 02-235, Memorandum Opinion and Order, adopted
September 8, 2003, released September 22, 2003 (“Univision Order”).

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Houston and one in Albuquerque. The Commission explicitly rejected the argument
that there is something unique about the needs of the Spanish language population
in the U.S. or about the financing, production, or distribution of Spanish language
programming for U.S. households, that requires a distinction to be made between
Spanish language media outlets and other media outlets.
The Hispanic community is the largest minority community in the U.S., but it
is not linguistically homogeneous. Although most Hispanics speak English well,
almost 8 million Hispanics speak English either “not at all” or “not well.” Survey
data indicate that Latino households tend to watch television as a family, rather than
as individuals; when family members have varying levels of English proficiency, the
family is likely to watch Spanish language programming – particularly for news – to
accommodate those with limited understanding of English. As a result, more than
half of all bilingual (Spanish-English) Latino adults prefer to watch primarily Spanish
language news programming on television.
The demand by advertisers to reach the rapidly growing buying power and
youthful, urban demographics of the Spanish speaking community has attracted both
national advertising and investment capital to the Spanish language broadcasting
industry. There are far more broadcast television and radio stations, as well as
broadcast, cable, and satellite channels, serving the Spanish speaking community
than ever before.
At the same time there are strong market forces propelling consolidation in the
U.S. media sector (see CRS Report RL32026, Market Dynamics and Public Policy
Issues in the Video Programming Industry and CRS Report RL32027, Market
Structure of the Video Programming Industry and Emerging Public Policy Issues).
These forces exist for Spanish language media outlets as well as English language
outlets. Univision has asserted that its merger with HBC is in the public interest
because it gives it the size and scope needed to compete with English language media
giants for national advertising dollars. Currently Spanish language programming
receives only a small – though rapidly growing – share of those national advertising
dollars. But that merger of two dominant Spanish language media companies
reduced the number of independent Spanish language voices available to Spanish
speaking viewers and listeners and potentially raises barriers to competitive entry by
other companies offering Spanish language programming.
The 2000 U.S. Census awakened many Americans to the size, buying power,
and linguistic diversity of the Hispanic population in the United States. Since then,
analysts at the Census Bureau, research foundations, and market research
organizations have mined the Census data and performed additional surveys that
significantly expand the information available on the demographic, purchasing, and
viewing characteristics of the Hispanic population. These rich data sources show the
Hispanic population is not homogeneous, but rather includes subgroups with very
different needs and demands for Spanish language programming. Selective review
of the data therefore could lead to one of two simplistic conclusions – that English
language programming provides all Hispanics a good alternative to Spanish language
programming or that English language programming does not serve the Hispanic
population at all. Neither conclusion accurately describes the far more complex

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reality. The language in the Commission’s Univision Order did not systematically
analyze and publicly present the nuanced data available.
The purpose of this report is to provide Congress with detailed demographic,
market, and television viewing data for the Hispanic population that are relevant to
the goals of competition, localism, and diversity of voices. In order to analyze and
evaluate public policy options, information is needed on the demographic, income,
buying power, and spending characteristics of the Hispanic population, the radio
listening and television viewing patterns of the Hispanic population, and the
responses of advertisers and capital investors to the growth in the Hispanic
population and its buying power. CRS Report RS21645 presents a condensed
version of this report.
Demographics of the Spanish Speaking Population
Demographic data about the size and linguistic ability of the Spanish speaking
population help inform public policy makers. Millions of Americans have primary
languages other than English; the federal government has not adopted media rules for
each of these foreign speaking populations. For example, the FCC has not expressed
concern about the diversity of voices for the Chinese speaking population in the U.S.
that does not speak English. The Spanish speaking population in the U.S. is uniquely
large and includes a uniquely large cohort that does not speak and/or comprehend
English well. This raises the issue of whether policy makers should consider
implementing rules specific to that population.3
The Hispanic4 population in the United States has doubled since 1980.5 There
were 38.8 million people in the United States in July 2002 who identified as Hispanic
or Latino -- 13% of the total population -- making the Hispanic community the
largest minority community in the country according to the Census Bureau.6
Hispanics accounted for half the country’s population growth in the two years after
the 2000 Census was taken.7 Despite the strong effect of immigration, only 40.2%
3 The FCC has identified the uniqueness of foreign language programming, in general, and
Spanish language programming, in particular, in meeting needs of foreign speaking
audiences in a number of decisions involving ownership, cable carriage requirements, and
closed captioning. See “Joint Statement of Commissioners Jonathan S. Adelstein and
Michael J. Copps, Dissenting,” attached to the Univision Order, at pp. 41-42.
4 In this report “Hispanic,” “Latino,” and “Hispanic-American” are used interchangeably.
The various sources cited in the report use one or more of these to connote the same
population.
5 See D’Vera Cohn, “Hispanics Are Nation’s Largest Minority,” The Washington Post,
June 18, 2003, at p. A1.
6 Id. at p. A1.
7 Id. at p. A1.

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(or 15 million) of the Hispanic population in the U.S. was foreign born.8 In 2002,
34.4% of Hispanics in the U.S. were under 18, compared with 25.7% of the total
population.9
The Hispanic community is not linguistically homogeneous, however. As
shown in Table 1, of the 31.6 million people 5 years or older who identified as
Hispanic or Latino in the 2000 Census, 6.8 million speak English only, while 24.6
million speak Spanish and also English at varying levels of proficiency. Of the latter,
7.4 million, or almost one-fourth of the Hispanic population, speak English “not at
all” or “not well.”
Table 1: Language Spoken at Home, by Ability to Speak English,
for the Hispanic/Latino Population 5 Years and Over
Percent of
Hispanic
Number
Population
Total Hispanic Population
31,569,576
100.0%
Speak only English
6,764,744
21.4%
Speak Spanish:
24,636,215
78.0%
and Speak English “very well”
11,874,405
37.6%
and Speak English “well”
5,323,330
16.9%
and Speak English “not well”
4,675,560
14.8%
and Speak English “not at all”
2,762,920
8.8%
and Speak another language
168,617
0.5%
Source: Table PCT11, Data set: Census 2000 Summary File 3 (SF 3) - Sample Data. Viewed on
10/10/03 at [http://www.census.gov] by selecting “American Factfinder,” then under “Data Sets”
selecting “2000 Summary File 3,” then selecting “Detailed Tables,” then selecting and adding
“Nation” from the drop-down menu for geographic type, then selecting and adding Table “PCT11,”
then selecting “Show Result.”
The Census Bureau also has collected data on the total number of people who
speak Spanish in their homes. This category is not limited to people who identify as
Hispanic or Latino (there are approximately 3.5 million people in the U.S. who do
not identify as Hispanic or Latino but stated that they speak Spanish in their homes),
8 Roberto R. Ramirez and G. Patricia de la Cruz, “The Hispanic Population in the United
States: March 2002,” Current Population Reports, U.S. Census Bureau, issued June 2003,
at p. 3.
9 Table 1.1, “Population by Sex, Age, Hispanic Origin, and Race: March 2002,” U.S.
Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, March 2002, Ethnic and Hispanic Statistics
Branch, Population Division, Internet Release date: June 18, 2003.

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but excludes Hispanics who do not speak Spanish.10 As shown in Table 2,
approximately 28 million people over the age of 5 speak Spanish in their homes. Of
these, just under 8 million – or 28% – speak English “not well” or “not at all.”
Table 2: Population 5 Years and Over Who Speak Spanish at
Home, and Ability to Speak English
Number
Percent
Speak Spanish in their home
28,101,052
100.0
and Speak English “very well”
14,349,796
51.1
and Speak English “well”
5,819,408
20.7
and Speak English “not well”
5,130,400
18.3
and Speak English “not at all”
2,801,448
10.0
Source: Table QT-P17, Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 3 (SF 3) - Sample Data, Matrices P19,
P20, PCT13, and PCT14. Viewed on 10/10/03 at [http://www.census.gov] by selecting “American
Factfinder,” then under “Data Sets” selecting “2000 Summary File 3,” then selecting “Quick Tables,”
then selecting and adding “Nation” from the drop-down menu for geographic type, then selecting and
adding Table “QT-P17,” then selecting “Show Result.”

Census also identifies “linguistically isolated households,” which it defines as
households
in which no member 14 years old and over (1) speaks English or (2) speaks a
non-English language and speaks English ‘very well.’ In other words, all
members 14 years old and over have at least some difficulty with English.11
According to Census, of the 10,771,168 households in the U.S. in 2000 in which
Spanish was spoken, 2,571,597 – almost 25% – were identified as linguistically
isolated.12 Most of those households are located in a small number of cities with
large Hispanic populations.
Several independent, non-partisan foundations and research centers perform
surveys and collect data on Hispanics in the United States that augment the Census
data. Between April and June 2002, the Pew Hispanic Center and Kaiser Family
10 The Census survey question did not specify how frequently Spanish must be spoken in
the home (e.g., all the time, most of the time, 25% or more of the time) to trigger a positive
response to the question. Rather it was left to the discretion of the respondent to provide a
positive or negative response. (Telephone conversation with Hyon Shin, analyst with the
Census Bureau.)
11 Table P20, “Household Language by Linguistic Isolation,” Dataset: Census 2000
Summary File 3 (SF 3), Sample Data. Viewed on 10/10/03 at [http://www.census.gov] by
selecting “American Factfinder,” then under “Data Sets” selecting “2000 Summary File 3,”
then selecting “Detailed Tables,” then selecting and adding “Nation” from the drop-down
menu for geographic type, then selecting and adding Table “P20,” then selecting “Show
Result.”
12 Id.

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Foundation performed a survey that included 2,929 adult respondents who identified
themselves as being of Hispanic or Latino origin (“Pew/Kaiser Survey”).13 Because
the survey excluded children 18 or younger, it showed a far larger percentage of
Latinos being foreign born14 than did the Census data – 63% vs. 40%.15 The survey
found that:
! Based on responses to questions about their spoken and reading
language ability,16 almost half (47%) of adult Hispanics are “Spanish
dominant.” The remaining adult Hispanics split between those who
are English dominant (25%) and those who are bilingual (28%).17
! Native-born adult Latinos are much more likely than foreign-born
adult Latinos to speak English as their primary language (61% vs.
4%) or to be bilingual (35% v. 24%), while foreign-born adult
Latinos are much more likely than native-born adult Latinos to be
Spanish dominant (72% vs. 4%).18
! Those who arrived in the U.S. when they were age 10 or younger
may have experiences more similar to Hispanics who were born in
the U.S. than to others who are foreign-born. In particular, foreign-
born Hispanics who arrive at a young age are much more likely to
speak English as adults and will have received a majority of their
education from American schools. In contrast, foreign-born
Hispanics who arrived when they were older, particularly those who
arrived when they are already age 26 and older, are more likely to be
Spanish dominant than those who arrived when they were younger.19
13 Pew Hispanic Center and Kaiser Family Foundation, 2002 National Survey of Latinos,
December 2002, at p. 100.
14 The Pew/Kaiser Survey, at p. 12, defined “foreign-born Latinos” (also referred to as
“Latinos born outside of the United States”) as “those who were born outside any of the fifty
states as well as those who were born on the island of Puerto Rico, a commonwealth
associated with the United States.”
15 Id. at p. 12.
16 Respondents were asked a series of four questions about their language ability. They
were asked about their ability to carry on a conversation in Spanish and to carry on a
conversation in English (“Would you say you can carry on a conversation in
Spanish/English, both understanding and speaking – very well, pretty well, just a little, or
not at all?”) and their ability to read in English and in Spanish (“Would you say you can
read a newspaper or book in Spanish/English – very well, pretty well, just a little, or not at
all?”). Based on their answers to these four questions, respondents were divided into three
language groups: English dominant, bilingual, and Spanish dominant. Pew/Kaiser Survey
at p. 16.
17 Pew/Kaiser Survey at p. 16.
18 Id. at p. 13.
19 Id. at p. 14.

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! A large majority (72%) of first generation (i.e., foreign-born) adult
Latinos are Spanish dominant, 24% are bilingual, and 4% are
English dominant. In contrast, second generation adult Latinos are
mostly divided between those who are English dominant (46%) and
those who are bilingual (47%). Third generation or “higher” adult
Hispanics are largely English dominant (78%), with an additional
22% being bilingual; none are Spanish dominant.20
! Spanish dominant Latinos reported having lower incomes than those
who are bilingual or those who are English dominant. As shown in
Table 3, the majority of Spanish dominant Latinos reported earning
less than $30,000 a year while those who are bilingual or English
dominant were more likely to earn over $30,000 a year, and
particularly more likely to earn annual incomes of $50,000 or more
a year.21
Table 3: Household Income Among Latinos, by Primary
Language
Spanish
English
Household Income
Dominant
Bilingual
Dominant
Less than $30,000
65%
37%
35%
$30,000 to less than $50,000
16%
31%
29%
$50,000 plus
4%
26%
29%
Don’t know
15%
6%
7%
Source: Pew Hispanic Center and Kaiser Family Foundation, 2002 National Survey of Latinos,
December 2002, Table 1.11, Household Income Among Latinos, by Primary Language, at p. 17.
! Almost three in ten adult Latinos reported having problems with
health care providers due to language barriers. As shown in Table
4, these experiences are more common among those who are
Spanish dominant and among those who were born outside the
United States.22
20 Id. at p. 16.
21 Id. at p. 17.
22 Id. at p. 96.

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Table 4: Latinos Reporting Difficulties During the Past 12
Months Communicating with Providers and Getting Health Care,
by Foreign/Native Born and by Primary Language
Foreign
Native
Total
Born
Born
Spanish
English
Latinos
Latinos
Latinos
Dominant
Bilingual Dominant
Problem (Net)
29%
42%
8%
49%
16%
8%
Major Problem
12%
17%
3%
21%
5%
3%
Minor Problem
17%
25%
5%
28%
11%
5%
Not a Problem
70%
58%
91%
50%
83%
92%
Source: Pew Hispanic Center and Kaiser Family Foundation, 2002 National Survey of Latinos,
December 2002, Table 6.4, Latinos Reported Difficulties Communicating with Providers and Getting
Health Care, by Foreign/Native-Born and by Primary Language, at p. 97.
Given the rapid growth in the Hispanic population and in the number of
advertisers who seek to reach that population, Nielsen Media Research has begun
collecting demographic and viewing data on Hispanic households. As shown in
Table 5, the number of Hispanic-American television households in the United States
grew by 19%, from 7.51 million to 8.94 million, during the period 1996-2001.
During the same period, the number of Spanish dominant television households –
defined as homes where only Spanish or mostly Spanish is spoken – grew by 29%,
from 3.54 million to 4.55 million.
Table 5: Hispanic-American Television Population Growth
Trends
Spanish Dominant
Hispanic-American Television
Hispanic-American
Households
Television Household
Year
(in millions)
(in millions)
2000-2001
8.94
4.55
1999-2000
8.67
4.24
1998-1999
8.26
4.00
1997-1998
7.74
3.68
1996-1997
7.51
3.54
Source: Nielsen Media Research, Inc.
[http://www.nielsenmedia.com/ethnicmeasure/hispanic-american/hisp_pop_growth.html], viewed
10/10/03.
Nielsen also estimated the number of Spanish dominant television households
in individual markets, as shown in Table 6.

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Table 6: Hispanic and Spanish Dominant Households in
Markets with Large Hispanic Populations
Hispanic
% Hispanic
Households as
Total
Households
Total Spanish
Total TV
% of Total TV
Hispanic TV
Spanish
Dominant TV
Market Name
Households
Households
Households
Dominant
Households
New York
6,935,610
15.3%
1,061,150
55.7%
591,060
Los Angeles
5,354,150
28.6%
1,531,130
57.3%
877,430
Chicago
3,244,850
10.5%
349,710
58.8%
200,340
San Francisco
2,431,720
14.4%
350,170
47.5%
166,330
Dallas
2,069,010
11.3%
233,800
60.1%
140,510
Houston
1,747,350
19.3%
337,240
57.4%
193,570
Miami
1,468,630
34.5%
506,680
67.7%
343,020
Phoenix
1,441,660
14.5%
209,040
46.9%
98,040
Sacramento
1,187,000
15.0%
178,050
43.7%
77,810
San Diego
996,220
19.4%
193,270
51.9%
100,310
San Antonio
693,810
46.5%
322,620
30.5%
98,400
Albuquerque
570,460
33.3%
189,960
20.9%
39,700
Fresno
519,200
34.5%
179,124
48.7%
87,230
El Paso
275,850
64.4%
177,650
49.9%
88,650
Harlingen
256,810
81.5%
209,300
55.5%
116,160
Corpus Christi
185,570
53.9%
100,020
23.2%
23,210
Source: Nielsen Media Research, Inc.
[http://www.nielsenmedia.com/ethnicmeasure/hispanic-american/16localmarkets.html], viewed
10/10/03.
These demographic characteristics of the U.S. Hispanic population will likely
change, however, as trends in immigration and fertility rates among immigrants and
second and third generation Hispanics affect the population makeup. The Pew
Hispanic Center released on October 14, 2003 a new study, “The Rise of the Second
Generation: Changing Patterns in Hispanic Population Growth,”23 that looked at
these trends (and made projections into the future) and found:
! Since the 1970s, immigration has represented by far the fastest and
largest source of Hispanic population growth and, as a result, the
first generation – the foreign born – has become more numerous than
the second or the third-plus generations – those born in the U.S. of
U.S.-born parents. This demographic equation is now rapidly
changing.24
23 Roberto Suro and Jeffrey S. Passel, “The Rise of the Second Generation: Changing
Patterns in Hispanic Population Growth,” Pew Hispanic Center, October 2003. The study
is based on new projections of Hispanic population growth from 2000 to 2050 developed
by Jeffrey S. Passel, a demographer and principal research associate at the Population
Studies Center of the Urban Institute.
24 Id. at p. 2.

CRS-10
! Hispanic births in the U.S. now are outpacing immigration as the key
source of population growth. Over the next twenty years this is
projected to produce an important shift in the makeup of the
Hispanic population with second-generation Latinos – the U.S.-born
children of immigrants – emerging as the largest component of that
population.25
! As shown in Table 7, between 1970 and 2000 the Hispanic
population grew by 25.7 million and immigrants accounted for 45%
of that increase while the second generation accounted for 28%. As
a result, in 2000 the first generation totaled 14.2 million people, or
40% of the Latino population, while the second generation counted
9.9 million, or 28%.26
Table 7: Growth in U.S. Hispanic Population, 1970-2000:
Immigrants Dominate Growth
Change in the Hispanic Population, 1970-
Increase in
Percentage
Share of
2000: 9.6 million to 35.3 million
Population
Growth
Total Growth
Total Hispanic Population Growth
25,690,000
267%
100%
1st Generation
11,515,000
436%
45%
2nd Generation
7,132,000
259%
28%
3rd + Generation
7,042,000
167%
27%
Source: Roberto Suro and Jeffrey S. Passel, “The Rise of the Second Generation: Changing Patterns
in Hispanic Population Growth,” Pew Hispanic Center, October 2003, Table 1, at p. 3.
! The growth of the second generation accelerated in the 1990s and
reached 63% for the decade, up from 52% in the 1980s, surpassing
the growth due to immigration (55% in the 1990s and 78% in the
1980s) even as the nation experienced a record number of
immigrants from Latin America.27
! Although the Latino immigrant population can be expected to
continue increasing, the growth rate for the second generation has
already gained sufficient momentum that it will remain higher than
the first generation’s even if immigration flows accelerate. Second-
generation births are a demographic echo of immigration and the
high fertility among immigrants. Larger numbers of Latino
immigrants are projected to produce larger numbers of second-
generation Latinos.28
25 Id. at p. 2.
26 Id. at p. 3.
27 Id. at p. 3.
28 Id. at p. 3.

CRS-11
! As shown in Table 8, using a mid-range estimate of immigration
flows,29 the Hispanic population is projected to grow by 25 million
people between 2000 and 2020. During that time period the second
generation is projected to account for 47% of the increase compared
to 25% for the first generation. The second generation is projected
to more than double in size, increasing from 9.8 million in 2000 to
21.7 million in 2020. At that point the second generation is
projected to outnumber the 20.6 million first generation Hispanics.30
Table 8: Projected Growth in U.S. Hispanic Population, 2000-
2020: 2nd Generation Dominates Growth
Change in the Hispanic Population, 2000-
Increase in
Percentage
Share of
2020: 35.3 million to 60.4 million
Population
Growth
Total Growth
Total Hispanic Population Growth
25,118,000
71%
100%
1st Generation
6,398,000
45%
25%
2nd Generation
11,771,000
119%
47%
3rd + Generation
6,949,000
62%
28%
Source: Roberto Suro and Jeffrey S. Passel, “The Rise of the Second Generation: Changing Patterns
in Hispanic Population Growth,” Pew Hispanic Center, October 2003, Table 2, at p. 3.
Hispanic Buying Power and Spending Patterns
Data on the income and buying power of the Hispanic population in the U.S. is
important for policy makers. In general, in our market economy, government
intervention in markets is limited to those instances in which market forces on their
own will fail to meet policy goals, such as competition, localism, and diversity of
voices. Broadcast radio and television are financially driven by advertising revenues.
Advertisers are driven by the buying power and demographic characteristics of
listeners and viewers. The ability of the market, on its own, to meet the radio and
television needs of specific populations, such as the Spanish speaking population,
will depend in large part on the buying power of that population. For example, the
FCC has imposed certain children’s programming requirements on television stations
because children do not have the buying power to attract advertisers to support such
programming.
Of all ethnic and racial groups in the United States, the Hispanic population is
experiencing the fastest growth rate in spending power, according to a detailed study
29 Following the logic of Census Bureau projections, the mid-range estimates assume that
current rates of immigration persist through the decade followed by slight declines during
the 2010s as the pool of potential entrants of immediate relatives is drawn down. See
Roberto Suro and Jeffrey S. Passel, “The Rise of the Second Generation: Changing Patterns
in Hispanic Population Growth,” Pew Hispanic Center, October 2003, at p. 5, footnote 1.
30 Roberto Suro and Jeffrey S. Passel, “The Rise of the Second Generation: Changing
Patterns in Hispanic Population Growth,” Pew Hispanic Center, October 2003, at p. 5.

CRS-12
performed by the Selig Center for Economic Growth at the University of Georgia.31
The Selig Study found that:
! Hispanic consumers in the U.S. will control about $653 billion in
spending power in 2003.32
! Over the eighteen-year period, 1990-2008, the nation’s Hispanic
buying power is projected to grow at a compound rate of 8.8%, from
$222 billion in 1990 to $1,104.2 billion in 2008. The comparable
growth rate for non-Hispanics is 4.9%.33
! In 2008, Hispanics are projected to account for 9.6% of all U.S.
buying power, up from 5.2% in 1990 and 7.3% in 2003; the group’s
share will rise in every state but Hawaii.34
! A relatively young Hispanic population, with larger proportions of
Hispanics either entering the workforce for the first time or moving
up on their career ladders, argues for additional gains in buying
power, which will be even greater in this decade than in the 1990s.
The increasing number of Hispanics who are successfully starting
their own businesses is another factor powering the growth.35
! Hispanics and their buying power are much more geographically
concentrated than non-Hispanics. California alone accounts for
28.9% of the Hispanic buying power. The five states and ten states
with the largest Hispanic markets account for 68.5% and 81.1% of
the Hispanic buying power, respectively. In contrast, the five states
and ten states with the largest non-Hispanic markets account for
35.1% and 54.0% of total buying power, respectively.36
! In 2003, the Hispanic share of state buying power will be 30.7% in
New Mexico, 19.0% in Texas, and 18.1% in California.37
However, according to the most recent Consumer Expenditure Survey prepared
by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (covering the period 1996-1997 and released
31 Jeffrey M. Humphreys, “The multicultural economy 2003: America’s minority buying
power,” Selig Center for Economic Growth, Terry College of Business, The University of
Georgia, Georgia Business and Economic Conditions, Volume 63, Number 2, Second
Quarter 2003 (“Selig Study”).
32 Selig Study at p. 6.
33 Id. at p. 6.
34 Id. at pp. 6 and 7.
35 Id. at pp. 6-7.
36 Id. at p. 7.
37 Id. at p. 7.

CRS-13
in September 1999),38 Hispanic households spent on average about 87% as much as
the average non-Hispanic households -- but spent a higher proportion of their income
on such goods and services as groceries, telephone services, furniture, small
appliances, children’s clothing, footwear, restaurants, housing, vehicle purchases, and
gasoline and motor oil. Compared to the total population, Hispanics spent
substantially smaller proportions of total outlays (and less money) on health care,
entertainment, reading, education, life and other personal insurance, cash
contributions, pensions and Social Security, and tobacco products.
The lower Hispanic households spending levels is consistent with data on
household incomes. As shown in Table 9, the 2000 Census found that in 1999
Hispanic households had a median income of $33,676, or 80% of the overall U.S.
median household income of $41,994.
Table 9: U.S. Household Income and Hispanic Household
Income in 1999
Total Number
Percent of
Total Number Percent of Total
of U.S.
Total U.S.
of Hispanic
Hispanic
Income Level
Households
Households
Households
Households
All incomes
105,539,122
100.0
9,272,610
100.0
Less than $10,000
10,067,027
9.5
1,150,289
12.4
$10,000 to $14,999
6,657,228
6.3
722,783
7.7
$15,000 to $24,999
13,536,965
12.8
1,507,616
16.3
$25,000 to $34,999
13,519,242
12.8
1,408,256
15.2
$35,000 to $49,999
17,446,272
16.5
1,615,956
17.4
$50,000 to $74,999
20,540,604
19.5
1,569,024
16.9
$75,000 to $99,999
10,799,245
10.2
682,668
7.4
$100,000 to $149,999
8,147,826
7.7
423,626
4.6
$150,000 to $199,999
2,322,038
2.2
96,671
1.0
$200,000 or more
2,502,675
2.4
95,721
1.0
Median household income (dollars)
$ 41,994
$ 33,676
Sources: Table DP-3, Profile of Selected Economic Characteristics: 2000, Income in 1999, Data set:
Census 2000 Summary File 3 (SF 3) - Sample Data; Table P151H, Household Income in 1999
(Hispanic or Latino Householder)[17] - Universe: Households with a householder who is Hispanic or
Latino, Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 3 (SF 3) - Sample Data; and Table P152H, Median
Household Income in 1999 (Dollars)(Hispanic or Latino Householder)[1] - Universe, Households with
a householder who is Hispanic or Latino, Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 3 (SF 3) - Sample
Data. Viewed on 10/10/03 at [http://www.census.gov] by selecting “American Factfinder,” then
under “Data Sets” selecting “2000 Summary File 3,” then selecting “Quick Tables,” then selecting and
adding “Nation” from the drop-down menu for geographic type, then selecting and adding Table “DP-
3,” then selecting “Show Result,” and then by selecting “American Factfinder,” then under “Data Sets”
selecting “2000 Summary File 3,” then selecting “Detailed Tables,” then selecting and adding
38 Id. at p. 7.

CRS-14
“Nation” from the drop-down menu for geographic type, then selecting and adding Tables “P151H”
and “P152H,” then selecting “Show Result.”

A report prepared by Lehman Brothers39 questions the strength of the Hispanic
population’s buying power. The report argues that the Hispanic buying power
statistics are somewhat overstated because they do not take into consideration the
vast amount of money that is sent by U.S. Hispanics to Latin America in the form of
personal remittances. According to the World Bank, remittances to Latin America
and the Caribbean are approximately $20 billion per year and growing. The true
figure could actually be much higher, since cash is often sent to Latin America via
informal routes. The Lehman report cites a recent study by the Inter-American
Development Bank that found that the typical Latin American working in the U.S.
earns less than $20,000 a year, but sends home about $3,000 of that. Moreover, to
the extent that the Hispanic community is competing with the African American
community for the attention of investors and advertisers, the Lehman report claims
that on a per capita basis, the growth of African American buying power has
outpaced Hispanic buying power over the last six years; on an absolute basis, African
American buying power remains 23% higher than Hispanic buying power.
Spanish Speaking Population Television Viewing
Patterns
An issue for policymakers relates to the television viewing patterns of the
Spanish speaking population and the degree to which that population relies on
English language programming as opposed to Spanish language programming to
receive news and public affairs information. To the extent that the Spanish speaking
population increasingly relies on English language programming for news and public
affairs programming, there would be less of a rationale for providing special
treatment of Spanish language programming. However, if that population continues
to rely on Spanish language programming for a significant portion of their news and
public affairs information, it might be reasonable to treat Spanish language
programming as distinct from English language programming.
Nielsen data show that both Hispanic-American television households and
Spanish dominant television households watch more television on average per week
than all U.S. television households. In the most recent year for which data were
available, 1999-2000, all television households watched on average 53.15 hours per
week, Hispanic-American households watched on average 57.15 hours per week, and
Spanish dominant households watched on average 55.34 hours per week.40 Hispanic-
American households watch significantly more television than all U.S. households
39 William M. Meyers, “Broadcasting Industry Update – Urban Competition: A Look at the
Numbers,” Lehman Brothers Equity Research, June 11, 2003, at p. 3.
40 Nielsen Media Research, Inc., [http://www.nielsenmedia.com/ethnicmeasure/hispanic-
american/weekly_HH_viewing.html], viewed on 10/10/03.

CRS-15
during prime-time and daytime hours, but less than all U.S. households during late
night hours.41
In 2002, the Tomás Rivera Policy Institute performed a survey-based study
(TRPI Study) “of the approximately 75 percent of Latino adult viewers who watch
television in both Spanish and English” in order to determine “among Latino viewers
who have the language skills to view television in Spanish or English, what role does
the language of television programming play in their viewing decision?”42 The
sampling criteria used “shaped the respondent pool in such a way that it would
include a large share of the Latino immigrant/migrant population ... and exclude
many native-born Latinos who were less likely to watch any Spanish-language
programming.”43 Slightly more than 80% of the survey respondents were born
abroad or in Puerto Rico. Of the remaining respondents who were born in the U.S.,
nearly two-thirds were the children of immigrant parents.44
The major findings of the 2002 TRPI Study are:
! Almost 90% of bilingual Latinos are able to receive Spanish
language television stations clearly in their homes.45
41 Nielsen Media Research, Inc., [http://www.nielsenmedia.com/ethnicmeasure/hispanic-
a m e r i c a n / h i s p p r i m e t i m e . h t m l ] , v i e w e d o n 1 0 / 1 0 / 0 3 ;
[http://www.nielsenmedia.com/ethnicmeasure/hispanic-american/hispdaytime.html], viewed
o n 1 0 / 1 0 / 0 3 ; [ h t t p : / / w w w . n i e l s e n m e d i a . c o m / e t h n i c m e a s u r e / h i s p a n i c -
american/hisplatenight.html], viewed on 10/10/03.
42 Louis DeSipio, “Latino Viewing Choices: Bilingual Television Viewers and the
Language Choices They Make,” (“TRPI Study”), The Tomás Rivera Policy Institute,
Claremont, CA, May 2003, at pp. 1-3. The survey included 1,232 respondents divided
roughly evenly among three cities – Los Angeles, Houston, and New York. It only included
individuals who reported they watched at least one hour of Spanish language television and
one hour of English language television within the last month. The “average” respondent
was a 38 year old married woman. The respondents represented a linguistic mix of the
Spanish dominant with weak English speaking skills and the bilingual English dominant.
Nearly 80% of survey respondents conducted the survey in Spanish and the remaining 20%
did so in English.
43 TRPI Study at p. 2.
44 A 1998 TRPI Latino Viewership Study found that bilingual viewers are overwhelmingly
immigrants. Tomás Rivera Policy Institute, “Talking Back to Television: Latinos Discuss
How Television Portrays Them and the Quality of Programming Options,” 1998. That study
found that Latino television viewers watched English and Spanish language programming
as follows:
Exclusively Spanish
11%
Primarily Spanish
13%
Both equally
50%
Primarily English
12%
Exclusively English
13%
Don’t watch television
1%
45 TRPI Study, Appendix Two, at p. 13.

CRS-16
! Although both cable and satellite subscribership is lower among
Hispanic households than among all U.S. households – almost 24%
of Hispanic households continued to rely entirely on over-the-air
broadcast television – most receive Spanish language stations as
part of cable service, as shown in Table 10.46
Table 10: Transmission Mode by which Bilingual Latinos
Receive Spanish Language Programming
Cable
60.1%
Airwaves
24.1%
Satellite dish
7.8%
Cable and airwaves
5.3%
Satellite dish and airwaves
0.9%
Satellite dish and cable
0.7%
Satellite dish, cable, and airwaves
1.2%
Source: TRPI Study, Appendix Two, at p. 13.
! As shown in Table 10, in 2002 11% of respondents receive Spanish
language programming by satellite. Half of those with satellite
television reported that they used the technology to watch programs
from their country of origin or ancestry in Latin America, though
this varied widely by country of origin. Approximately 60% of
Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans viewed satellite
broadcasts of programming from Mexico. No Dominicans or Puerto
Ricans with satellite dishes used the technology to view home
country programming.47 The level of satellite penetration probably
has increased significantly in the past year, however, as DishTV (and
to a lesser extent DirecTV) have targeted the Spanish speaking
population with packages of 20 or more Spanish language channels,
as shown in Table 14 below.
! Secondary Audio Programming (SAP) is a technology that allows
viewers to substitute Spanish for English on programs that are
broadcast in SAP format. Most televisions and VCRs manufactured
since 1995 have this technology, though owners may not be aware
of it. Approximately 42% of Latino bilingual viewers report that
46 To increase cable penetration among Hispanic households, NBC, which owns the cable
network Mun2, has created a marketing campaign, targeting Hispanic households, called
Mas (“More” in English), promoting the benefits of cable, including movies, high-speed
Internet, and programming variety. See Allison Romano, “NBC Touts Cable to Hispanics,”
Broadcasting & Cable, September 8, 2003, at p. 30.
47 Id. at p. 4.

CRS-17
they have SAP technologies on televisions in their homes. One out
of six respondents report utilizing SAP technologies often.48
! Nearly half of the households included adult residents who could
speak no English; approximately 12% of households included adult
members who could speak no Spanish. The languages routinely
spoken in these households reflect these various linguistic abilities.
Approximately 11% spoke to other adult household members in
English. English was more commonly used when speaking to
children in the household; nearly 23% routinely spoke to children in
English. Given the high share of immigrants among the sample,
Spanish was a somewhat more common language for
communication in respondents’ households than English – 31% of
conversations with adults and 34% of conversations with children.
The remainder reported speaking bilingually in the household.49
! Television viewing in Latino households is overwhelmingly a family
affair and selecting programming is often not an individual
preference. Two-thirds of respondents reported that they regularly
watched television with other adults in the household, with other
children, or with both.50
! Respondents reported that half the other adults in their households
watched Spanish language and English language programming
equally. Of the remainder, adult family members were
approximately twice as likely to prefer Spanish language
programming to English language programming. On the other hand,
two-thirds of children in the household preferred English language
programming; only 4% preferred Spanish language programming.51
! As shown in Table 11, the majority of bilingual Latino viewers
(57%) preferred watching the majority of news programming in
Spanish, 27% preferred watching a mix of Spanish and English
language news programming, and 16% preferred watching English
language news programming. By contrast, bilingual viewers were
much more likely to watch English language movies and sports
events. Bilingual Latinos overwhelmingly watched Spanish
language programming for formats that have linguistic or cultural
content specific to the Hispanic community – variety and talk
programs and “telenovelas” (soap operas).
48 Id. at p. 4.
49 Id. at p. 5.
50 Id. at p. 6.
51 Id. at p. 6.

CRS-18
Table 11: Languages Preferred/Used for Major Types of
Television Programming, Bilingual Latino Viewers
Mix of
Survey
Spanish Spanish and English respondents who
Language
English
Language watch of 1,232
Programming Type
%
%
%
respondents
Soap operas (“telenovelas”)
88.6
8.2
3.3
699
Variety or talk programs
63.1
28.5
8.4
747
News
57.0
26.7
16.3
1,098
Situation comedies
39.4
35.7
24.9
720
Sports
36.1
33.7
30.2
579
Movies
14.7
46.1
39.2
737
Source: TRPI Study, Table Two, “Languages Used for Major Types of Television Programming,
Bilingual Latino Viewers,” at p. 7, and Appendix Two, questions 11, 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24, at pp. 14-
15.
! As shown in Table 12, a majority (57%) of bilingual Latinos do most
or all of their television viewing on Spanish language networks.
Table 12: Frequency of Viewership of Spanish Language
Networks Among Bilingual Latino Viewers
All of the time
33%
Most of the time
24%
About half the time
14%
Some of the time
25%
Not at all
4%
Source: TRPI Study, Table Three, Frequency of Viewership of Spanish-language Networks Among
Bilingual Latino Viewers, at p. 8, and Appendix Two, question 25, at p. 15.
The Availability of Spanish Language Programming
Data on the Spanish language programming available to the Spanish speaking
population, including the choices for local news and public affairs programming, will
help policy makers evaluate how well the goals of localism and diversity of voices
are being met.
The growth in the size and buying power – and favorable youthful and urban
demographics – of the Spanish language population has attracted resources to the
Spanish language radio and television industry.
As shown in Table 13, from 1992 to 2002, the number of broadcast radio
stations with primarily Spanish language programming formats grew 91%, from 360

CRS-19
to 687;52 during the same period, the total number of radio stations in the U.S.
increased by only 19%, from 11,117 to 13,193. Not surprisingly, the stations offering
Spanish language programming are not distributed evenly across the nation, but
rather are concentrated in the geographic areas with large Spanish-speaking
populations: Texas, California, Puerto Rico, Florida, Arizona, and New Mexico.53
Table 13: Radio Stations in the U.S. with Primarily Spanish
Language Programming Formats, 1992-2002
Year
Commercial
Non-Commercial
Total
2002
603
84
687
2001
574
85
659
1999
536
64
600
1998
493
58
551
1997
474
42
516
1996
463
39
502
1995
427
36
463
1994
401
32
433
1993
361
30
391
1992
331
29
360
Source: M Street Radio Directory, Eleventh Edition, 2002-2003, “Format Statistics: Primary Format,”
at p. 18.
Many of these Spanish language radio stations are owned by corporations with
large radio groups and/or affiliated with a Spanish language network. Since there are
many different Spanish language formats,54 a network does not provide a single feed
52 Various industry sources provide different figures. According to the summary sheet
provided in Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook, 2002-2003 (at p. D-662), there were 580
Spanish language formatted radio stations in the U.S. in 2002, 543 commercial and 39 non-
commercial; 587 stations are listed in its detailed station listings (at pp. D-693 - D-694).
According to TIYM Publishing Company’s Anuario Hispano or Hispanic Yearbook (at
[http://www.hispanicyearbook.com], viewed on 10/10/03 by using “Search the
DATABASE” to get a drop-down menu, then selecting “List of Hispanic Radio Stations”
and “Search”), there were 630 Spanish language radio stations in 2002. Possible sources of
the apparent discrepancies include the definition of “primary format,” the treatment of
stations that generate no advertising revenues, the treatment of multiple signals generated
from the same location, and the fact that some of these stations are extremely marginal and
may discontinue or re-start operations. Whatever the exact number, the clear market trend
is toward more Spanish language formatted radio stations.
53 Of the 577 Spanish language radio stations listed in Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook
2002-2003, at pp. D-693-D-694, 134 are located in Texas, 125 in California, 65 in Puerto
Rico, 43 in Florida, 23 in Arizona, and 22 in New Mexico.
54 M Street Radio Directory, Eleventh Addition, 2002-2003, at p. 13, identifies 22 different
Spanish language radio formats.

CRS-20
to all affiliates, but rather will provide some common programming (e.g., news) to
all affiliates and format-specific programming to sub-groups of affiliates.
Univision (formerly Hispanic Broadcasting Corporation) has the largest radio
group, with 62 stations in 15 of the 25 largest Hispanic markets, and also operates
one of the largest Spanish language radio broadcast networks in the U.S. in terms of
audience delivery,55 and has announced its intention to acquire or develop additional
Hispanic-targeted radio stations in the leading Hispanic markets.56 Spanish
Broadcasting System is the number two operator of Spanish language radio in the
U.S., owning and/or operating 27 radio stations in 7 of the top 10 Hispanic markets
in the U.S. and Puerto Rico.57
Entravision Communications Corporation owns and/or operates 58 radio
stations in the top 50 Hispanic markets (26 stations in the top 10 markets; 45 stations
in the top 16 markets), and with its network affiliates has coverage of 56% of the
U.S. Hispanic population.58 As part of the Department of Justice Final Judgment in
the Univision-HBC merger, Univision is required to exchange all of its voting equity
interest in Entravision to nonvoting equity interest immediately and to reduce its
ownership interest in Entravision from 31% to 15% within three years and to 10%
within six years.59 (However, Entravision continues to own 41 television stations that
have affiliate contracts running through 2021 with either the Univision or the
TeleFutura Television Networks owned by Univision.60) Radio Unica
Communications Corp. owns or operates 15 AM radio stations that reach 62% of the
Hispanic community; its network, which also includes more than 30 affiliate stations,
reaches about 75% of the Hispanic population.61 It broadcasts 24 hours a day, 7 days
a week.
55 Hispanic Broadcasting Corporation Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange
Commission on 3/31/03, at p. 3.
56 Id. at p. 3.
57 Spanish Broadcasting System, Inc. Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange
Commission on 3/31/03, at p. 1.
58 Entravision Communications Corporation Form 10-K filed with the Securities and
Exchange Commission on 2/14/03, at pp. 10-11.
59 United States of America v. Univision Communications Inc. and Hispanic Broadcasting
Corporation, Civil Action No. 1:03CV00758, Final Judgment, filed 3/26/03, at pp. 4-5.
60 Entravision Communications Corporation Form 10-K filed with the Securities and
Exchange Commission on 2/14/03, at p. 6.
61 Radio Unica Communications Corp. Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange
Commission on 3/28/03, at p. 1.

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Today there are approximately 135 full power and low power62 broadcast
television stations in the U.S. offering primarily Spanish language programming.63
These stations are not distributed evenly across the nation, but rather are concentrated
in the geographic areas with large Spanish-speaking populations: California, Texas,
Florida, New York, Arizona, New Mexico, and Puerto Rico.64 Because the Spanish
62 Low power television was established by the FCC in 1982 to provide opportunities for
television service for locally-created and community-oriented programming in both rural
locations and individual communities within larger urban areas. Low power stations must
be run within limits on effective radiated power (3 kilowatts for VHF channels and 150
kilowatts for UHF channels) and subject to interference protection standards. The distance
at which a station can be viewed depends on a variety of factors: antenna height, transmitter
power, transmitting antenna, and the nature of the signal environment (rural or urban, hilly
or flat terrain). Viewers with outdoor receiving antennas have received some stations at
distances of more than 20 miles, but typically the viewing range is much smaller than that.
See Low Power Television (LPTV) Fact Sheet, Federal Communications Commission,
November 2001, [http://www.fcc.gov/mb/video/files/LPTVFactSheet], viewed on 10/10/03.
63 According to Kagan World Media, The Television Station Deals and Finance Databook
2002, April 2002 (at p. 45, U.S. TV Station Summary), there were 134 Spanish language
stations in 2001, 123 in 2000, and 125 in 1999. According to Media Market Resources,
First quarter 2003 TV Datatrak (at pp. 135 ff, Commercial Format Requirements), which
identifies each television station that accepts commercial advertising, there were 122
stations with Spanish language programming. TIYM Publishing Company Inc.’s Hispanic
Directory for 2002 lists 157 Spanish language television stations (at
[http://www.hispanicyearbook.com], viewed on 10/10/03 by using “Search the
DATABASE” to get a drop-down menu, then selecting “List of Hispanic TV Stations” and
“Search”), but this list includes what appear to be multiple listings for broadcasts originating
at a single location (for example, Caballero Television Texas, based in Carrollton, Texas)
and several cable television channels.
64 According to Media Market Resources, First quarter 2003 TV Datatrak (at pp. 135 ff,
Commercial Format Requirements), the 122 stations with Spanish language programming
that accept commercial advertising are distributed across markets as follows:
Market
Total
Spanish
Market
Total
Spanish
Stations
Stations
Stations
Stations
Abilene
5
1
Albuquerque
11
2
Amarillo
7
2
Atlanta
10
1
Austin
8
2
Bakersfield
9
2
Boston
15
3
Chicago
14
3
Chico-Redding
6
1
Cleveland
15
1
Colorado Sprgs
7
1
Corpus Christi
12
2
Dallas-FW
14
3
Denver
13
2
El Paso
7
3
Fresno-Visalia
18
4
Harlingen
6
2
Hartford-NH
12
3
Houston
15
5
Laredo
3
1
Las Vegas
10
3
Little Rock
8
1
Los Angeles
24
5
Lubbock
10
2
Miami-Ft. L.
11
4
Milwaukee
9
1
(continued...)

CRS-22
speaking population tends to be concentrated in a relatively small number of
geographic markets – and often within specific neighborhoods within those markets
– low power television, despite its limited geographic reach, has been able to serve
this niche market.
Many of these local stations, whether full power or low power, get significant
portions of their programming from Spanish language broadcast networks. Univision
Network is the leading Spanish language broadcast television network in the U.S.,
reaching 97% of U.S. Hispanic households with 24 hour a day, 7 day a week
programming.65 It is the most watched television network (English or Spanish
language) among Hispanic households and had a higher rating among Hispanic
households in prime time than its next four competitors combined in the 2001-2002
season.66 The Univision Network consists of 16 full power owned and operated
stations and 7 low power owned and operated stations,67 plus additional non-owned
affiliates.68
64 (...continued)
Monterey-Sal.
4
1
New York
16
3
Odessa-Midl.
7
2
Orlando-Dayt.
18
4
Palm Springs
6
1
Philadelphia
17
3
Phoenix
15
3
Portland
10
1
Reno
9
3
Sacramento
14
5
Salt Lake City
13
3
San Antonio
13
5
San Diego
12
5
San Francisco
19
4
Santa Barbara
9
3
Springfield-Hol.
3
1
Tampa-St. Pete
14
3
Tucson
11
4
Victoria, TX
6
2
Waco
6
1
Washington DC
13
3
Yakima
7
1
Yuma-El Centra
4
1
65 Univision Communications Inc., Form 10-K, received at SEC on 3/24/03, at p. 5
(“Univision 10-K). According to the 10-K, the network’s full power owned and operated
stations and full power independently-owned affiliated stations together reach
approximately 7.6 million, or approximately 78%, of Hispanic households; the network’s
low power owned and operated stations and low power independently-owned affiliated
stations (including translators) together reach approximately 0.9 million, or approximately
9% of Hispanic households; and the cable affiliates and direct broadcast systems (used in
locations with Spanish language populations that are too small to support even a low power
television station) reach approximately 1 million, or approximately 10%, of Hispanic
households.
66 Id. at p. 5. According to its largest competitor (August 21, 2003 Telemundo Ex Parte
to the FCC, at p. 1), the Univision Network has a 70-plus percent Hispanic audience share.
67 Univision Communications Inc., Form 10-K, received at SEC on 3/24/03, at p. 6.
68 According to an August 21, 2003 ex parte filing submitted by Telemundo
Communications Group in Federal Communications Commission MB Docket No. 02-235,
Re: Applications for Transfer of Control of Hispanic Broadcasting Corp., and Certain
(continued...)

CRS-23
Univision also owns the third largest Spanish language broadcast television
network, TeleFutura Network, a 24-hour general interest broadcast network that
reaches 75% of U.S. Hispanic households through 16 full power owned and operated
stations, 11 low power owned and operated stations, 2 full power independently-
owned affiliate stations, and 25 low power affiliate stations.69 The programming on
the TeleFutura Network is specifically chosen not to mimic the programming on its
sister Univision Network.
Telemundo, which is owned by GE/NBC, is the second largest Spanish language
network, with a full program schedule. It reaches approximately 88% of U.S.
Hispanic households70 through 13 owned and operated full power television stations,
7 independently-owned full power affiliates, 9 owned and operated low power
television stations, and 25 independently-owned low power television stations – 44
affiliates in all.71
In addition, there are several small Spanish language broadcast networks,
including Azteca America, which has seven owned and operated stations that reach
35-38% of U.S. Hispanic households.72 The other broadcast networks tend to offer
niche music or religious programming to a small number of affiliate stations.
At the same time, in many locations Spanish language households have access
to a large number of Spanish language networks over cable or satellite. Some of
these networks are available as part of enhanced basic service packages, some are
available as part of premium packages at additional charges, and some are available
on a pay per view basis. Table 14 presents a list of networks available from one or
both of the two major satellite systems – DirecTV and Dish TV. Many of the
68 (...continued)
Subsidiaries, Licensees of KGB(AM), Harlingen, Texas et. al. (“August 21, 2003 Telemundo
Ex Parte to the FCC”), at Attachment 1, the Univision Network affiliates consist of 15 full
power television stations owned and operated by Univision, 17 full power television stations
owned by Entravision Communications Corporation (in which Univision had a 30% equity
and 7% voting interest in 2002), 1 independently-owned full power television station, 6 low
power television stations owned and operated by Univision, 11 low power television stations
owned by Entravision, and 8 independently-owned low power television stations – 58
affiliates in all.
69 Univision 10-K, at p. 7. According to the August 21, 2003 Telemundo Ex Parte to the
FCC, at Attachment 1, the TeleFutura Network affiliates consist of 18 full power television
stations owned and operated by Univision, 1 full power television station owned by
Entravision Communications Corporation, 9 low power television stations owned and
operated by Univision, 13 low power television stations owned by Entravision, and 14
independently-owned low power television stations – 55 affiliates in all.
70 Frank Morag, “Spanish-language programming on the rise in the United States,” The San
Diego Union-Tribune, October 20, 2002, at p. A11.
71 August 21, 2003 Telemundo Ex Parte to the FCC, at Attachment 1.
72 According to Victor B. Miller IV, “Univision-Hispanic Merger: Que Pasa?,” Bear
Stearns Equity Research, July 17, 2003, Azteca America claims to reach 63% of all U.S.
Hispanic households, but Nielsen estimates suggest Azteca America reaches only
approximately 35-38%.

CRS-24
networks that provide primarily entertainment programming also offer some news
and sports (primarily soccer) programming.
Table 14: Spanish Language Channels Available on Either
DirecTV or Dish TV
On
On
Channel
Primary Type of Programming
DirecTV
DishTV
Galavision (Univision)
Entertainment
X
X
Mun2 (GE/NBC)
Entertainment
X
X
TV Azteca
Entertainment
X
TeleFutura Este
Entertainment
X
TeleFutura Oeste
Entertainment
X
Telemundo Este
Entertainment
X
X
Telemundo Oeste
Entertainment
X
X
Univision Este
Entertainment
X
X
Univision Oeste
Entertainment
X
X
Televisión Española
Entertainment, News directly from Spain
X
X
Television Chile
Entertainment, News directly from Chile
X
X
CASA CLUB
Cooking, Interior Design
X
Utilísima
“How to” Shows
X
CNN en Español
News
X
X
SUR
News
X
X
Telemundo Internacional
News
X
Telefe International
Family Entertainment from Latin America
X
Cartoon Network
Family Entertainment
X
Toon Disney
Family Entertainment
X
X
Cine Latino
Movies
X
X
De Película
Movies
X
De Película Clásico
Movies
X
HBO Latino
Movies
X
X
Fox Sports en Español
Sports
X
X
Gol TV
Sports
X
Discovery en Español
Educational
X
X
EWTN
Religious
X
Maria+Visión
Inspirational
X
HTV
Music
X
MTV Español
Music
X
X
PUMA TV
Music
X
Telehit
Music
X
Playboy en Español
Adult
X
CD-Fiesta Mexicana
Audio Digital
X
CD-Latino Pop
Audio Digital
X
CD-Latino Styles
Audio Digital
X
CD-Miami Mix
Audio Digital
X
CD-Tejano
Audio Digital
X
DC-Viva Mariachi
Audio Digital
X
MC-Canciones de Amor
Audio Digital
X
MC: Latin Love Songs
Audio Digital
X
MC: Mexicana
Audio Digital
X
MC: Rock ‘en Español
Audio Digital
X
MC: Salsa y Merengue
Audio Digital
X
MC: Tejano
Audio Digital
X
S o u r c e s : [ h t t p : / / w w w . d i r e c t v . c o m / D T V A P P / s e e / P a r a T o d o s C h a n n e l s . j s p ] ,
[http://www.dishnetwork.com/content/programming/packages/dish_latino/index.asp?viewby=1&pa

CRS-25
ckid=10092&sortby=1 and www.dishnetwork.com/content/programming/movies/hbo/index.shtml],
all viewed 10/10/03.
Cable systems also are expanding their Spanish language programming
offerings, both in recognition of the growing Hispanic population and in competitive
response to the satellite system offerings. Charter rolled out a new Spanish language
program package this spring.73 Comcast has announced that it is now offering “Cable
Latino,” a new package featuring Spanish-language news, sports, and educational
channels.74 Comcast is offering this service to its Digital Cable customers for an
additional $9.95 per month; other subscribers can access the stations for $24.95. By
contrast, the price for the Spanish language program packages of the satellite systems
tends to be $21.95. These prices are likely to change as cable and satellite systems
begin competing head-to-head for Spanish language customers. However, relative
to satellite systems, cable systems face capacity constraints that tend to limit the
number of Spanish language channels they can offer.
Many of the cable networks included in both the satellite and cable system
packages serve portions of Latin America, Spain, and/or Portugal as well as the U.S.
Much of the programming on both the Spanish language broadcast networks and the
Spanish language cable networks is created outside the U.S. Many of these networks
have ownership ties and/or long-term exclusive supply contracts with their Latin
American programming sources.
For example, the Cisneros Group – one of the largest privately held broadcast,
media, and telecommunications organizations in the world, serving 550 million
Spanish and Portuguese speaking consumers – is the largest shareholder of Univision
Communications, Inc.,75 which owns the Univision and TeleFutura broadcast
networks and the Galavision cable network.76 Venevision, Venezuela’s leading
Spanish language programmer, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Cisneros.77
Univision has a long-term exclusive programming arrangement with Venevision that
73 Christina Hoag, “Luring viewers en español; foreign channels fortify TV lineup,” The
Miami Herald, May 7, 2003, at p. C1.
74 “Comcast offers more channels for Spanish-speaking subscribers,” The Associated Press
State & Local Wire, Business News, September 3, 2003. The stations now available in the
Comcast package include: Cine Latino, a Spanish movie channel; CNN en Español;
Discovery en Español; Fox Sports en Español; TVE international, offering documentaries,
movies, and news; HTV Musica; Toon Disney en Español; MTV en Español; Utilísima, a
Hispanic women’s network; VH Uno, offering Spanish music videos; and DMX
Music,providing digital music.
7 5 S e e h t t p : / / w w w . c i s n e r o s . c o m / c o n t e n t / i n d e x . a s p ] a n d
[http://www.cisneros.com/company/univision.asp], both viewed on 10/10/03.
76 According to the Univision10-K, Galavision is the leading U.S. Spanish-language
general entertainment basic cable television network, reaching 5.7 million Hispanic cable
and direct broadcast system subscribers; Nielsen Media Research estimates that the
Galavision Network reaches 90% of all Hispanic households. The network offers more than
55 hours of live news, sports, variety, and entertainment programming each week.
77 See [http://www.cisneros.com/company/univision.asp], viewed on 10/10/03.

CRS-26
runs through 2017.78 Similarly, Univision has had longstanding economic ties with
Grupo Televisa, the dominant Mexican television group and the largest producer of
Spanish language programming in the world; the two companies have a long-term
exclusive programming arrangement that also runs through 201779 and Grupo
Televisa has a substantial ownership interest in Univision.80 According to
Univision’s most recent 10-K report,81
Televisa and Venevision programming represented approximately 32% and 19%,
respectively, of Univision Network’s non-repeat broadcast hours in 2002.
Televisa and Venevision programming represented approximately 20% and 2%,
respectively, of TeleFutura’s non-repeat broadcast hours in 2002.
According to Telemundo CEO James McNamara, in just three years Telemundo
has gone from acquiring all of its content from outside sources (mostly from outside
the U.S.) to producing 70% of its own programming,82 primarily in its Miami studios,
with content intended specifically for the U.S. Hispanic market. The Azteca America
network is owned by, and gets the bulk of its programming from TV Azteca, the
second largest Mexican television network.83 Smaller Spanish language networks get
virtually all of their programming from Latin American sources.
Despite the rapid growth in the number of Spanish language broadcast and cable
networks, these ventures continue to be risky and there have been a number of market
failures. Listings of cable networks invariably include some that are no longer in
operation. For example, the website for Gran Canal Latino states that it “has
temporarily halted its satellite transmission.”84 The Weather Channel had to
discontinue plans for a U.S.-based Spanish language service because of concerns by
multi-system cable operators (“MSOs”) that the audience would be too small (a
“hyper-niche”).85 But sometimes the assets of one failed venture are quickly put to
use in another venture. Firestone Communications earlier this year acquired the
assets of defunct Spanish language broadcaster HITN and, in two months, overhauled
it as the Sorpresa! Network.86
78 Univision 10-K, at p. 11.
79 Id. at p. 11.
80 Grupo Televisa S.A. Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on
6/30/2003, at p. 32.
81 Id. at p. 11.
82 Communications Daily, July 28, 2003, at p. 11.
83 See [http://www.hoovers.com/free/co/factsheet.xhtml?COID=53615], viewed on
10/10/03.
84 [http://www.grancanallatino.com], viewed on 10/10/03.
85 Allison Romano, “Special Report – Mining the Market: Cable discovers the varied Latin
audience and seeks new ways to serve it,” Broadcasting & Cable, September 8, 2003, at p.
26.
86 Allison Romano, “A Tour of the New Hispanic Cable Networks,” Broadcasting &
Cable, September 8, 2003, at p. 26.

CRS-27
Just as is the case for English language cable channels,87 successful launch of
a new cable network depends on that network being carried by major MSOs and/or
satellite systems. These media giants typically will be negotiating from a position of
strength unless the program producer has a unique offering that creates
countervailing leverage. For example, the popularity of the Univision broadcast
network can be used by Univision to help obtain cable and satellite carriage of
TeleFutura and other Univision channels as well – a market advantage that
independent Spanish language programmers lack. The need for such leverage has
created market incentives for all producers – whether of English language
programming or of Spanish language programming – to consolidate. But it also
means that it is much more likely that Univision will be able to launch new Spanish
language cable networks than will independent program producers unless those
program producers give the MSO or satellite systems a substantial equity interest.88
No systematic data are available on the amount of news and public affairs
programming available over Spanish language television stations in the U.S. Given
that much of the programming originates overseas, and that many Spanish language
stations are low power rather than full power, it might be useful to obtain information
on the amount of each of the following categories of news and public affairs
programming targeted for the Spanish speaking population in the U.S.:
! local news and public affairs programming, and the extent to which
it varies between full power and low power stations;
! national and international news and public affairs programming
originating in the U.S.;
! news and public affairs programming originating overseas that has
relevance to U.S. domestic and international affairs;89 and
! news and public affairs programming originating overseas that does
not have relevance to U.S. domestic and international affairs.
Arbitron characterizes the Hispanic population as tending, relative to the overall
population, to rely more heavily on radio than on television or newspapers90 – on
87 See CRS Report RL32026, Market Dynamics and Public Policy Issues in the Video
Programming Industry, July 28, 2003, at pp. 11-12.
88 Id. at pp. 11-12.
89 According to Tom O’Brien, general manager of NBC-owned KXAS-TV, in Dallas, and
its Telemundo cousin, KXTX-TV, “What our predominantly Spanish-speaking audience
wants to see differs from what our predominantly English-speaking audience wants. We
focus more on news from Mexico, which is seen as more of a local story on a Spanish-
language station here.” See Dan Trigiboff, “Bilingual Duopolies Redefine Big NBC
Stations,” Broadcasting & Cable, September 8, 2003, at p. 34.
90 Arbitron, “Power of Hispanic Consumers: A Compelling Argument for Reaching Out
t
o

H
i
s
p
a
n
i
c

C
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
,
”
[http://www.arbitron.com/downloads/hisp_consumer_study_2003], viewed on 10/10/03,
(continued...)

CRS-28
average, Hispanics listen to 19 hours and 15 minutes of radio per week, Hispanics
who listen to Spanish language radio listen to 21 hours and 45 minutes per week,
while non-Hispanics listen to radio only 16 hours and 30 minutes per week. It
therefore might be useful to obtain similar data on news and public affairs
programming aired by Spanish language radio stations as well.
The Availability of Advertising Revenues to Support
Spanish Language Programming in the U.S.
Policy makers often must make tradeoffs among conflicting policy goals. For
example, industry consolidation may concurrently increase efficiency but decrease
the diversity of voices. Data on how efficiently a market has been responding to
market changes (for example, how quickly the advertising market has been
responding to demographic and income changes in the Spanish speaking community)
provide important information for policy makers trying to make decisions about
whether potential increased efficiencies from consolidation outweigh potential
decreases in diversity.
Univision president Ray Rodriguez is reported to assert that although Spanish
language television now attracts 5% of the total U.S. television audience, it captures
only 2% of television advertising revenues.91 In 2002, in the Miami-Forth
Lauderdale market, Univision’s owned and operated television station, WLTV, was
the number one station, by ratings, in the market sign-on to sign-off and dominated
the local news race in all day parts except late news; yet according to BIA Financial
Network, WLTV was a distant third in revenues.92
But these rankings do not by themselves demonstrate that the advertising market
has not been responsive to the Spanish speaking population. Advertisers do not
value each listener or viewer equally. Advertisers seek higher income audiences with
more buying power. They also seek young and urban adults, who tend to be more
responsive to advertising messages than are older and more rural adults. Also, they
often seek audiences of at least a threshold size, to take advantage of scale
economies. Now, post 2000 Census, with detailed data available about the
demographics, buying power, and purchasing patterns of the Hispanic population,
how do advertisers seem to be weighing the pluses of a Hispanic population that has
rapidly growing buying power and relatively young demographics, but which still has
per household income that is only 80% of the national average and per household
spending that is only 90% of the national average? To what extent do advertisers
recognize that although income increases with English language proficiency, many
90 (...continued)
unpaginated.
91 Frank Ahrens and Krissah Williams, “Spanish-Language Media Expand: Broadcasters,
Newspapers Pursue Fast-Growing Market,” Washington Post, August 11, 2003, at pp. A1
and A10, citing Univision president Ray Rodriguez.
92 “Market Profile: Miami-Ft. Lauderdale,” MediaWeek, April 1, 2002, at p. 18.

CRS-29
Hispanics with such proficiency continue to watch Spanish language television
programming to accommodate family members who are less proficient in English?
If Spanish language television stations attract 5% of total audience but only 2%
of total advertising revenues – a 60% “shortfall” – this discrepancy cannot be
explained entirely by the 20% differential between median Hispanic household
income and the median income of all U.S. households shown in Table 9. Other
available data may shed additional light. The data from the Pew/Kaiser Survey
presented in Table 3 show that at least 65% of Spanish dominant households have
income of less than $30,000 and Spanish dominant Hispanic households are more
likely to watch Spanish language programming than English dominant or bilingual
Hispanic households. These suggest that the differential between the median income
of households that view Spanish language programming and the median income of
all households significantly exceeds 20%. Since viewer income or buying power is
highly valued by advertisers, this could explain a large portion of the 60% differential
between Spanish language programming audience share and Spanish language
programming advertising revenue share reportedly asserted by Univision.
There is evidence that the market is responding to demographic changes and
reducing the gap between the audience share and the advertising share of Spanish
language programming. As shown in Table 15, in 2002, advertising revenues grew
much faster for Spanish language television than for any other media category.
Advertiser spending on the three big Spanish language broadcast networks in 2002
was $2.4 billion, a 25% increase over 2001.93 That trend has continued in 2003.94
A recent study by PriceWaterhouseCoopers predicts that the growth in advertiser
spending in broadcast and cable television, and the resultant higher advertising rates
over the next four years, will largely be the result of increases in the Hispanic market;
with advertising agencies now targeting both Spanish and English speaking Hispanic
viewers, it is estimated that revenues from advertising directed at the Hispanic
population will grow more than 50% by 2007.95
93 Allison Romano, “Finally. Some New Advertisers,” Broadcasting & Cable, September
8, 2003, at p. 36. By contrast, the seven English language broadcast networks had
advertising revenues of $13 billion in 2002.
94 See Steve McClellan, “Hot Market + Hot Census = Hot Hispanic Upfront,” Broadcasting
& Cable, July 14, 2003, at p. 18, which presents estimates that total advertiser spending for
Hispanic television will increase 15% in 2003, with price increases of approximately 10-
12%, and the remainder of the revenue increase attributable to increases in the total quantity
of advertising.
95 “Hispanic Audiences Called Main Cause of TV Advertising Growth,” Communications
Daily, June 25, 2003, at pp. 6-7.

CRS-30
Table 15: Change in Advertising spending, first three quarters,
2001 vs. 2002 (billions of dollars)
Medium
% change
Medium
% change
All Media
2.2%
Local Newspapers
7.57%
Network Television
7.07%
Spot Television
14.7%
Consumer Magazines
-1.41%
Cable Television
-1.0%
Business Magazines
-17.4%
Local Radio
9.5%
Internet
-18.2%
Syndication
-11.8%
National Newspapers
-3.3%
Outdoor
-3.8%
National Spot Radio
6.1%
Univision/Telemundo
25.5%
Sunday Magazines
10.0%
Network Radio
14.3%
Source: Data from New York-based advertising tracker CMR, presented in Steve McClellan, “Arriba,
Arriba, Arriba,” Broadcasting & Cable, November 25, 2002, at p. 20.
According to Advertising Age96 and Broadcasting & Cable,97 most of the growth
in the Hispanic market is fueled by new “mainstream” advertisers, such as Absolut,
Fruit of the Loom, Best Buy, Staples, Energizer, and Target, entering the market.
The majority of advertising targeting the Hispanic market is in Spanish. General
Motors recently introduced a national Spanish language advertising campaign that
will double the $51 million it spent last year in the Hispanic market.98 Procter &
Gamble increased its advertising on Hispanic networks by more than one-third in
2002 and Sears by more than 15%;99 pharmaceutical company advertising on
Hispanic networks has almost doubled in the past two years and motion picture
advertising on Hispanic networks has increased by 50%.100 Table 16 shows the 15
companies that had advertising expenditures on Hispanic networks in 2002 of $40
million or more.
96 Laurel Wentz, “Cultural Cross Over: A growing number of savvy marketers reach out
in English as well as Spanish,” Advertising Age, July 7, 2003, at pp. S-1 and S-2.
97 Allison Romano, “Finally, Some New Advertisers,” Broadcasting & Cable, September
8, 2003, at p. 36.
98 Jean Halliday, “GM Breaks New Campaign to Court Hispanics: North American
President Speaks Spanish in Latest Ads,” AdAge.com OnLine Edition, April 15, 2003.
Congressional clients may obtain this article, which was published online, from CRS.
99 Allison Romano, “Finally, Some New Advertisers,” Broadcasting & Cable, September
8, 2003, at p. 36.
100 Id. at p. 36.

CRS-31
Table 16: Top Advertisers on Hispanic Networks, 2002
Company
Spending ($millions)
Procter & Gamble
$134.1
Sears Roebuck
$105.0
U.S. Government
$ 82.5
Lexicon Marketing
$ 71.7
World Vision
$ 67.6
General Motors
$ 65.1
AT&T
$ 60.2
Pepsico
$ 59.0
Univision Communications
$ 51.0
McDonald’s
$ 48.8
Johnson & Johnson
$ 45.1
Toyota
$ 44.0
Coca-Cola
$ 40.8
Vivendi Universal
$ 40.4
WorldCom
$ 39.9
Source: Nielsen Monitor-Plus data reproduced in Broadcasting & Cable, September 8, 2003, at p.
36.
Both Arbitron, for radio, and Nielsen, for television, have performed detailed
analyses and constructed presentations for advertisers that show the favorable
demographics and buying power of the Hispanic population in the U.S.101
Public Policy Issues
To what extent does the Spanish speaking population have
unique needs that are not met by English language
programming?
The detailed demographic information presented in this report shows that the
Hispanic community is not linguistically homogeneous. As shown in Tables 1 and
2, most of the Hispanic population speaks English at least “well.” The Hispanic
population tends to be younger than the overall population, and Hispanic children –
whether born in the U.S. or overseas – are more likely than Hispanic adults to
understand and speak English. As the children in households go to school,
discussions in the home become more bilingual, and less Spanish-dominant. At the
same time, the data in Tables 1 and 2 show that more than a quarter of that
101 See, for example, “Power of Hispanic Consumers: A Compelling Argument for
R e a c h i n g O u t t o H i s p a n i c C o n s u m e r s , ”
[http://www.arbitron.com/downloads/hisp_consumer_study_2003], viewed on 10/10/03,
and [http://www.nielsenmedia.com/ethnicmeasure/hispanic-american/indexHisp], viewed
on 10/10/03.

CRS-32
population – more than 7 million people 5 years of age or older – speak English “not
well” or “not at all.” The Census Bureau has identified more than 2.5 million
linguistically isolated Spanish speaking households, in which all members 14 years
old and over have at least some difficulty with English. As shown in Table 4, while
bilingual and English-dominant Latinos tend not to have communications problems
when seeking health care, more than 40% of foreign born Latinos and almost 50%
of Spanish-dominant Latinos reported having difficulties during the past year
communicating with health care providers and getting health care.
As a result of this wide variation in English language skills among the Hispanic
population, some Hispanic households frequently view English language television
and listen to English language radio, and some do not. As shown in Table 11, most
Hispanics watch English language or a mix of Spanish and English language
entertainment programming (though they overwhelmingly watch Spanish language
“telenovelas” and talk shows rather than English language soap operas and talk
shows). In general, then, English language entertainment programming often
provides a viable alternative to Spanish language entertainment programming. Most
of the Hispanic population, however, prefers to watch Spanish language news
programming, rather than English language or a mix of Spanish and English language
news programming.102 This is, in part, due to television viewing in Latino
households tending to be a family affair, and bilingual family members typically
accommodating the needs of their non-English speaking relatives. For these families,
English language news programming may not provide an alternative to Spanish
language programming.
Some English language television stations in markets with large Spanish
speaking populations offer Secondary Audio Programming, which allows viewers to
push a few buttons on their remote controls to hear the local news in Spanish;
nationally, the major networks have been offering SAP for years. But, as shown in
Tables 11and 12, most bilingual Spanish speaking viewers continue to watch Spanish
language networks all or most of the time, especially for news programming. For
example, although KRIV FOX 26 in Houston offers SAP for its local programming,
it remains a distant second to Univision among local Hispanic viewers.103 Viewer
choice is affected not just by the language of the programming offered, but also by
the selection of news topics covered.
Although the projected increase in the U.S. Hispanic population from 35.3
million in 2000 to 60.4 million in 2020 (see Table 8) will be driven largely by a
substantial increase in the number of second generation Hispanics, the vast majority
of whom will be proficient in English, the number of first generation Hispanics is
102 In June 2002, The Houston Chronicle reported that the number one network for nightly
news among adults ages 18 - 34 in New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago was Univision, not
ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, or CNN. See David Kaplan, “A niche no more: Spanish-language
networks are becoming media titans,” The Houston Chronicle, June 23, 2002, at p. A1.
103 David Kaplan, “A niche no more: Spanish-language networks are becoming media
titans,” The Houston Chronicle, June 23, 2002, at p. A1.

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projected to grow by 45% to 20.6 million.104 Almost three-quarters (72%) of foreign-
born adult Latinos are Spanish dominant.105 Thus, going forward, although it is likely
that the proportion of U.S. Hispanics dependent on Spanish language news
programming will fall, there will continue to be a large, and probably growing,
number of people in the U.S. dependent on Spanish language programming for their
news.
To what extent is consolidation needed to attract national
advertiser support of Spanish language programming?
Several Spanish language media companies, most notably Univision, have
argued that they currently are at a disadvantage when competing against English
language media giants for national advertising.106 Univision claims that it needs to
increase its scale and scope in order to capture some of the same economies already
enjoyed by such companies as News Corp, Viacom, and GE/NBC. It claims that
vertical integration into radio and other media would allow it to offer national
advertisers a full range of advertising outlets. With greater access to advertising
revenues, Univision believes it would have the increased financial capability needed
to expand and improve its program offerings and to acquire and convert English
language outlets to Spanish language programming.107 In addition, viewers would
benefit by gaining access to information about mainstream products and services.
The available market data neither prove nor disprove Univision’s claim. As
discussed above, a large portion of the differential between Spanish language
television audience share and advertising revenue share reportedly asserted by
Univision President Ray Rodriguez can be explained by differences in household
income. Moreover, the data in Tables 15 and 16 show that market forces have begun
to reverse that situation, responding to the growing buying power and favorable
demographics of the Spanish speaking population that became widely publicized as
a result of the 2000 Census. This could suggest that consolidation in Spanish
language media ownership is not needed to attract more national advertisers that in
the past have used primarily or entirely English language media outlets.
104 Roberto Suro and Jeffrey S. Passel, “The Rise of the Second Generation: Changing
Patterns in Hispanic Population Growth,” Pew Hispanic Center, October 2003, at p. 5.
105 Pew/Kaiser Survey at p. 13.
106 See, for example, Frank Ahrens and Krissah Williams, “Spanish-Language Media
Expand: Broadcasters, Newspapers Pursue Fast-Growing Market,” Washington Post, August
11, 2003, at pp. A1 and A10, quoting Univision president Ray Rodriguez, “When you go to
see advertisers and you walk in to sell something and you’ve got a TV station and he’s
Viacom, he can make a better sales pitch. We believe putting our two companies together
gets us one step closer to being able to compete better with English-language giants, and that
only makes sense.”
107 Ann Radelat, “Broadcasting Battle: The highly politicized Univision case has roiled the
w o r l d o f H i s p a n i c T V a n d r a d i o , ”
[http://www.hispaniconline.com/magazine2003/july_aug/Panorama/journal-broadcasting],
viewed on 10/10/03, citing Univision spokeswoman Stephanie Pillerdorf.

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Still, there is some indication that consolidation could help attract additional
national advertisers. According to audience and advertising share data presented by
Broadcasting & Cable,108 while NBC-owned Telemundo’s share of the Spanish
language audience fell from 21% in prime-time last year to 18% in the past 12
months (according to data from Nielsen Media Research), it received 35% of all
Spanish language broadcast network revenues during the first six months of this year,
up from 34% last year. Steve Mandala, executive vice president for sales at
Telemundo, stated that “Our sales organization is quite literally a part of NBC’s
overall sales organization.”109 Bishop Cheen, director of fixed income at Wachovia
Securities, states, “Many of the ad budgets for corporate imaging and marketing are
controlled by the same big brand-name companies and agencies that NBC markets
to.”110
Part of the explanation for Telemundo’s higher ratio of advertising revenues to
audience share is the benefit of being part of a large English language media
company. Also, Univision’s viewers primarily are immigrants; about 70% are from
Mexico.111 By contrast, Telemundo’s programming is targeted more toward bilingual
viewers who were born in the U.S. or immigrated as children. The Telemundo
audience has more of the demographic and income characteristics highly valued by
advertisers than does the Univision audience. Nonetheless, Univision’s inability to
attract a share of national advertising commensurate with its ratings at least suggests
that Spanish language networks, no matter how large they are within the Spanish
language market, might be better able to compete against English language networks
for national advertising by growing through vertical consolidation with other Spanish
language media companies to expand the scope and scale of media outlets they can
offer advertisers.
To what extent could consolidation in the Spanish language
media market have anticompetitive effects that would harm
consumers?
Even before the Univision-HBC merger, there was a much higher level of
concentration in Spanish language media than in English language media. Post
merger, Univision’s Spanish language media holdings and ownership or contractual
ties to other large media companies give it a dominant position in almost every media
market:
108 Kevin Downey, “Telemundo Gets Its Share: Though lagging Univision in ratings, No.
2 net grabs 35% of market’s ad dollars,” Broadcasting & Cable, September 8, 2003, at p.
30.
109 Id., at p. 30.
110 Id., at p. 30.
111 See David Kaplan, “A niche no more: Spanish-language networks are becoming media
titans,” The Houston Chronicle, June 23, 2002, at p. A1.

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Univision’s Spanish Language Broadcast Television Holdings.
! Univision owns the largest (Univision) and third largest (TeleFutura)
Spanish language broadcast television networks, which have a
combined rating share of 82% and more than 60% of Spanish
language broadcast network advertising revenues.112
! Univision owns and operates 32 full power and 18 low power
television stations.113 Eleven of its full power television stations
ranked first among Spanish language television stations in their
respective designated market areas (Los Angeles, New York, Miami,
Houston, Chicago, Dallas/Ft. Worth, San Antonio, San Francisco,
Phoenix, Fresno, and Sacramento) based on total audience rank of
adults 18 to 49 years of age.114
! Univision has a 31% equity interest (that under the terms of the Final
Judgment must be reduced to 10% within 6 years) in Entravision
Communications Corporation, a diversified Spanish language media
company that owns 49 broadcast television stations that have
affiliation contracts with Univision networks that run through
December 31, 2021.115
! Under the terms of the FCC order, Univision will continue to have
a waiver to FCC rules intended for “nascent networks” allowing it
to represent its non-owned television affiliates in the spot sales
market for non-network advertising time.116
Univision’s Spanish Language Cable Television Holdings.
! Univision owns Galavision, the leading Spanish language general
entertainment basic cable television network in the U.S., which
reaches 5.7 million Hispanic cable and direct broadcast satellite
subscribers.117
112 Kevin Downey, “Telemundo Gets Its Share,” Broadcasting & Cable, September 8,
2003, at p. 9.
113 Univision 10-K, at p. 6-7.
114 Id. at p. 7.
115 Department of Justice Competitive Impact Statement, United States of America v.
Univision Communications Inc. and Hispanic Broadcasting Corporation, Civil Action No.
1:03CV00758, In the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, May 7, 2003,
at p. 2, [http://www.justice.gov/atr/cases/f201000/201006.htm], viewed on 10/10/03.
116 “Joint Statement of Commissioners Jonathan S. Adelstein and Michael J. Copps,
Dissenting,” Univision Order, at p. 49.
117 Univision 10-K, at p. 7.

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Univision’s Spanish Language Television Programming Holdings.
! Univision has exclusive U.S. rights to all of the programming of
Venevision, Venezuela’s leading Spanish language programmer,
through 2017. Venevision is owned by the Cisneros Group, which
is the largest Univision shareholder.118
! Univision has exclusive U.S. rights to all of the programming of
Grupo Televisa, the dominant Mexican television group and the
largest producer of Spanish language programming in the world,
through 2017.119 Grupo Televisa has a sizeable equity interest in
Univision.120
Univision’s Spanish Language Radio Holdings.
! Post-merger, Univision owns HBC, the largest Spanish language
radio broadcaster in the U.S., which owns and/or operates 63 radio
stations in 15 of the top 25 Hispanic markets.121
! Post merger, Univision operates HBC Radio Network, which is one
of the largest Spanish language radio broadcast networks in the U.S.
in terms of audience delivery.122

! Univision has a 31% equity interest (that under the terms of the Final
Judgment must be reduced to 10% within 6 years) in Entravision
Communications Corporation, which owns and operates 55 radio
stations in the U.S., most of which broadcast Spanish language
programming.123
! Clear Channel, which is the largest radio group in the U.S., had a
sizeable equity interest in HBC and, post-merger, will have a 3.66%
voting stock interest in Univision.124
118 Id. at p. 11.
119 Id. at p. 11.
120 Grupo Televisa S.A. Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on
6/30/2003, at p. 32.
121 Univision Communications Inc., Form 10-K, received by SEC on 3/24/03, at pp. 4-5.
122 Hispanic Broadcasting Corp. Form 10-K, filed at the Securities and Exchange
Commission on 3/31/2003, at p. 1.
123 Department of Justice Competitive Impact Statement, United States of America v.
Univision Communications Inc. and Hispanic Broadcasting Corporation, Civil Action No.
1:03CV00758, In the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, May 7, 2003,
at p. 2, [http://www.justice.gov/atr/cases/f201000/201006.htm], viewed on 10/10/03.
124 Univision Order at paragraph 14.

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Univision’s Spanish Language Music Holdings.
! Univision Music Group is the leader in record sales of Latin music
in the U.S. and Puerto Rico and accounted for approximately half of
the regional Mexican music sold in the U.S. in 2002.125
Univision’s Spanish Language Internet Holdings.
! Univision owns Univision Online, Inc., which, in its first full year of
operation, 2001, became the number one Spanish language website
for U.S. Hispanics, and retained its leadership position in 2002.126
! Univision operates HBCi, which operates HBC’s Internet websites
and a network of Hispanic community-focused bilingual websites.127
Business Week has estimated that the combined Univision-HBC will reach more than
80% of Hispanic viewers and listeners and receive about 70% of Hispanic media’s
advertising revenues.128
In addition, Telemundo is a large Spanish language media company with many
Spanish language broadcast television stations, the second largest Spanish language
broadcast television network, and a large Spanish language cable network, Mun2.
The extent to which Univision (or to a lesser extent Telemundo) could exploit
concentration in the Spanish language media market to harm consumers depends on
the extent to which television viewers and radio listeners view English language
programming as a reasonable substitute for Spanish language programming and (in
turn) the extent to which advertisers who seek to place advertising on media outlets
view English language media outlets as effective alternatives to Spanish language
outlets. It also depends on the ability of Univision to use its existing market power
to raise competitive barriers or otherwise undermine the ability of other Spanish
language program providers to provide effective competitive alternatives.
As discussed earlier, approximately one-fourth of the Spanish speaking
population does not speak English well and more than half of all bilingual
households prefer Spanish language news programming and primarily watch Spanish
language networks. In 1994 and again in 2000, Roslow Research Group performed
a study of the effectiveness of Spanish vs. English advertising among Hispanic
125 Univision 10-K, at p. 8.
126 Id. at pp. 8-9.
127 Hispanic Broadcasting Corp. Form 10K filed with the Securities Exchange Commission
on 3/31/2003, at p. 1.
128 Catherine Yang, “A Test for Big Media: Bueno o Malo?,” Business Week, May 12,
2003, at p. 70. But given that Telemundo, by itself, receives 35% of Spanish language
broadcast network revenues (see footnote 83 above), the Business Week estimate may be too
high.

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teens.129 Teens are more likely to be bilingual than adult Hispanics and therefore
more likely to be responsive to English language advertising. The study found in
1994 and had confirmed in 2000 that, among Hispanic teens:130
! commercials in Spanish are 40% more effective at increasing
advertising awareness levels than are commercials in English;
! when it comes to message communication, commercials in Spanish
are 16% more effective than commercials in English; and
! advertisements received in Spanish are twice as persuasive as
advertisements received in English.
Since the rates per customer reached for advertising on television and radio stations
with English language programming are higher than those for stations with Spanish
language programming,131 the availability of English language alternatives is not
likely to be an effective curb on the ability of a Spanish language station with market
power to raise its rates if consolidation reduces the availability or relative market
strength of Spanish language alternatives.
Opponents of the proposed Univision-HBC merger asserted that, even prior to
its merger with HBC, Univision already had market power that it has exploited to the
detriment of competition. Telemundo has made several specific assertions:132
! Univision has used long term agreements that grant it, within the
continental U.S., exclusive access to the programming of two major
foreign Spanish language programmers, Televisa and Venevision,
through the year 2017, even if it does not carry that programming, to
deny competitors access to these major sources of programming;
! Univision has sought to reinforce its control over critical Spanish
language content by limiting the appearances of its (or Televisa’s)
entertainment talent on Telemundo programs, and also alters its
coverage of news or other events in order to excise any mention of
Telemundo or Telemundo celebrities, and refuses to cover
Telemundo talent.
! Univision or its affiliate stations have refused to sell advertising time
to Telemundo to allow Telemundo to promote its programming on
those Univision outlets, which tend to be the major Spanish
language outlets in most large markets and thus represent the most
129 Roslow Research Group, “Spanish vs. English Advertising Effectiveness Among
Hispanic Teens,” 2000, available at [http://www.roslowresearch.com/studies/91.doc],
viewed 10/10/03.
130 Id. at p. 3.
131 Market research company CMR/TNS estimates that Spanish language advertising rates
are about 20-25% below those of mainstream media. See Catherine Yang, “A Test Case for
Big Media: Bueno o Malo?,” Business Week, May 12, 2003, at p. 70.
132 August 21, 2003 Telemundo Ex Parte to the FCC, at pp. 4-13.

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efficient way to inform viewers of Telemundo programming. In
particular, some radio stations affiliated with Univision have refused
to accept Telemundo advertising.
With respect to the first assertion, while it does not benefit consumers when
unused existing programming is “warehoused” and therefore not available to
competitors (and hence viewers), there is no indication that the warehoused Mexican
and Venezuelan programming currently represents an essential input for which
Univision’s competitors do not have alternative sources of supply. It is possible that
denying competitors access to this available programming could raise their costs, if
alternative sources of programming are more expensive. But the trend has been
toward U.S. produced programming specifically targeting the U.S. Hispanic
population. Telemundo itself states that it has rapidly moved from total reliance on
outside (primarily foreign) programming sources to producing 70% of its
programming in-house.133 On the other hand, Univision continues to rely on these
two sources for close to 50% of its programming, which must be extremely popular
given Univision’s dominant ratings. There is no apparent benefit to consumers from
the continued long term exclusive contract and warehousing of programs that
Univision chooses not to use, but it is not clear that the practice currently has
anticompetitive consequences.
The second assertion, like the first, would appear to be serious only to the extent
that the talent to whom competitors allegedly are denied access represent an essential
programming input. While it is true that the American public seeks media coverage
of celebrities, the impact of denying non-Univision networks access to Univision
celebrities does not appear to undermine their ability to offer programming.
Univision has no obligation to share the popularity of its talent with its competitors.
But this assertion does highlight the potential for a vertically integrated company
with market power to leverage its market position in a fashion that could make it
difficult for effective competition to develop. If Univision’s Music Group, which has
a 35% share of the Spanish language market in the U.S., were to prohibit its talent
from appearing on non-Univision television, cable, or radio networks, for example,
that likely would constrain the ability of smaller competitors to the Univision,
TeleFutura, and Galavision networks from having access to the type of talent needed
to challenge Univision’s dominance. Typically, a programmer seeks positive
publicity for its talent wherever such publicity is available; a network that refuses to
allow its talent to be interviewed on other networks most likely is exhibiting market
power.
The third assertion involves advertising on media outlets that reach a particular
target audience. Telemundo wants to increase its relatively small audience share to
become a not so distant second to Univision. It claims that the most effective way
to reach potential viewers of its Spanish language television network to inform them
of its new programs is by advertising on other Spanish language outlets, especially
radio outlets, that have large audiences. That claim appears to be supported by
133 See footnote 73 above. See also the Univision Order, at footnote 107, which explicitly
addresses this Telemundo allegation and finds that, even if true, it is unlikely to have
competitive harm.

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Telemundo spending 74% of its 2002 advertising budget on radio.134 Univision and
Entravision outlets have the widest reach to the Spanish speaking population.
Entravision’s refusal to air Telemundo advertisements, if practiced by all Univision-
related media outlets, could result in the dominant television/radio combination
denying its television competitors access to a majority of Spanish speaking radio
listeners and television viewers. Absent rules that prohibit such conduct,
consolidation that extends a dominant firm’s reach potentially denies key access to
competitors.
As explained in CRS Report RL32026, Market Dynamics and Public Policy
Issues in the Video Programming Industry, one of the market dynamics driving
consolidation is the efficiency gains from being able to market programs across
multiple media outlets. Firms have integrated to improve the coordination of these
program marketing efforts. If some competitors are denied access entirely or in part
to the dominant media outlets, which may have upwards of 80% of the audience
share, then they will only have access to inferior marketing outlets. When a company
is trying to reach and inform the Spanish speaking community in the U.S. about its
product – even a media product – if it is denied access to dominant media outlets it
may be placed at a significant competitive disadvantage. While Univision, for
example, has no obligation to allow its competitors to piggyback off the popularity
of its programming, given its market dominance refusing to accept advertising may
have anticompetitive consequences.
Some parties that compete with Univision have expressed concern that
Univision continues to enjoy a “nascency” waiver from the FCC rule prohibiting
television station affiliates from being represented by their affiliated network in the
spot market for non-network advertising time.135 The rule is intended to address two
potential areas of competitive concern: (1) competition among national
representation (“rep”) firms for station clients (where a station might choose the
network’s rep to improve its chances of getting or retaining a network affiliation),
and (2) competition between networks and national spot advertising. A national rep
firm often advises its client stations as to the appropriate level of their national spot
rates. Without the rule, a network could act in the network’s interest by assuring
reasonably high spot rates to reduce competition with network advertising rates.
Network-associated rep firms also can influence station programming decisions in
favor of the network’s program rather than a national spot program. With the waiver,
Univision might be able to exploit its favorable position as the dominant television
network to coerce its affiliates, such as the 49 affiliate television stations owned by
Entravision, to use the Univision rep rather than an independent national firm, or to
push its affiliates toward network advertising rather than national spot advertising.
These specific allegations raise the broader issue of the impact on competition,
localism, and diversity of voices when a dominant media firm seeks to vertically
integrate into related media markets – akin to the public policy debate that has
134 August 21, 2003 Telemundo Ex Parte to the FCC, at p. 4.
135 47 C.F.R. § 73.658(i).

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surrounded the vertical integration of Clear Channel Radio.136 If there is danger that
a vertically integrated firm can extend its market power in one market into upstream
or downstream markets, can that danger be better contained by ownership rules or by
specific conduct rules?
What is the potential effect of consolidation in the Spanish
language media market on small businesses, on the
provision of local programming, and on diversity of voices?
Opponents of the proposed Univision-HBC merger have argued that allowing
the merger to be consummated would result in the Spanish language media industry
being divided into “haves” associated with Univision and all others that would be
“have nots.” They have argued that the integrated company would attract 80% or
more of all advertising revenues flowing to Spanish language media,137 raise
advertising rates in a fashion that would harm small Hispanic-owned businesses,
drive down commission rates to harm independent Hispanic advertising agencies,
and leave too little revenue available for the small independent stations to continue
to provide local news, public affairs, and entertainment programming, thereby
reducing the diversity of Spanish language voices. The question for policy makers
is: with the size of the Spanish language programming pie inexorably growing, with
or without further consolidation, will consolidation augment and accelerate that rate
of growth in a fashion that fosters local programming and diversity of voices, or will
it place such a large portion of Spanish language media assets in one set of hands that
localism and diversity of voices are harmed?
With or without consolidation, the number of minutes available for advertising
on the major Spanish language television, cable, and radio channels with the large
audiences sought by national advertisers is not likely to grow as quickly as the
demand for that time, so advertising rates on those channels are likely to increase.
Existing outlets can increase the minutes of advertising aired per hour, but only to a
limited degree before viewers and listeners view the additional advertising as
degrading product. Much of this advertising time historically has been purchased by
companies that primarily serve the Hispanic community, and are small relative to
national or multinational companies newly attracted to Spanish language media. But
some of those traditional advertisers may be displaced by the national companies.
In the short run, the displaced advertisers, who primarily are seeking to reach Spanish
speaking customers, and therefore have limited options, are likely to turn to the
smaller independent Spanish language outlets. Those outlets reach far fewer viewers
or listeners, however. Market forces already exist and are likely to be quickly
strengthened for the evolution of those independent outlets (and outlets newly
converted to Spanish language formats) into new Spanish language television and
radio networks, but it is not clear whether those new networks will be able to erode
136 See, for example, the transcripts from the Senate Commerce Committee hearings on
radio ownership, January 30, 2003, and July 8, 2003.
137 See Catherine Yang, “A Test Case for Big Media: Bueno o Malo?,” Business Week,
May 12, 2003, at p. 70.

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Univision’s dominant audience share – or even survive. A key issue relating to
consolidation, then, is whether it will facilitate the erection of new competitive
barriers that would undermine efforts to develop Spanish language networks that
could be more than fringe competitors to Univision.
It is difficult to put together an exclusively broadcast network today that would
reach most of the Spanish speaking community – the scale needed to provide serious
competition to Univision. Broad reach requires cable and/or satellite coverage. But
as explained earlier, it is increasingly difficult for a new program network to gain
carriage by large MSOs or satellite systems unless it is affiliated with existing
popular programming (such as the Univision or Galavision networks) that provides
leverage (and also cross-marketing possibilities) or it agrees to give the cable or
satellite system an equity interest. If an independent programmer identifies a viable
program focus for a new network, it still might not be able to successfully find
distribution before an integrated giant could kill it with a copycat network.
It is possible, as additional networks are formed and there is more demand for
Spanish language programming, that the long-term exclusive contracts between
Univision and Televisa and Venevision and Univision’s practice of effectively
warehousing programming could have competitive implications if new programming
sources do not develop. There could be real harm to viewers if the long term
exclusive contracts denied new networks – and hence viewers – access to the
Televisa and Venevision programming that Univision chooses not to air.
Higher advertising rates for the large Spanish language media outlets likely will
harm those small Hispanic-owned businesses that have been accustomed to relatively
low rates, but the higher advertising revenues generated can be expected in turn to
generate more and better programming for consumers – as long as the large media
outlets have to be concerned about the threat of smaller firms growing or of new
competitive entry if they are not responsive to consumers. Similarly, if consolidation
drives down the commissions for independent Spanish language advertising agencies,
that need not be harmful to consumers as long as programming options remain
available.
There is only anecdotal information available about the amount of local news,
public affairs, or other programming currently offered by the various Spanish
language media outlets – or whether individual outlets provide any such
programming and hence a diverse voice. The larger Spanish language television
stations, most of which are owned by or affiliated with Univision or Telemundo,
appear to offer local news programming, but some smaller stations do not. The size
of the owner may not be relevant. Univision reports that “most [of its stations]
produce local news and other programming of local importance...”138 It is likely that
the Univision stations that do not produce local news or public affairs programming
are the smaller Univision stations in a market in which Univision has more than one
television station or a station in a small market. On the other hand, some
independent low power stations, despite limited reach and limited funding resources,
138 Univision 10K, at p. 6.

CRS-43
have made special commitments to local news and public affairs programming. But
others do little more than broadcast music videos.
In its discussion of radio-television cross ownership rules in its recent media
ownership proceeding, the FCC stated: “[W]e do not include low power television
and low power radio stations in measuring viewpoint diversity. These stations are
often operated with the express purpose of serving niche audiences with ethnic or
political content that larger media outlets do not address.”139 Yet, many observers
find that low power television has been an important source of local news and diverse
voices for the Spanish speaking community. Given the concentration of the Spanish
speaking population in certain neighborhoods, low power television can serve that
community efficiently.
One important public policy issue is the impact of consolidation on these
independent Spanish language voices. On one hand, they would no longer provide
a diverse local voice in the market if they become the second station of a large
company and either discontinued local news or simply rebroadcast the primary
station’s programming, or if they remained independent but lost advertising revenues
to a dominant competitor and could no longer afford to produce local programming.
On the other hand, if consolidation accelerated the flow of mainstream advertising
dollars to Spanish language media, with the overflow demand for limited major
station advertising minutes financing additional Spanish language stations and
networks, then the smaller stations would be able to expand their local news
programming and their voices.
There appear to be important market characteristics unique to Spanish language
programming. From the demand perspective, many Spanish language households do
not view English language programming as a good alternative and therefore some
advertisers do not view English language programming as a good alternative. From
the supply perspective, there are important foreign sources for entertainment and non-
local news programming, and low power broadcasting can help meet some of the
niche needs of Spanish speaking households. The option exists to explicitly take
these unique characteristics into account when reviewing proposed license transfers
involving broadcast stations that provide primarily Spanish language programming,
as would be required by H.R. 3027 and S. 1563. As an alternative or complement
to such structural regulation, it might be feasible to implement rules of conduct.
Such rules might prohibit dominant companies from using their existing market
power in an anticompetitive fashion, for example, by prohibiting dominant media
companies that exceed threshold levels of audience share for unique populations
from refusing to accept competitors’ advertising
139 Report and Order and Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 2002 Biennial Regulatory
Review – Review of the Commission’s Broadcast Ownership Rules and Other Rules Adopted
Pursuant to Section 202 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, MB Docket 02-277; Cross-
Ownership of Broadcast Stations and Newspapers, MM Docket 01-235; Rules and Policies
Concerning Multiple Ownership of Radio Broadcast Stations in Local Markets, MM Docket
01-317; Definition of Radio Markets, MM Docket 00-244; Definition of Radio Markets for
Areas Not Located in an Arbitron Survey Area, MB Docket 03-130, adopted June 2, 2003
and released July 2, 2003, at paragraph 399. The Report and Order was published in the
Federal Register on September 5, 2003, at 68 FR 46285.