{
  "id": "RL31589",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "RL31589",
  "active": false,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 101390,
      "date": "2005-02-17",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-07T19:52:32.991029",
      "title": "Nuclear Threat Reduction Measures for India and Pakistan",
      "summary": "Since India and Pakistan tested nuclear weapons in 1998, there has been a debate on whether the\nUnited States should provide assistance in making those weapons safer and more secure. In the\nwake of September 11, 2001, interest in this kind of assistance has grown for several reasons: the\npossibility of terrorists gaining access to Pakistan\u2019s nuclear weapons seems higher, the U.S.\nmilitary\nis forging new relationships with both Pakistan and India in the war on terrorism, and heightened\ntension in Kashmir in 2002 threatened to push both states closer to the brink of nuclear war. In\nOctober 2001, media reported that the United States was providing assistance to Pakistan to keep\nits weapons safe, although those reports have not been confirmed. Revelations in 2004 that Pakistani\nscientist A.Q. Khan was selling nuclear technology (and reportedly a nuclear bomb design) to Iran,\nLibya, and North Korea also helped to renew interest in making, in particular, Pakistan\u2019s\nnuclear\nweapons program more secure from exploitation. The report of the 9/11 Commission also called for\ncontinued support for threat reduction assistance to keep weapons of mass destruction (WMD) away\nfrom terrorist groups. \n \n In the 108th Congress, the Nunn-Lugar Expansion Act (Section 1308 of FY2004 Defense\nAuthorization Act, PL 108-136) allowed the Department of Defense to spend up to $50 million in\nunobligated funds on cooperative threat reduction (CTR) measures outside the former Soviet Union. \n In the 109th Congress, it is likely that similar legislation will be introduced again. The Bush\nadministration used $20 million of CTR funds to dismantle chemical weapons-related items in\nAlbania, but proponents of expanding CTR have mentioned many other countries as possible\nrecipients: India, Pakistan, China, North Korea, Iraq, and Libya, to name a few. \n \n This paper describes why Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) programs developed for the\nformer Soviet Union are considered models for assistance elsewhere and their potential application\nin India and Pakistan. The paper considers the types of assistance provided under CTR and potential\nconstraints on U.S. assistance in this area, including domestic and international legal and political\nrestrictions on cooperation with states outside the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT); the low\nlevel of cooperation and transparency exhibited by India and Pakistan; lack of incentives for India\nand Pakistan to pursue threat reduction measures; and potentially competing objectives of threat\nreduction and nuclear deterrence. \n \n This report, which will be updated as events warrant, complements  CRS Report RL32359 ,\n Globalizing Cooperative Threat Reduction: A Survey of Options , and  CRS Report RS21840(pdf) ,\n Expanding Threat Reduction and Nonproliferation Programs: Concepts and Definitions .",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
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      "topics": []
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  ],
  "topics": [
    "Foreign Affairs",
    "Intelligence and National Security",
    "National Defense"
  ]
}