Legislative History of the World War II Memorial and World War II Commemorative Legislation

Legislative History of the World War II Memorial and World War II Commemorative Legislation

Order Code RL31390
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Legislative History of the
World War II Memorial and
World War II Commemorative Legislation
April 16, 2002
name redacted
Legislative Attorney
American Law Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

Legislative History of the World War II Memorial and
World War II Commemorative Legislation
Summary
This report traces the legislative history of the World War II Memorial and
related legislation, from 1985 until the present day. The legislative history of forty
pieces of relevant legislation and the related public events occurring simultaneously
with the legislative process are examined in this report.

Contents
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Legislative History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
99th Congress–1985-1886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
100th Congress–1987-1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
101st Congress–1989-1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
102d Congress–1991-1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
103d Congress–1993-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
104th Congress–1995-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
105th Congress–1997-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
106th Congress–1999-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
107th Congress–2001-present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
List of Tables
Legislation Enacted into Law Relating to the Memorial and to World War II
Commemoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Legislative History of the World War II
Memorial and World War II Commemorative
Legislation
Background
This report provides a legislative history of the World War II Memorial
(“Memorial”) and related legislation concerning the commemoration of World War
II. Legislation which directly related to the Memorial was originally introduced in
1987 and other related proposals were introduced and enacted up through 2001. The
site of the Memorial was dedicated on November 11, 1995. The groundbreaking
ceremony was held on Veterans Day, November 11, 2000. On Memorial Day, May
28, 2001, President Bush signed Public Law No. 107-111 to expedite the construction
of the Memorial.2 Excavation work began at the Memorial site on the National Mall
in late August 2001 and the project is reportedly progressing on schedule.3
Completion and dedication of the Memorial is planned for the spring of 2004.4
Forty bills were introduced in Congress during the period of 1985-2001 which
were concerned with a World War II memorial or other related World War II
commemorative activity.5 Key dates in the legislative history of the Memorial were:
1) 1987–the “first” legislation introduced for an all-encompassing World War II
memorial in the District of Columbia by Representative Marcy Kaptur;6 2)
1989–legislation introduced to produce and sell coins commemorating World War II;
3) 1992--legislation enacted to require the Secretary of the Treasury to mint World
War II commemorative coins; 4) 1993- - legislation enacted to establish a Memorial
in the District of Columbia or its environs, to honor members of the Armed Forces
who served in World War II, and to commemorate the participation of the United
1115 Stat. 19 (2001).
2See CRS InfoPack IP544W “World War II Memorial” for a compilation of news stories and
other materials relating to the Memorial. Cited to hereinafter as “InfoPack.”
3Official Website of the National World War II Memorial at [http://www.wwiimemorial.com.]
Cited to hereinafter as “Memorial website.”
4Id. There has been controversy over selection of a site and its design. That controversy is
not addressed in this report, which focuses on legislative history and milestone events related
to implementation of legislation.
5While this list may be considered to be comprehensive, certain bills which were peripherally
related to World War II commemorative activities or other related functions were not included.
6Previously, legislation had been introduced and/or enacted to memorialize a particular
fighting unit, battle, or branch of the armed services.

CRS-2
States in that War; 5) 2000--legislation enacted to provide certain authority to the
American Battle Monuments Commission pursuant to the World War II Memorial;
and 6) 2001--legislation enacted to expedite the construction of the Memorial.
Legislation Enacted into Law Relating to the Memorial and to
World War II Commemoration
The following table summarizes those bills which were enacted into law which
deal with the World War II Memorial and related World War II commemorative
issues.
Public Law No.
Bill Number
Sponsor
Summary of Legislation
Pub. L. No. 102-502, 106 Stat.
H.J. Res. 271, 102d
Representative Mineta
Authorized the “Go for Broke”
3273 (1992)
Cong., 2d Sess. (1992)
National Veterans Association to
establish a memorial to Japanese
American Veterans in the
District of Columbia or its
environs.
Pub. L. No. 102-414, 106 Stat.
S. 3195, 102d Cong., 2d
Senator Glenn
Directed the Secretary of the
2106 (1992)
Sess. (1992)
Treasury to mint coins in
commemoration of the 50th
anniversary of World War II, the
Battle of Normandy, and “D-
Day.”
Pub. L. 103-32, 107 Stat. 90
S. 214, 103d Cong., 1st
Senator Thurmond
Authorized the construction of a
(1993)
Sess. (1993)
memorial on Federal land in the
District of Columbia or its
environs to honor members of
the Armed Forces who served in
World War II and to
commemorate the participation
of the United States in that
conflict.
Pub. L. 103-422, 108 Stat. 4356
S.J. Res. 227, 103d
Senator Ford
Approved the location of a
(1994)
Cong., 2d Sess. (1994)
Thomas Paine Memorial and
H . A m d t . 9 2 5 p r o v i d e d
congressional approval for the
location in Washington D.C. of
the World War II Memorial.
See Above
H.Amdt. 925 to S.J. Res.
Representative Vento
Provided congressional approval
227, 103d Cong., 2d
for the location in Washington,
Sess. (1994)
D.C. of a memorial to Thomas
Paine, and also the World War II
Memorial.

CRS-3
Public Law No.
Bill Number
Sponsor
Summary of Legislation
Pub. L. 106-117, 113 Stat. 1545
H.R. 2116, 106th Cong.,
Representative Stearns
Provided enhancements to
(1999)
1st Sess. (1994)
programs to provide health care,
education, memorial, and other
benefits to veterans. Title IV
dealt with memorial matters and
authority was provided for
certain activities concerning the
World War II Memorial
Pub. L. 107-11, 115 Stat. 19
H.R. 1696, 107th Cong.,
Representative Stump
The legislation was intended to
(2001)
1st Sess. (2001)
expedite the construction of the
World War II Memorial in the
District of Columbia
Legislative History
The following is a chronological history of the legislation pertaining to
authorization for the construction of the Memorial and other related World War II
commemorative activity. It includes bills introduced but not enacted, along with those
enacted. The latter, which are listed above, are indicate here with a triple asterisk
(***). Bills are discussed in the order in which they were introduced.
Contemporaneous public events relating to the legislative activity are briefly
summarized.
99th Congress–1985-1886
In the 99th Congress, legislation was introduced to honor three specific portions
of the World War II combat forces. These bills all dealt with specific combat units:
Third Infantry, combat glider pilots, and the forces involved in “Operation Tiger.”
There was no legislation introduced which specifically proposed a unified World War
II memorial.
H.R. 24407 was introduced by Representative Ray on May 8, 1985 and was to
authorize the Society of the Third Infantry Division to erect a memorial on public
grounds in the District of Columbia or its environs in honor of the men of the “Rock
of the Marne” of the Third Infantry Division who served in both World Wars, Korea,
and on peace keeping missions. The bill was referred to the House Committee on
House Administration and hearings were held by the Task Force on Libraries and
Memorials on September 29, 1986. No further legislative activity occurred.
S. 11078 was introduced by Senator Nunn on May, 8, 1985 and was the
companion bill to H.R. 2440. The bill was to authorize the Society of the Third
Infantry Division to erect a memorial in the District of Columbia or its environs. The
799th Cong., 1st Sess. (1985).
899th Cong., 1st Sess. (1985)

CRS-4
bill was referred to the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
(“Committee”) and referred to the Subcommittee on Public Lands and Reserved
Water (“Subcommittee”). The Subcommittee held hearings.9 The Committee
requested executive comment from the Department of the Interior (“Department”).
The Committee received unfavorable executive comments from the Department on
November 5, 1985, which was the last action on this bill.
S.J. Res. 20010 was introduced by Senator Thurmond on September 16, 1985
and was to provide for the erection of an appropriate statue or other memorial in or
near the Arlington National Cemetery to honor individuals who were combat glider
pilots during World War II. The resolution was referred to the Senate Committee on
Veterans on September 16, 1985 and did not emerge from the Committee.
H.R. 553411 was introduced by Representative Byron on September 16, 1986
and was to authorize the Secretary of Defense to prepare a plaque honoring American
servicemen who lost their lives during “Operation Tiger” in April 1944. The bill was
referred to the House Committee on Armed Services. Executive comment was
requested from the Department of Defense. On September 22, 1986, the bill was
referred to the Subcommittee on Military Personnel and Compensation which was the
last activity on this bill.
100th Congress–1987-1988
Legislation was introduced in the 100th Congress which commemorated certain
specified fighting units of the World War II era. For the first time, legislation was
introduced to provide for a unified memorial which would honor all members of the
armed forces who served in World War II and commemorate the participation of the
United States in the War. None of this legislation was enacted into law in the 100th
Congress.
H.R. 31412was introduced by Representative Byron on January 1, 1987 and was
to authorize the Secretary of Defense to prepare a plaque honoring American
servicemen who lost their lives during “Operation Tiger” in April 1944. The bill was
referred to the House Committee on Armed Services and executive comment was
requested from the Department of Defense. The last action taken on the bill was its
referral to the House Subcommittee on Military Personnel on February 10, 1987.
H.J. RES. 24313 was a joint resolution to authorize the Philippine Scouts and the
United States Veterans’ Association of American to establish a memorial on federal
lands in the District of Columbia or its environs to honor the Philippine Scouts and
to honor Filipino veterans who served in the United States Army during World War
9S. Hrg. 99-424, 99th Cong. 1st Sess. (1985)
1099th Cong., 1st Sess. (1985).
1199th Cong., 2d Sess. (1986).
12100th Cong., 1st Sess. (1987).
13100th Cong., 1st Sess. (1987).

CRS-5
II. The resolution was referred to the Committee on House Administration and
referred to the Subcommittee on Libraries and Memorials. Subcommittee hearings
were held on March 10, 1988. This was the last action on the resolution.
H.R. 374214 was introduced by Representative Kaptur on December 10, 1987.15
As originally introduced, the bill was to amend title 38 of the United States Code to
authorize the erection of a memorial and museum on federal land in the District of
Columbia or its environs to honor members of the Armed Forces who served in World
War II and to commemorate the participation of the United States in that conflict.
Following various changes to the bill, the revised bill directed the American Battle
Monuments Commission to establish, in the District of Columbia area, a memorial and
museum to honor World War II veterans and to commemorate the participation of the
United States in that conflict.
This is generally considered the first bill to deal with the creation of the
Memorial as it is currently conceived. There was extensive committee activity
occurred on the bill. On December 10, 1987, the bill was referred to the House
Committee on House Administration and on December 15, 1987 was referred to the
Subcommittee on Libraries and Memorials. Also on December 10, 1987, the bill was
referred to the House Committee on Veterans’ Affairs. On April 21, 1988, it was
referred to the House Subcommittee on Housing and Memorial Affairs and
Subcommittee hearings were held.16 On June 21, 1988, there was Subcommittee
consideration and a mark-up session was held and the amended bill was forwarded by
the Subcommittee to the Full Committee.17 On June 17, 1988, executive comment
was requested from the Commission of Fine Arts of the National Capitol Planning
Commission. This executive comment was received from the Commission of Fine
Arts on June 23, 1988. On June 28, 1988, a Committee mark-up session was held.18
The bill was ordered to be reported as amended on June 28, 1988. On June 30, 1988,
executive comment was received from the National Capital Planning Commission.
14100th Cong., 1st Sess. (1987)
15Representative Kaptur has explained her inspiration for sponsoring legislation for the
authorization of a World War II Memorial on various occasions. “The concept of a World
War II Memorial in Washington springs from a dogged Army veteran, my constituent, Roger
Durbin of Berkey, Ohio, who fought with the 101st Armored Division in the Battle of the
Bulge. It was Roger’s question to me about why there was no memorial to World II in
Washington that inspired the historic project that is before us today.” (Unpublished testimony
of Representative Kaptur before the Commission of Fine Arts on the Approval of the
Architectural Design and Landscaping of the National World War II Memorial, July 20,
2000).
16H.R. 3742–A Bill to Authorize Erection of a World War II Veterans’ Memorial and
Museum: Hearing before the Subcomm. on Housing and Memorial Affairs of the House
Comm. on Veterans’ Affairs, 100d Cong. (1988).
17H.Rept. No. 100-755, pt. 1, at 4 (1988).
18Id.

CRS-6
The amended bill was reported to the House by the House Committee on Veterans’
Affairs.19 No further legislative activity on this bill occurred in the 100th Congress.
S. 273420 was introduced by Senator Thurmond on August 11, 1988. This
legislation paralleled the revised version of H.R. 3742. The bill called for the
construction of a memorial on Federal land in the District of Columbia or its environs
to honor members of the Armed Forces who served in World War II and to
commemorate the participation of the United States in that conflict.
The bill was read twice and referred to the Senate Committee on Energy and
Natural Resources on August 11, 1988 and was referred to the Subcommittee on
Public Lands, National Parks on August 12, 1988. No further action was taken on
the bill in the 100th Congress.
101st Congress–1989-1990
The 101st Congress focused on legislation to authorize a unified World War II
memorial in the District of Columbia. Representative Kaptur and Senator Thurmond
continued their legislative efforts toward the enactment of such legislation.
H.R. 53721 was introduced by Representative Kaptur on January 19, 1989 and
continued the legislative efforts from the prior Congress. The bill was to provide for
the establishment of a memorial and museum on Federal land within the District of
Columbia to honor members of the Armed Forces who served in World War II and
to commemorate the participation of the United States in that conflict.
The bill was referred to the House Committee on House Administration on January
19, 1989 and was referred to the Subcommittee on Libraries and Memorials. Also on
January 19, 1989, the bill was referred to the House Committee on Veterans’ Affairs.
On June 15, 1989 it was referred to the Subcommittee on Housing and Memorial
Affairs. Subcommittee hearings were held on June 15, 1989 which was the last
activity of this bill in the 101st Congress.22
S. 16023 was introduced by Senator Thurmond on January 1, 1989 and was
parallel legislation to H.R. 437. S. 160 was to require the construction of a memorial
on Federal land in the District of Columbia or its environs to honor members of the
Armed Forces who served in World War II and to commemorate the participation of
the United States in that conflict.
19H. Rept. No. 100-755, pt. 1 (1988).
20100th Cong., 2d Sess. (1988).
21101st Cong., 1st Sess. (1989).
22H.R. 88 and H.R. 537–Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Housing and Memorial
Affairs of the House Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, 101st Sess. (1989). Note: H.R. 88 dealt
with burial sites for cremated remains at Arlington National Cemetery and was not related to
World War II commemoration.
23101st Cong., 1st Sess. (1989).

CRS-7
The bill was referred to the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
on January 25, 1989, and was referred to the Subcommittee on Public Lands, National
Parks on January 26, 1989. No further action occurred on this legislation.
H.R. 280724 was introduced by Representative Kaptur on June 29, 1989, and
reflected provisions in prior legislation. This bill was to provide a memorial on Federal
land within the District of Columbia to honor members of the Armed Forces who
served in World War II, and to express the sense of Congress concerning the
participation of the United States in that conflict.
On June 29, 1989, the bill was referred to the House Committee on House
Administration. It was referred to the Subcommittee on Libraries and Memorials on
July 10, 1989, and discharged by the subcommittee on September 19, 1990. The
House Committee on House Administration had a mark-up session on September 19,
1990, and ordered the bill to be reported as amended.
Also on June 29, 1989, the bill was referred to the House Committee on
Veterans’ Affairs. On September 12, 1989, it was referred to the Subcommittee on
Housing and Memorial Affairs. The Subcommittee held a mark-up session, and
forwarded the bill to the full Committee. On September 20, there was a mark-up
session held and the bill was ordered to be reported. On September 26, 1989, the bill
was reported to the House.25 No further action occurred on this bill in the 101st
Congress.
H.R. 436526 was introduced by Representative Kaptur on March 22, 1990. The
bill was to require the Secretary of the Treasury to mint coins in commemoration of
the 50th anniversary of the United States’ involvement in World War II.
On March 22, 1990, the bill was referred to the House Committee on Banking,
Finance, and Urban Affairs. On April 16, 1990, it was referred to the Subcommittee
on Consumer Affairs and Coinage. Hearings were held by the Subcommittee on
Consumer Affairs and Coinage on April 4, 1990 (prior to the actual referral to the
Subcommittee on April 16, 1990).27 No further action occurred on this legislation in
the 101st Congress.
S.J. Res. 29828 was introduced by Senator Thurmond on April 24, 1990. This
joint resolution was to provide for the erection of a memorial in Arlington National
Cemetery to honor American combat glider pilots of World War II. On April 24,
1990, the resolution was referred to the Senate Committee on Veterans’ Affairs and
24 101st Cong., 1st Sess. (1989).
25H. Rept. No. 101-257, pt 1 (1989).
26101st Cong., 2d Sess. (1990).
27World War II 50th Anniversary Commemorative Coin Act and the Laurance Spelman
Rockefeller Congressional Gold Medal Act: Hearing before the Subcomm. on Consumer
Affairs and Coinage of the House Comm. on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs, 101st
Cong. (1990).
28101st Cong., 2d Sess. (1990).

CRS-8
on April 27, 1990, the Committee requested executive comment from the Department
of Defense. No further action occurred.
102d Congress–1991-1992
This Congress saw the continuation of efforts to enact legislation to authorize
a unified World War II memorial. Legislation was enacted to provide for the minting
of coins commemorating the anniversary of United States’ involvement in World War
II and the passage of a joint resolution which authorized the “Go for Broke” National
Veterans Association to establish a memorial to Japanese American Veterans in the
District of Columbia or its environs.
H.R. 162329 was introduced by Representative Kaptur on March 22, 1991. This
was a bill to require the Secretary of the Treasury to mint coins in commemoration
of the 50th anniversary of the United States’ involvement in World War II.
Substantial legislative activity occurred on this proposal. The bill was referred
to the House Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs on March 22, 1991.
On April 1, 1991, it was referred to the Subcommittee on Consumer Affairs and
Coinage. The Subcommittee held hearings on July 17, 199130 and a mark-up session
on June 9, 1992. On June 18, 1992, the bill was discharged by the Subcommittee,
marked up by the full Committee, and ordered to be reported as amended. On June
30, 1992, the billed was called up by the House under suspension of the rules. An
amended version of the bill passed the House by voice vote on June 30, 1992. The
bill was received in the Senate on July 2, 1992 and was read twice and referred to the
Committee on Banking.
Although this legislation was not enacted, companion legislation, S. 3195,31 was
enacted on September 29, 1992.32
H.R. 162433 was introduced by Representative Kaptur on March 22, 1991. This
bill mirrored earlier legislative attempts to provide for the establishment of a memorial
on Federal land within the District of Columbia to honor members of the Armed
Forces who served in World War II, and to express the sense of Congress concerning
the United States’ participation in that conflict.
On March 22, 1991, the bill was referred to the House Committee on House
Administration and subsequently to its Subcommittee on Libraries and Memorials on
April 9, 1991. Also on March 22, 1991, the bill was referred to the House Committee
on Veterans’ Affairs. On July 11, 1991 the bill was referred to the Subcommittee on
29102d Cong., 1st Sess. (1991).
30Commemorative Coin Hearing: Hearing before the Subcomm. on Consumer Affairs and
Coinage of the H. Comm. on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs, 102d Cong. (1991).
31102d Cong., 2d Sess. (1992).
32Pub. L. 102-414, 106 Stat. 2106 (1992). See discussion below.
33102d Cong., 1st Sess. (1991)

CRS-9
Housing and Memorial Affairs where hearings were held that day. On July 18, 1991
the Subcommittee on Housing and Memorial Affairs held a mark-up session and the
bill, as amended, was forwarded to the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs. On July 23,
1991 the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs held a mark-up session and the amended bill
was reported to the House by the House Committee on Veterans’ Affairs.34 On June
22, 1992, the bill was considered by the House and was passed that day by voice vote.
On July 23, 1992, the bill was received in the Senate and referred to the
Committee on Rules. On October 7, 1992, the Senate Committee on Rules discharged
the bill by unanimous consent and the bill was laid before the Senate by unanimous
consent. The Senate struck the bill language after the Enacting Clause and substituted
the language of S. 2244, as amended (discussed below). The measure passed the
Senate in lieu of S. 2244 with an amendment by voice vote on October 7, 1992. On
October 8, 1992, a message on the Senate’s action was sent to the House. No further
action on this bill occurred.
***H.J. Res. 27135 was introduced by Representative Mineta on June 12, 1991.
The joint resolution authorized the “Go for Broke” National Veterans Association to
establish a memorial to Japanese American Veterans in the District of Columbia or its
environs.
On June 12, 1991, the legislation was referred to the House Committee on
House Administration and to its Subcommittee on Libraries and Memorials. It was
discharged by the Subcommittee on June 23, 1992, and the full Committee held a
mark-up session and ordered the bill to be reported by voice vote on the same day.
On June 25, 1992, the previous action of June 23 (ordering the bill to be reported)
was vacated in Committee. The Committee marked up an amended version of the bill
and on July 28, 1992, the resolution was called up by the House under the suspension
of rules and was agreed to in the House by voice vote.
On July 29, 1992, the resolution was received in the Senate and referred to the
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. The Committee ordered the resolution
to be reported favorably, without amendment on September 22, 1992. On September
24, the resolution was reported to the Senate by Senator Johnston for the Committee
on Energy and Natural Resources without an amendment.36 The bill was placed on
the Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders.37 On October 7, 1992, the
resolution passed the Senate without amendment by voice vote. The resolution was
presented to the President on October 19, 1992, and signed on October 24,1992.38
34H. Rept. No. 102-179, pt.1 (1991).
35102d Cong., 1st Sess. (1991).
36There was no written report.
37Calendar No. 737, 102d Cong (1992).
38Pub. L. 102-502, 106 Stat. 3273 (1992).

CRS-10
S. 224439 was introduced by Senator Thurmond on February 20, 1992. This bill
paralleled the previously discussed bill, H.R. 1624 to require the construction of a
memorial on Federal land in the District of Columbia or its environs to honor
members of the Armed Forces who served in World War II. The bill was referred to
the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on February 20, 1992, and to its
Subcommittee on Public Lands, National Parks on February 21, 1992. The
Subcommittee held hearings on August 6, 1992. On July 23, 1992, the Committee
on Energy and Natural Resources requested executive comment from the Department
of the Interior and the Office of Management and Budget. On September 22, 1992,
the Committee ordered the bill to be reported favorably with an amendment in the
nature of a substitute. On September 24, 1992, the bill was reported to the Senate by
Senator Johnston, the Committee Chairman, with an amendment in the nature of a
substitute;40 and was placed on the Senate Legislative Calender under General
Orders.41 On October 7, 1992, the measure was laid before the Senate by unanimous
consent. The committee substitute was agreed to by voice vote and the Senate
incorporated this measure into H.R. 1624 as an amendment. The Senate passed the
companion measure H.R. 1624 by voice vote and further consideration of S. 2244
was postponed by the Senate by unanimous consent. On October 8, 1992, Senator
Johnston, on behalf of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources filed a
written report.42
H.R. 543743 was introduced by Representative Dickinson on June 18, 1992. The
bill was to require the construction of a memorial on Federal land in the District of
Columbia to honor members of the Armed Forces who served in World War II. The
bill was referred to the House Committee on House Administration on June 18, 1992
and to its Subcommittee on Libraries and Memorials on June 23, 1992. There was
no further legislative activity on this bill.
H.J. Res. 55644 was introduced by Representative Panetta on September 30,
1992. The joint resolution was to authorize the Philippine Boy Scouts and the United
States Veterans’ Association of America to establish a memorial in the District of
Columbia or its environs to honor Filipino veterans who served in the United States
Army during World War II. The bill was referred to the House Committee on House
Administration on September 30, 1992 and to its Subcommittee on Libraries and
Memorials on October 2, 1992. No further action occurred on this measure.
***S. 319545 was introduced by Senator Glenn on August 12, 1992. It directed
the Secretary of the Treasury to mint coins in commemoration of the 50th anniversary
of World War II, the Battle of Normandy, and “D-Day.”
39102d Cong., 2d Sess. (1992).
40There was no written report.
41Calendar No. 712, 102d Cong. (1992).
42S, Rept. No. 192-476 (1992).
43102d Cong., 2d Sess. (1992).
44102d Cong., 2d Sess. (1992).
45102d Cong., 2d Sess. (1992).

CRS-11
The bill was referred to the Committee on Banking of August 12, 1992. On
September 19, 1992, the bill was discharged by the Senate Committee on Banking by
unanimous consent and was passed by the Senate without an amendment by voice
vote. On September 22, 1992, the message on Senate action was sent to the House.

On September 29, 1992, the bill was called up by the House under suspension
of the rules and passed the House by voice vote and cleared for the White House.
The bill was presented to the President on October 6, 1992 and signed into law.46
103d Congress–1993-1994
Various legislation relating to a World War II memorial was considered in the
103d Congress. Legislation was enacted which authorized the World War II
Memorial and was signed into law by President Clinton on May 25, 1993. Legislation
was also enacted concerning the location of the Memorial in Washington, D.C.
On September 30, 1994, President Clinton appointed a 12 member Memorial
Advisory Board (“MAB”), as authorized by Public Law 103-32, to advise the
American Battle Monuments Commission (“ABMC”) on the site selection and design,
and to promote donations to support the Memorial construction.47
***S. 21448 was introduced by Senator Thurmond on January 16, 1993 to
authorize the construction of a World War II memorial on Federal land in the District
of Columbia.
The bill was referred to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on
January 27, 1993 and on March 2, 1993, the Committee requested executive
comment from the Department of the Interior and the Office of Management and
Budget. On March 3, 1993, the Committee ordered the bill to be reported favorably,
without amendment. On March 11, 1993, it was reported to the Senate without
amendment by Senator Johnston for the Committee on Energy and Natural
Resources49 and placed on the Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders.50
The bill passed the Senate without amendment by voice on March 17, 1993.
On March 18, 1993, the bill was received in the House and referred to the House
Committee on House Administration. On March 25, 1993, the bill was referred to
that committee’s Subcommittee on Libraries and Memorials.
The following actions all occurred on May 4, 1993. The bill was discharged by
the Committee on House Administration and considered by unanimous consent. The
House struck all of the text after the enacting clause and inserted in lieu thereof the
46Pub. L. 102-414, 106 Stat. 2106 (1992).
47See InfoPack and Memorial website, supra notes 2, 3.
48103d Cong., 1st Sess. (1992).
49S. Rept. No. 103-11 (1993).
50Calendar no. 25, 103d Cong. (1993).

CRS-12
provisions of a similar measure, H.R. 682 (discussed below) which was agreed to
without objection. The bill passed without objection. H.R. 682 was laid on the table
without objection.
On May 5, 1993, the message on House action was received in the Senate and
on May 12, 1993, the Senate agreed to the House amendment by voice vote. On May
13, 1993, the bill was presented to the President. The bill was signed by the President
on May 25, 1993 and became Public Law No. 103-32.51
H.R. 68252 was introduced by Representative Kaptur on January 27, 1993. It
paralleled the language of S. 214. The bill was to authorize the American Battle
Monuments Commission to establish a World War II memorial in the District of
Columbia.
On January 27, 1993, the bill was referred to the House Committee on House
Administration and to its Subcommittee on Libraries and Memorials. On March 31,
1993, the Committee held a mark-up session and ordered the bill to be reported by
voice vote.
On May 4, 1993, Representative Clay moved to suspend the rules and pass the
bill; the bill was considered under suspension of rules and agreed to by voice vote.53
H.R. 366654 was introduced on November 22, 1993 by Representative Murphy.
The bill was to require the Secretary of the Treasury to mint and issue $1 coins in
commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the end of World War II and George C.
Marshall’s service therein. The bill was referred to the House Committee on Banking,
Finance, and Urban Affairs on November 22, 1993 and to its Subcommittee on
Consumer Credit and Insurance on December 6, 1993. No further action was taken
on the bill.
S. 200755 was introduced by Senator Wofford on April 11, 1994. This bill
parallels the provisions of H.R. 3666. The bill was referred to the Committee on
Banking on April 11, 1994 and did not emerge from Committee.
S.J. Res. 21756 was introduced by Senator Johnston on August 15, 1994. The
bill was to approve a specific location on Federal land in the District of Columbia for
a World War II Memorial. The resolution was identical to H.J. Res. 406, discussed
below. On August 16, 1994, the bill was referred to the Committee on Energy and
Natural Resources, and to its Subcommittee on Public Lands, National Parks. On
September 21, 1994, the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources ordered the
51107 Stat. 90 (1993).
52103d Cong., 1st Sess. (1993)
53See discussion of S. 214 above.
54103d Cong., 1st Sess. (1993).
55103d Cong., 2d Sess. (1994).
56103d Cong., 2d Sess. (1994).

CRS-13
bill to be favorably reported without amendment. On September 27, 1994, Senator
Johnston for the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources reported the bill to the
Senate without an amendment and with a preamble.57 The resolution was placed on
the Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders.58
H.J. Res. 40659 was introduced by Representative Kaptur on August 21, 1994
and was identical to S.J. Res. 217, discussed above. The bill was referred to its
House Committee on Natural Resources on August 21, 1994 and on October 5, 1994
was referred to its Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests and Public Lands. On
October 6, 1994, the provisions of the resolution were incorporated into S.J. Res.
227, discussed below.
***S.J. Res. 22760 was introduced by Senator Ford on September 30, 1994 to
approve the location of a Thomas Paine Memorial. H. Amdt. 925, discussed below,
provided congressional approval for the location in Washington D.C. of the World
War II Memorial. On September 3, 1994, the resolution passed the Senate without
amendment by voice vote.
On October 7, 1994, H.Amdt. 925 to S.J. Res. 227 was offered by
Representative Vento in the House. The Amendment provided congressional
approval for the location in Washington, D.C. of the World War II Memorial. The
Amendment was agreed to without objection. Also on October 7, 1994, another
Amendment, H. Amdt. 926 was offered and agreed to without objection.
On October 8, 1994, the Senate agreed to the House amendments by voice vote
and the resolution was cleared for the White House. The resolution was presented
to the President on October 18, 1994 and signed on October 25, 1994.61
104th Congress–1995-1996
Legislation was introduced concerning various parcels of real estate in the
District of Columbia for a possible site for the Memorial and also a possible site for
a memorial to Japanese American patriotism in World War II. No legislation was
enacted in the 104th Congress.
The American Battle Monuments Commission (“ABMC”) and the Memorial
Advisory Board (“MAB”) held their first joint site selection session which was
attended by representatives from the Commission of Fine Arts (“CFA”), the National
Capital Planning Commission (“NCPC”), the National Capital Memorial Commission
(“NCMC”) the National Park Service (“NPS”), and the U.S. Army Corps of
57There was no written report.
58Calendar No. 653, 103d Cong. (1994).
59103d Cong., 2d Sess. (1994).
60103d Cong., 2d Sess. (1994).
61Pub. Law 103-422, 108 Stat. 4356 (1994).

CRS-14
Engineers on January 20, 1995.62 From May 9 to June 30, 1995, the NCMC held
public hearings on the site of the World War II Memorial. On September 19, 1995,
the CFA unanimously approved the Rainbow Pool site with the understanding that the
design guidelines would be developed in consultation with them.63 During a public
meeting on October 5, 1995, the NCPC approved the Rainbow Pool site on the
condition that the Mall’s east-west vista formed by the elm trees bordering the
Reflecting Pool would be preserved.64 On November 11, 1995, President Clinton
dedicated the Memorial site in a formal ceremony that concluded the
commemorations of the 50th anniversary of World War II. A plaque marked the site
as the future location of the Memorial.65
On April 19, 1996, the ABMC and the General Services Administration (“GSA”)
which acted as the agent for the ABMC, announced an open design competition for
the Memorial.66 Following extensive review, the design committee unanimously
recommended the design of Friedrich St. Florian. The ABMC approved this
recommendation on November 20, 1996.67
H.R. 263668 was introduced by Representative Oberstar on October 11, 1995
to transfer jurisdiction over certain parcels of Federal real property located in the
District of Columbia. The bill also contained provisions to assist in the effort to
timely establish within the District of Columbia a national memorial to Japanese
American patriotism in World War II and provided that certain parcels transferred by
the legislation be considered as a possible site for a national memorial to Japanese
American patriotism in World War II.
On November 15, 1995, the bill was referred to the House Committee on
Resources. On November 17, 1995, the bill was referred to the Subcommittee on
National Parks, Forests and Lands. Subcommittee hearings were held on May 9,
1996; a Subcommittee mark-up session was held on June 13, 1996, and the bill was
forwarded by the Subcommittee to the Full Committee by voice vote on June 13.
On November 17, 1995, executive comment was requested from the Department
of the Interior. On June 26, 1996, the House Resources Committee held a mark-up
session and the bill was ordered to be reported, as amended, by voice vote.
The bill was referred to the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee
on November 15, 1995. On November 16, 1995, there was Committee consideration
62InfoPack and Memorial website, supra notes 2, 3.
63Id.
64Id.
65Id.
66Id.
67Id.
68104th Cong., 1st Sess. (1995).

CRS-15
and a mark-up session was held. On November 28, 1995, the bill, as amended by the
Committee on Transportation, was reported.69
On November 15, 1995, the bill was referred to the House Government Reform
and Oversight Committee and referred to the Subcommittee on the District of
Columbia on November 20, 1995.
On July 26, 1996, the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight
discharged the bill. On the same day, the amended bill was reported by the
Committee on Resources70 and was placed on the Union Calendar.71 The bill was
passed on July 31, 1996 by voice vote.72
On August 1, 1996, the bill was received in the Senate and referred to the
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources and the Subcommittee on Parks,
Preservation, and Recreation. On September 12, 1996, the Committee on Energy and
Natural Resources ordered the bill to be reported favorably, without amendment. On
September 16, 1996, Senator Murkowski reported the bill for the Committee on
Energy and Natural Resources73 and the bill was placed on the Senate Legislative
Calendar under General Orders.74 Senator Murkowski filed a written report from the
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.75
105th Congress–1997-1998
In the 105th Congress, there was only one piece of legislation dealing with a
World War II memorial. This bill concerned the maintenance of the Memorial and
was not enacted.
On January 17, 1997, President Clinton announced the St. Florian winning
Memorial design at a White House ceremony.76 The ABMC announced at the
Rainbow Pool site that Senator Bob Dole would serve as the National Chairman of
the World War II Memorial Campaign on March 19, 1997. Various modifications to
the design were requested by the CFA and the NCPC during July 1997. On August
19, the ABMC announced that Frederick W. Smith, chairman, president, and chief
executive officer of the Federal Express Corporation, was to serve with Senator Dole
as National Co-Chairman of the World War II Memorial Campaign.77
69H. Rep. No. 104-368, pt. 1 (1995).
70H. Rept. No. 104-368, pt. 2 (1996)
71Calendar No. 376, 104th Cong. (1996).
72142 Cong. Rec. H20764 (daily ed. July 31, 1996).
73There was no written report.
74Calendar No. 614, 104th Cong. (1996).
75S. Rept. No. 104-391 (1996).
76InfoPack and Memorial website, supra notes 2, 3.
77Id.

CRS-16
On April 7, 1998, the ABMC approved St. Florian’s revised design concept and
forwarded it to the Commission of Fine Arts (“CFA”), the National Capital Planning
Commission (“NCPC”), and the District of Columbia’s Historic Preservation Office
for their action. On May 21, 1998, in a public hearing, the CFA approved the
location, site plan, and revised design concept. In a public hearing on July 9, 1998,
the NCPC approved the revised design concept.78
S.Res. 29679 was introduced by Senator Kerry on October 9, 1998. The
resolution expressed the sense of the Senate that, on completion of construction of
a World War II Memorial in Area I of the District of Columbia and its environs,
Congress should provide funding for the maintenance, security, and custodial and
long-term care of the memorial by the National Park Service.
On October 9, 1998, the resolution was submitted to the Senate and was agreed
to without amendment by unanimous consent. No further action occurred on the
resolution.
106th Congress–1999-2000
Various measures dealing with the World War II Memorial were considered in
the 106th Congress. Among the issues under consideration were a perceived need for
expeditious construction of the Memorial, and its maintenance. Legislation was
enacted concerning the powers of the ABMC relating to the Memorial.
On May 20, 1999, in a public hearing, the CFA unanimously approved the
preliminary design.80 On June 4, 1999, the NCPC approved the Memorial preliminary
design in a public hearing. On July 20, 2000, in a public hearing, the CFA approved
the Memorial’s final architectural design. The NCPC approved the Memorial’s final
architectural design on September 21, 2000. On November 11, 2000, a
groundbreaking ceremony attended by 12,000 people was held at the Memorial’s
Rainbow Pool site.81
H.R. 124782 was introduced by Representative Stump on March 24, 1999. The
bill was to expand the fund raising authorities of the American Battle Monuments
Commission, to expedite the establishment of the World War II Memorial in the
District of Columbia, and to ensure adequate funds for the repair and long-term
maintenance of the Memorial, and for other purposes.
78Id.
79105th Cong., 2d Sess. (1998).
80InfoPack and Memorial website.
81Id.
82106th Cong., 1st Sess. (1999).

CRS-17
The bill was referred to the House Committee on Veterans’ Affairs and on May
20, 1999 was referred to its Subcommittee on Benefits. The Subcommittee held
hearings on June 16, 1999.83 No further action occurred on the measure.
***H.R. 211684 was introduced by Representative Stearns on June 9, 1999 and
authorized enhancements to programs to provide health care, education, memorial,
and other benefits for veterans, to authorize major medical facility projects for the
Department of Veterans Affairs, and for other purposes. Title IV of the enacted
legislation85 dealt with veterans memorial matters. Authority was provided to the
ABMC concerning certain functions related to the World War II Memorial including:
solicitation and acceptance of contributions, creation of a memorial fund, use of the
fund, special borrowing authority, and various other functions.86
On June 9, 1999 the bill was referred to the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs.
On June 30, 1999, hearings were held by the Subcommittee on Health.87 On July 15,
1999, the Committee held a mark-up session, and the bill was ordered to be reported,
as amended, by voice vote. On July 16, 1999, the amended bill was reported by the
Committee on Veterans’ Affairs,88 and placed on the Union Calendar.89
On September 21, 1999, Representative Stump moved to suspend the rules and
pass the amended bill. The bill as amended was agreed to.90
On September 22, 1999, the bill was received in the Senate and referred to the
Committee on Veterans’ Affairs. The bill was discharged by the Committee by
unanimous consent on November 5, 1999. On November 5, 1999, the measure was
laid before the Senate by unanimous consent and Amendment 2541, which consisted
of a substitute bill incorporating various revisions, was proposed by Senator Domenici
for Senator Specter and was agreed to in the Senate by unanimous consent. The bill
passed the Senate with an amendment by voice vote.91 On November 6, 1999, the
83H.R. 1247, The World War II Memorial; H.R. 1476, The National Cemetery Act of 1999;
H.R. 1484, Authorization of Appropriations for Homeless Veterans Projects; H.R. 1603, The
Selected Reserve Housing Loan Fairness Act of 1999; H.R. 1663, The Medal of Honor
Memorial Act; and H.R. 2040, the Veterans’ Cemetery Assessment Act of 1999: Hearing
before the Subcomm. on Benefits of the House Comm. on Veterans’ Affairs, 106th Cong.
(1999).
84106th Cong., 1st Sess. (1999).
85Pub. L. 106-117, 113 Stat. 1545 (1999).
86See 113 Stat. 1576, codified at 36 U.S.C. § 2113.
87Cost Estimates for H.R. 2116, The Veterans’ Millennium Health Care Act: Hearing before
the Subcomm. on Health of the House Comm. on Veterans’ Affairs, 106th Cong. (1999).
88H. Rept. No. 106-237 (1999).
89Calendar No. 135, 106th Cong. (1999).
90Roll No. 427 (369-46); 145 Cong.Rec. H8440 (daily ed. Sept. 21, 1999).
91145 Cong. Rec. S14202 (daily ed. Nov. 5, 1999).

CRS-18
Senate insisted on its amendment and asked for a conference and appointed conferees
Specter, Thurmond, and Rockefeller.
On November 8, 1999, a message on Senate action was sent to the House and
the conference was held; the Speaker appointed conferees: Stump, Smith (NJ), Quinn,
Stearns, Evans, Brown (FL), and Doyle. On November 16, 1999, the conference
report was filed92 and agreed to in the House. On November 19, 1999, the Senate
agreed to the conference report by unanimous consent and the bill was cleared for the
White House. The bill was presented to the President on November 23, 1999 and
was signed by the President on November 30, 1999 and became Public Law 106-
117.93
H.R. 231994 was introduced by Representative McHugh on June 23, 1999. The
bill was to make the American Battle Monuments Commission and the World War II
Memorial Advisory Board eligible to use nonprofit standard mail rates of postage.
The bill was referred to the House Committee on Government Reform on June
23, 1999 and to its Subcommittee on the Postal Service on June 30, 1999. On August
4, 1999, the Subcommittee held a mark-up session and forwarded the bill to the full
Committee by voice vote. No further action occurred.
S. 273995 was introduced by Senator Lautenberg on June 15, 2000. The bill was
to amend title 39, United States Code, to provide for the issuance of a semipostal
stamp in order to afford the public a convenient way to contribute to funding for the
establishment of the World War II Memorial. The bill was referred to the Committee
on Governmental Affairs on June 15, 2000. On June 20, 2000, the bill was referred
to the Subcommittee on International Security, Proliferation and Federal Services.
No further action occurred.
S. 293296 was introduced by Senator Lautenberg on July 26, 2000. The bill was
to amend title 39, United States Code, to provide for the issuance of a semipostal
stamp in order to afford the public a convenient way to contribute to funding for the
establishment of the World War II Memorial. The bill was referred to the Committee
on Governmental Affairs and did not emerge.
H.Con.Res. 41997 (identical to S.Con.Res.145) was introduced by
Representative Stump on October 6, 2000. The bill expressed the sense of Congress
on the propriety and need for expeditious construction of the National World War II
Memorial at the Rainbow Pool on the National Mall in the Nation’s Capitol. The bill
was referred to the House Committee on Resources on October 6, 2000 and was
92H.Rept. No. 196-470 (1999).
93113 Stat. 1545 (1999).
94106th Cong., 1st Sess. (1999).
95106th Cong., 2d Sess. (2000).
96106th Cong., 2d Sess. (2000).
97106th Cong., 2d Sess. (2000).

CRS-19
referred to the Subcommittee on National Parks and Public Lands on September 11,
2000. No further action occurred.
S. Con. Res. 14598 (identical to H.Con. Res. 419), was introduced by Senator
Warner on October 6, 2000. The resolution expressed the sense of Congress on the
propriety and the need for the expeditious construction of the National World War
II Memorial at the Rainbow Pool on the National Mall in the Nation’s Capitol.
On October 6, 2000, the bill was considered, and agreed to without amendment,
by unanimous consent. The resolution was agreed to in the House by voice vote on
October 17, 2000.
107th Congress–2001-present
The most recent legislation concerning the World War II Memorial focused on
the expedition of its construction and the POW/MIA flag being flown at the
Memorial. Legislation was enacted to expedite the construction of the Memorial.99
Litigation has arisen concerning the Memorial location and design elements.100
The construction permit was issued for the Memorial by the National Park
Service on January 23, 2001.101 On March 9, 2001, construction which was to begin
in March, was delayed indefinitely pending resolution of a lawsuit filed by an
opposition group in Washington, D.C., and a procedural issue concerning the
NCPC.102
Because of concern regarding the delays in the Memorial construction, Congress
enacted H.R. 1696103 The legislation directed the memorial to be constructed
expeditiously at the dedicated Memorial site, in a manner consistent with previous
commission approvals and permits. President Bush signed the legislation into law on
Memorial Day, May 29, 2001. The project continues on schedule, and completion
and dedication is planned for the spring of 2004.104
S. 580105 was introduced by Senator Hutchinson on March 20, 2001. The bill
would expedite the construction of the World War II Memorial in the District of
98106th Cong., 2d Sess. (2000).
99For a discussion of the legislation to expedite the construction of the World War II
Memorial, see, CRS Rept. RS20912 (May 15, 2001).
100See news articles in InfoPack.
101InfoPack and Memorial website, supra notes 2, 3.
102For a discussion of the opposition to the Memorial and the legal activities concerning the
Memorial, See: [http://www.savethemall.org]. See InfoPack and Memorial website.
103107th Cong., 1st Sess. (2001).
104InfoPack and Memorial website, supra notes 2, 3.
105107th Cong., 1st Sess. (2001).

CRS-20
Columbia. The bill was referred to the Committee on Governmental Affairs and has
not emerged from Committee.
***H.R. 1696106 was introduced by Representative Stump on May 3, 2001 to
expedite the construction of the World War II Memorial in the District of Columbia.
The bill was referred to the Committee on Resources, in addition to the
Committee on Veterans’ Affairs. Following its referral to the House Resources
Committee, it was referred to the Subcommittee on National Parks, Recreation and
Public Lands on May 4, 2001.
On May 15, 2001, Representative Stump moved to suspend the rules and pass
the bill. A motion to suspend the rules and pass the bill was agreed to by the yeas and
nays.107
On May 16, 2001, the bill was received in the Senate. On May 21, 2001, the bill
was referred to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources; was discharged by
the Committee by unanimous consent; and laid before the Senate by unanimous
consent. Later on May 21, S. Amdt. 745 proposed by Senator Warner for Senator
Stevens was introduced as a complete substitute; the Amendment was agreed to in the
Senate by unanimous consent . The message on the Senate action was sent to the
House.
On May 22, 2001, Representative Stump moved that the House suspend the
rules and agree to the Senate Amendment. The House agreed by voice vote to the
Senate amendment. 108
The bill was cleared for the White House on May 22, 2001, was presented to the
President on May 23, 2001, and signed by the President on May 28, 2001 and became
Public Law No. 107-11.109
S. 1226110was introduced by Senator Campbell on July 24, 2001. The bill would
require the display of the POW/MIA flag at the World War II Memorial, the Korean
War Veterans Memorial, and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. The bill was referred
to the Committee on the Judiciary on July 24, 2001 and has not emerged from
Committee.
H.R. 3177111 was introduced by Representative Hefley on October 29, 2001.
The bill would require the display of the POW/MIA flag at the World War II
Memorial, the Korean War Veterans Memorial, and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial
106107th Cong., 1st Sess. (2001).
107Roll No. 109 (400 - 15), 147 Cong. Rec. H2170-H2171 (daily ed. May 15, 2001).
108147 Cong. Rec. H2396 (daily ed. May 22, 2001).
109115 Stat. 19 (2001).
110107th Cong., 1st Sess. (2001).
111107th Cong., 1st Sess. (2001).

CRS-21
in the District of Columbia. The bill is the companion bill to S. 1226, discussed
above. The bill was referred to the House Committee on Resources on October 29,
2001, and was referred to the Subcommittee on National Parks, Recreation and Public
Lands on November 7, 2001, and has not emerged from Committee.
Conclusion
From 1987-2001, Congress was involved in the consideration and the enactment
of legislation to provide for a unified World War II memorial. Legislation was
enacted in 1993 which authorized such a Memorial. Subsequent legislation has been
enacted concerning the location of the Memorial and the expeditious construction of
the Memorial.
Congress also considered other legislation to commemorate various groups,
battles, individuals, and activities related to World War II. Legislation was enacted
concerning the commemoration of certain specific World War II veterans’ groups and
the minting of commemorative coins.

EveryCRSReport.com
The Congressional Research Service (CRS) is a federal legislative branch agency, housed inside the
Library of Congress, charged with providing the United States Congress non-partisan advice on
issues that may come before Congress.
EveryCRSReport.com republishes CRS reports that are available to al Congressional staff. The
reports are not classified, and Members of Congress routinely make individual reports available to
the public.
Prior to our republication, we redacted names, phone numbers and email addresses of analysts
who produced the reports. We also added this page to the report. We have not intentional y made
any other changes to any report published on EveryCRSReport.com.
CRS reports, as a work of the United States government, are not subject to copyright protection in
the United States. Any CRS report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without
permission from CRS. However, as a CRS report may include copyrighted images or material from a
third party, you may need to obtain permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or
otherwise use copyrighted material.
Information in a CRS report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public
understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to members of Congress in
connection with CRS' institutional role.
EveryCRSReport.com is not a government website and is not affiliated with CRS. We do not claim
copyright on any CRS report we have republished.