Homeland Security: Federal Assistance Funding and Business Opportunities

Homeland Security: Federal Assistance Funding and Business Opportunities

Order Code RL32036
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Homeland Security: Federal Assistance
Funding and Business Opportunities
Updated December 23, 2004
James R. Riehl, Coordinator
Information Research Specialist
Information Research Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

Homeland Security: Federal Assistance Funding and
Business Opportunities
Summary
With the creation of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and increased
federal spending on homeland security products and services, comes increased
interest in doing business with the federal government and obtaining federal funds.
Small and large businesses, universities, and research organizations throughout the
country want to provide the needed products and services. State and local
governments desire federal funds to assist with their homeland security needs.
Generally, the larger companies or organizations and state and local governments that
have regularly done business with the federal government in the past are familiar
with the often complex process of selling to the government or obtaining federal
funds through grants. However, smaller companies and government officials who
are new to the process may have a difficult time quickly identifying the resources and
information needed to pursue grant or contract monies.
This report provides a selection of information gateways for businesses, state
and local governments, research organizations, and others that wish to pursue
homeland security related business opportunities or grants from the federal
government. A selection of websites is provided for the Department of Homeland
Security, the Department of Defense (DOD), and other federal departments and
agencies. The information will assist interested persons in locating information on
available grants, contracts, or research and development opportunities with a
homeland security focus.
The first section of this report presents an overview of the market for homeland
security products and services, lists and defines the various types of federal assistance
or opportunities in homeland security, and provides some definitions relevant to the
subject. The second section of the report identifies specific federal Web “gateways,”
which provide access to detailed information on funding and business opportunities.
This report will be updated on a regular basis.

Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
What Is “Homeland Security”? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Homeland Security vs. the Department of Homeland Security . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Non-DHS Homeland Security Programs/Initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Homeland Security vs. Antiterrorism Funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
What Is Not Included in This Report? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
The Market for Homeland Security Products and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Service and Product Opportunity Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Private Sector/Government Initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Other Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Types of Funding and Business Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Federal Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Defining a Contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Awards Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Federal Grants and Other Federal Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Types of Federal Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Nonfinancial Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Pass-Through Funds/Subcontracting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Research and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Identifying Recipients of Federal Grant/Contract/R&D Funds . . . . . . . . . . 12
Federal Procurement Data Center (FPDC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Federal Assistance Awards Data System (FAADS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
RaDiUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Department of Homeland Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Department of Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Department of Defense Homeland Security R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Other Federal Agency Homeland Security R&D Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Other Federal Departments and Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
The Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Other Relevant CRS Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

List of Tables
Table 1. DHS Homeland Security Federal Assistance Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Table 2. DHS R&D Opportunities and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Table 3. DHS Homeland Security Business Opportunities and Resources . . . . 16
Table 4. DOD Homeland Security Federal Assistance Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Table 5. DOD R&D Contracts and Contracting Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Table 6. Other Federal Agency Homeland Security R&D Programs,
Opportunities, and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Table 7. Non-DHS Homeland Security Federal Assistance Programs . . . . . . . . 21

Homeland Security: Federal Assistance
Funding and Business Opportunities
Introduction
With the creation of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and increased
federal spending on homeland security products and services, comes increased
interest in doing business with the federal government and obtaining federal funds.
Small and large businesses, universities, and research organizations throughout the
country want to provide the needed products and services. State and local
governments desire federal funds to assist with their homeland security needs.
Generally, the larger companies or organizations and state and local governments that
have regularly done business with the federal government in the past are familiar
with the often complex process of selling to the government or obtaining federal
funds through grants. However, smaller companies and government officials who
are new to the process may have a difficult time quickly identifying the resources and
information needed to pursue grant or contract monies.
This report provides a selection of information gateways for businesses, state
and local governments, research organizations, and others that wish to pursue
homeland security related business opportunities or grants from the federal
government. A selection of websites is provided for the Department of Homeland
Security, the Department of Defense (DOD), and other federal departments and
agencies. The information will assist interested persons in locating information on
available grants, contracts, and research and development opportunities with a
homeland security focus.1
What Is “Homeland Security”?
The National Strategy of Homeland Security (the Strategy) issued by the White
House [http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/book/nat_strat_hls.pdf] in July 2002
defined “homeland security” as “a concerted national effort to prevent terrorist
attacks within the United States, reduce America’s vulnerability to terrorism, and
minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur.” The Strategy
envisions a shared responsibility of federal, state, and local governments, the private
sector, and the American people for homeland security. Homeland security involves
(1) efforts to prevent terrorist attacks by reducing the nation’s vulnerability to
terrorist attacks, (2) efforts to minimize the damage of any terrorist attacks that occur
1 Contributors to this report included Jesús Campos (INF), Linwood Carter (INF), Eric
Fischer (DSP), Merete Gerli (INF), Jean Knezo (RSI), Gary Reynolds (INF), James R. Riehl
(INF), Carolyn Smith (INF), and Angeles Villarreal (RSI).

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despite efforts to prevent them, and (3) efforts to recover from any terrorist attacks
that may occur.
Homeland Security vs. the Department of Homeland Security
The Department of Homeland Security has primary responsibility for
maintaining homeland security. Section 101(b)(1) of the Homeland Security Act of
2002 (P.L. 107-296) states that the primary mission of the DHS is to “(A) prevent
terrorist attacks within the United States; (B) reduce the vulnerability of the United
States to terrorism; and (C) minimize the damage, and assist in the recovery, from
terrorist attacks that do occur within the United States.”
Those wishing to do business with the federal government in areas pertaining
to homeland security or seeking federal assistance relating to homeland security
should keep in mind that homeland security activities are broader than the activities
of DHS because, notwithstanding the lead responsibility of DHS for maintaining
homeland security, several other government agencies play important roles in
homeland security.
Non-DHS Homeland Security Programs/Initiatives
Examples of non-DHS homeland security programs include initiatives by the
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), biodefense initiatives by
the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), and interagency working
groups such as the Technical Support Working Group (TSWG).
Homeland Security vs. Antiterrorism Funding
Homeland security funding is largely an extension of antiterrorism funding, with
an important distinction. Unlike antiterrorism funding, which includes monies
devoted to agencies that operate on foreign fronts such as the Department of State
and Central Intelligence Agency, homeland security funding focuses on those aspects
of government spending devoted to the prevention and response to terrorism on
American soil.
What Is Not Included in This Report?
This report is not an exhaustive listing of every possible Web access point for
information on federal grant and contract opportunities related to homeland security.
Certain opportunities may change due to congressional or regulatory activity. Others
may be one-time events that appear for only a single round of funding. Websites and
programs may appear and disappear depending upon a department or agency’s
funding or needs, and some contract awards may be awarded directly to qualified
companies without a competitive bidding process.
In addition, this report makes no effort to list individual grant, contract, or
research and development opportunities. Such information must be obtained through
one or more of the Web resources provided.

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The Market for Homeland Security Products and Services
DHS spending on homeland security covers a wide range of products and
services in such areas as airport security systems, biological and chemical agent
detection, and prevention of attacks on information systems. Industries in which
companies could potentially benefit include detection equipment technology,
biotechnology, computer and software services, and telecommunications.
The market for homeland security products and services has increased steadily
since September 11, 2001, and it is expected to continue to grow substantially in
coming years. The creation of DHS and the need for new technologies and tools to
fight terrorism has resulted in security improvements and upgrades throughout the
government sector and a need for new defense technologies. A report by a market
research consulting firm, Frost and Sullivan, estimates that government spending in
homeland security products and services totaled $7.5 billion in 2002, and that is
expected to double to $16 billion by 2009. The report states that a major area of
opportunity for vendors will be the integration of stand-alone security systems
throughout government agencies which would incorporate security, time and
attendance, and building controls.2 Other major areas of opportunities may include
technological capabilities or tools to detect and deter attacks using weapons of mass
destruction; software technology to protect information systems; technology to
prevent disruption of telecommunications critical infrastructure; and tools and
technology to support the defense of national waterways and oceans.
Service and Product Opportunity Areas. Private companies are a key
source of new ideas and innovative technologies that would be valuable in combating
the threat of terrorism activities. DHS has various programs that provide
opportunities for the private sector in developing technologies and systems needed
for homeland security. DHS also has partnerships with agencies across the federal
government that may provide companies with opportunities to sell their services and
products.
DHS has a partnership with the Technical Support Working Group (TSWG), a
stand-alone interagency working group whose mission is to conduct the national
interagency research and development program for combating terrorism
requirements; see [http://www.tswg.gov]. The TSWG website provides information
about technology and commercial opportunities, provides information about product
availability for federal, state, and local user communities, and provides project
information to technical team members. This information is useful for companies
looking for contracting opportunities related to homeland security because it
identifies the projects federal agencies are focusing on. Among others, the TSWG
currently outlines the following as areas of interest:
! Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear countermeasures:
products and services may include medication and vaccines to treat
outbreaks of diseases such as smallpox, anthrax, or botulism;
2 Security System News, “Government to Double Its Security Spending,” January 2004. See
[http://www.securitysystemsnews.com/2004.01/downloads/ss.pdf].

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development of antidotes for possible disease outbreaks;
development of new technologies for detecting hazardous biological
and chemical agents.
! Explosive detection: products and services may include developing
or purchasing new detection and diagnostic devices such as handheld
detectors, personnel screening portals, checked baggage and parcel
screening; more effective canine/handler teams through improved
training programs and canine selection and breeding; and new
technologies for marking plastic explosives to make them easier to
detect.
! Infrastructure protection technology: products and services may
include developing technologies and methodologies for detection,
response, and alert capabilities to counter cyberterrorism; developing
standardized methodology and decision aid tools for vulnerability
analysis and enhanced protection of the nation’s critical
infrastructure.
! Physical security technology: products and services may include the
development of new techniques for building construction that will
result in better protection of people and facilities from terrorist bomb
attacks; improvement in explosive detection technology; advanced
sensor technologies to provide improved perimeter and interior
intrusion detection capabilities.
! Personnel protection: products and services may include vehicles
with improved safety and performance; improved transparent armor
with lower weight and greater reliability against threats; improved
protective measures against sniper attacks.
Private Sector/Government Initiatives. DHS has emphasized the
importance of the role of technology in homeland security and the need to create
close partnerships with the private sector to develop and implement technologies.
The Private Sector Office of DHS is the primary contact for the business community.
The Office helps to foster communications with the private sector and to promote
public-private partnerships and best practices. Two examples of DHS initiatives in
which the private sector has an important role are described below.
The Container Security Initiative (CSI), overseen by U.S. Customs and Border
Protection (CBP), has the goal of protecting the global trading system and the trade
lanes between CSI ports and the United States. Under the CSI program, a team of
U.S. officers is deployed to work with host nation counterparts to target all containers
that pose a potential threat. It involves the use of pioneering nonintrusive container
screening technology to label containers entering the country as “high-risk” or “low-
risk” at their port of origin. The initiative was announced in January 2002 and was
first implemented in the ports shipping the greatest volume of containers to the
United States. At this time, 20 countries with a total of 37 ports in various stages of
implementation have committed to participation in the CSI. CSI is expanding to
additional ports that ship substantial amounts of cargo to the United States, but these

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ports must have the infrastructure and technology in place, such as non-intrusive
inspectional equipment and radiation detection equipment, to participate in the
program. Countries participating in the CSI are responsible for purchasing the
necessary x-ray systems and other detection technology, which may provide
opportunities for U.S. businesses. The CBP can provide the names of manufacturers
for the CSI country to pursue in procuring equipment.
Another program is the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT).
C-TPAT is a joint initiative between the CBP and the business community to build
cooperative relationships that strengthen border security while improving the flow
of trade. Participating businesses are required to conduct a comprehensive self-
assessment of supply chain security using the C-TPAT security guidelines jointly
developed by the CBP and the trade community. The guidelines encompass the
following areas: procedural security, physical security, personnel security, education
and training, access controls, manifest procedures, and conveyance security. For
companies that have useful products or services for this process, there may be
available business opportunities.
Other Opportunities. Other agencies or departments at the federal, state, and
local levels of government may have opportunities for companies that produce or
provide goods or services related to homeland security. For example, local
communities may be interested in procuring protective gear and communication
devices in the event of an emergency. There may be opportunities for industry
groups to partner with federal agencies to develop strategies or new technologies. In
2002, the U.S. Department of the Treasury worked collaboratively with financial
services industry groups to develop a sector strategy, called National Strategy for
Critical Infrastructure Assurance, that discusses additional efforts necessary to
identify, assess, and respond to sector threats. The strategy presents a framework for
planning and implementing private sector action. This kind of private sector
cooperative effort with the government may lead to future business contracting
activities. Some federal agencies that may have contracting opportunities for
companies include, but are not limited to, the following: the Department of Defense,
the Department of Health and Human Services, the Treasury Department, and the
Department of Energy.
Business and marketing opportunities with DOD, however, are determined by
DOD’s national security mission and it should be noted that contract processes may
not be comparable with those of other federal entities. The Office of the Under
Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics recommends the
following preparatory advice to companies who want to take advantage of the DOD
contracting or acquisition process:
! Identify the product, service, or concept you are attempting to sell to
DOD by perusing the Federal Supply Class or Service (FSC/SVC)
codes at [http://www.dlis.dla.mil/h2/] and North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS) Code at [http://www.census.gov/
epcd/www/naics.html].
! Businesses should obtain a Dun and Bradstreet or DUNS number at
[http://www.dnb.com/US/duns_update/index.html]. Also, it is

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mandatory that any DOD contractor be registered in the Centralized
Contractor Registration (CCR) System, a database designed to
collect and maintain relevant procurement and financial transaction
information at [http://www.ccr.gov].
! Become familiar with DOD contracting procedures by examining the
Defense Federal Acquisition Supplement (DFARS) at
[http://www.acq.osd.mil/dpap/dars/index.htm], and the Federal
Acquisitions Regulations (FARS) at [http://www.arnet.gov/far].
Types of Funding and Business Opportunities
Federal Contracts
Businesses and producers may bid for contracts to supply specific goods and
services to the federal government. These may include furnishing the government
with actual products such as office supplies or furniture, the construction of federal,
buildings, providing services such as staffing and operating cafeterias, and enhancing
equipment and training for emergency first-responders.
Defining a Contract. The General Services Administration (GSA) defines a
“contract” as a mutually binding legal relationship, obligating the seller to furnish the
supplies or services and the buyer to pay for them. It includes all types of
commitments that obligate the government to an expenditure of appropriated funds.
The commitments are written, unless otherwise authorized. Contracts may include,
but are not limited to the following instruments: awards, job orders or task letters,
letter contracts, orders (such as purchase orders, under which the contract becomes
effective by written acceptance or performance), and bilateral contract modifications
(FAR 2.101). This definition, along with extensive regulations concerning federal
acquisitions of supplies and services, is found in the Federal Acquisition Regulation
(FAR), issued by the GSA. The text of the FAR documents is available on the Web
at [http://www.arnet.gov/far/], or from the Code of Federal Regulations, 48 CFR 2,
also available on the Web. Contracts do not include grants and cooperative
agreements covered by the U.S. Code, at 31 USC 6301.
The GSA provides general information on the process of doing business with the
government at its website at [http://www.gsa.gov/], under the “Selling to the
Government”section. More specific information on assistance to small and
disadvantaged businesses can be found at [http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/program
View.do?programId=9601&programPage=%252Fep%252Fprogram%252FgsaOv
erview.jsp&P=&pageTypeId=8199&ooid=10382&channelId=-13325]. This site
provides links to information on obtaining a GSA schedule contract and lists of
contacts for small business support.
Awards Process. Federal contracts may be awarded in many ways, including
agency solicitations and acceptance of unsolicited proposals. Businesses may register
to participate in the GSA’s Schedules, also known as Multiple Award Schedules
(MAS). More information is available for vendors at

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[http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/channelView.do?pageTypeId=8199&
channelPage=%2Fep%2Fchannel%2FgsaOverview.jsp&channelId=-13464].
Getting Started. The Federal Business Opportunities website
[http://www.fedbizopps.gov] provides a single site for federal procurement
opportunities over $25,000. Via this Internet portal, government buyers can post
business opportunities and commercial vendors seeking federal markets for their
products and services can search, monitor, and retrieve opportunities solicited by the
entire federal contracting community.
Federal Grants and Other Federal Assistance
Hundreds of grants, loans, and other domestic assistance programs for various
purposes are available from federal departments and agencies, including new
programs and federal funding to enhance homeland security.
In November 2003, DHS initiated a subpage on its website for Homeland
Security Grants and Training at [http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/interapp/editorial/
editorial_0355.xml]. This site provides information on homeland security and public
safety grant opportunities offered by agencies across the federal government. It is
intended to simplify access to these grants by placing information in a single easily
accessible site. It includes grants offered by the DHS as well as other federal
departments and agencies. Critical state and local missions supported through these
grants include the preparedness of first responders and citizens, public health,
infrastructure security, and other public safety activities. These programs vary
considerably in their size and scope and are intended to contribute to securing the
United States against the threat of terrorism, as well as other natural and man-made
hazards.
DHS grants listed at this site include those administered by the Office of
Domestic Preparedness (ODP), the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA), and the Transportation Security Administration (TSA). Other Federal
agency programs include the Department of Health and Human Services public
health preparedness grants, Department of Justice grants for counter-terrorism and
general-purpose law enforcement activities, and Environmental Protection Agency
grants for enhancing the security of our Nation’s water supplies. Many of the grants
listed are based on FY2003 programs whose application deadlines have passed, but
the programs are expected to continue. The FY2004 grant programs are being
developed at this time, and the DHS page will be updated with information on
FY2004 application availability and deadlines as it becomes available.
The DHS page is intended to provide an overview of relevant programs for
potential applicants. When available, links are provided for the individual grant
programs, which will lead to more information on their specific requirements and
procedures. Other websites for grants information are available at
[http://www.FedGrants.gov] and [http://www.Grants.gov].
Federal grants as well as loan and nonfinancial assistance programs are also
described in the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA) at its website, at
[http://www.cfda.gov].

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Types of Federal Assistance
Grants. Grants are generally considered desirable by applicants since they are
an outright award of funds. Federal grants fall under the following categories:
! Formula Grants: allocations of money to states or their subdivisions
for activities of a continuing nature not confined to a specific
project. They include block grants to states and local governments.
! Project Grants: funding, for fixed or known periods, of specific
projects or the delivery of specific services or products, including
fellowships, scholarships, research grants, training grants,
traineeships, experimental and demonstration grants, evaluation
grants, planning grants, technical assistance grants, survey grants,
construction grants, and unsolicited contractual agreements. They
can also be referred to as discretionary or categorical grants or
funding.
! Direct Payments for Specified Use: financial assistance provided
directly to individuals, private firms, and other private institutions
to encourage or subsidize a particular activity.
! Direct Payments with Unrestricted Use: financial assistance
provided directly to beneficiaries who satisfy federal eligibility
requirements with no restrictions as to how the money is spent.
Loans. Since loans must be repaid, they are often viewed by applicants as less
desirable than grants. However, with the reduction of federal funds available for
grants and the increasing level of competition for such funds, loans are often the only
form of assistance available. Federal loans consist of two types:
! Direct Loans: lending of federal funds for a specific period of times,
with a reasonable expectation of repayment; may or may not require
the payment of interest.
! Guaranteed/Insured Loans: programs in which the federal
government makes an arrangement to indemnify a lender against
part or all of any defaults by those responsible for repayment of
loans.
Insurance. Some federal programs provide financial assistance to assure
reimbursement for losses sustained under specified conditions. Coverage may be
provided directly by the federal government or through private carriers and may or
may not require the payment of premiums.
Nonfinancial Assistance. Several types of federal programs offer assistance
to qualifying entities that does not involve the transfer of funds. These programs fall
into the following categories:
! Sale, Exchange, or Donation of Property and Goods: programs
which provide for the sale, exchange, or donation of federal real

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property, personal property, commodities, and other goods including
land, buildings, equipment, food, and drugs.
! Use of Property, Facilities, and Equipment: programs which provide
for the loan of, use of, or access to federal facilities or property
wherein the federally-owned facilities or property do not remain in
the possession of the recipient of the assistance.
! Provision of Specialized Services: programs which provide federal
personnel to directly perform certain tasks for the benefit of
communities or individuals.
! Advisory Services and Counseling: programs which provide federal
specialists to consult, advise, or counsel communities or individuals,
to include conferences, workshops, or personal contacts.
! Dissemination of Technical Information: programs which provide
for the publication and distribution of information or data of a
specialized technical nature frequently through clearinghouses or
libraries.
! Training: programs which provide instructional activities conducted
directly by a federal agency for individuals not employed by the
federal government.
! Investigation of Complaints: federal administrative agency activities
that are initiated in response to requests, either formal or informal,
to examine or investigate claims of violations of federal statutes,
policy, or procedure.
! Federal Employment: programs which reflect the government-wide
responsibilities of the Office of Personnel Management in the
recruitment and hiring of federal civilian agency personnel.
Pass-Through Funds/Subcontracting
In many cases, a grant or contract is not awarded directly to the final recipient of
the funds. The money may be “passed through” from the primary recipient of the
funds to the entity that actually provides the product or service or administers the
program. For instance, a federal grant may be awarded to a state government, which
then spends the money, within the parameters of the particular program, by
distributing the funds to other levels of governments (county, city, township, etc.) in
the state. Block grants are federal funds that are provided to states, and then passed
through to local agencies, for a wide variety of purposes, such as community
development or law enforcement. Recipients have discretion in identifying problems
in the functional area and in using federal funds to address those problems.
For most block grants, Congress prescribes formulas in the authorizing legislation
for distributing the funds. For a few grants, Congress gives authority for the method
for distribution of funds to federal executive agencies, such as with the discretionary

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portion of the Byrne law enforcement grant program. Through formula or block
grants, the federal government allocates funds to states or their subdivisions, which
are competitively awarded and administered by them for projects and needs in local
jurisdictions.
To obtain these funds, local grantseekers must become familiar with state and
local agencies that receive such federal awards, and learn how to apply for them. The
Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance program descriptions under “Information
Contacts” indicate whether state and regional contacts for the program are available.
These appear in a CFDA Appendix available via the CFDA website at
[http://12.46.245.173/CFDA/pdf/appx4.pdf]. CFDA also lists state contacts for many
states under the State Single Point of Contact (SPOCs) section available at
[http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/grants/spoc.html].
A similar situation exists with contracts. A federal homeland security contract
may be so large that a smaller business would have great difficulty in providing the
products or services required to meet the terms of the contract. However, the larger
company that received the contract may be using subcontractors to provide some of
the products and services that it needs to fulfill the contract. In these cases, the
primary contractor must be contacted to determine the availability of subcontracting
opportunities.
There is no centralized federal system that tracks the availability of
subcontracting opportunities. However, notices of business opportunities and of
contract awards are posted on the Federal Business Opportunities website, at
[http://www.fedbizopps.gov]. A businessperson can search for opportunities by
agency name, such as Department of Homeland Security. The results of a search
yield postings of solicitations or contracts, with summary and contact information.
In the vendors’ section, businesspersons may register at this website to receive
automatic notices of business opportunities with federal agencies.
Research and Development
Federal government funding for research supports “systematic study directed
toward fuller scientific knowledge or understanding of the subject studied.”3 This
work may be basic research, which is intended to produce “knowledge or
understanding ... of fundamental aspects of phenomena and of observable facts
without specific applications ... in mind.” Applied research is intended to produce
“knowledge or understanding necessary to determine means by which a recognized
and specific need may be met.” Funding for development supports systematic use
of the knowledge gained from research to produce “useful materials, devices,
systems, or methods, including design and development of prototypes and
processes.” Test and Evaluation (T&E) may be supported as part of development.
Federally-funded demonstration is “intended to prove or to test whether a technology
3 Definitions in this paragraph are based on National Science Foundation, Federal Funds
for Research and Development: Fiscal Years 2000, 2001, and 2002, NSF 02-321,
Definitions section. NSF’s definitions are derived from OMB Circular A-11. The latest
version is from 2002. See section 84 — 8.

CRS-11
or method does in fact work” and may include validation, engineering and
manufacturing development, management and support, and operational system
development. Federally-funded research and development (R&D) funding excludes
quality control, routine product testing, and production; collection of general-purpose
statistics, mapping; experimental production, routine monitoring and evaluation of
an operational program, and training of personnel.
Funding. R&D may be conducted intramurally (by federal government
personnel and agencies) or extramurally (by nonfederal personnel at industrial firms,
universities and colleges, other nonprofit institutions, or in federally funded R&D
centers) with funds awarded by grant, cooperative agreement, or contract.
Grants are used to fund R&D when
! federal resources are transferred to a performer [typically, a state or
local government, academic institution, or other nonprofit
performer] to conduct work that serves a “public purpose of support
or stimulation authorized by law” [including production of
knowledge], instead of providing direct benefit, in terms of property
and knowledge, only for the U.S. government; and
! substantial involvement is not expected between the federal agency
and the recipient when carrying out the activity contemplated in the
grant agreement.4
Cooperative agreements are like grants except that substantial involvement is
expected between the federal agency and the recipient when carrying out the
contemplated activity (31 U.S.C. 6305). A Cooperative Research and Development
Agreement (CRADA) is an agreement between one or more federal laboratories and
one or more nonfederal entities (including for profit), when the federal laboratory
intends to provide personnel, services, facilities, equipment, intellectual property, or
other resources with or without reimbursement (but not funds) to nonfederal entities,
and the nonfederal entities provide funds, personnel, services, facilities, equipment,
intellectual property, or other resources toward the conduct of specified R&D efforts
which are consistent with the missions of the laboratory. The agreement does not
involve a procurement contract or cooperative agreement as those terms are used in
sections 6303, 6304, and 6305 of Title 31 (15 U.S.C. 3710a).
A contract is used if
! the funding agency seeks to fund R&D [that is, to purchase a
specific R&D-related item, property or service] for the direct benefit
or use of a U.S. government agency, or
4 Based on 31 U.S.C. 6304.

CRS-12

! the agency decides that using a procurement contract is appropriate
for the project.5
Federal specifications may be rigorous and detailed, and the contractor may need
to satisfy specific agency specifications and requirements. Universities and colleges
are the single largest performer of federally funded research, which is supported
largely by grants, and about 52% of federally funded basic research is conducted in
universities and colleges. Seventy percent of federally funded development is
conducted by industry and is funded largely by contracts and other funding
instruments (NSF 02-321).
Identifying Recipients of Federal Grant/Contract/R&D Funds
Those seeking federal funds via grant, contract, or research and development
opportunities may have some interest in identifying recipients of previously awarded
actions. While local media sources may report information on companies that have
been awarded a particular federal contract or a state/local government entity that
received a large federal grant, such reporting is usually limited. Some federal
systems exist that can assist with identifying the recipient(s) of federal grant,
contract, and research and development funds. While none of these resources
provides information on an up-to-the-minute basis, they may be useful in providing
a picture of the types of recipients that received funding in the past. Some
departments and agencies provide information on the recipients of grant funds at their
websites.
Federal Procurement Data Center (FPDC). The Federal Procurement Data
System (FPDS) was established by the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act
(P.L. 93-400). Until September 30, 2004, it was an automated system operated by
the General Services Administration that contained detailed information on federal
procurement activity. Collection of data began on October 1, 1978. FPDS was
required to collect and compile data only on individual contracts exceeding $25,000.
FPDS searching was done by several different data elements, including agency, date,
contractor name and address, city, state, county, kind of contract action, method of
solicitation, type of business, etc. Searching by congressional district was not
available, and the system did not include any information on subcontracting actions.
Searches could be tailored to specific fields and were available to the public for a fee.
Beginning on October 1, 2004, through a contract from GSA, operation and
maintenance of the current and historical FPDS system was awarded to Global
Computer Enterprises, Inc. (GCE). Data for FY2004 and later fiscal years will be
contained within a new FPDS system named FPDS-NG (Federal Procurement Data
System — Next Generation). As with the previous FPDS system, basic procurement
data will be published electronically each fiscal year and special reports will be
available. For further information on FPDS-NG, see [https://www.fpds.gov].
Additional details on FPDS-NG will be announced at a later date.
Inquiries concerning content of and access to FPDS-NG may be directed to:
5 Based on 31 U.S.C. 6303.

CRS-13
U.S. General Services Administration
Federal Procurement Data Center
Eighteenth and F Streets, N.W., Room 4020
Washington, D.C. 20405
For additional information, call (202) 501-2647. Congressional offices should
identify themselves as such.
The FPDS published an annual summary report titled the FPDS Federal
Procurement Report. Copies of the report are available via the FPDS-NG website.
The FY2000 edition was the first one available in full text via the Web. This report
presents overviews of the procurement activity of the federal government as a whole,
federal procurement activity in each state, and procurement activity of each federal
department and agency for a particular fiscal year.
Federal Assistance Awards Data System (FAADS). The Federal
Assistance Awards Data System (FAADS) is an automated system established by the
Federal Program Information Act (P.L. 95-220) and is administered by the Bureau
of the Census. It contains detailed information on federal monies awarded through
the domestic assistance programs listed in the Catalog of Federal Domestic
Assistance, a listing of federal programs which provide financial and nonfinancial
assistance or benefits to the public. The FAADS system records contain agency
name, CFDA program number, fiscal year, state, county, city or town, zip code,
program recipient, etc.
Data are available starting with FY1981. Data by congressional district, with
limitations, is available through the FAADS system. However, FAADS is not a
searchable database that can be directly queried. Although large amounts of data may
be downloaded to a computer from the Census website, a search of the contents may
not be conducted at the site. While some data is viewable at the website, the data
files must be downloaded, and users must make use of their own software to
manipulate or search the files. The Bureau of the Census has developed a Web page
at [http://www.census.gov/govs/www/faads.html] for distribution of FAADS data via
the Internet, starting with FY1996.
RaDiUS. RaDiUS (Research and Development in the United States) is a
comprehensive database on R&D activities and resources of the federal government.
The database was developed by the Rand Corporation in cooperation with the
National Science Foundation (NSF). The system does not include classified
information. Licenses (some of which involve a fee) to use the database are available
to employees and contractors of the federal government, employees and students at
U.S. educational institutions, and other eligible members of the general public.
Background information on the RaDiUS system may be obtained at Rand’s website
at [http://www.rand.org/scitech/radius/]. Information on obtaining licenses to use the
system may be found at [https://radius.rand.org/radius/getting_started.html].

CRS-14
Getting Started
Department of Homeland Security
DHS agencies administer several federal assistance programs. These programs
include block grants to state administering agencies, discretionary grant programs
administered by DHS agencies, and funding programs established by legislative
action. Table 1 lists several of these programs and Web addresses for program
information from the pertinent DHS agencies. The current availability of funding for
each of these programs varies, so those interested should contact the respective DHS
agency for details. For additional information on DHS federal funding, see the
section below entitled “Other Relevant CRS Products.”
Table 1. DHS Homeland Security Federal Assistance Programs
Agency
Program
Program Information on the Web
Office for Domestic
State Homeland
[http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/interapp/
Preparedness (ODP)
Security Grant
editorial/editorial_0356.xml]
Program
Office for Domestic
Urban Areas
[http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/interapp/
Preparedness (ODP)
Security
editorial/editorial_0356.xml]
Initiative
United States Fire
Assistance to
[http://www.usfa.fema.gov/grants/afgp/]
Administration
Firefighters
(FIRE Act)
Grant Program
Federal Emergency
Emergency
[http://www.fema.gov/preparedness/
Management
Management
empg.shtm]
Agency
Performance
Grants
Transportation
Port Security
[https://www.portsecuritygrants.dottsa.net/]
Security
Grants
Administration
(TSA)
In addition, DHS administers a number of research and development
opportunities and resources. Table 2 presents a selection of websites that will
provide information on these opportunities and resources. For additional information
on DHS R&D opportunities, see CRS Report RS21617, Homeland Security
Extramural R&D Funding Opportunities in Federal Agencies.

CRS-15
Table 2. DHS R&D Opportunities and Resources

Program Information
Agency/Organization Program
on the Web
Homeland Security
HSARPA will be the
[http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/
Advanced Research
primary source of
display?theme=27&content=47]
Projects Agency
extramural R&D
(HSARPA)
funding in the Science
and Technology
Directorate.
Office of University
Homeland Security
[http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/
Programs
Centers of Excellence.
interapp/press_release/press_relea
DHS plans to establish
se_0220.xml]
several university
centers by the end of
2004 through a
competitive process.
Technical Support
Broad Agency
[http://www.tswg.gov/tswg/
Working Group
Announcements. DHS
home/home.htm]
(TSWG)
is using TSWG to
assist in identifying
technologies for rapid
prototyping under
periodic broad area
announcements (BAA).
Science and
Unsolicited R&D
[http://www.dhs.gov/interweb/ass
Technology
Proposals. These
etlibrary/dhs_website_unsolprop.
Directorate
proposals are handled
doc]
by TSWG. See link for
specific information.
U.S. Coast Guard
Various RDT&E
[http://www.rdc.uscg.gov/]
Research and
activities in support of
Development Center
Coast Guard homeland
security and other
missions.
Transportation
R&D activities to
[http://www.tsa.gov/public/
Security
improve current
index.jsp]
Administration
security technologies.
The DHS website provides information for businesses wishing to get involved
with the department in several different ways, including general information on
acquisition policy and regulations, and rules for unsolicited proposals. The website
states that some of the procedures of doing business with DHS agencies are still
being developed.

CRS-16
Table 3. DHS Homeland Security Business Opportunities
and Resources
Agency
Business Information
Website or E-mail Address
Department of
Provides link to
[http://www.dhs.gov/
Homeland Security
“Business”
dhspublic/display?theme=37]
(DHS)
information, DHS
acquisition offices, federal
policies and regulations.
Federal Business
Serves as the single point
[http://www.fedbizopps.gov]
Opportunities, GSA
of entry for federal
procurement opportunities
over $25,000.
Small Business
Provides contact
[http://www.dhs.gov/
Procurment Assistance,
addresses and phone
dhspublic/display?theme=37
DHS
numbers of small business
&content=3406]
specialists in DHS.
Answers frequently asked
questions on contracting.
Central Contractor
Vendors are required to
[http://www.ccr.gov]
Registration (CCR)
register in this database,
prior to the award of any
contract or basic ordering
agreement.
Department of Defense
The vast majority of DOD contracts are awarded by DOD field organizations, or
specific mission-oriented agencies within the department. Businesses seeking
homeland security contracts should be aware that the DOD contracting process is
very tightly controlled and regimented, often requiring prospective contractors to be
precertified or obligated to apply for security clearances with the Defense Security
Service (DSS), National Industrial Security Program (NISP) at its website, at
[http://www.dss.mil/isec/index.htm].
Because the limited number of available DOD homeland security contracts may
initially be awarded to large or traditional prime contractors, small businesses may
expand their access by investigating potential procurement opportunities available
within the secondary market of subcontracting with DOD prime contractors. A list
of all major DOD prime contractors arranged by state and including a point of contact
for the Small Business Liaison Officer in each company is located at
[http://www.acq.osd.mil/sadbu/publications/subdir/index.html]. Specific agencies
or organizations within the DOD that may be able to assist businesses seeking
homeland security contracts are listed in Table 4.

CRS-17
Table 4. DOD Homeland Security Federal Assistance Programs
Program Information
Agency
Program
on the Web
Office of the Under
FedBizOpps.gov has
[http://www.fedbizopps.
Secretary of Defense for
replaced DODBusOpps.com
gov/index.html]
Acquisition, Technology,
as the single government
and Logistics USD
point-of-entry (GPE) for
(AT&L) via the General
DOD procurement
Services Administration
opportunities over $25,000.
Government buyers are able
to publicize their business
opportunities by posting
information directly to
FedBizOpps via the Internet.
Technical Support
The TSWG uses the Broad
[http://www.tswg.gov/]
Working Group (TSWG)
Agency Announcement
Information delivery system
[https://www.bids.tswg.gov/
(B.I.D.S.) as a tool for
tswg/bids.nsf/Main?
dissemination and receipt of
OpenFrameset&5RVGUK]
data related to active
contract solicitations.
Office of Small and
The SADBU operates
[http://www.acq.osd.mil/
Disadvantaged Business
programs and creates and
sadbu/]
Utilization (SADBU)
disseminates information
that will provide small and
disadvantaged or minority
businesses with
opportunities to compete for
DOD contracts.
Deputy Under Secretary
Advanced Concept
[http://www.acq.osd.mil/
of Defense for Advanced
Technology Demonstration
asc/]
Systems & Concepts
(ACTD). DOD created the
DUSD (AS&C)
ACTD program in 1994 to
assist the acquisition process
by expediting the transition
of maturing technologies
from private sector
developers to potential
military customers.
Office of the Under
Defense Electronic Business
[http://www.acq.osd.mil/
Secretary of Defense for
Program Office facilitates
dpap/ebiz/]
Acquisition, Technology,
the acquisition process by
and Logistics
expediting electronic
USD(AT&L)
business-to-business
transactions using
established commercial
standards and best practices.

CRS-18
Program Information
Agency
Program
on the Web
Defense Logistics
Procurement Technical
[http://www.dla.mil/db/
Agency (DLA)
Assistance Centers Program
procurem.htm]
(PTAP) are located in most
states as a local resource
available to provide
assistance to small business
firms in marketing products
to the DOD.
Department of Defense Homeland Security R&D
At this juncture the vast majority of research and development money for
homeland security will be coming from DHS, and only a small amount of funding for
homeland defense will be coming from DOD. Potential contractors need to know
that contracting with DOD requires knowledge of and adherence to a number of
complex procedures, forms, and standards, as mentioned above.
As yet there is no one place where homeland security/defense R&D contracting
opportunities are listed centrally. Potential contractors have to search for homeland
security/defense oriented R&D opportunities by going to more general R&D sites and
scanning the listings.
Places to look for potential DOD R&D contracts and contracting information on
the Internet are given in Table 5.
Table 5. DOD R&D Contracts and Contracting Information
Agency/Organization
Program
Program Information on the
Web
Office of the Secretary
Handbook on Selling to
[http://www.acq.osd.mil/sadbu/
of Defense
the Military
publications/selling/main.htm]
Defense Advanced
High technology R&D
[http://www.darpa.mil/body/
Research Projects
projects
dobdar.html]
Agency (DARPA)
DOD Small Business
Focus on small
[http://www.acq.osd.mil/sadbu/
Innovation Research
businesses
sbir/]
(SBIR) program

CRS-19
Agency/Organization
Program
Program Information on the
Web
Defense Electronic
FedBizOpps.gov has
[http://www.fedbizopps.gov/
Business Program
replaced
index.html]
Office
DODBusOpps.com as
the single government
point-of-entry (GPE) for
DOD procurement
opportunities over
$25,000. Government
buyers are able to
publicize their business
opportunities by posting
information directly to
FedBizOpps via the
Internet.
Center for
Public-private R&D
[http://www.ccatsandiego.org]
Commercialization of
partnership funded by
Advanced Technology
DOD, which had been
(CCAT)
soliciting innovative
technologies related to
defense and homeland
security
Other Federal Agency Homeland Security R&D Programs
Homeland security-related research and development programs are conducted and
supported by federal agencies other than DHS. Some of these programs are managed
by offices dedicated specifically to supporting homeland security R&D. Others are
funded through regular R&D support procedures. The programs listed in Table 6
support R&D funding for governmental, academic, and industrial performers and use
contracts or grants, as appropriate. Several agencies have more than one relevant
program. For additional information on other R&D opportunities at federal agencies,
see CRS Report RS21617, Homeland Security Extramural R&D Funding
Opportunities in Federal Agencies.

CRS-20
Table 6. Other Federal Agency Homeland Security R&D
Programs, Opportunities, and Resources
Program Information on the
Agency
Program
Web
U.S. Dept. of
The Homeland Security
[http://www.usda.gov/
Agriculture (USDA)
Council’s R&D focuses
homelandsecurity/
on food supply and
homeland.html]
agricultural production
[http://www.ars.usda.gov/Busi
ness/Business.htm]
Department of
Fire safety standards,
[http://www.nist.gov/
Commerce, National
materials, cybersecurity,
public_affairs/factsheet/
Institute of Standards
threat detection and
homeland.htm#tools]
and Technology (NIST)
protection, tools for law
enforcement, and
For NIST grants programs,
emergency response
Joyce Brigham, (301)
975-6329
Dept. of Energy, Office
Various programs
[http://www.sc.doe.gov/
of Science
dealing with counter
grants/grants.html]
terrorism. See separate
laboratories’ websites
for their opportunities
Dept. of Health and
Biodefense Research at
[http://www2.niaid.nih.gov/
Human Services
the National Institute of
biodefense/about/niaids_
(DHHS), National
Allergy and Infectious
role.htm]
Institutes of Health
Diseases (NIAID) on
(NIH)
agents of bioterrorism
[http://www2.niaid.nih.gov/biod
and basic biology,
efense/research/default.htm]
immunology, vaccines,
drugs, and diagnostics
Dept. of Justice,
Public safety
[http://www.ojp.gov/nij/
National Institute of
improvement programs
sciencetech/highlights.htm]
Justice (NIJ)
include homeland
[http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/
Technology Program
security
nij/funding.htm]
Dept. of Transportation
Research and Special
[http://www.rspa.dot.gov/contr
(DOT)
Programs agency R&D
acts.html]
on pipeline safety
and homeland security
[http://www.volpe.dot.gov/
procure/current.html#rfp]
Procurement
information for the
[http://www.dot.gov/
Volpe Center
DOTagencies.htm]
Additional security-
[http://www.dot.gov/
related R&D
PerfPlan2004/
procurement
homelandperf.html]
information

CRS-21
Program Information on the
Agency
Program
Web
Environmental
Buildings, water, and
[http://www.epa.gov/
Protection Agency
rapid risk assessment in
ordnhsrc/]
(EPA), Homeland
partnership with other
Security Research
EPA and other
avel.andy@epa.gov
Center
government
laboratories, and other
Schultz.Patricia@epa.gov
performers
National Science
Data mining, national
[http://www.nsf.gov/od/
Foundation (NSF)
hazards, ecology of
lpa/news/media/01/
Homeland Security Page
infectious diseases,
nsf_response.htm#grants]
microbial genome
sequencing, critical
[http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/
infrastructure, computer
2003/nsf03569/
security, programs with
nsf03569.htm]
the intelligence

community, and small
[http://www.eng.nsf.gov/
business innovation
sbir/homeland.htm]
Other Federal Departments and Agencies
Federal assistance for homeland security is also available through federal
government agencies other than DHS and DOD. The table below lists agencies other
than DHS that provide federal assistance, which can be used to fund homeland
security activities, the relevant programs they administer, and Web addresses for
program information from the pertinent agencies. The current availability of funding
for each of these programs varies, so those interested should contact the respective
agency for details.
Table 7. Non-DHS Homeland Security Federal
Assistance Programs
Agency
Program
Program Information on the
Web
Department of
Extramural Fire
[http://www.bfrl.nist.gov/866/
Commerce, Fire
Research Grants
extramuralprogram.htm]
Research Division
Program
Department of Justice,
Edward Byrne Memorial [http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/
Bureau of Justice
State and Local Law
BJA/grant/byrne.html]
Assistance
Enforcement Assistance
(Byrne Formula Grant
Program)
Department of Justice,
Local Law Enforcement
[http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/
Bureau of Justice
Block Grant (LLEBG)
BJA/grant/llebg_app.html]
Assistance

CRS-22
Agency
Program
Program Information on the
Web
Department of Justice,
State and Local Anti-
[http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/
Bureau of Justice
Terrorism Training
training.htm]
Assistance
Department of Justice,
Antiterrorism and
[http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/
Office for Victims of
Emergency Assistance
fundopps.htm]
Crime
Program for Terrorism
and Mass Violence
Crimes
Environmental
Clean Water State
[http://www.epa.gov/
Protection Agency
Revolving Fund
OW-OWM.html/
(CWSRF)
cwfinance/cwsrf/index.htm]
National Science
Small Business
[http://www.eng.nsf.gov/
Foundation (NSF)
Innovation Research
sbirspecs/Program/program.htm ]
(SBIR) and Small
Business Technology
Transfer (STTR)
Programs
The Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance
The Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance, which describes some 1,500 grants,
loans, and nonfinancial assistance programs of the federal government, lists most
homeland security programs under the Department of Homeland Security
[http://12.46.245.173/pls/portal30/CATALOG.BROWSE_AGENCY_PROGRAM
_RPT.SHOW?p_arg_names=agency_id&p_arg_values=3489206]. For information on
additional federal first-responder and terrorism preparedness programs still
administered by other federal departments and agencies, the CFDA Web page
Assistance Programs Relating to Recovery [http://www.cfda.gov/911.htm] may help.
Other Relevant CRS Products
CRS Report RS21617. Homeland Security Extramural R&D Funding Opportunities
in Federal Agencies, by Genevieve J. Knezo.
CRS Report RL31227. Terrorism Preparedness: Catalog of Selected Federal
Assistance Programs, coordinated by Ben Canada.
CRS Report RS21302. Assistance to Fire Fighters Program, by Lennard G. Kruger.
CRS Report RL31465. Protecting Critical Infrastructure from Terrorist Attack: A
Catalog of Selected Federal Assistance Programs, by John Moteff.
CRS Report RL31615. Homeland Security: The Department of Defense’s Role, by
Steve Bowman.

CRS-23
CRS Report RL31802. Appropriations for FY2004: Department of Homeland
Security, coordinated by Paul M. Irwin and Dennis W. Snook.
CRS Report RL32242. Emergency Management Funding for the Department of
Homeland Security: Information and Issues for FY2005, by Keith Bea, Shawn
Reese, Wayne Morrissey, and C. Stephen Redhead.
CRS Report RS21650. FY2004 Appropriations for First Responder Preparedness:
Fact Sheet, by Shawn Reese.
CRS Report RL32348. Selected Federal Homeland Security Assistance Programs:
A Summary, by Shawn Reese.
Conclusion
The process of identifying and pursuing a federal grant, contract, or research and
development opportunity in the area of homeland security can be very difficult.
Although no single resource will necessarily get every business, university, research
organization, or state or local government interested in pursuing homeland security
funds to exactly the information or program listing that they require, the gateways
provided in this report provide the starting points for their search. Once the gateways
are entered, the process has only just begun. There are things that must be done:
write program listings, prepare grant applications, write contract proposals, and
meet certain requirements.