Presidential Appointments to Full-Time Positions in Independent and Other Agencies During the 107th Congress

Presidential Appointments to Full-Time Positions in Independent and Other Agencies During the 107th Congress

Order Code RL31435
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Presidential Appointments to Full-Time Positions
in Independent and Other Agencies
During the 107th Congress
Updated July 11, 2003
-name redacted-
Analyst in American National Government
Government and Finance Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

Presidential Appointments to Full-Time Positions
in Independent and Other Agencies
During the 107th Congress
Summary
During the 107th Congress, 109 nominations to full-time positions in
independent and other agencies were submitted to the Senate. Of these nominations,
three were submitted by President Clinton before he left office and were withdrawn
by President Bush on March 19, 2001. President Bush submitted 106 nominations,
of which 94 were confirmed, 10 were returned to him, and two were withdrawn.
President Clinton made three recess appointments to these positions during the
intersession between the 106th and 107th Congresses; all expired at the end of the first
session of the 107th Congress. President Bush did not make any recess appointments
to these positions between the beginning of his Administration and the end of the
107th Congress.
This report discusses nominations to full-time positions in 37 executive branch
organizations (25 independent agencies, six agencies in the Executive Office of the
President (EOP), and six multilateral banking organizations) and four legislative
branch agencies. It excludes appointments to executive departments and to
regulatory and other boards and commissions, which are covered in other reports.
Information for this report was compiled from data from the Senate nominations
database of the Legislative Information System at [http://www.congress.gov/nomis/],
the Congressional Record (daily edition), the Weekly Compilation of Presidential
Documents, and telephone discussions with agency officials. The report will not be
updated.

Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Appointments During the 107th Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Average Time to Confirm a Nomination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
The Appointments Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Selection and Nomination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Confirmation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Appointment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Recess Appointments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Temporary Appointments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Organization of this Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Agency Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Additional Appointment Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
NOMINATIONS AND INCUMBENTS: FULL-TIME POSITIONS
IN INDEPENDENT AGENCIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Appalachian Regional Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Central Intelligence Agency/
Intelligence Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Corporation for National and Community Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency to the District of Columbia . 11
Environmental Protection Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Environmental Protection Agency (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Federal Emergency Management Agencya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
General Services Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
National Aeronautics and Space Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
National Archives and Records Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
National Science Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Office of Government Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Office of Personnel Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Office of Special Counsel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Overseas Private Investment Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Peace Corps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Selective Service System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Small Business Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Social Security Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Trade and Development Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
U.S. Agency for International Developmenta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
U.S. Agency for International Development (cont.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
NOMINATIONS AND INCUMBENTS: FULL-TIME POSITIONS
IN THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Council of Economic Advisors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Council on Environmental Qualitya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Office of Management and Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Office of National Drug Control Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Office of Science and Technology Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Office of the U.S. Trade Representative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
NOMINATIONS AND INCUMBENTS: FULL-TIME POSITIONS
IN MULTILATERAL ORGANIZATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
African Development Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Asian Development Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Inter-American Development Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
International Monetary Fund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
NOMINATIONS AND INCUMBENTS: FULL-TIME POSITIONS
IN LEGISLATIVE BRANCH AGENCIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Architect of the Capitol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
General Accounting Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Government Printing Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Library of Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Appendix A. Alphabetical Listing of Nominees and Appointees,
January 3, 2001-January 3, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Appendix B. Appointment Action During the 107th Congress,
by Agency Grouping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Appendix C. Agency Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Presidential Appointments to
Full-Time Positions in Independent and
Other Agencies During the 107th Congress
Introduction
This report provides an overview of the process for filling positions to which the
President makes appointments with the advice and consent of the Senate.1 It also
identifies, for the 107th Congress, all nominations to full-time positions requiring
Senate confirmation in 37 organizations in the executive branch (25 independent
agencies, six agencies in the Executive Office of the President (EOP), and six
multilateral banking organizations) and four agencies in the legislative branch.2 A
profile of each agency tracks the agency’s nominations, providing information on
Senate activity (confirmations, rejections, returns to the President, and elapsed time
between nomination and confirmation) as well as further related presidential activity
(including withdrawals and recess appointments). The profiles also identify, for each
agency, positions requiring Senate confirmation, the incumbents in those positions
as of January 3, 2003, dates they were confirmed, dates their terms expire, if
applicable, and pay levels.
1This report was built on research by (name redacted) and (name redacted). Significant
portions of the text presented here were written by Dr. Garcia for earlier versions of this
report.
2For information and data on appointments during the 107th Congress to positions in the
executive departments, regulatory bodies, and federal judiciary, see the following reports:
CRS Report RL31346, Presidential Appointments to Full-Time Positions in Executive
Departments During the 107th Congress, 2001-2002, by (name redacted); CRS Report
RL30910, Presidential Appointments to Full-Time Positions on Regulatory and Other
Collegial Boards and Commissions, 107th Congress, by (name redacte d); and CRS Report
RL31868, U.S. Circuit and District Court Nominations by President George W. Bush
During the 107th Congress, by (name redacted) and (name redacted). For
similar reports for previous Congresses, see CRS Report 94-473 GOV, Presidential
Appointments to Full-Time Positions in Independent and Other Agencies During the 103rd
Congress, by (name redacted) (archived); CRS Report 96-985 GOV, Presidential
Appointments to Full-Time Positions in Independent and Other Agencies During the 104th
Congress, by (name redacted) (archived); CRS Report RL30124, Presidential Appointments
to Full-Time Positions in Independent and Other Agencies During the 105th Congress, by
(name redacted) (archived); and CRS Report RL30564, Presidential Appointments to Full-
Time Positions in Independent and Other Agencies During the 106th Congress, by (name r
edacted) and (name redacted). For arch
ived reports, contact (name redacted).

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Appointments During the 107th Congress
During the 107th Congress, 109 nominations to full-time positions in
independent and other agencies were submitted to the Senate. Of these nominations,
three were submitted by President Clinton before he left office and were withdrawn
by President Bush on March 19, 2001. President Bush submitted 106 nominations,
of which 94 were confirmed, 10 were returned, and two were withdrawn. President
Clinton made three recess appointments to these positions during the intersession
between the 106th and 107th Congresses, all of which expired at the end of the first
session of the 107th Congress. President Bush did not make any recess appointments
to these positions between the beginning of his Administration and the end of the
107th Congress. Table 1 summarizes the appointment activity. The number of
nominations submitted to the Senate exceeds the number of individual nominees
because, due to the return of pending nominations at the August 2001 recess, as
discussed below, eight nominees were nominated twice to the same position. In
addition, two individuals, Sean O’Keefe and Mark W. Everson, were nominated to
two different positions.
Table 1. Nomination and Appointment Action in the 107th
Congress, January 3, 2001 - January 3, 2003
Total positions
118
Positions held by incumbents appointed under a previous administration
18
Nominations submitted to the Senate
109
Nominations confirmed by the Senate
94
Unduplicated nominationsa
101
Nominations returned to the President
10
Nominations submitted by Clinton, withdrawn by Bush
3
Nominations submitted and withdrawn by Bush
2
Intersession recess appointments between 106th and 107th Congresses (Clinton)
3
Intrasession recess appointments (Bush)
0
Intersession recess appointments (Bush)
0
a a The figure for unduplicated nominations excludes instances in which the President submitted a
second nomination of the same person for the same position.
Average Time to Confirm a Nomination
The length of time a given nomination may be pending in the Senate varies
widely. Some nominations are confirmed within a few days, others may not be
confirmed for several months, and some are never confirmed. This report provides,
for each agency nomination that was confirmed in the 107th Congress, the number of
days between nomination and confirmation (“days to confirm”). Some Senate recess
days are not included in this sum because Senators are unable to take up nominations
on these days. For practical reasons, only days from the longer recesses around
August and between congressional sessions are excluded. These recesses are often
longer than 30 days. This cutoff point is suggested by the Senate rules, which
provide that “if the Senate shall adjourn or take recess for more than thirty days, all
nominations pending and not finally acted upon” shall be returned to the President,

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although this rule is often waived.3 The 32 days during the August 2002 recess and
the 33 days between the first and second sessions of the 107th Congress were
subtracted from the “days to confirm” for those nominations that spanned one or both
recesses. No days were subtracted for the August 2001 recess, because, as discussed
below, all pending nominations were returned prior to that recess.
An accurate calculation of the average time the Senate took to confirm a
nomination in the 107th Congress is made more challenging by an unusual
characteristic of the session. Senate rules provide that “if the Senate shall adjourn
or take a recess for more than thirty days, all nominations pending and not finally
acted upon at the time” shall be returned to the President.4 Usually the Senate agrees,
by unanimous consent, to waive this rule and retain pending nominations over their
recesses. Prior to the 31-day August 2001 recess, however, the Senate did not reach
such an agreement, and 162 pending nominations, eight of which are among those
covered by this report, were returned to the President.5 The President sent forward
some of these nominees again after the recess. Those nominations were considered
to be new nominations, rather than continuations of the pre-recess nominations. As
a result, when such nominations are confirmed, the length of the confirmation
process, as shown in the tables of this report as “days to confirm,” does not include
any pre-recess time during which the nominee was under consideration in the Senate.
Consequently, the average is smaller than it would be if the pre- and post-recess
nomination times were added together. For example, the average number of days to
confirm for nominations to the positions covered by this report is 60 days, but if the
pre-recess days during which a nominee was under consideration in the Senate were
included for all confirmed nominees, this average would be 61 days. Footnotes for
appointment action tables for each agency (below) provide figures that take such pre-
recess time into account. In general, however, comparisons between average
confirmation times from this report and those from previous reports should be made
cautiously.
3U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, Senate Manual, 106th
Cong., 1st sess., S.Doc. 106-1 (Washington: GPO, 1999), p. 55, Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of
the Standing Rules of the Senate.
4U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, Senate Manual, S.Doc.
106-1, 106th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington: GPO, 1999), p. 55, Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of
the Standing Rules of the Senate.
5See Sen. Harry Reid and Sen. Trent Lott, “Unanimous Consent Request — Executive
Calendar,” colloquy, Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 147, August 3, 2001, p.
S8888. Such a unanimous consent agreement was reached, however, for the recess between
the first and second sessions of the 107th Congress. Sen. Harry Reid, “Nominations to
Remain in Status Quo Notwithstanding the Adjournment of the Senate,” Congressional
Record, daily edition, vol. 147, Dec. 20, 2001, p. S14049. Under this agreement, only two
nominations, Otto Reich, to be Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs,
and Colonel David R. Leffarge, to be Brigadier General, were returned to the President.

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The Appointments Process
The President and the Senate share the power to appoint the principal officers
of the United States.6 The Constitution (Article II, Section 2) empowers the
President to nominate and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to
appoint the principal officers of the United States. Three distinct stages mark the
appointment process — selection and nomination, confirmation, and appointment.
Selection and Nomination. In this stage, the President selects the nominee
and sends the nomination to the Senate. There are a number of steps in the
President’s selection. First, with the assistance of the White House Office of
Presidential Personnel, the President selects a candidate for the position. The
candidate then prepares and submits several forms: the “Public Financial Disclosure
Report” (Standard Form (SF) 278), the “Questionnaire for National Security
Positions” (SF 86), and the White House “Personal Data Statement Questionnaire.”
The Office of the Counsel to the President oversees the clearance process, with
background investigations conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Office of Government Ethics (OGE), and ethics
official for the agency to which the candidate is to be appointed. If conflicts are
found during the background check, OGE and the agency ethics officer may work
with the candidate to mitigate the conflicts. Once the Counsel has cleared the
candidate, the nomination is ready to be submitted to the Senate. The selection and
vetting stage is often the longest part of the appointment process. There can be
lengthy delays, particularly if many candidates are being processed, as they are at the
beginning of an Administration, or if conflicts need to be resolved. Candidates for
higher-level positions are often accorded priority in this process.
For positions located within a state (U.S. attorney, U.S. marshal, and U.S.
district judge), the President, by custom, normally nominates an individual
recommended by the Senator or Senators (if they are from the same party as the
President) from that state. If neither Senator is from the President’s party, he usually
defers to the recommendations of party leaders from the state. Occasionally, the
President solicits recommendations from Senators of the opposition party because of
their positions in the Senate. Before making a nomination to a federal position at the
state or national level, the President must consider how it will fare in the
confirmation process.
A nominee has no legal authority to assume the duties and responsibilities of the
position; the authority comes with Senate confirmation and presidential appointment.
A nominee who is hired as a consultant while awaiting confirmation may serve only
in an advisory capacity. If circumstances permit and conditions are met, the
President may give the nominee a recess appointment or a temporary appointment to
the position (see below). Recess appointments may have political consequences,
however, particularly if Senators perceive that an appointment is an effort to
circumvent their constitutional role.
6A succinct historical and contemporary overview of the appointment power is found in
(name redacted), “Appointme
nt Powers,” in his Constitutional Conflicts between Congress and
the President, 4th ed. (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1997), pp. 22-48.

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Confirmation.7 In the confirmation or second stage, the Senate alone
determines whether to approve or disapprove a nomination. The way the Senate acts
on a nomination depends largely on the importance of the position involved, existing
political circumstances, and policy implications. Generally, the Senate shows
particular interest in the nominees’ views and how they are likely to affect public
policy.8 Two other factors may also affect the scrutiny with which a nominee’s
personal and professional qualities are examined: whether or not the President’s party
controls the Senate and the degree to which he becomes involved in supporting the
nomination.
Although the Senate confirms most nominations, no President can safely assume
that his nominees will be approved routinely. Rarely, however, does a rejection
occur on the Senate floor. Nearly all rejections occur in committee, either by
committee vote or by committee inaction. Rejections in committee occur for a
variety of reasons, including opposition to the nomination, inadequate amount of
time for consideration of the nomination, or factors that may have nothing to do with
the merits of the nomination. The most recent study of Senate confirmation action,
which looked at the period between 1981 and 1992, found that the Senate failed to
confirm 11% of all nominations to full-time positions in independent agencies.
During the same period, 9% of nominations to the executive departments and 22%
of nominations to boards and commissions also failed.9
Appointment. In the final stage, the confirmed nominee is given a
commission signed by the President, with the seal of the United States affixed
thereto, and is sworn into office. The President may sign the commission at any time
after confirmation. Under unusual circumstances, he may not sign it at all, thus
preventing the appointment. Once the appointee is given the commission and sworn
in, he or she has full authority to carry out the responsibilities of the office.
Recess Appointments
The appointment process also enables the President to make an appointment
without Senate confirmation when the Senate is in recess, either during a session
7For a more detailed description of the confirmation process, see CRS Report RL31980,
Senate Consideration of Presidential Nominations: Committee and Floor Procedure, by
(name redacted). For more information on the history of the confirmation process, see
CRS Report RL31948, Evolution of the Senate’s Role in the Nomination and Confirmation
Process: A Brief History, by (name redacted).
8G. Calvin Mackenzie, The Politics of Presidential Appointments (New York: The Free
Press, 1981), pp. 97-189.
9CRS Report 93-464 GOV, Senate Action on Nominations to Policy Positions in the
Executive Branch, 1981-1992, by (name redacted) (archived; contact Henry Hogue for more
information). The study did not include nominations submitted by Presidents Carter and
Reagan in the last months of their administrations, or nominations submitted within a month
of the Senate’s adjournment at the end of a session. It also excluded nominations to the
judiciary, military services, Foreign Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration Officer Corps, and Public Health Service Officer Corps, as well as
nominations to all ambassadorial, U.S. attorney, U.S. marshal, and part-time positions.

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(intrasession recess appointment) or between sessions (intersession recess
appointment). Recess appointments expire at the end of the next session of
Congress.10
Presidents have occasionally used the recess appointment power to circumvent
the confirmation process. In response, Congress has placed restrictions on the
President’s authority to make a recess appointment. Under 5 U.S.C. 5503(a), if the
position to which the President makes a recess appointment falls vacant while the
Senate is in session, the recess appointee may not be paid from the Treasury until he
or she is confirmed by the Senate. The salary prohibition does not apply: (1) if the
vacancy arose within 30 days before the end of the session; (2) if a nomination for
the office (other than the nomination of someone given a recess appointment during
the preceding recess) was pending when the Senate recessed; or (3) if a nomination
was rejected within 30 days before the end of the session and another individual was
given the recess appointment. A recess appointment falling under any one of these
three exceptions must be followed by a nomination to the position not later than 40
days after the beginning of the next session of the Senate.11 For this reason, when a
recess appointment is made, the President generally submits a new nomination for
the nominee even when an old nomination is pending.12 In addition, although recess
appointees whose nominations to a full term are subsequently rejected by the Senate
may continue to serve until the end of their recess appointment, a provision of the
Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act may prevent them from being
paid after their rejection.13
Temporary Appointments
Congress has provided limited statutory authority for the temporary filling of
vacant positions requiring Senate confirmation. Under the Federal Vacancies Reform
Act of 1998,14 when an executive agency position requiring confirmation becomes
vacant, it may be filled temporarily in one of three ways: (1) the first assistant to such
a position may automatically assume the functions and duties of the office; (2) the
President may direct an officer in any agency who is occupying a position requiring
Senate confirmation to perform those tasks; or (3) the President may select any
10Art. II, Sec. 2, Cl. 3 of the Constitution.
11Congress placed limits on payments to recess appointees as far back as 1863. The current
provisions date from 1940 (ch. 580, 54 Stat. 751, 5 U.S.C. 56, revised, and recodified at 5
U.S.C. 5503, by P.L. 89-554, 80 Stat. 475). For a legal history and overview of recess
appointments, see CRS Report 87-832 A, Recess Appointments: Legal Overview, by
Richard C. Ehlke (archived; contact the author for more information).
12For further information on recess appointments, see CRS Report RS21308, Recess
Appointments: Frequently Asked Questions, by (name redacted); and CRS Report RL30821,
Recess Appointments Made by President Clinton, by (name redacted).
13P.L. 108-7, sec. 609; 117 Stat. 465. The provision reads, “No part of any appropriation for
the current fiscal year contained in this or any other Act shall be paid to any person for the
filling of any position for which he or she has been nominated after the Senate has voted not
to approve the nomination of said person.” This provision has been part of this annual
funding activity since at least 1950.
14P.L. 105-277, Div. C, Title I, sec. 151; 5 U.S.C. 3345-3349d

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officer or employee of the subject agency who is occupying a position, for which the
rate of pay is equal to or greater than the minimum rate of pay at the GS-15 level, and
who has been with the agency for at least 90 of the preceding 365 days. The
temporary appointment is for 210 days, but the time restriction is suspended if a first
or second nomination for the position is pending. In addition, during a presidential
transition, the 210-day restriction period does not begin to run until either 90 days
after the President assumes office, or 90 days after the vacancy occurs, if it is within
the 90-day inauguration period. The act does not apply to positions on multi-headed
regulatory boards and commissions and to certain other specific positions which may
be filled temporarily under other statutory provisions.15
Organization of this Report
Agency Profiles. The agency profiles provide data on presidential
nominations and appointments to full-time positions requiring Senate confirmation,
and Senate action on the nominations. Data16 on appointment actions during the
107th Congress appear in two tables for each agency, “Appointment Action During
107th Congress” and “Positions and Incumbents in Department.” As noted, some
agencies had no appointment activity during this period of time.
The appointment action table provides, in chronological order, information
concerning each nomination. It shows the name of the nominee, position involved,
date of nomination or appointment, date of confirmation, and number of days
between receipt of a nomination and confirmation. As discussed earlier (see
“Average Time to Confirm a Nomination,” above), the numbers of days shown in the
tables in this report exclude days during the longer recesses around August and
between sessions of Congress. Actions other than confirmation (i.e., nominations
rejected by the Senate and nominations returned to or withdrawn by the President)
are also noted. Some nominees are nominated more than once for the same position,
either because the first nomination is returned to the President, as discussed below,
or because of a recess appointment. When a nominee is awaiting Senate action and
he or she is given a recess appointment, a second, follow-up, nomination is usually
submitted to comply with the requirements of 5 U.S.C. 5503(b).
15For more on the Vacancies Act, see CRS Report 98-892, The New Vacancies Act:
Congress Acts to Protect the Senate’s Confirmation Prerogative, by (name redacted).
16This report was compiled from data from the Senate nominations database of the
Legislative Information System at [http://www.congress.gov/nomis/], the Congressional
Record (daily edition), the Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, and telephone
discussions with agency officials. Information concerning position incumbents was also
drawn from nomination and confirmation data supplemented by information from the
following two federal agency directories: Carroll Publishing, Carroll’s Federal Directory:
November/December 2002 (Bethesda, MD: Carroll Publishing, 2002) and CQ Press,
2002/Fall Federal Staff Directory, 40th ed. (Washington: CQ Press, 2002). Where
information from the two directories was in conflict, the information from Carroll’s Federal
Directory, which was more consistent with data from the Senate nominations database, was
used.

CRS-8
Where there has been more than one confirmed nomination in an agency, this
table also shows the average number of days the Senate has taken to confirm the
agency’s nominations. This figure is determined by calculating the number of days
between the nomination and confirmation dates, adding these numbers for all
confirmed nominations, and dividing the result by the number of nominations
confirmed. This average should be used cautiously. As discussed earlier, the Senate
took the unusual step of returning all nominations to the President prior to the August
2001 recess. Many of those whose nominations were returned were re-nominated
after the recess. Consequently, these individuals were nominated twice, and the days
that elapsed while their first nominations were pending in the Senate are not included
in the calculation of the average days to confirm a nomination. As a result, this
average time is shorter than it would be otherwise.
The second table of each profile identifies the agency’s full-time positions
requiring Senate confirmation and the incumbents in those positions as of January 3,
2003. An incumbent’s name followed by “(A)” indicates an official who is serving
in an acting capacity. A blank space indicates that either the position is vacant or
current information about the position-holder was not available. The table also
includes the pay level for each position. For presidentially-appointed positions
requiring Senate confirmation, the pay levels generally fall under the Executive
Schedule, which ranges from Level I ($171,900) for cabinet level offices to Level V
($125,400) for the lowest-ranked positions.17
Additional Appointment Information. Appendix A presents a table of all
nominations to positions in all of the agencies covered by this report, alphabetically
organized and following a similar format to that of the agency appointment action
tables. It identifies the agency involved and the dates of nomination and
confirmation. The table also indicates if a nomination was confirmed, withdrawn,
returned, or rejected. The average number of days taken to confirm a nomination is
calculated as described above, and the same caution is advised.
Appendix B provides a table with summary information on appointments and
nominations by four agency categories: independent executive agencies, agencies in
EOP, multilateral banking organizations, and agencies in the legislative branch. For
each of these categories, the table provides the number of positions, nominations,
individual nominees, confirmations, nominations returned, and nominations
withdrawn. The table also provides the average number of days to confirm a
nomination.
A list of department abbreviations can be found in Appendix C.
17The salary figures are as of Jan. 2003. For information on pay for federal officials, see
CRS Report 98-53, Salaries of Federal Officials: A Fact Sheet, by Sharon Gressle.

CRS-9
NOMINATIONS AND INCUMBENTS: FULL-TIME
POSITIONS IN INDEPENDENT AGENCIES
Appalachian Regional Commission
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Anne B. Pope
Federal Co-Chair
09/05/02
11/18/02
74
Richard J. Peltz
Alternate Federal Co-Chair
09/05/02
11/18/02
74
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
74
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
a
Federal Co-Chair
III
Alternate Federal Co-Chair
Richard J. Peltz
IV
a Pope was sworn in on Feb. 3, 2003.

CRS-10
Central Intelligence Agency/
Intelligence Community
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
John L. Helgerson
Inspector General
02/27/02
04/26/02
58
Scott W. Muller
General Counsel
09/03/02
10/17/02
44
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
51
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Directora
George J. Tenetb
II
Deputy Directora
John E. McLaughlinb
III
Deputy Directora - Community Management
Joan A. Dempseyb
III
Assistant Director - Administration
IV
Assistant Director - Analysis and Production
Mark M. Lowenthalc
IV
Assistant Director - Collections
Charles E. Allenc
IV
General Counsel
Scott W. Muller
IV
Inspector General
John L. Helgerson
IV
a Not more than one of the individuals serving in the positions of Director, Deputy Director, or Deputy
Director for Community Management may be a commissioned officer of the Armed Forces, whether
in active or retired status (50 U.S.C. 403(c)(1)(A)).
b The incumbent was appointed under a previous Administration.
c The incumbents of the positions of Assistant Director for Administration and Assistant Director for
Collections were never formally nominated by the President nor confirmed by the Senate for those
positions. See “Hearing of the Senate Select Intelligence Committee: Nomination for Inspector
General of the Central Intelligence Agency,” Federal News Service, April 17, 2002.

CRS-11
Corporation for National and Community Service
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirma
Leslie Lenkowsky
Chief Executive Officer
07/31/01
Returned 08/03/01b
Leslie Lenkowsky
Chief Executive Officer
09/04/01
10/02/01
28
J. Russell George
Inspector General
02/27/02
07/29/02
152
Michelle Guillermin
Chief Financial Officer
06/25/02
09/26/02
61
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
80
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
President and Chief Executive Officer
Leslie Lenkowsky
III
Chief Financial Officer
Michelle Guillermin
IV
Managing Director
IV
Managing Director - Domestic Volunteer Programs
IV
Inspector General
J. Russell George
IV
a If the number of days the first (pre-recess) Lenkowsky nomination was pending in the Senate were
included, Lenkowsky’s total would be 31, and the average number of days to confirm would be 81.
b Returned to the President at the beginning of a 31-day Senate recess under the provisions of Senate
Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules fo the Senate.
Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency
to the District of Columbia
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Paul A. Quander
Director
12/04/01
07/25/02
200
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Directora
Paul A. Quander, Jr.
IV
a Six-year term; incumbent may be removed from office prior to the expiration of term only for neglect
of duty, malfeasance in office, or other good cause shown. (District of Columbia Code 24-
1233(b)(1)).

CRS-12
Environmental Protection Agency
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirma
Edwin A. Levine
Asst. Admin. - Environmental
01/05/01
Withdrawn 03/19/01b
Information
James V. Aidala
Asst. Admin. - Prevention Pesticides
01/05/01
Withdrawn 03/19/01b
and Toxic Substances
Christine Todd
Administrator
01/20/01
01/30/01
10
Whitman
Stephen L. Johnson
Asst. Admin. - Prevention Pesticides
04/26/01
06/14/01
49
and Toxic Substances
Linda J. Fisher
Deputy Administrator
04/30/01
05/24/01
24
Jeffrey R. Holmstead
Asst. Admin. - Air and Radiation
04/30/01
08/03/01
95
G. Tracy Mehan III
Asst. Admin. - Water
05/14/01
08/03/01
81
Robert E. Fabricant
General Counsel
05/17/01
08/03/01
78
Donald R. Schregardus
Asst. Admin. - Enforcement and
06/28/01
Returned 08/03/01c
Compliance Assurance
Judith E. Ayres
Asst. Admin. - International Affairs
06/29/01
08/03/01
35
Marianne L. Horinko
Asst. Admin. - Solid Waste and
07/25/01
Returned 08/03/01b
Emergency Response
Marianne L. Horinko
Asst. Admin. - Solid Waste and
09/04/01
10/01/01
27
Emergency Response
Donald R. Schregardus
Asst. Admin. - Enforcement and
09/04/01
Withdrawn 09/25/01
Compliance Assurance
Kimberly T. Nelson
Asst. Admin. - Environmental
09/21/01
11/09/01
49
Information
J. Paul Gilman
Asst. Admin. - Research/Development
11/15/01
03/22/02
94
Morris X. Winn
Asst. Admin. - Administration and
11/15/01
02/13/02
57
Resources Management
Linda M. Combs
Chief Financial Officer
12/20/01
02/13/02
22
John P. Suarez
Asst. Admin. - Enforcement and
04/09/02
08/01/02
114
Compliance Assurance
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
57
a If the number of days the first (pre-recess) Horinko nomination was pending in the Senate were
included in these figures, her total would be 36, and the average number of days to confirm a
nomination for the agency would be unchanged.
b The nomination was submitted by President Clinton and withdrawn by President Bush.
c Returned to the President at the beginning of a 31-day Senate recess under the provisions of Senate
Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate.

CRS-13
Environmental Protection Agency (cont.)
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Administrator
Christine Todd Whitman
II
Deputy Administrator
Linda J. Fisher
III
Assistant Administrator - Administration and Resources
Morris X. Winn
IV
Management
Assistant Administrator - Air and Radiation
Jeffrey R. Holmstead
IV
Assistant Administrator - Enforcement and Compliance Assurance
John P. Suarez
IV
Assistant Administrator - Environmental Information
Kimberly T. Nelson
IV
Assistant Administrator - International Affairs
Judith E. Ayres
IV
Assistant Administrator - Prevention Pesticides and Toxic
Stephen L. Johnson
IV
Substances
Assistant Administrator - Research and Development
J. Paul Gilman
IV
Assistant Administrator - Solid Waste and Emergency Response
Marianne L Horinko
IV
Assistant Administrator - Water
G. Tracy Mehan III
IV
Chief Financial Officera
Linda M. Combs
IV
General Counsel
Robert E. Fabricant
IV
Inspector General
Nikki L. Tinsleyb
IV
a The chief financial officer may be appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the
Senate, or may be designated by the President from among agency officials who have been confirmed
by the Senate for another position (31 U.S.C. 901(a)(1)).
b The incumbent was appointed under a previous Administration.

CRS-14
Federal Emergency Management Agencya
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Joe M. Allbaugh
Director
02/06/01
02/15/01
9
R. David Paulison
Administrator - U.S. Fire
10/16/01
11/30/01
45
Administration
Michael D. Brown
Deputy Director
03/21/02
08/01/02
133
Anthony Lowe
Federal Insurance Administrator
03/22/02
07/25/02
125
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
78
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Director
Joe M. Allbaugh
II
Deputy Director
Michael D. Brown
IV
Administrator - Federal Insurance Administration
Anthony Lowe
IV
Administrator - U.S. Fire Administration
R. David Paulison
IV
Associate Director - Mitigation
IV
Associate Director - Response, Readiness, and Recovery
IV
Inspector General
Richard L. Skinner (A)
IV
a Functions of the Federal Emergency Management Agency were transferred to the Department of
Homeland Security, effective Mar. 1, 2003.
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Peter J. Hurtgen
Director
06/06/02
07/29/02
53
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Director
Peter J. Hurtgen
III

CRS-15
General Services Administration
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Stephen A. Perry
Administrator
04/04/01
05/24/01
50
Daniel R. Levinson
Inspector General
06/12/01
08/03/01
52
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
51
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Administrator
Stephen A. Perry
III
Inspector General
Daniel R. Levinson
IV
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Sean O’Keefe
Administrator
11/27/01
12/20/01
23
Robert W. Cobb
Inspector General
02/26/02
04/11/02
44
Charles F. Bolden
Deputy Administrator
02/26/02
Withdrawn 03/12/02
Frederick D. Gregory
Deputy Administrator
07/09/02
08/01/02
23
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
30
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Administrator
Sean O’Keefe
II
Deputy Administrator
Frederick D. Gregory
III
Chief Financial Officera
Gwendolyn Brown (A)
IV
Inspector General
Robert W. Cobb
IV
a The chief financial officer may be appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the
Senate, or may be designated by the President from among agency officials who have been confirmed
by the Senate for another position (31 U.S.C. 901(a)(1)).

CRS-16
National Archives and Records Administration
No Appointment Action
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Archivista
John W. Carlinb
III
a The President may remove the archivist at any time, but must communicate the reasons for such
removal to Congress (44 U.S.C. 2103).
b The incumbent was appointed under a previous Administration.
National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirma
Robert S. Martin
Director - Institute of Museum and
06/05/01
07/12/01
37
Library Services
Bruce Cole
Chair - National Endowment for the
07/25/01
Returned 08/03/01b
Humanities
Bruce Cole
Chair - National Endowment for the
09/04/01
09/14/01
10
Humanities
Michael Hammond
Chair - National Endowment for the
11/27/01
12/20/01
23
Arts
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
23
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
d
Chair - National Endowment for the Artsc
III
Chair - National Endowment for the Humanitiese
Bruce Cole
III
Director - Institute of Museum and Library Services
Robert S. Martin
III
a If the number of days the first (pre-recess) Cole nomination was pending in the Senate were included
in these figures, his total would be 19, and the average number of days to confirm a nomination for
the foundation would be 26.
b Returned to the President at the beginning of a 31-day Senate recess under the provisions of Senate
Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate.
c Term of office is four years; when term expires, incumbent may remain in office until a successor
is appointed (20 U.S.C. 954(b)).
d Michael Hammond died on January 29, 2002, a week after taking office.
e Term of office is four years; when term expires, incumbent may remain in office until a successor
is appointed (20 U.S.C. 956(b)).

CRS-17
National Science Foundation
No Appointment Action
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Directora
Rita R. Colwellb
II
Deputy Director
Joseph Bordognac
III
a Term of office is six years, but the President may remove the incumbent at any time. The incumbent
must leave office when term expires (42 U.S.C. 1864(a)).
b Colwell was appointed under a previous Administration, and her term expires May 21, 2004.
c The incumbent was appointed under a previous Administration.
Office of Government Ethics
No Appointment Action
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Directora
Amy L. Comstockb
III
a Term of office is five years; the incumbent must leave office when the term expires (5 U.S.C.
Appendix, 401).
b Comstock was appointed Nov. 3, 2000 under the previous Administration.
Office of Personnel Management
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Kay Coles James
Director
04/30/01
07/11/01
72
Dan G. Blair
Deputy Director
12/20/01
02/13/02
22
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
47
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Directora
Kay Coles James
II
Deputy Director
Dan G. Blair
III
Inspector General
Patrick E. McFarlandb
IV
a Term of office is four years, but the President may remove the incumbent at any time. The incumbent
must leave office when term expires (5 U.S.C. 1102(a)).
b The incumbent was appointed under a previous Administration.

CRS-18
Office of Special Counsel
No Appointment Action
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Special Counsela
Elaine D. Kaplanb
V
a Term of office is five years; incumbent may continue to serve for one year after his or her term
expires. The President may remove incumbent from office only for inefficiency, neglect of duty, or
malfeasance in office (5 U.S.C. 1211(b)).
b Kaplan was appointed under a previous Administration, and her term expires Apr. 1, 2003.
Overseas Private Investment Corporation
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Peter S. Watson
President
04/30/01
05/25/01
25
Ross J. Connelly
Executive Vice President
07/10/01
08/03/01
24
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
President
Peter S. Watson
III
Executive Vice President
Ross J. Connelly
IV
Peace Corps
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Gaddi H. Vasquez
Director
10/03/01
01/25/02
81
Josephine K. Olsen
Deputy Director
11/05/01
01/25/02
48
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
65
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Director
Gaddi H. Vasquez
II
Deputy Director
Josephine K. Olsen
IV

CRS-19
Selective Service System
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Alfred Rascon
Director
04/30/01
05/22/01
22
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Director
Alfred Rascon
IV
Small Business Administration
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Hector V. Barreto
Administrator
05/01/01
07/25/01
85
Thomas M. Sullivan
Chief Counsel for Advocacy
09/21/01
01/25/02
93
Melanie Sabelhaus
Deputy Administrator
11/15/01
04/08/02
111
Harold Damelin
Inspector General
09/03/02
Returned 11/20/02a
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
96
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Administrator
Hector V. Barreto
III
Deputy Administrator
Melanie Sabelhaus
IV
Chief Counsel for Advocacy
Thomas M. Sullivan
IV
Inspector General
Peter L. McClintock (A)
IV
a Returned to the President at the end of the 107th Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI,
paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate.

CRS-20
Social Security Administration
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirma
Jo Anne B. Barnhart
Commissioner
07/17/01
Returned 08/03/01b
Jo Anne B. Barnhart
Commissioner
09/04/01
11/02/01
59
James B. Lockhart III
Deputy Commissioner
09/14/01
01/25/02
100
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
80
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Commissionerc
Jo Anne B. Barnhart
I
Deputy Commissionerd
James B. Lockhart III
II
Inspector General
James G. Huse, Jr.e
IV
a If the number of days the first (pre-recess) Barnhart nomination was pending in the Senate were
included in these figures, her total would be 76, and the average number of days to confirm a
nomination for the agency would be 88.
b Returned to the President at the beginning of a 31-day Senate recess under the provisions of Senate
Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate.
c Term of office is six years. When a term expires, the incumbent may continue in office until a
successor is appointed. The President may remove an incumbent only for neglect of duty or
malfeasance in office (42 U.S.C. 902(a)).
d Term of office is six years. (42 U.S.C. 902(b)). There is no provision regarding removal or
continuing in office after a term expires.
e The incumbent was appointed under a previous Administration.
Trade and Development Agency
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Thelma J. Askey
Director
04/06/01
05/26/01
50
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Director
Thelma J. Askey
III

CRS-21
U.S. Agency for International Developmenta
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirmb
Andrew S. Natsios
Administrator
03/22/01
04/26/01
35
Lori A. Forman
Asst. Admin. - Asia/Near East
05/16/01
07/12/01
57
Patrick M. Cronin
Asst. Admin. - Policy and Program
07/25/01
08/03/01
9
Coordination
Kent R. Hill
Asst. Admin. - Europe/Eurasia
07/31/01
Returned 08/03/01c
Kent R. Hill
Asst. Admin. - Europe/Eurasia
09/04/01
10/30/01
56
J. Edward Fox
Asst. Admin. - Legislative/Public
09/12/01
10/30/01
48
Affairs
E. Anne Peterson
Asst. Admin. - Global Health
09/12/01
10/30/01
48
Constance B. Newman
Asst. Admin. - Sub-Saharan Africa
10/16/01
11/15/01
30
John Marshall
Asst. Admin. - Management
10/23/01
11/15/01
23
Adolpho A. Franco
Asst. Admin. - Latin America/
11/09/01
01/25/02
44
Caribbean
Roger P. Winter
Asst. Admin. - Democracy/Conflict/
11/27/01
01/25/02
26
Humanitarian Assistance
Frederick W. Schieck
Deputy Administrator
11/27/01
01/25/02
26
Emmy B. Simmons
Asst. Admin. - Economic
12/18/01
03/20/02
59
Growth/Agriculture/Trade
Wendy J. Chamberlain
Asst. Admin. - Asia/Near East
08/01/02
11/12/02
71
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
41
a The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is an independent establishment
as defined by 5 U.S.C. 104, with certain limitations (22 U.S.C. 6563 (a)). The USAID director “shall
report to and be under the direct authority and foreign policy guidance of the Secretary of State” (22
U.S.C. 6592).
b If the number of days the first (pre-recess) Hill nomination was pending in the Senate were included
in these figures, his total would be 59, and the average number of days to confirm a nomination for
the agency would be unchanged.
c Returned to the President at the beginning of a 31-day Senate recess under the provisions of Senate
Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate.

CRS-22
U.S. Agency for International Development (cont.)
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Administrator
Andrew S. Natsios
II
Deputy Administrator
Frederick W. Schieck
III
Assistant Administrator - Sub-Saharan Africa
Constance B. Newman
IV
Assistant Administrator - Asia and Near East
Wendy J. Chamberlain
IV
Assistant Administrator - Latin American and Caribbean
Adolpho A. Franco
IV
Assistant Administrator - Europe and Eurasia
Kent R. Hill
IV
Assistant Administrator - Global Health
E. Anne Peterson
IV
Assistant Administrator - Economic Growth/Agriculture/Trade
Emmy B. Simmons
IV
Assistant Administrator - Democracy/Conflict/Humanitarian
Roger P. Winter
IV
Assistance
Assistant Administrator - Management
John Marshall
IV
Assistant Administrator - Legislative and Public Affairs
J. Edward Fox
IV
Assistant Administrator - Policy and Program Coordination
Patrick M. Cronin
IV
Inspector General
Everett L. Mosleya
IV
a The incumbent was appointed under a previous Administration.

CRS-23
NOMINATIONS AND INCUMBENTS:
FULL-TIME POSITIONS IN THE
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
Council of Economic Advisors
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
R. Glenn Hubbard
Member
04/23/01
05/10/01
17
Mark B. McClellan
Member
06/05/01
07/19/01
44
Randall S. Kroszner
Member
11/05/01
11/28/01
23
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
28
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Chaira
R. Glenn Hubbard
II
Member
Randall S. Kroszner
IV
Member
IV
aThe chair and vice-chair are designated by the President (15 U.S.C. 1023(a)). No vice-chair had been
designated at the time of this writing.
Council on Environmental Qualitya
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
James L. Connaughton
Member
04/30/01
06/14/01
45
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Chair
James L. Connaughton
II
a P.L. 106-65, Title III, reduced the number of members on the council from three to one, with this
member “serving as chairman and exercising all powers, functions, and duties of the Council.” Thus,
Connaughton was nominated and confirmed as member, and automatically serves as chair.

CRS-24
Office of Management and Budget
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr.
Director
01/20/01
01/23/01
3
Sean O’Keefe
Deputy Director
02/15/01
03/01/01
14
John D. Graham
Admin. - Office of Information
03/28/01
07/19/01
113
and Regulatory Affairs
Angela Styles
Admin. - Federal Procurement
04/23/01
05/24/01
31
Policy
Mark W. Everson
Controller - Federal Financial
09/14/01
11/14/01
61
Management
Nancy Dorn
Deputy Director
12/18/01
02/14/02
25
Mark W. Everson
Deputy Director for Management
05/06/02
08/01/02
87
Linda M. Springer
Controller - Federal Financial
09/03/02
Returned 11/20/02a
Management
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
48
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Director
Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr.
I
Deputy Director
Nancy Dornb
II
Deputy Director - Management
Mark W. Everson
II
Controller - Office of Federal Financial
III
Management
Administrator - Office of Federal Procurement
Angela Styles
IV
Policy
Administrator - Office of Information and
John D. Graham
IV
Regulatory Affairs
a Returned to the President at the end of the 107th Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI,
paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate.
b Sean O’Keefe resigned from this position to become NASA administrator in December 2001.

CRS-25
Office of National Drug Control Policy
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirma
John P. Walters
Director
06/05/01
Returned 08/03/01b
Scott M. Burns
Dep. Dir. - State/Local Affairs
08/03/01
Returned 08/03/01b
John P. Walters
Director
09/04/01
12/05/01
92
Scott M. Burns
Dep. Dir. - State/Local Affairs
09/04/01
04/12/02
187
Barry D. Crane
Dep. Dir. - Supply Reduction
09/14/01
04/22/02
187
Mary Ann Solberg
Deputy Director
09/21/01
04/22/02
180
Andrea G. Barthwell
Dep. Dir. - Demand Reduction
12/13/01
01/25/02
10
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
131
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Director
John P. Walters
I
Deputy Director
Mary Ann Solberg
III
Deputy Director - Demand Reduction
Andrea G. Barthwell
III
Deputy Director - Supply Reduction
Barry D. Crane
III
Deputy Director - State and Local
Scott M. Burns
III
a If the number of days the first (pre-recess) Walters nomination was pending in the Senate were
included in these figures, his total would be 151, and the average number of days to confirm a
nomination for the agency would be 143.
b Returned to the President at the beginning of a 31-day Senate recess under the provisions of Senate
Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate.

CRS-26
Office of Science and Technology Policy
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
John H. Marburger III
Director
09/21/01
10/23/01
32
Kathie L. Olsen
Associate Director - Science
03/20/02
08/01/02
134
Richard M. Russell
Associate Director - Technology
04/25/02
08/01/02
98
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
88
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Director
John H. Marburger III
II
Associate Director - Science
Kathie L. Olsen
III
Associate Director - Technology
Richard M. Russell
III
Office of the U.S. Trade Representative
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Gregory M. Frazier
Chief Agricultural Negotiator
01/05/01
Withdrawn 03/19/01
Robert B. Zoellick
U.S. Trade Representative
01/29/01
02/06/01
8
Peter F. Allgeier
Dep. U.S. Trade Representative
04/23/01
05/26/01
33
Linnet F. Deily
Dep. U.S. Trade Representative
04/30/01
05/26/01
26
Allen F. Johnson
Chief Agricultural Negotiator
05/17/01
07/19/01
63
Jon M. Huntsman, Jr.
Dep. U.S. Trade Representative
06/21/01
08/03/01
43
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
35
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
U.S. Trade Representative
Robert B. Zoellick
I
Deputy U.S. Trade Representative
Peter F. Allgeier
III
Deputy U.S. Trade Representative
Linnet F. Deily
III
Deputy U.S. Trade Representative
Jon M. Huntsman, Jr.
III
Chief Agricultural Negotiator
Allen F. Johnson
III

CRS-27
NOMINATIONS AND INCUMBENTS:
FULL-TIME POSITIONS IN
MULTILATERAL ORGANIZATIONS
African Development Bank
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Cynthia S. Perry
U.S. Director
09/10/01
11/15/01
66
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
U.S. Directora
Cynthia S. Perry
V
a Term of office is five years; incumbent may continue in office when a term expires until a successor
is appointed (22 U.S.C. 290i-1(a)).
Asian Development Bank
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Paul W. Speltz
U.S. Executive Director
06/05/02
08/01/02
57
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
U.S. Executive Director
Paul W. Speltz
V

CRS-28
European Bank for
Reconstruction and Development
No Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Mark Sullivan
U.S. Director
04/25/02
08/01/02
98
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
U.S. Director
Mark Sullivan
n. a.a
a The statutory basis for this position, 22 U.S.C. 2901-l, makes no provision regarding the
compensation of the position holder.
Inter-American Development Bank
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Jorge L. Arrizurieta
U.S. Alternate Executive Director
09/05/01
01/28/02
112
Jose A. Fourquet
U.S. Executive Director
09/12/01
11/15/01
64
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
88
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
U.S. Executive Directora
Jose A. Fourquet
n. a.b
U. S. Alternate Executive Directora
Jorge L. Arrizurieta
n. a.b
a Term of office is three years; incumbent may remain in office when a term expires until a successor
is appointed (22 U.S.C. 2831(b)).
b The incumbent is not paid by the U.S. government (22 U.S.C. 283a(c)).

CRS-29
International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Carole Brookins
U.S. Executive Director
06/28/01
08/03/01
36
Robert B. Holland III
U.S. Alternate Executive Director
12/13/01
03/20/02
64
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
50
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
U.S. Executive Directora
Carole Brookins
IV
U.S. Alternate Executive Directora
Robert B. Holland III
V
a Term of office is two years; the incumbent may remain in office when a term expires until a
successor is appointed (22 U.S.C. 286a(a)).
International Monetary Fund
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Randal Quarlesa
U.S. Executive Director
06/29/01
08/03/01
35
Nancy P. Jacklin
U.S. Executive Director
07/31/02
11/12/02
72
Average number of days to confirm a nomination
54
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
U.S. Executive Directorb
Nancy Jacklin
IV
U.S. Alternate Executive Directorb
Margrethe Lundsagerc
V
a Quarles served in this position until March 2002. He became Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for
International Affairs in April 2002.
b Term of office is two years; the incumbent may remain in office when a term expires until a successor
is appointed (22 U.S.C. 286a(a)).
c The incumbent was appointed under a previous Administration.

CRS-30
NOMINATIONS AND INCUMBENTS:
FULL-TIME POSITIONS IN
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH AGENCIES
Architect of the Capitol
No Appointment Action
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Architect of the Capitola
Alan M. Hantman b
III
a The architect is appointed to a 10-year term.
b The incumbent was appointed under a previous Administration. His term expires Jan. 30, 2007.
General Accounting Office
No Appointment Action
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Comptroller Generala
David M. Walkerb
II
Deputy Comptroller Generalc
III
a The Comptroller General is appointed to a 15-year term, with no hold-over provision when the term
expires. He may be removed before the term expires only by a joint resolution of Congress, for
permanent disability, inefficiency, neglect of duty, malfeasance, or a felony or conduct involving moral
turpitude (31 U.S.C. 703(e)(1)).
b The incumbent was appointed under a previous Administration. His term expires Oct. 20, 2013.
c The term of the deputy comptroller general expires upon the appointment of a new Comptroller
General, or when a successor is appointed.

CRS-31
Government Printing Office
Appointment Action
Days to
Nominee
Position
Nominated
Confirmed
confirm
Bruce R. James
Public Printer
08/01/02
11/20/02
79
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Public Printer
Bruce R. James
IV
Library of Congress
No Appointment Action
Positions and Incumbents in Agency
Position
Incumbent
Level
Librarian of Congress
James H. Billingtona
III
a The incumbent was appointed under a previous Administration.

CRS-32
Appendix A. Alphabetical Listing of Nominees and
Appointees, January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2003
Nomination
Confirm-
Days to
Nominee
Position
Agencya
Date
ation Date
confirm
James V. Aidala
Asst. Admin. - Prevention Pesticides and
EPA
01/05/01
Withdrawn 03/19/01
Toxic Substances
Joe M. Allbaugh
Director
FEMA
02/06/01
02/15/01
9
Peter F. Allgeier
Deputy U.S. Trade Representative
OUSTR
04/23/01
05/26/01
33
Jorge L. Arrizurieta
U.S. Alternate Executive Director
IADB
09/05/01
01/28/02
112
Thelma J. Askey
Director
TDA
04/06/01
05/26/01
50
Judith E. Ayres
Asst. Admin. - International Affairs
EPA
06/29/01
08/03/01
35
Jo Anne B. Barnhart
Commissioner
SSA
07/17/01
Returned 08/03/01
Jo Anne B. Barnhart
Commissioner
SSA
09/04/01
11/02/01
59
Hector V. Barreto
Administrator
SBA
05/01/01
07/25/01
85
Andrea G. Barthwell
Deputy Director - Demand Reduction
ONDCP
12/13/01
01/25/02
10
Dan G. Blair
Deputy Director
OPM
12/20/01
02/13/02
22
Charles F. Bolden
Deputy Administrator
NASA
02/26/02
Withdrawn 03/12/02
Carole Brookins
U.S. Executive Director
IBRD
06/28/01
08/03/01
36
Michael D. Brown
Deputy Director
FEMA
03/21/02
08/01/02
133
Scott M. Burns
Deputy Director - State/Local Affairs
ONDCP
08/03/01
Returned 08/03/01
Scott M. Burns
Deputy Director - State/Local Affairs
ONDCP
09/04/01
04/12/02
187
Wendy J. Chamberlain
Asst. Admin. - Asia/Near East
USAID
08/01/02
11/12/02
71
Robert W. Cobb
Inspector General
NASA
02/26/02
04/11/02
44
Bruce Cole
Chair - National Endowment for the
NFAH
07/25/01
Returned 08/03/01
Humanities
Bruce Cole
Chair - National Endowment for the
NFAH
09/04/01
09/14/01
10
Humanities
Linda M. Combs
Chief Financial Officer
EPA
12/20/01
02/13/02
22
James L. Connaughton
Member
CEQ
04/30/01
06/14/01
45
Ross J. Connelly
Executive Vice President
OPIC
07/10/01
08/03/01
24
Barry D. Crane
Deputy Director - Supply Reduction
ONDCP
09/14/01
04/22/02
187
Patrick M. Cronin
Asst. Admin. - Policy and Program
USAID
07/25/01
08/03/01
9
Coordination
Harold Damelin
Inspector General
SBA
09/03/02
Returned 11/20/02
Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr. Director
OMB
01/20/01
01/23/01
3
Linnet F. Deily
Deputy U.S. Trade Representative
OUSTR
04/30/01
05/26/01
26
Nancy Dorn
Deputy Director
OMB
12/18/01
02/14/02
25
Mark W. Everson
Controller - Federal Financial Management OMB
09/14/01
11/14/01
61
Mark W. Everson
Deputy Director for Management
OMB
05/06/02
08/01/02
87
Robert E. Fabricant
General Counsel
EPA
05/17/01
08/03/01
78
Linda J. Fisher
Deputy Administrator
EPA
04/30/01
05/24/01
24

CRS-33
Nomination
Confirm-
Days to
Nominee
Position
Agencya
Date
ation Date
confirm
Lori A. Forman
Asst. Admin. - Asia/Near East
USAID
05/16/01
07/12/01
57
Jose A. Fourquet
U.S. Executive Director
IADB
09/12/01
11/15/01
64
J. Edward Fox
Asst. Admin. - Legislative/Public Affairs
USAID
09/12/01
10/30/01
48
Adolpho A. Franco
Asst. Admin. - Latin America/Caribbean
USAID
11/09/01
01/25/02
44
Gregory M. Frazier
Chief Agricultural Negotiator
OUSTR
01/05/01
Withdrawn 03/19/01
J. Russell George
Inspector General
CNCS
02/27/02
07/29/02
152
J. Paul Gilman
Asst. Admin. - Research/Development
EPA
11/15/01
03/22/02
94
John D. Graham
Admin. - Office of Information/Regulatory OMB
03/28/01
07/19/01
113
Affairs
Frederick D. Gregory
Deputy Administrator
NASA
07/09/02
08/01/02
23
Michelle Guillermin
Chief Financial Officer
CNCS
06/25/02
09/26/02
61
Michael Hammond
Chair - National Endowment for the Arts
NFAH
11/27/01
12/20/01
23
John L. Helgerson
Inspector General
CIA
02/27/02
04/26/02
58
Kent R. Hill
Asst. Admin. - Europe/Eurasia
USAID
07/31/01
Returned 08/03/01
Kent R. Hill
Asst. Admin. - Europe/Eurasia
USAID
09/04/01
10/30/01
56
Robert B. Holland III
U.S. Alternate Executive Director
IBRD
12/13/01
03/20/02
64
Jeffrey R. Holmstead
Asst. Admin. - Air and Radiation
EPA
04/30/01
08/03/01
95
Marianne L. Horinko
Asst. Admin. - Solid Waste and Emergency EPA
07/25/01
Returned 08/03/01
Response
Marianne L. Horinko
Asst. Admin. - Solid Waste and Emergency EPA
09/04/01
10/01/01
27
Response
R. Glenn Hubbard
Member
CEA
04/23/01
05/10/01
17
Jon M. Huntsman, Jr.
Deputy U.S. Trade Representative
OUSTR
06/21/01
08/03/01
43
Peter J. Hurtgen
Director
FMCS
06/06/02
07/29/02
53
Nancy P. Jacklin
U.S. Executive Director
IMF
07/31/02
11/12/02
72
Bruce R. James
Public Printer
GPO
08/01/02
11/20/02
79
Kay Coles James
Director
OPM
04/30/01
07/11/01
72
Allen F. Johnson
Chief Agricultural Negotiator
OUSTR
05/17/01
07/19/01
63
Stephen L. Johnson
Asst. Admin. - Prevention Pesticides and
EPA
04/26/01
06/14/01
49
Toxic Substances
Randall S. Kroszner
Member
CEA
11/05/01
11/28/01
23
Leslie Lenkowsky
Chief Executive Officer
CNCS
07/31/01
Returned 08/03/01
Leslie Lenkowsky
Chief Executive Officer
CNCS
09/04/01
10/02/01
28
Edwin A. Levine
Asst. Admin. - Environmental Information
EPA
01/05/01
Withdrawn 03/19/01
Daniel R. Levinson
Inspector General
GSA
06/12/01
08/03/01
52
James B. Lockhart III
Deputy Commissioner
SSA
09/14/01
01/25/02
100
Anthony Lowe
Federal Insurance Administrator
FEMA
03/22/02
07/25/02
125
John H. Marburger III
Director
OSTP
09/21/01
10/23/01
32
John Marshall
Asst. Admin. - Management
USAID
10/23/01
11/15/01
23

CRS-34
Nomination
Confirm-
Days to
Nominee
Position
Agencya
Date
ation Date
confirm
Robert S. Martin
Director - Institute of Museum and Library NFAH
06/05/01
07/12/01
37
Services
Mark B. McClellan
Member
CEA
06/05/01
07/19/01
44
G. Tracy Mehan III
Asst. Admin. - Water
EPA
05/14/01
08/03/01
81
Scott W. Muller
General Counsel
CIA
09/03/02
10/17/02
44
Andrew S. Natsios
Administrator
USAID
03/22/01
04/26/01
35
Kimberly T. Nelson
Asst. Admin. - Environmental Information
EPA
09/21/01
11/09/01
49
Constance B. Newman
Asst. Admin. - Sub-Saharan Africa
USAID
10/16/01
11/15/01
30
Sean O’Keefe
Deputy Director
OMB
02/15/01
03/01/01
14
Sean O’Keefe
Administrator
NASA
11/27/01
12/20/01
23
Josephine K. Olsen
Deputy Director
PC
11/05/01
01/25/02
48
Kathie L. Olsen
Associate Director - Science
OSTP
03/20/02
08/01/02
134
R. David Paulison
Administrator - U.S. Fire Administration
FEMA
10/16/01
11/30/01
45
Richard J. Peltz
Alternate Federal Co-Chair
ARC
09/05/02
11/18/02
74
Cynthia S. Perry
U.S. Director
AfDB
09/10/01
11/15/01
66
Stephen A. Perry
Administrator
GSA
04/04/01
05/24/01
50
E. Anne Peterson
Asst. Admin. - Global Health
USAID
09/12/01
10/30/01
48
Anne B. Pope
Federal Co-Chair
ARC
09/05/02
11/18/02
74
Paul A. Quander
Director
CSOSA
12/04/01
07/25/02
200
Randal Quarles
U.S. Executive Director
IMF
06/29/01
08/03/01
35
Alfred Rascon
Director
SSS
04/30/01
05/22/01
22
Richard M. Russell
Associate Director - Technology
OSTP
04/25/02
08/01/02
98
Melanie Sabelhaus
Deputy Administrator
SBA
11/15/01
04/08/02
111
Frederick W. Schieck
Deputy Administrator
USAID
11/27/01
01/25/02
26
Donald R. Schregardus
Asst. Admin. - Enforcement and
EPA
06/28/01
Returned 08/03/01
Compliance Assurance
Donald R. Schregardus
Asst. Admin. - Enforcement and
EPA
09/04/01
Withdrawn 09/25/01
Compliance Assurance
Emmy B. Simmons
Asst. Admin. - Economic Growth/
USAID
12/18/01
03/20/02
59
Agriculture/Trade
Mary Ann Solberg
Deputy Director
ONDCP
09/21/01
04/22/02
180
Paul W. Speltz
U.S. Executive Director
AsDB
06/05/02
08/01/02
57
Linda M. Springer
Controller - Federal Financial Management OMB
09/03/02
Returned 11/20/02
Angela Styles
Admin. - Federal Procurement Policy
OMB
04/23/01
05/24/01
31
John P. Suarez
Asst. Admin. - Enforcement and
EPA
04/09/02
08/01/02
114
Compliance Assurance
Mark Sullivan
U.S. Director
EBRD
04/25/02
08/01/02
98
Thomas M. Sullivan
Chief Counsel for Advocacy
SBA
09/21/01
01/25/02
93

CRS-35
Nomination
Confirm-
Days to
Nominee
Position
Agencya
Date
ation Date
confirm
Gaddi H. Vasquez
Director
PC
10/03/01
01/25/02
81
John P. Walters
Director
ONDCP
06/05/01
Returned 08/03/01
John P. Walters
Director
ONDCP
09/04/01
12/05/01
92
Peter S. Watson
President
OPIC
04/30/01
05/25/01
25
Christine Todd Whitman Administrator
EPA
01/20/01
01/30/01
10
Morris X. Winn
Asst. Admin. - Administration and
EPA
11/15/01
02/13/02
57
Resources Management
Roger P. Winter
Asst. Admin. - Democracy/Conflict/
USAID
11/27/01
01/25/02
26
Humanitarian Assistance
Robert B. Zoellick
U.S. Trade Representative
OUSTR
01/29/01
02/06/01
8
Average number of days to confirm nomination b
60
a Agency abbreviations are found in Appendix C.
b All pending nominations were returned to the President prior to the August 2001 recess, and new
nominations were submitted for most of the affected nominees in early September. If the pre-recess
days during which a nominee was under consideration in the Senate were included for all confirmed
nominees, the average number of days to confirm would be 61.

CRS-36
Appendix B. Appointment Action During the 107th
Congress, by Agency Grouping
Average
Agency
Unduplicated
Confirm-
days to
grouping
Positions
Nominations
nominations a
ations
Returned Withdrawn
confirm b
Independent
81
71
65
60
7
4
56
agencies
Executive Office
23
28
26
24
3
1
65
of the President
Multilateral
9
9
9
9
0
0
67
units
Legislative
5
1
1
1
0
0
79
agencies
Total
118
109
101
94
10
5
60
a Figures in this column do not include repeat nominations of the same individual to the same position.
Eight nominations to independent and other agencies were returned to the President on Aug. 3, 2001,
prior to a 31-day Senate recess. The eight individuals were nominated a second time after the Senate
reconvened, and these second nominations are not included in the figures in this column. In addition,
two individuals, Sean O’Keefe and Mark Everson, were each nominated to two different positions
during the 107th Congress. In each of these cases, both nominations are included in the figures in this
column.
b All pending nominations were returned to the President prior to the August 2001 recess, and new
nominations were submitted for most of the affected nominees in early September. If the pre-recess
days during which a nominee was under consideration in the Senate were included for all confirmed
nominees, the average number of days to confirm would be 57 for independent agencies, 67 for the
Executive Office of the President, 67 for multilateral units, 79 for legislative agencies, and 61 for all
agencies combined.

CRS-37
Appendix C. Agency Abbreviations
Independent Agencies
ARC
Appalachian Regional Commission
CIA
Central Intelligence Agency
CNCS
Corporation for National and Community Service
CSOSA
Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency for the District of
Columbia
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
FEMA
Federal Emergency Management Agency
FMCS
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service
GSA
General Services Administration
NARA
National Archives and Records Administration
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NFAH
National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities
IMS
Institute of Museum Sciences
NEA
National Endowment for the Arts
NEH
National Endowment for the Humanities
NSF
National Science Foundation
OGE
Office of Government Ethics
OPM
Office of Personnel Management
OSC
Office of Special Counsel
OPIC
Overseas Private Investment Corporation
PC
Peace Corps
SBA
Small Business Administration
SSA
Social Security Administration
SSS
Selective Service System
TDA
Trade Development Agency
USAID
United States Agency for International Development
Executive Office of the President (EOP)
CEA
Council of Economic Advisers
CEQ
Council on Environmental Quality
OMB
Office of Management and Budget
ONDCP
Office of National Drug Control Policy
OSTP
Office of Science and Technology Policy
OUSTR
Office of U.S. Trade Representative
Multilateral Banking Organizations
AfDB
African Development Bank
AsDB
Asian Development Bank
EBRD
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
IADB
Inter-American Development Bank
IBRD
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
IMF
International Monetary Fund
Legislative Branch Agencies
AC
Architect of the Capitol
GAO
General Accounting Office
GPO
Government Printing Office
LC
Library of Congres

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