{
  "id": "RL31695",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "RL31695",
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  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
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      "id": 349778,
      "date": "2006-11-13",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-07T18:42:17.058029",
      "title": "Balancing Scientific Publication and National Security Concerns: Issues for Congress",
      "summary": "The federal government has historically supported the open publication of federally funded research results. In cases where such results presented a challenge to national security concerns, several mechanisms have been employed. For fundamental research results, the federal policy has been to use classification to limit dissemination. For advanced technology and technological information, a combination of classification and export and arms trafficking regulation has been used to inhibit its spread. The terrorist attacks of 2001 increased scrutiny of nonconventional weapons, including weapons of mass destruction, and publication of some research results have increased concerns over whether publication of federally funded extramural research results could threaten national security.\nThe current federal policy, as described in National Security Decision Directive 189, is that fundamental research should remain unrestricted and that in the rare case where it is necessary to restrict such information, classification is the appropriate mechanism. Other mechanisms restrict international information flow, such as Export Administration Regulations (EAR) and International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) that control export of items and technical information on specific lists. Both EAR and ITAR do not apply to sharing fundamental research results, so long as they are not subject to any governmental prepublication review.\nHistorically, the areas where export regulation and classification have predominantly occurred have been in mathematical, engineering, and physical sciences. Other contentious research areas, such as genetic engineering and manipulation, have been overseen through scientists\u2019 self-regulation and monitoring. The 1975 Asilomar conference produced a consensus statement on recombinant DNA research that formed the basis for the National Institutes of Health Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee. Recent research publications that have raised national security concerns have fallen outside of the areas traditionally regulated through classification and export control, and it is unclear how effective these mechanisms will be. The National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity was established to aid in determining whether proposed federally funded research presents a biosecurity threat.\nStakeholders do not agree on the best method of balancing scientific publishing and national security. Some believe that the current method of selective classification of research results is the most appropriate. They assert that imposing new restrictions will only hurt scientific progress, and that the usefulness of research results to terrorist groups is limited. Others believe that self-regulation by scientists, using an \u201cAsilomar-like\u201d process to develop a consensus statement, is a better approach. They believe that, through inclusion of scientists, policymakers, and security personnel in the development phase, a process acceptable to all will be found. Relying on publishers to scrutinize articles for information which might potentially have security ramifications is third option. Finally, mandatory review by federal funding agencies, either before funding or publication, is seen as a potential federally based alternative. This report will not be updated.",
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    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8579/",
      "id": "RL31695 2006-02-02",
      "date": "2006-02-02",
      "retrieved": "2006-04-19T08:31:54",
      "title": "Balancing Scientific Publication and National Security Concerns: Issues for Congress",
      "summary": "There is a lack of consensus regarding the best method of balancing scientific publishing and national security. The current federal policy, as described in National Security Decision Directive 189, is that fundamental research should remain unrestricted and that in the rare case where it is necessary to restrict such information, classification is the appropriate vehicle to do so. Other mechanisms restrict international information flow, where Export Administration Regulations (EAR) and International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) control export of items and technical information on specific lists. Both EAR and ITAR contain a fundamental research exclusion, but this exclusion is lost if prepublication review of research results for sensitive information occurs.",
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      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Science policy",
          "name": "Science policy"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Security classification (Government documents)",
          "name": "Security classification (Government documents)"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Selective dissemination of information",
          "name": "Selective dissemination of information"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Communication in science - National policy",
          "name": "Communication in science - National policy"
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        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Government information",
          "name": "Government information"
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          "id": "Communications",
          "name": "Communications"
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      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6030/",
      "id": "RL31695 2004-12-16",
      "date": "2004-12-16",
      "retrieved": "2005-06-12T03:48:58",
      "title": "Balancing Scientific Publication and National Security Concerns: Issues for Congress",
      "summary": "There is a lack of consensus regarding the best method of balancing scientific publishing and national security. The current federal policy, as described in National Security Decision Directive 189, is that fundamental research should remain unrestricted and that in the rare case where it is necessary to restrict such information, classification is the appropriate vehicle to do so. Other mechanisms restrict international information flow, where Export Administration Regulations (EAR) and International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) control export of items and technical information on specific lists. Both EAR and ITAR contain a fundamental research exclusion, but this exclusion is lost if prepublication review of research results for sensitive information occurs.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
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          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Science policy",
          "name": "Science policy"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Security classification (Government documents)",
          "name": "Security classification (Government documents)"
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        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Selective dissemination of information",
          "name": "Selective dissemination of information"
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        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Communication in science - National policy",
          "name": "Communication in science - National policy"
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        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Government information",
          "name": "Government information"
        },
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          "id": "Communications",
          "name": "Communications"
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      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6029/",
      "id": "RL31695 2004-02-02",
      "date": "2004-02-02",
      "retrieved": "2005-06-12T03:47:59",
      "title": "Balancing Scientific Publication and National Security Concerns: Issues for Congress",
      "summary": "There is a lack of consensus regarding the best method of balancing scientific publishing and national security. The current federal policy, as described in National Security Decision Directive 189, is that fundamental research should remain unrestricted and that in the rare case where it is necessary to restrict such information, classification is the appropriate vehicle to do so. Other mechanisms restrict international information flow, where Export Administration Regulations (EAR) and International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) control export of items and technical information on specific lists. Both EAR and ITAR contain a fundamental research exclusion, but this exclusion is lost if prepublication review of research results for sensitive information occurs.",
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          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Science policy",
          "name": "Science policy"
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        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Security classification (Government documents)",
          "name": "Security classification (Government documents)"
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          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Selective dissemination of information",
          "name": "Selective dissemination of information"
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        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Communication in science - National policy",
          "name": "Communication in science - National policy"
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        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Government information",
          "name": "Government information"
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      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5298/",
      "id": "RL31695 2003-07-09",
      "date": "2003-07-09",
      "retrieved": "2005-06-12T03:47:11",
      "title": "Balancing Scientific Publication and National Security Concerns: Issues for Congress",
      "summary": "There is a lack of consensus regarding the best method of balancing scientific publishing and national security. The current federal policy, as described in National Security Decision Directive 189, is that fundamental research should remain unrestricted and that in the rare case where it is necessary to restrict such information, classification is the appropriate vehicle to do so. Other mechanisms restrict international information flow, where Export Administration Regulations (EAR) and International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) control export of items and technical information on specific lists. Both EAR and ITAR contain a fundamental research exclusion, but this exclusion is lost if prepublication review of research results for sensitive information occurs.",
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          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Science policy",
          "name": "Science policy"
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          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Security classification (Government documents)",
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          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Communication in science - National policy",
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          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Government information",
          "name": "Government information"
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          "id": "Communications",
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      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5297/",
      "id": "RL31695 2003-01-10",
      "date": "2003-01-10",
      "retrieved": "2005-06-12T03:46:14",
      "title": "Balancing Scientific Publication and National Security Concerns: Issues for Congress",
      "summary": "There is a lack of consensus regarding the best method of balancing scientific publishing and national security. The current federal policy, as described in National Security Decision Directive 189, is that fundamental research should remain unrestricted and that in the rare case where it is necessary to restrict such information, classification is the appropriate vehicle to do so. Other mechanisms restrict international information flow, where Export Administration Regulations (EAR) and International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) control export of items and technical information on specific lists. Both EAR and ITAR contain a fundamental research exclusion, but this exclusion is lost if prepublication review of research results for sensitive information occurs.",
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          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Security classification (Government documents)",
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          "name": "Communication in science - National policy"
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          "source": "LIV",
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          "id": "Communications",
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  "topics": [
    "Economic Policy",
    "Foreign Affairs",
    "Intelligence and National Security",
    "Science and Technology Policy"
  ]
}