Trends in U.S. Foreign Food Aid, FY1992-FY2002

Trends in U.S. Foreign Food Aid, FY1992-FY2002

Order Code RL31927
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Trends in U.S. Foreign Food Aid, FY1992-FY2002
May 20, 2003
(name redacted)
Technical Information Specialist
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

Trends in U.S. Foreign Food Aid, FY1992-FY2002
Summary
Over the 11-year period from FY1992 to FY2002, more than 50 types of
agricultural commodities have been donated to more than 100 countries through U.S.
food aid programs. The Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of
1954, the Food for Progress Act of 1985, and the Agricultural Act of 1949
established three main U.S. food aid programs: Public Law 480 (P.L. 480), Food for
Progress (FFP), and Section 416(b) to meet humanitarian needs, alleviate
malnutrition, and establish a market presence in recipient countries. Three other food
aid programs are the Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust, the McGovern-Dole
International Food for Education and Child Nutrition Program (IFEP), and the John
Ogonowski Farmer-to-Farmer Program.
P.L. 480, also known as the Food for Peace Program, provides U.S. agricultural
commodities to countries with differing economic development levels. Food For
Progress provides commodities to developing countries that are emerging
democracies and that have made commitments to introduce or expand free enterprise
in their agricultural economies. Section 416(b) provides donations to developing
countries of surplus agricultural commodities acquired by the Commodity Credit
Corporation (CCC) through price support programs. The Bill Emerson Humanitarian
Trust is a commodity reserve used to meet emergency humanitarian food needs in
developing countries. The McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and
Child Nutrition Program (IFEP) provides food to improve nutrition for mothers,
infants, preschoolers, and schoolchildren in developing countries. The John
Ogonowski Farmer-to-Farmer Program finances the transfer of technical skills of the
U.S. agricultural community to farmers in participating countries.
This report provides tables and graphs on the composition of U.S. food aid.
Data is restricted to United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) data that
includes commodity tonnage and value. The data does not include ocean freight,
internal handling, shipping, transportation, and administration expenses.
Among other things, this report indicates that funding for food aid varies from
year to year; that more food aid has been provided under P.L. 480 and Section 416(b)
than under Food for Progress; that most food aid provided under P.L. 480 is
distributed through Title II; that the food aid commodity composition now includes
more high-value and blended products donated through Title II feeding programs;
and that the United States is a major food aid contributor. This report will be updated
as circumstances warrant.

Contents
Food Aid Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Food Aid by Program, FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Commodities Provided by Programs, FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Regions Receiving Commodities, FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Emergency vs. Non-Emergency Food Aid, FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Food Aid as a Percentage of U.S. Agricultural Exports to
Developing Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Food Aid by Donor Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
List of Figures
Figure 1. U.S. Food Aid by Program, Commodity Value, FY1992-FY2002 . . . . 3
Figure 2. P.L. 480 Food Aid Programs by Commodity Value, FY1992-FY2002 . 3
Figure 3. Food Aid Commodity Categories by Volume, FY1992 and FY2002 . . 5
Figure 4. Volume of Food Aid Received by Region, FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . 6
Figure 5. Emergency and Non-Emergency Food Aid, FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . 7
Figure 6. U.S. Food Aid Exports as a Percent of U.S. Agricultural Exports
to Developing Countries, FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Figure 7. Major Donor Contributions of Food Aid by Volume,
Marketing Years 1995-2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
List of Tables
Table 1. Food Aid Programs, Value and Commodity Volume by Program,
FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Table 2. Non-Emergency and Emergency Food Aid,
FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Table 3. Food Aid and U.S. Agricultural Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Appendix A: U.S. Food Aid by Value, FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Appendix B: U.S. Food Aid by Volume, FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Appendix C: Food Aid Commodity Mix, FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Appendix D: Food Aid Commodity Categories by Volume, FY1992-FY2002 . 13
Appendix E: Countries That Received Food Aid, FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . . . 14
Appendix F: Food Aid Donations to Regions by Volume, FY1992-FY2002 . . . 16

Trends in U.S. Foreign Food Aid,
FY1992-FY2002
Food Aid Programs
The Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954, the Food for
Progress Act of 1985, and the Agricultural Act of 1949 established three main U.S.
food aid programs to meet humanitarian needs, alleviate malnutrition, and to
establish a market presence in recipient countries. The three main food aid programs
that provide commodities are Public Law 480 (P.L. 480); Food for Progress (FFP);
and Section 416(b). There are three other programs also used to provide food aid and
agricultural technical assistance. These are the Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust, the
McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and Child Nutrition Program
(IFEP), and the John Ogonowski Farmer-to-Farmer Program.
P.L. 480, also known as the Food for Peace Program, provides U.S. agricultural
commodities to countries with differing economic development levels. It is
authorized by the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 and
consists of three titles: Title I, Title II, and Title III. Title I uses long term credit
agreements to facilitate government to government purchases of agricultural
commodities by developing countries with the potential to become commercial
markets. It is administered by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
Titles II and III are administered by the Agency for International Development
(USAID). Title II allows the U.S. government to donate agricultural commodities
to foreign countries to meet humanitarian needs arising from emergencies or for use
in development projects. Title II also is used to donate agricultural commodities to
the United Nations (UN) World Food Program (WFP), an intergovernmental
organization that provides for humanitarian needs in foreign countries. Title II
humanitarian programs are operated by private voluntary organizations, cooperatives,
intergovernmental organizations, governments of developing countries and their
agencies, and other organizations. Title III provides government to government
grants to support long term economic development in least developed countries.
Food For Progress provides commodities to developing countries that are
emerging democracies and that have made commitments to introduce or expand free
enterprise in their agricultural economies. It is authorized by the Food for Progress
Act of 1985. Commodities for the FFP are financed by Title I appropriations or
through Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) purchases or, if available, CCC
inventories may be used.
Section 416(b) of the Agriculture Act of 1949, as amended, provides donations
of surplus agricultural commodities acquired by the CCC from price support
programs to food aid programs. It is administered by USDA and operates much like
Title II. It can be used for emergency and non-emergency food aid and the

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commodities are provided to the ultimate beneficiaries via private voluntary
organizations, cooperatives, and the World Food Program. In marketing years 2000-
2002, section 416(b) commodities were used for the Global Food for Education
Initiative (GFEI). GFEI was replaced by the IFEP in the 2002 farm bill (see below).
The Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust is primarily a commodity reserve used
to meet emergency humanitarian food needs in developing countries. It is authorized
under the Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust Act of 1998. Four million metric tons
of grains can be held in the trust in any combination of wheat, rice, corn, or sorghum.
Funds from P.L. 480 can be used to purchase grain to replace supplies released from
the reserve, but the purchases are limited to $20 million per fiscal year. The Bill
Emerson Humanitarian Trust is also authorized to hold money as well as
commodities in the reserve, but no funds have been held.
The McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and Child Nutrition
Program (IFEP), authorized by the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of
2002, encourages education and provides food to improve nutrition for mothers,
infants, preschoolers, and school children in developing countries. It is administered
by USDA and carried out by private voluntary organizations, cooperatives,
intergovernmental organizations, governments of developing countries and their
agencies, and other organizations.
The John Ogonowski Farmer-to-Farmer Program does not provide any
commodities but receives 0.4% of P.L. 480 appropriations to improve global food
production and marketing by transferring technical skills of the U.S. agricultural
community to farmers in participating countries. It is authorized under Title V of
P.L. 480, administered by USAID, and operated by private voluntary organizations,
cooperatives, intergovernmental organizations, governments of developing countries
and their agencies, and other organizations. The program was renamed to honor John
Ogonowski, who participated in the program, and was one of the pilots who was
killed on September 11, 2001.
Food Aid by Program, FY1992-FY2002
As shown in Figure 1, levels of funding for U.S. food aid have varied from year
to year. Funding peaked in FY1999 at $2.7 billion and was $1.1 billion in FY2002.
Food for Progress was $86 million, Section 416(b) was $410 million, and P.L. 480
was $595 million in FY2002. In FY1992, P.L. 480 accounted for 72% of total food
aid and in FY2002 it accounted for 55% of total food aid. Although Section 416(b)
was not funded from FY1995 to FY1997, funding for it has increased overall
between FY1992 and FY2002. In FY1999, Section 416(b) peaked at $1.1 billion due
to a Food Aid Initiative announced by President Clinton in 1998. The Initiative
authorized increased wheat and wheat product donations. Under the Initiative, the
CCC purchased over 5 million metric tons of soybeans, wheat, and wheat products
which were donated through the Section 416(b) program in FY1999. Much of the
food was made available to the McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and
Child Nutrition Program (IFEP). (See also Table 1, for food aid data by value and
volume from FY1992-FY2002.)

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Figure 1. U.S. Food Aid by Program,
Commodity Value, FY1992-FY2002
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
P.L. 480
Section 416 (b)
Food for Progress
Source: USDA.
Figure 2. P.L. 480 Food Aid Programs by
Commodity Value, FY1992-FY2002
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Title I
Title II
Title II/WFP
Title III
Title II includes Title II/WFP for 1992. Source: USDA.
The $595 million of P.L. 480 in FY2002 included Title I at $102 million, Title
II at $280 million, and TitleII/WFP at $213 million. Title III has not been funded
since FY2000. As shown in Figure 2, Title II is the largest of the three P.L. 480
programs. Title II commodities allocated to the WFP have been increasing in recent
years. In FY1992, Title I was $374 million, three times the amount it was in
FY2002. The level of Title I spending in FY1999 was due to augmenting P.L. 480
appropriations with $700 million of CCC funds to provide food aid to Russia.

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Table 1. Food Aid Programs, Value and Commodity Volumea by Program, FY1992-FY2002
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
P.L. 480: Title I
Dollars in Millions
374
333
218
172
219
153
164
687
157
105
102
Million Metric Tons
2.27
2.11
1.16
0.80
0.79
0.77
1.02
3.43
1.03
0.75
5.04
P.L. 480: Title II
Dollars in Millions
482
509
578
458
504
413
475
581
471
439
493
Million Metric Tons
1.92
2.00
2.09
2.05
1.62
1.64
1.93
2.73
2.12
2.13
2.24
P.L. 480: Title III
Dollars in Millions
240
232
175
83
39
28
21
19
0
0
0
Million Metric Tons
1.57
1.29
1.02
0.46
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.15
0.00
0.00
0.00
Total P.L. 480 Programs
Dollars in Millions
1,096
1,074
971
712
762
594
660
1,287
627
544
595
Million Metric Tons
5.76
5.39
4.27
3.32
2.56
2.56
3.09
6.32
3.15
2.89
2.74
Food For Peace (FFP)
Dollars in Millions
127
922
113
173
108
79
86
307
151
107
86
Million Metric Tons
0.47
5.79
0.48
0.64
0.37
0.29
0.45
0.42
0.41
0.44
0.29
Section 416(b)
Dollars in Millions
308
365
90
7
0
0
41
1,105
632
630
410
Million Metric Tons
1.61
1.82
0.18
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.15
3.15
3.04
1.64
Total, Food Aid Programs
Dollars in Millions
1,531
2,361
1,175
892
870
673
787
2,698
1,410
1,281
1,091
Million Metric Tons
7.84
13.01
4.93
3.96
2.93
2.84
3.53
12.88
6.70
6.36
4.67
a Commodity Volume is Grain Equivalent Million Metric Tons.
Source: USDA.

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Commodities Provided by Programs, FY1992-FY2002
Over 50 types of commodities including grains, oilseeds, dairy products, fruits
and vegetables, and blended foods have been provided through the U.S. food aid
programs from FY1992 to FY2002 (See Appendix C for a list of commodities
provided under the food aid programs). Commodity composition varies due to
country needs and commodity availability.
Figure 3. Food Aid Commodity Categories by
Volume, FY1992 and FY2002
FY1992
FY2002
Corn & Sorghum
Rice
Rice
35.8%
8.0%
5.2%
Wheat
Corn & Sorghum
43.6%
11.7%
Nonfat Dry Milk
Nonfat Dry Milk
1.1%
0.5%
Other
Wheat
15.1%
Other
39.6%
Vegetable Oil
Vegetable Oil
27.7%
3.9%
7.9%
Other includes: Beans, Buckwheat, Bulgur, Butter, Corn Soy Blend, Corn Soy Masa Flour, Corn Soya Milk, Cornmeal, Cotton,
Dehydrated Potatoes, Dehydrated Vegetables, Evaporated Milk, Infant Formula, Lentils, Peas, S.F. Bulgur, S.F. Cornmeal, S.F.
Sorghum Grits, Soy Fortified Bulgur, Soybean Meal, Soybeans, Tallow, Textured Soy Protein, Wheat Flour, Wheat Soy Blends.
Source: USDA.
As shown in Figure 3, the leading food aid category in FY1992 and FY2002 is
wheat. Corn and sorghum decreased from 36% of the total in FY1992 to 12% in
FY2002. Rice has increased from 5% of the total in FY1992 to 8% in FY2002.
Vegetable oil has doubled from FY1992 to FY2002. The "other" category has
increased from 15% of the total in FY1992 to 28% in FY2002. Since the "other"
category contains blended and fortified products, percentage changes might be due
to the increase in Title II appropriations and the need for high value products (HVP)
or blended foods in Title II feeding programs. (See Appendix D for data on the food
aid categories by volume from FY1992-FY2002).
Regions Receiving Commodities, FY1992-FY2002
Food aid has been donated to over 100 countries from FY1992 to FY2002.
Each year the list of countries receiving food aid changes based on need and whether
or not a country cannot afford to purchase food. As shown in Figure 4, USDA
organizes countries that receive food aid into six regions: Africa; Asia and the
Middle East; Europe; Latin America and the Carribean; Near East; and the New
Independent States. (See Appendix E for a list of countries under each region that
received food through the food aid programs.) In FY1992, Africa received 38% of
all food aid by volume, Latin America and the Carribean received 20%, and Asia

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received 18% of total food aid by volume. In FY2002, Asia received 42% of all food
aid by volume, Africa received 27%, and Latin America and the Carribean received
13% of total food aid by volume.
Figure 4. Volume of Food Aid Received by Region,
FY1992-FY2002
FY1992
FY2002
Near/Middle East
9.4%
New Independent States
Near/Middle East
New Independent States
14.2%
9.6%
7.7%
Latin America/Carribean
13.4%
Latin America/Carribean
19.5%
Africa
34.0%
Africa
37.6%
Asia
Asia
33.4%
Europe
17.5%
Europe
1.5%
2.1%
Source: USDA.
Africa's share of food aid in FY1992 and FY2002 reflects its demand for food
for development and emergencies. The increase in food aid to Asia from FY1992 to
FY2002 reflects increased donations to Afghanistan and North Korea. The volume
of food aid to Latin America and the Carribean countries decreased from 20% of the
total in FY1992 to 13% in FY2002. The proportion of food aid to the New
Independent States decreased by almost half from FY1992 to FY2002. Food aid to
Europe in FY1992 reflects Title I sales to Central and Eastern European Countries
(CEEC) that were Soviet satellite countries to assist their transition to independence
from the Former Soviet Union (FSU). While food aid to the Near East has not
changed much between FY1992 and FY2002, it may increase in the future due to
increased food aid needs in Iraq. (See Appendix F for the volume of food aid
received by each region from FY1992 to FY2002.)
Emergency vs. Non-Emergency Food Aid, FY1992-FY2002
Title II provides both emergency and non-emergency food aid, and Section
416(b) is used similarly to Title II. The P.L. 480 statute requires that 1.87 million
metric tons be allocated for non-emergency food aid unless waived by the President
of the United States. As shown in Figure 5 and Table 2, non-emergency food aid
peaked in FY2001 and emergency food aid peaked in FY1995. In FY2002, non-
emergency food aid donations were 1.2 million metric tons and emergency food aid
donations were 1.0 million metric tons.

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Figure 5. Emergency and Non-Emergency Food Aid,
FY1992-FY2002
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Emergency
Non-Emergency
Source: USDA.
Table 2. Non-Emergency and Emergency Food Aid,
FY1992-FY2002
(thousand metric tons)
Year
Non-Emergency
Emergency
Total
1992
1,243
754
1,997
1993
1,193
804
1,997
1994
1,111
981
2,092
1995
1,019
1,079
2,098
1996
852
843
1,695
1997
884
781
1,665
1998
991
921
1,912
1999
1,140
792
1,932
2000
1,154
956
2,110
2001
1,300
728
2,028
2002
1,203
1,015
2,218
Source: USAID.

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Food Aid as a Percentage of U.S. Agricultural Exports
to Developing Countries
As shown in Figure 6, U.S. food aid exports as a percent of U.S. agricultural
exports by value to developing countries peaked in FY1993 and FY1999 at 20% and
18% respectively. In FY2002, U.S. food aid exports accounted for 6% of total U.S.
exports to developing countries. This is a one percent decrease from FY2001 when
food aid exports accounted for 7% of U.S. agricultural exports to developing
countries. U.S. agricultural exports to developing countries were $18 billion in
FY2002. (See Table 3 for additional information on U.S. exports by category.)
Figure 6. U.S. Food Aid Exports as a Percent
of U.S. Agricultural Exports to Developing
Countries, FY1992-FY2002
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Source: USDA.
Table 3. Food Aid and U.S. Agricultural Exports
($ million)
Total
U.S. Agricultural
Food Aid as % of U.S.
Food Aid as
Year
Food Aid
Agricultural
Exports to
Agricultural Exports to
% of Total
Exports
Developing Countries
Developing Countries
1992
1,531
42,651
3.20%
12,263
12.48%
1993
2,361
42,887
3.19%
11,963
19.74%
1994
1,175
43,967
2.39%
12,256
9.59%
1995
892
54,729
1.51%
15,839
5.63%
1996
870
59,867
1.33%
17,987
4.84%
1997
673
57,338
1.10%
16,764
4.01%
1998
787
53,711
1.39%
17,100
4.60%
1999
2,463
49,148
3.82%
14,950
16.47%
2000
1,280
50,798
2.24%
16,158
7.92%
2001
1,281
52,699
2.21%
17,877
7.17%
2002
1,091
53,294
1.99%
18,006
6.06%
Source: USDA.

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Food Aid by Donor Country
As shown in Figure 7, the United States contributed 55% of all food aid by
volume in marketing years 1995 through 2001. The European Union (EU)
contributed 28% and Japan and Canada each contributed 6% of the volume of food
aid donations.
Figure 7. Major Donor Contributions of Food Aid
by Volume, Marketing Years 1995-2001
USA
55.4%
Argentina
0.1%
Australia
3.7%
Canada
5.6%
Switzerland
0.7%
Japan
Norway
5.7%
0.6%
EU
28.2%
Source: International Grains Council Food Aid Committee, Food Aid Shipments 2001.
This data for marketing year July/June does not correspond to fiscal year food
aid data reported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in budget documents or by
the U.S. Agency for International Development in annual food aid reports. The
source of the data is the annual report Food Aid Shipments, prepared by the Food Aid
Committee of the International Grains Council, which administers the Food Aid
Convention. For more information, see CRS Report RS21279, International Food
Aid: U.S. and Other Donor Contributions.

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Appendix A: U.S. Food Aid by Value, FY1992-FY2002
($ million)
P.L. 480a
Section 416(b)b
Food for Progressc
Total
Year
Title I
Title II
Title II/WFP
Title III
Total
Regular
WFP
Regular
WFP GFE
Total
Title I
Section
CCC
Total
GFE
416
Purchases
1992
374
482
0
240
1,096
216
93
0
0
308
77
10
40
127
1,531
1993
333
382
127
232
1,074
283
82
0
0
365
597
325
0
922
2,361
1994
218
475
103
175
971
74
17
0
0
90
62
0
52
113
1,175
1995
172
375
83
83
712
4
3
0
0
7
67
0
106
173
892
1996
219
411
93
39
762
0
0
0
0
0
48
0
60
108
870
1997
153
339
74
28
594
0
0
0
0
0
15
0
64
79
673
1998
164
311
164
21
660
0
0
0
41
41
2
0
84
86
787
1999
687
467
114
19
1,287
0
626
243
236
1,105
236
0
71
307
2,463
2000
157
333
137
0
627
469
163
0
0
632
83
0
68
151
1,280
2001
105
305
134
0
544
286
232
70
41
630
51
0
56
107
1,281
2002
102
280
213
0
595
240
116
44
10
410
0
0
86
86
1,091
a Title I provides government to government sales of agricultural commodities to developing countries using long-term credit. Title II provides
U.S. agricultural commodity donations to foreign countries for humanitarian needs. Title II/World Food Program provides U.S. agricultural
commodity donations to the World Food Program (WFP), an intergovernmental organization in the United Nations that provides for
humanitarian needs in foreign countries. Title III provides government to government grants to support long-term economic development
in least developed countries.
b All donations under 416(b) are surplus agricultural commodities acquired through the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) from price support
programs. Regular donations are given to food aid organizations and WFP donations are given to the World Food Program. The Global Food
for Education Initiative (GFE) provided food for pre-school and school feeding and nutrition programs in developing countries. Regular GFE
operated through food aid organizations and the WFP GFE operated through the World Food Program. GFE has been replaced by the
McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and Child Nutrition Program.
c Title I is the same as Title I under P.L. 480 and Section 416(b) is the same as Section 416(b) in the above footnote. CCC Purchases are agricultural
commodities the United States purchases through the CCC to donate to developing countries.
Source: USDA.

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Appendix B: U.S. Food Aid by Volume, FY1992-FY2002
(thousand metric tons)
Public Law 480
Section 416(b)
Food for Progress
Total
Year
Title I
Title II
Title
Title III
Regular
WFP
Regular
WFP
Title I
Section
CCC
II/WFP
GFE
GFE
416
Purchases
1992
2,268.9
1,922.0
0.0
1,566.2
843.4
768.5
0.0
0.0
379.9
6.0
81.9
7,836.9
1993
2,105.6
1,417.5
578.9
1,292.4
1,176.0
643.8
0.0
0.0
4,048.9
0.0
1,742.9
13,006.0
1994
1,159.8
1,617.3
474.9
1,021.6
49.4
131.1
0.0
0.0
389.8
0.0
87.5
4,931.3
1995
803.8
1,635.0
417.5
463.0
1.8
1.6
0.0
0.0
379.2
0.0
262.0
3,963.8
1996
789.8
1,283.2
338.6
146.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
227.5
0.0
145.4
2,930.9
1997
767.8
1,299.1
339.3
150.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
106.0
0.0
179.1
2,841.8
1998
1,015.8
1,192.4
737.7
139.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
250.8
0.8
197.7
3,535.0
1999
3,435.0
2,364.3
365.7
152.0
4,556.2
1,592.1
0.0
0.0
252.0
0.0
164.1
12,881.4
2000
1,028.6
1,480.2
638.0
0.0
2,086.1
1,059.0
0.0
0.0
267.6
0.0
145.5
6,704.9
2001
753.2
1,515.8
618.3
0.0
1,136.4
1,415.6
299.5
187.6
310.5
0.0
125.7
6,362.6
2002
504.2
1,246.4
991.9
0.0
758.2
610.0
222.6
51.3
0.0
285.4
0.0
44,669.8
a Title I provides government to government sales of agricultural commodities to developing countries using long-term credit. Title II provides
U.S. agricultural commodity donations to foreign countries for humanitarian needs. Title II/World Food Program provides U.S. agricultural
commodity donations to the World Food Program (WFP), an intergovernmental organization in the United Nations that provides for
humanitarian needs in foreign countries. Title III provides government to government grants to support long-term economic development
in least developed countries.
b All donations under 416(b) are surplus agricultural commodities acquired through the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) from price support
programs. Regular donations are given to food aid organizations and WFP donations are given to the World Food Program. The Global Food
for Education Initiative (GFE) provided food for pre-school and school feeding and nutrition programs in developing countries. Regular GFE
operated through food aid organizations and the WFP GFE operated through the World Food Program. GFE has been replaced by the
McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and Child Nutrition Program.
c Title I is the same as Title I under P.L. 480 and Section 416(b) is the same as Section 416(b) in the above footnote. CCC Purchases are agricultural
commodities the United States purchases through the CCC to donate to developing countries.
Source: USDA.

CRS-12
Appendix C: Food Aid Commodity Mix, FY1992-FY2002a
Apples
Farina
Sugar
Baby Cereal
Feed Wheat
Sunflowerseed Oil
Baby Food
High Energy Biscuits
Tallow
Barley
Infant Formula
Textured Soy Protein
Beans
Lentils
Vegetable Oil
Beans, Black
Non Fat Dry Milk
Veggie Burger
Beans, Great Northern
Nutrition Powdered Beverage
Wheat
Beans, Kidney
Peanut Butter
Wheat Flour
Beans, Navy
Peanuts
Wheat Seed
Beans, Pinto
Peas
Wheat Soy Blend
Beans, Red
Peas, Green
Wheat Soy Milk
Beef
Peas, Yellow
Whole Dry Milk
Buckwheat
Planting Seeds
Bulgur
Pork
Butter
Poultry
Butteroil
Rice
Chicken
Rice Soy Blend
Corn
S. F. Bulgur
Corn Gluten Meal
S. F. Cornmeal
Corn Soy Masa Flour
S. F. Flour
Corn Soy Milk
S. F. Sorghum Grits
Corn Soya Blend
Salmon, Canned
Cornmeal
Seeds
Cotton
Sorghum
Dehydrated Potatoes
Soy Fortified Bulgur
Dehydrated Vegetables
Soy Protein Concentrate
Egg Powder
Soybean Meal
Evaporated Milk
Soybeans
a These commodities were donated through the Food Aid Program during FY1992-FY2002;
however, not all commodities were donated each year.
Source: USDA.

CRS-13
Appendix D: Food Aid Commodity Categories by Volume, FY1992-FY2002
(thousand metric tons)
Commodity
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Corn & Sorghum 2,803.7
5,220.8
752.9
832.8
238.9
312.7
424.4
1,118.6
919.3
892.7
334.8
Nonfat Dry Milk
38.6
0.0
1.6
3.4
0.0
0.5
0.8
53.7
37.0
23.4
57.1
Rice
404.1
599.3
321.3
151.1
212.0
218.2
195.2
584.6
401.5
242.4
380.4
Vegetable Oil
303.8
378.7
168.4
179.4
183.7
184.2
211.5
309.4
315.4
483.9
373.8
Wheat
3,106.0
3,822.4
2,177.4
1,440.9
1,043.7
1,329.0
1,727.1
5,333.5
3,333.4
3,109.4
2,061.3
Other
1,180.7
2,984.7
1,509.8
1,319.1
1,169.4
797.1
975.9
2,183.2
1,627.5
1,610.9
1,274.5
Source: USDA.

CRS-14
Appendix E: Countries That Received Food Aid,
FY1992-FY2002a
Africa
Algeria
Congo
Guinea Bissau
Niger
Tanzania
Angola
Congo, Democratic
Kenya
Nigeria
Togo
Rep.
Benin
Cote d'Ivoire
Lesotho
Rwanda
Tunisia
Botswana
Djibouti
Liberia
Sahel Region
Uganda
Burkina Faso
Equatorial Guinea
Madagascar
Sao Tome
West Africa Region
Burundi
Eritrea
Malawi
Senegal
Zaire
Cameroon
Ethiopia
Mali
Sierra Leone
Zambia
Cape Verde Islands
Gambia
Mauritania
Somalia
Zimbabwe
Central African Republic
Ghana
Mauritius
South Africa
Chad
Great Lakes Region
Mozambique
Sudan
Comoro Islands
Guinea
Nambia
Swaziland
Asia and the Middle East
Afghanistan
East Timor
Korea, North
Nepal
Vietnam
Bangladesh
Gaza Strip
Laos
Pakistan
Yemen
Bhutan
India
Lebanon
Philippines
Cambodia
Indonesia
Mongolia
Sri Lanka
China
Iraq
Morocco
Syria
Europe
Albania
Croatia
FYROM
Romania
(Macedonia)
Balkan States
Ex-Yugoslavia
Macedonia
S. Balkans/Kosovo
Bosnia-Hercegovena
F.Y.R. of Macedonia
Montenegro
Serbia
Bulgaria
Federal Rep of
Poland
Slovenia
Yugoslavia
Latin America and the Carribean
Bolivia
Costa Rica
Guatemala
Jamaica
Paraguay
Brazil
Dominican Republic
Guyana
Mexico
Peru
Central American Regional Ecuador
Haiti
Nicaragua
Suriname
Colombia
El Salvador
Honduras
Panama

CRS-15
Near East
Egypt
Jordan
West Bank
New Independent States
Armenia
Estonia
Latvia
Tajikistan
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Lithuania
Turkmenistan
Belarus
Kazakhstan
Moldova
Ukraine
Caucasus Region
Kyrgyzstan
Russia
Uzbekistan
a These countries received donations through the Food Aid Program during FY1992-FY2002;
however, not all countries received donations each year.
Source: USDA.

CRS-16
Appendix F: Food Aid Donations to Regions by Volume, FY1992-FY2002
(thousand metric tons)
Region/Country
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Africa
2,947.6
1,593.0
1,526.2
1,312.4
878.5 795.7
1,266.7
1,177.2
1,900.2 1,966.8
1,553.9
Asia and the Middle East
1,370.6
1,392.0
957.2
777.2
518.0 880.3
986.0
3,602.6
2,034.6 2,505.9
1,529.8
Europe
120.5
747.1
307.4
140.9
210.5 114.7
154.8
244.4
259.7
348.5
94.7
Latin America and Caribbean
1,529.8
1,698.4
1,009.8
613.7
513.1 412.6
608.2
1,066.2
605.9
794.4
615.1
Near East
755.3
401.6
205.9
97.0
96.9 179.1
158.2
101.0
383.0
200.5
430.7
NIS Countries
1,113.1
7,173.8
924.9
985.6
630.7 459.4
341.4
3,457.9
1,406.5
506.7
351.0
Source: USDA.

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